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• 101. [Article] Habitat selection by Northern Pygmy-Owls on the Olympic Peninsula, WA

  Landscape level habitat alterations can have different effects on different species. Species that are more highly specialized for some important aspect of their natural history are expected to be more ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat selection by Northern Pygmy-Owls on the Olympic Peninsula, WA Author: Giese, Alan R. Landscape level habitat alterations can have different effects on different species. Species that are more highly specialized for some important aspect of their natural history are expected to be more sensitive to habitat alteration than are those that are generalists. The Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma) has been suggested as a research and conservation priority due to the presumed negative effects of recent habitat alterations such as forest fragmentation and partial forest clearing. However, Pygmy-Owls are considered to be habitat and food generalists and may have an affinity for forest openings and edges. We tracked nine radio-marked male Northern Pygmy-Owls during the breeding seasons of 1996 and 1997 on the Olympic Peninsula, WA to examine three aspects of their natural history: cover type selection for foraging, nest location with respect to edges and dietary composition. Predictions of the generalist model were that use of resources would reflect availability. Cover types were divided into seven categories generally reflective of seral stage development. Individual owls were located an average of 3.7 times per week (45 times overall) and cover types used for foraging were compared to those available within home ranges. Pygmy-Owls used all of the available cover types for foraging but preferred structurally complex and mature cover types over structurally simple and young cover types. There was no evidence of preferential use of edges for foraging, but there was suggestive evidence that nests tended to be near edges. The diet was dominated by birds and mammals. Estimates of dietary composition varied depending on the method used. Pygmy-Owls appear to forage on those prey species that are most abundant or most easily captured. Our results suggest that Northern Pygmy-Owls may be relatively insensitive to habitat alterations affecting prey species assemblages and relatively more sensitive to habitat alterations affecting structural characteristics. Title: Habitat selection by Northern Pygmy-Owls on the Olympic Peninsula, WA Author: Giese, Alan R. Landscape level habitat alterations can have different effects on different species. Species that are more highly specialized for some important aspect of their natural history are expected to be more sensitive to habitat alteration than are those that are generalists. The Northern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma) has been suggested as a research and conservation priority due to the presumed negative effects of recent habitat alterations such as forest fragmentation and partial forest clearing. However, Pygmy-Owls are considered to be habitat and food generalists and may have an affinity for forest openings and edges. We tracked nine radio-marked male Northern Pygmy-Owls during the breeding seasons of 1996 and 1997 on the Olympic Peninsula, WA to examine three aspects of their natural history: cover type selection for foraging, nest location with respect to edges and dietary composition. Predictions of the generalist model were that use of resources would reflect availability. Cover types were divided into seven categories generally reflective of seral stage development. Individual owls were located an average of 3.7 times per week (45 times overall) and cover types used for foraging were compared to those available within home ranges. Pygmy-Owls used all of the available cover types for foraging but preferred structurally complex and mature cover types over structurally simple and young cover types. There was no evidence of preferential use of edges for foraging, but there was suggestive evidence that nests tended to be near edges. The diet was dominated by birds and mammals. Estimates of dietary composition varied depending on the method used. Pygmy-Owls appear to forage on those prey species that are most abundant or most easily captured. Our results suggest that Northern Pygmy-Owls may be relatively insensitive to habitat alterations affecting prey species assemblages and relatively more sensitive to habitat alterations affecting structural characteristics. Close

• 102. [Article] Agriculture and wildlife : an economic analysis of waterfowl habitat management on farms in western Oregon

  This study is a policy analysis of the incentives, including fee hunting, as a means to promote wildlife habitat development on private agricultural land. The management of habitat for migratory waterfowl ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture and wildlife : an economic analysis of waterfowl habitat management on farms in western Oregon Author: Rasker, Ray This study is a policy analysis of the incentives, including fee hunting, as a means to promote wildlife habitat development on private agricultural land. The management of habitat for migratory waterfowl in Western Oregon was investigated as a case study. Three separate analysis techniques were employed, presented as independent manuscripts. In the first manuscript the results of a survey are reported of farmers who have waterfowl habitat, or who have the potential to develop habitat. Results indicate that incentives to manage land for wild ducks and geese include: (1) the financial incentive from leasing hunting rights to waterfowl hunters, (2) personal enjoyment from waterfowl hunting, and (3) aesthetic enjoyment from waterfowl. Disincentives identified were: (1) negative attitudes towards hunters and, (2) concerns over liability suits by hunters. Wildlife depredation did not appear as a disincentive to investing in habitat improvements. In the second manuscript statistically significant determinants of farmers' decisions to manage land for the benefit of waterfowl are identified. Using logistic regression, the most significant predictor identified is revenues from hunting leases. However, evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that financial motives are influenced by non-economic forces, such as attitudes, trespass and liability issues, physical characteristics of the farm, and the farmers' participation in waterfowl hunting. In the third manuscript the effectiveness of incentives offered through government habitat cost-share programs and incentives provided by the market for hunting access are compared in terms of farmers' provision of waterfowl habitat and opportunities for waterfowl hunting. Results of linear programming simulation indicate that government programs are relatively ineffective compared to market incentives, and that incentive policies need to be flexible, taking into account local market conditions and farm production possibilities. Title: Agriculture and wildlife : an economic analysis of waterfowl habitat management on farms in western Oregon Author: Rasker, Ray This study is a policy analysis of the incentives, including fee hunting, as a means to promote wildlife habitat development on private agricultural land. The management of habitat for migratory waterfowl in Western Oregon was investigated as a case study. Three separate analysis techniques were employed, presented as independent manuscripts. In the first manuscript the results of a survey are reported of farmers who have waterfowl habitat, or who have the potential to develop habitat. Results indicate that incentives to manage land for wild ducks and geese include: (1) the financial incentive from leasing hunting rights to waterfowl hunters, (2) personal enjoyment from waterfowl hunting, and (3) aesthetic enjoyment from waterfowl. Disincentives identified were: (1) negative attitudes towards hunters and, (2) concerns over liability suits by hunters. Wildlife depredation did not appear as a disincentive to investing in habitat improvements. In the second manuscript statistically significant determinants of farmers' decisions to manage land for the benefit of waterfowl are identified. Using logistic regression, the most significant predictor identified is revenues from hunting leases. However, evidence is provided to support the hypothesis that financial motives are influenced by non-economic forces, such as attitudes, trespass and liability issues, physical characteristics of the farm, and the farmers' participation in waterfowl hunting. In the third manuscript the effectiveness of incentives offered through government habitat cost-share programs and incentives provided by the market for hunting access are compared in terms of farmers' provision of waterfowl habitat and opportunities for waterfowl hunting. Results of linear programming simulation indicate that government programs are relatively ineffective compared to market incentives, and that incentive policies need to be flexible, taking into account local market conditions and farm production possibilities. Close

• 103. [Article] Roosevelt elk habitat use in the Oregon Coast Range

  Few studies have evaluated non-migratory Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) interactions and habitat use on lands undergoing extensive timber removal. We captured and radio-tracked for 14 months ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Roosevelt elk habitat use in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Pope, Michael D. (Michael Dickens) Few studies have evaluated non-migratory Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) interactions and habitat use on lands undergoing extensive timber removal. We captured and radio-tracked for 14 months representatives from 29 different bands of elk across a 37,000 ha area of Oregon's Coast Range. We identified 6 habitat variables within individual elk home ranges and across the study area. In general, elk use of these habitats within individual home ranges was not significantly ( < 0.05) different from availability. However, in pooling all elk locations and using the entire study area as the extent of habitat availability, a preference was shown for forb/grass habitats, areas within 300 m of the nearest water, and intermediate elevation areas. Elk avoided landtypes within 50 in of the nearest road. We evaluated levels of elk interaction and found remarkably low levels of interchange between adjacent bands of elk. Home range size ranged from 290 to 1896 ha. Because levels of interaction were low for elk in our study, we suggest that elk have strong site fidelity and band cohesion even in highly fragmented habitats. Areas nearest streams and with adequate amounts of forb/grass patches are preferred for home range location. Title: Roosevelt elk habitat use in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Pope, Michael D. (Michael Dickens) Few studies have evaluated non-migratory Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) interactions and habitat use on lands undergoing extensive timber removal. We captured and radio-tracked for 14 months representatives from 29 different bands of elk across a 37,000 ha area of Oregon's Coast Range. We identified 6 habitat variables within individual elk home ranges and across the study area. In general, elk use of these habitats within individual home ranges was not significantly ( < 0.05) different from availability. However, in pooling all elk locations and using the entire study area as the extent of habitat availability, a preference was shown for forb/grass habitats, areas within 300 m of the nearest water, and intermediate elevation areas. Elk avoided landtypes within 50 in of the nearest road. We evaluated levels of elk interaction and found remarkably low levels of interchange between adjacent bands of elk. Home range size ranged from 290 to 1896 ha. Because levels of interaction were low for elk in our study, we suggest that elk have strong site fidelity and band cohesion even in highly fragmented habitats. Areas nearest streams and with adequate amounts of forb/grass patches are preferred for home range location. Close

• 104. [Article] Habitat use and selection by sage grouse broods in southeastern Oregon

  In Oregon, sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) were common in the eastern portion of the state. Since 1940 populations declined because of decreased productivity. The western subspecies (C. u. phaios) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat use and selection by sage grouse broods in southeastern Oregon Author: Drut, Martin S. In Oregon, sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) were common in the eastern portion of the state. Since 1940 populations declined because of decreased productivity. The western subspecies (C. u. phaios) was listed as a candidate for threatened and endangered status in 1985 because of declines in Oregon and Washington and extirpation from British Columbia. Habitat availability and habitat condition were factors associated with impaired productivity. Stand structure and forb availability were characteristics most associated with habitat selection by hens with broods. The objectives of this study were to determine habitat use and selection by hens with broods and the relationship between food availability, habitat use by hens, and diets of juvenile sage grouse. Of the 2 study areas used, Hart Mountain had greater long term productivity and abundance than Jackass Creek. Use of cover types and habitat components were compared within and between study areas. In this study, sage grouse hens selected low sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) cover types during early brood-rearing then switched to use of big sagebrush cover types during late brood-rearing. In general, cover types used selectively had greater availability of forbs, and changes in forb availability within cover types from early to late brood-rearing corresponded to changes in cover type use. Differences in forb availability between study areas may have affected productivity. Hens at Jackass Creek selected sites with forb cover similar to that available to broods at Hart Mountain and home ranges were larger at Jackass Creek. Furthermore, diets of juvenile sage grouse were higher in forbs and insects at Hart Mountain. Larger home ranges and less nutritious diets were potentially responsible for lower productivity at Jackass Creek. Results indicated that management to improve brood habitat should focus on maintenance of cover type diversity and availability of forbs. Title: Habitat use and selection by sage grouse broods in southeastern Oregon Author: Drut, Martin S. In Oregon, sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) were common in the eastern portion of the state. Since 1940 populations declined because of decreased productivity. The western subspecies (C. u. phaios) was listed as a candidate for threatened and endangered status in 1985 because of declines in Oregon and Washington and extirpation from British Columbia. Habitat availability and habitat condition were factors associated with impaired productivity. Stand structure and forb availability were characteristics most associated with habitat selection by hens with broods. The objectives of this study were to determine habitat use and selection by hens with broods and the relationship between food availability, habitat use by hens, and diets of juvenile sage grouse. Of the 2 study areas used, Hart Mountain had greater long term productivity and abundance than Jackass Creek. Use of cover types and habitat components were compared within and between study areas. In this study, sage grouse hens selected low sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) cover types during early brood-rearing then switched to use of big sagebrush cover types during late brood-rearing. In general, cover types used selectively had greater availability of forbs, and changes in forb availability within cover types from early to late brood-rearing corresponded to changes in cover type use. Differences in forb availability between study areas may have affected productivity. Hens at Jackass Creek selected sites with forb cover similar to that available to broods at Hart Mountain and home ranges were larger at Jackass Creek. Furthermore, diets of juvenile sage grouse were higher in forbs and insects at Hart Mountain. Larger home ranges and less nutritious diets were potentially responsible for lower productivity at Jackass Creek. Results indicated that management to improve brood habitat should focus on maintenance of cover type diversity and availability of forbs. Close

• 105. [Article] Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed

  Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed Author: Schilling, Jason W. Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in complex. The potential for high-severity wildfire remains high throughout this region, so remaining spotted owl habitat is at risk. An adaptive management approach to fire management and owl recovery in these forests is being advocated under the Final Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl. However, it is currently unclear what short- or long-term effects these fuels reduction treatments will have on spotted owl populations. Proposed forest thinning treatments planned for the Ashland Watershed in southwestern Oregon provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of thinning on spotted owl ecology. My objectives were to determine 1) monthly survival rates and 2) home range size of spotted owls in relation to habitat characteristics, and 3) owl habitat selection. Data were collected prior to forest manipulations and will serve as a baseline for comparison with post-thinning data. Survival, home range size and habitat selection for 15 Northern spotted owls were monitored using radio telemetry in the Ashland Watershed and surrounding area from September 2006 to October 2008. A remote-sensed vegetation map of the study area was used to characterize habitat classes and configuration. Estimates of monthly survival were generated in relation to habitat characteristics using program MARK. Monthly survival was positively correlated with the number of late forest patches within the individual home range and negatively correlated with the mean nearest neighbor of late forest patches. Annual home range size varied from 189 to 894 ha. Annual home range size increased with increased amounts of edge and decreased with increased amounts of intermediate aged-forest. The mean breeding season home range size was 491 ha and was larger than mean non-breeding season home ranges. Home range size increased with the addition of hard edge, and amount of old and mature forest combined. The mean size for annual core areas was 77 ha. The best predictor of both non-breeding home range size and core area size was hard edge. While home range size was positively related to the amount of hard edge within non-breeding home range in a linear fashion, core area size increased with increasing amounts of hard edge, but only up to a threshold point, where further increases in edge did not increase core area size. Logistic regression was used to model habitat selection of owls in relation to forest characteristics. Individual owls exhibited different preferences in selecting habitat for foraging and roosting. Overall, owls selected for habitat that was closer to streams and further away from edge. Old forest did not significantly influence selection, but mature forest was positively associated with annual and winter habitat selection for several individual owls. Intermediate forests and non-habitat were only weakly associated with spotted owl habitat selection. Title: Demography, home range, and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in the Ashland Watershed Author: Schilling, Jason W. Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) inhabit productive forests that historically supported frequent, large, variable-severity fires in the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon occur in complex. The potential for high-severity wildfire remains high throughout this region, so remaining spotted owl habitat is at risk. An adaptive management approach to fire management and owl recovery in these forests is being advocated under the Final Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl. However, it is currently unclear what short- or long-term effects these fuels reduction treatments will have on spotted owl populations. Proposed forest thinning treatments planned for the Ashland Watershed in southwestern Oregon provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of thinning on spotted owl ecology. My objectives were to determine 1) monthly survival rates and 2) home range size of spotted owls in relation to habitat characteristics, and 3) owl habitat selection. Data were collected prior to forest manipulations and will serve as a baseline for comparison with post-thinning data. Survival, home range size and habitat selection for 15 Northern spotted owls were monitored using radio telemetry in the Ashland Watershed and surrounding area from September 2006 to October 2008. A remote-sensed vegetation map of the study area was used to characterize habitat classes and configuration. Estimates of monthly survival were generated in relation to habitat characteristics using program MARK. Monthly survival was positively correlated with the number of late forest patches within the individual home range and negatively correlated with the mean nearest neighbor of late forest patches. Annual home range size varied from 189 to 894 ha. Annual home range size increased with increased amounts of edge and decreased with increased amounts of intermediate aged-forest. The mean breeding season home range size was 491 ha and was larger than mean non-breeding season home ranges. Home range size increased with the addition of hard edge, and amount of old and mature forest combined. The mean size for annual core areas was 77 ha. The best predictor of both non-breeding home range size and core area size was hard edge. While home range size was positively related to the amount of hard edge within non-breeding home range in a linear fashion, core area size increased with increasing amounts of hard edge, but only up to a threshold point, where further increases in edge did not increase core area size. Logistic regression was used to model habitat selection of owls in relation to forest characteristics. Individual owls exhibited different preferences in selecting habitat for foraging and roosting. Overall, owls selected for habitat that was closer to streams and further away from edge. Old forest did not significantly influence selection, but mature forest was positively associated with annual and winter habitat selection for several individual owls. Intermediate forests and non-habitat were only weakly associated with spotted owl habitat selection. Close

• 106. [Article] Simulating range-wide population and breeding habitat dynamics for an endangered woodland warbler in the face of uncertainty

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulating range-wide population and breeding habitat dynamics for an endangered woodland warbler in the face of uncertainty Author: Hatfield, Jeff S., Green, M. Clay, Duarte, Adam, Weckerly, Floyd W., Forstner, Michael R., Swannack, Todd M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/ecological-modelling/ Title: Simulating range-wide population and breeding habitat dynamics for an endangered woodland warbler in the face of uncertainty Author: Hatfield, Jeff S., Green, M. Clay, Duarte, Adam, Weckerly, Floyd W., Forstner, Michael R., Swannack, Todd M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/ecological-modelling/ Close

• 107. [Article] Habitat use by female greater sage grouse in relation to fire at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon

  The United States Fish and Wildlife Service currently uses fire as a management tool to improve Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus Bonaparte) nesting and brood-rearing habitat at Hart Mountain ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat use by female greater sage grouse in relation to fire at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon Author: Byrne, Michael W. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service currently uses fire as a management tool to improve Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus Bonaparte) nesting and brood-rearing habitat at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge (HMNAR) in S.E. Oregon. Previous studies at HMNAR revealed use of burned areas by sage grouse throughout the breeding season, but quantitative evaluation of breeding-season habitat use in relation to burned areas was unavailable. Further, the effects of prescribed fire and wildfire on sage-grouse habitat use and habitat selection are poorly understood and controversial. I evaluated a comprehensive database of all prescribed fire and wildfire data (1947-2000) and sage-grouse breeding-season habitat data (1989-2000) as a means to evaluate and quantify the temporal and spatial effects of habitat use by female sagegrouse relative to burned areas. Nesting, brood-rearing, and broodless females generally avoided 89%, 89%, and 77%, respectively, of available burned habitats; unburned habitats were typically used. All 5 nests in burns < 20 years old were unsuccessful, but nesting success in >20 year-old burns (29%, n = 6/21) and unburned areas (28%, n = 49/177) was similar. When burned habitats were used, they were typically mid- to late-successional mountain big sagebrush burns. Age of burn, and the resultant return of the shrub (i.e., sagebrush) component, was most commonly associated with use of burned areas by nesting and brood-rearing females. Fire in areas with higher biotic potential (in terms of soil productivity/structure, floral diversity, and precipitation), such as mountain big sagebrush [A. t. Nutt. var. vaseyana (Rybd.) Beetle] cover types where the shrub, herbaceous, and invertebrate components have returned, may provide favorable habitat for limited nesting, brood-rearing, and broodless female use. However, in areas with generally lower biotic potential, such as low sagebrush (A. arbuscula Nutt.) and Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata Nutt. var. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) cover types, fire seemingly provided no apparent value in terms of nesting, brood-rearing, and broodless female use. Although future research may further elucidate burned habitat use trends, managers should be cautious in the use of prescribed fire in sage grouse habitats. Title: Habitat use by female greater sage grouse in relation to fire at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon Author: Byrne, Michael W. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service currently uses fire as a management tool to improve Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus Bonaparte) nesting and brood-rearing habitat at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge (HMNAR) in S.E. Oregon. Previous studies at HMNAR revealed use of burned areas by sage grouse throughout the breeding season, but quantitative evaluation of breeding-season habitat use in relation to burned areas was unavailable. Further, the effects of prescribed fire and wildfire on sage-grouse habitat use and habitat selection are poorly understood and controversial. I evaluated a comprehensive database of all prescribed fire and wildfire data (1947-2000) and sage-grouse breeding-season habitat data (1989-2000) as a means to evaluate and quantify the temporal and spatial effects of habitat use by female sagegrouse relative to burned areas. Nesting, brood-rearing, and broodless females generally avoided 89%, 89%, and 77%, respectively, of available burned habitats; unburned habitats were typically used. All 5 nests in burns < 20 years old were unsuccessful, but nesting success in >20 year-old burns (29%, n = 6/21) and unburned areas (28%, n = 49/177) was similar. When burned habitats were used, they were typically mid- to late-successional mountain big sagebrush burns. Age of burn, and the resultant return of the shrub (i.e., sagebrush) component, was most commonly associated with use of burned areas by nesting and brood-rearing females. Fire in areas with higher biotic potential (in terms of soil productivity/structure, floral diversity, and precipitation), such as mountain big sagebrush [A. t. Nutt. var. vaseyana (Rybd.) Beetle] cover types where the shrub, herbaceous, and invertebrate components have returned, may provide favorable habitat for limited nesting, brood-rearing, and broodless female use. However, in areas with generally lower biotic potential, such as low sagebrush (A. arbuscula Nutt.) and Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata Nutt. var. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) cover types, fire seemingly provided no apparent value in terms of nesting, brood-rearing, and broodless female use. Although future research may further elucidate burned habitat use trends, managers should be cautious in the use of prescribed fire in sage grouse habitats. Close

• 108. [Article] Giant gartersnake spatial ecology in agricultural and constructed wetlands

  The spatial ecology of a species is a vital component of informed management and restoration plans, yet little is known about how animals use restored or constructed habitat. We assessed home ranges, core ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Giant gartersnake spatial ecology in agricultural and constructed wetlands Author: Valcarcel, Patricia M. The spatial ecology of a species is a vital component of informed management and restoration plans, yet little is known about how animals use restored or constructed habitat. We assessed home ranges, core areas, and habitat selection of the federally threatened Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) using rice agricultural habitat and recently constructed wetlands used as conservation banks. Space use patterns were estimated from radio tracking 19 unique adult female snakes over 2 years at a site that is the center of conservation efforts for the species. Home ranges (95% kernel density contour) and core areas (50% kernel density contour) were estimated for size, configuration, and overlap of the home range utilization distributions. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to assess habitat influences on microhabitat use. Contrary to expectations, but consistent across years, we found home ranges in the agricultural habitat were on average 80% smaller and had less variation among individuals than those in the constructed wetlands. Snakes in agricultural habitat also had greater and more uniform home range overlap as indicated by the utilization distribution overlap index. We combined all of the snakes to analyze microhabitat selection and used a matched location-random point design. Vegetation patch edges were used more often than interior locations in patches greater than six meters in diameter. This indicates that habitat complexity is an important consideration for habitat conservation plans. We were unable to detect differences in habitat use based upon vegetation composition at a small spatial scale. Temperature also influences reptile habitat selection, and a thermal description of the three macrohabitats (terrestrial vegetation, emergent vegetation, and open water) at our site showed extreme afternoon temperatures limit the use of terrestrial surface habitat by the Giant Gartersnake. The restricted home ranges observed in the snakes in agriculture suggest we need further investigation into dispersal movements and habitat connectivity to better inform regional conservation planning. Recovery efforts for the Giant Gartersnake, including construction and management of new wetlands, will benefit from greater knowledge of their space use patterns described by our research. Title: Giant gartersnake spatial ecology in agricultural and constructed wetlands Author: Valcarcel, Patricia M. The spatial ecology of a species is a vital component of informed management and restoration plans, yet little is known about how animals use restored or constructed habitat. We assessed home ranges, core areas, and habitat selection of the federally threatened Giant Gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) using rice agricultural habitat and recently constructed wetlands used as conservation banks. Space use patterns were estimated from radio tracking 19 unique adult female snakes over 2 years at a site that is the center of conservation efforts for the species. Home ranges (95% kernel density contour) and core areas (50% kernel density contour) were estimated for size, configuration, and overlap of the home range utilization distributions. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to assess habitat influences on microhabitat use. Contrary to expectations, but consistent across years, we found home ranges in the agricultural habitat were on average 80% smaller and had less variation among individuals than those in the constructed wetlands. Snakes in agricultural habitat also had greater and more uniform home range overlap as indicated by the utilization distribution overlap index. We combined all of the snakes to analyze microhabitat selection and used a matched location-random point design. Vegetation patch edges were used more often than interior locations in patches greater than six meters in diameter. This indicates that habitat complexity is an important consideration for habitat conservation plans. We were unable to detect differences in habitat use based upon vegetation composition at a small spatial scale. Temperature also influences reptile habitat selection, and a thermal description of the three macrohabitats (terrestrial vegetation, emergent vegetation, and open water) at our site showed extreme afternoon temperatures limit the use of terrestrial surface habitat by the Giant Gartersnake. The restricted home ranges observed in the snakes in agriculture suggest we need further investigation into dispersal movements and habitat connectivity to better inform regional conservation planning. Recovery efforts for the Giant Gartersnake, including construction and management of new wetlands, will benefit from greater knowledge of their space use patterns described by our research. Close

• 109. [Article] Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Diet in Brackish and Freshwater Habitats in the Stream-estuary Ecotones of Coos Bay, Oregon

  Loss of lowland estuarine and freshwater off-channel habitats along the Pacific Northwest coast has contributed to the decline of salmonid populations. These habitats serve as nursery grounds for juvenile ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Diet in Brackish and Freshwater Habitats in the Stream-estuary Ecotones of Coos Bay, Oregon Author: Mackereth, Kailan F. Loss of lowland estuarine and freshwater off-channel habitats along the Pacific Northwest coast has contributed to the decline of salmonid populations. These habitats serve as nursery grounds for juvenile salmonids providing them with food, winter shelter, and a transition zone between freshwater and saltwater. Lowland areas have undergone anthropogenic alterations (e.g., installation of tide gates, construction of dikes, channelization) to increase the net area of land suitable for agriculture and development resulting in watershed fragmentation and reduction in the amount of habitats with high intrinsic potential to support populations of juvenile salmonids. Until recent years, sub-yearling coho salmon found in lowland riverine habitats and estuarine marshes were assumed to have been displaced from optimal upland reaches by competition and high water discharge. Recent studies have concluded that early estuarine migrant behavior is volitional and these fish return as 20-40% of the spawning population, but there are few studies that delve into the capacity of estuarine habitat to support early estuarine life history strategies in systems heavily altered by human practices. This study documented differences in diet and condition factor (K) between sub-yearling and yearling coho salmon foraging concurrently in brackish or freshwater lowland habitat of the upper estuarine intertidal zone. Fish stomach contents were sampled by means of gastric lavage in three coastal lowland creeks in Coos Bay on the southern Oregon coast. Prey found in the samples were sorted, counted, identified, and dried to obtain dry weight biomass. Condition factor (K) and total dry weight prey biomass of fishes were not different between brackish and freshwater habitat; however, non-metric multidimensional scaling indicated that prey composition was substantially different between habitat and age class. These findings suggest that early migrating sub-yearlings and yearling smolts diverge in their diets whether they occupy the same or different habitats in the stream to estuary transition zone. Insects were important prey within the diets of yearling and sub-yearling freshwater foragers and sub-yearling brackish water foragers while crustaceans were important in the diets of yearling brackish water foragers. Future research exploring prey abundance and availability in relation to prey selected by juvenile coho salmon would denote habitat foraging quality and habitat exploitation by early estuarine migrants. Expanding this research to contrast natural intertidal habitats with those regulated by tide gates would be beneficial towards understanding the impact different styles of tide gates have on biotic communities and hydrological attributes (e.g., flow, chemistry, temperature, tidal exchange). Identification of factors that influence habitat selection in the stream-estuary ecotone by alternative early life history strategies of juvenile coho salmon is essential towards enhancing genetic diversity thereby strengthening the resiliency of the population. Title: Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Diet in Brackish and Freshwater Habitats in the Stream-estuary Ecotones of Coos Bay, Oregon Author: Mackereth, Kailan F. Loss of lowland estuarine and freshwater off-channel habitats along the Pacific Northwest coast has contributed to the decline of salmonid populations. These habitats serve as nursery grounds for juvenile salmonids providing them with food, winter shelter, and a transition zone between freshwater and saltwater. Lowland areas have undergone anthropogenic alterations (e.g., installation of tide gates, construction of dikes, channelization) to increase the net area of land suitable for agriculture and development resulting in watershed fragmentation and reduction in the amount of habitats with high intrinsic potential to support populations of juvenile salmonids. Until recent years, sub-yearling coho salmon found in lowland riverine habitats and estuarine marshes were assumed to have been displaced from optimal upland reaches by competition and high water discharge. Recent studies have concluded that early estuarine migrant behavior is volitional and these fish return as 20-40% of the spawning population, but there are few studies that delve into the capacity of estuarine habitat to support early estuarine life history strategies in systems heavily altered by human practices. This study documented differences in diet and condition factor (K) between sub-yearling and yearling coho salmon foraging concurrently in brackish or freshwater lowland habitat of the upper estuarine intertidal zone. Fish stomach contents were sampled by means of gastric lavage in three coastal lowland creeks in Coos Bay on the southern Oregon coast. Prey found in the samples were sorted, counted, identified, and dried to obtain dry weight biomass. Condition factor (K) and total dry weight prey biomass of fishes were not different between brackish and freshwater habitat; however, non-metric multidimensional scaling indicated that prey composition was substantially different between habitat and age class. These findings suggest that early migrating sub-yearlings and yearling smolts diverge in their diets whether they occupy the same or different habitats in the stream to estuary transition zone. Insects were important prey within the diets of yearling and sub-yearling freshwater foragers and sub-yearling brackish water foragers while crustaceans were important in the diets of yearling brackish water foragers. Future research exploring prey abundance and availability in relation to prey selected by juvenile coho salmon would denote habitat foraging quality and habitat exploitation by early estuarine migrants. Expanding this research to contrast natural intertidal habitats with those regulated by tide gates would be beneficial towards understanding the impact different styles of tide gates have on biotic communities and hydrological attributes (e.g., flow, chemistry, temperature, tidal exchange). Identification of factors that influence habitat selection in the stream-estuary ecotone by alternative early life history strategies of juvenile coho salmon is essential towards enhancing genetic diversity thereby strengthening the resiliency of the population. Close

• 110. [Article] Habitat relationships of native and non-native fishes of the Willamette River, Oregon

  The Willamette River flows north between the Cascade Mountains and Coast Range of western Oregon within a 29,728-km² basin. The fish community in the geologically young basin consists of 36 native species, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat relationships of native and non-native fishes of the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Williams, Joshua E. (Joshua Everett) The Willamette River flows north between the Cascade Mountains and Coast Range of western Oregon within a 29,728-km² basin. The fish community in the geologically young basin consists of 36 native species, but introductions of non-native fishes have added 33 additional species for a total of 69 fish species. During the summers of 2011-2013, fish distributions were sampled from the confluence of the McKenzie River downstream to the confluence of the Columbia River to assess: (1) fish community composition, (2) differences in community composition between mainstem river and slough habitats, and (3) relationships between native and non-native fish species and physical habitat characteristics. In addition, a 182-ha seasonally inundated floodplain habitat along the middle Willamette River was sampled during winter 2011 through spring 2012 to assess: (1) fish community composition, (2) spawning and rearing, and (3) timing of use and movement by fish species. Throughout the three years of longitudinal sampling, 36,586 fish were collected comprising 41 species, 22 native and 19 non-native. Overall, native fish represented 93% of the total fish sampled. Higher numbers of fish were collected in the upper river, and higher proportions of those fish were native species. Though non-native fish were more common in slough habitats than mainstem sties, the majority of fish collected in both habitat types were native. The strongest environmental predictors of fish community were quantitative measures of longitudinal distance, velocity, depth, percent macrophyte cover and percent embeddedness. Habitat type (slough versus mainstem) was also a significant predictor. Native fish species exhibited greater variability in habitat relationships than non-native fishes, though several native species were strongly associated with specific environmental attributes. Non-native species were more associated with slough habitats and sites with high amount of macrophyte growth and embedded substrates. Overall, 25 species had a high fidelity to mainstem or slough habitats. Equal numbers of native species showed a fidelity to either mainstem or slough sites, but non-native species were significantly related only to slough habitats. In the seasonally inundated floodplain habitat, an estimated 43,000 fish were collected comprising 23 species; 12 native and 11 non-native. Of these 98.1% were native. The most common native species were threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus and peamouth Mylocheilus caurinus while the most common non-native species were bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and western mosquitofish Gambusia affinus. Several species used the inundated floodplain for spawning and rearing, particularly threespine stickleback, peamouth and western mosquitofish. With the exception of young-of-year threespine stickleback, native species were collected mostly in the beginning and middle of the sampling period while non-native species were collected in the latter portion of the sampling. The Willamette River Basin has a long history of environmental modification. Understanding relationships of a broad range of species to their environment and to each other provides a technical foundation for ecosystem based management by state and federal agencies, local municipalities, and private landowners. The need for ecosystem based management is vital for future conservation and recovery of large river floodplain ecosystems. Title: Habitat relationships of native and non-native fishes of the Willamette River, Oregon Author: Williams, Joshua E. (Joshua Everett) The Willamette River flows north between the Cascade Mountains and Coast Range of western Oregon within a 29,728-km² basin. The fish community in the geologically young basin consists of 36 native species, but introductions of non-native fishes have added 33 additional species for a total of 69 fish species. During the summers of 2011-2013, fish distributions were sampled from the confluence of the McKenzie River downstream to the confluence of the Columbia River to assess: (1) fish community composition, (2) differences in community composition between mainstem river and slough habitats, and (3) relationships between native and non-native fish species and physical habitat characteristics. In addition, a 182-ha seasonally inundated floodplain habitat along the middle Willamette River was sampled during winter 2011 through spring 2012 to assess: (1) fish community composition, (2) spawning and rearing, and (3) timing of use and movement by fish species. Throughout the three years of longitudinal sampling, 36,586 fish were collected comprising 41 species, 22 native and 19 non-native. Overall, native fish represented 93% of the total fish sampled. Higher numbers of fish were collected in the upper river, and higher proportions of those fish were native species. Though non-native fish were more common in slough habitats than mainstem sties, the majority of fish collected in both habitat types were native. The strongest environmental predictors of fish community were quantitative measures of longitudinal distance, velocity, depth, percent macrophyte cover and percent embeddedness. Habitat type (slough versus mainstem) was also a significant predictor. Native fish species exhibited greater variability in habitat relationships than non-native fishes, though several native species were strongly associated with specific environmental attributes. Non-native species were more associated with slough habitats and sites with high amount of macrophyte growth and embedded substrates. Overall, 25 species had a high fidelity to mainstem or slough habitats. Equal numbers of native species showed a fidelity to either mainstem or slough sites, but non-native species were significantly related only to slough habitats. In the seasonally inundated floodplain habitat, an estimated 43,000 fish were collected comprising 23 species; 12 native and 11 non-native. Of these 98.1% were native. The most common native species were threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus and peamouth Mylocheilus caurinus while the most common non-native species were bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and western mosquitofish Gambusia affinus. Several species used the inundated floodplain for spawning and rearing, particularly threespine stickleback, peamouth and western mosquitofish. With the exception of young-of-year threespine stickleback, native species were collected mostly in the beginning and middle of the sampling period while non-native species were collected in the latter portion of the sampling. The Willamette River Basin has a long history of environmental modification. Understanding relationships of a broad range of species to their environment and to each other provides a technical foundation for ecosystem based management by state and federal agencies, local municipalities, and private landowners. The need for ecosystem based management is vital for future conservation and recovery of large river floodplain ecosystems. Close

• 111. [Article] Development and application of a resource selection model for pygmy rabbits

  Pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in Oregon and Washington are a sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp.) obligate species of concern because of declining populations and extirpation from much of their ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development and application of a resource selection model for pygmy rabbits Author: Meisel, Jennifer K. Pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in Oregon and Washington are a sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp.) obligate species of concern because of declining populations and extirpation from much of their range. Efforts are underway to establish a captive bred population of the Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit in Washington state for reintroduction into the wild. We developed a resource selection model based on soil and vegetation characteristics of occupied pygmy rabbit habitat at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge in Oregon. Data collected in Oregon were used to quantify relationships of pygmy rabbits with their habitat. Using logistic regression and Akaike’s Information Criterion (AICc) to identify the best model, we determined that big sagebrush height and soil percent sand content were the two habitat characteristics most predictive of occupied pygmy rabbit burrow locations. The model indicated that the odds ratio of an occupied pygmy rabbit burrow occurrence increased with an increase in percent sand content of soils and big sagebrush height. We then applied the resource selection model using a two-step approach. We first used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine broad scale areas of suitable habitat for the potential reintroduction of pygmy rabbits at Hanford Reach National Monument in Washington, and then collected data on the ground to determine the best suitable habitat. Using GIS procedures, we found approximately 8500 ha of potential habitat at Hanford Reach National Monument. Field data collected within the potential habitat were used to further define 3035 ha as the most suitable habitat for pygmy rabbits. Lands that currently support pygmy rabbits, or areas identified as potential habitat in Washington, can be used to prioritize management or restoration efforts for pygmy rabbits and their habitats. Title: Development and application of a resource selection model for pygmy rabbits Author: Meisel, Jennifer K. Pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) in Oregon and Washington are a sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata spp.) obligate species of concern because of declining populations and extirpation from much of their range. Efforts are underway to establish a captive bred population of the Columbia Basin pygmy rabbit in Washington state for reintroduction into the wild. We developed a resource selection model based on soil and vegetation characteristics of occupied pygmy rabbit habitat at Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge in Oregon. Data collected in Oregon were used to quantify relationships of pygmy rabbits with their habitat. Using logistic regression and Akaike’s Information Criterion (AICc) to identify the best model, we determined that big sagebrush height and soil percent sand content were the two habitat characteristics most predictive of occupied pygmy rabbit burrow locations. The model indicated that the odds ratio of an occupied pygmy rabbit burrow occurrence increased with an increase in percent sand content of soils and big sagebrush height. We then applied the resource selection model using a two-step approach. We first used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine broad scale areas of suitable habitat for the potential reintroduction of pygmy rabbits at Hanford Reach National Monument in Washington, and then collected data on the ground to determine the best suitable habitat. Using GIS procedures, we found approximately 8500 ha of potential habitat at Hanford Reach National Monument. Field data collected within the potential habitat were used to further define 3035 ha as the most suitable habitat for pygmy rabbits. Lands that currently support pygmy rabbits, or areas identified as potential habitat in Washington, can be used to prioritize management or restoration efforts for pygmy rabbits and their habitats. Close

• 112. [Article] Habitat use by snag-associated species : a bibliography for species occurring in Oregon and Washington

  Fifty-seven species of wildlife rely on or frequently use snags for breeding, roosting, or denning in Oregon and Washington. Several publications offer information on use of snags by wildlife, influence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat use by snag-associated species : a bibliography for species occurring in Oregon and Washington Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Weikel, Jennifer M., Hayes, John P. (John Parker) Fifty-seven species of wildlife rely on or frequently use snags for breeding, roosting, or denning in Oregon and Washington. Several publications offer information on use of snags by wildlife, influence of management activities on snags and snag users, and approaches to managing snags to benefit wildlife. Because of the diverse information available and the variety of sources in which it is published, it can be difficult for a biologist or land manager to compile information needed to understand habitat needs of a given species. To help compile information on species in Oregon and Washington, that use snags, we developed a comprehensive bibliography of published literature on ecology of species of wildlife closely associated with snags. Here we present it in a user-friendly format. Title: Habitat use by snag-associated species : a bibliography for species occurring in Oregon and Washington Author: Oregon State University. Forest Research Laboratory, Weikel, Jennifer M., Hayes, John P. (John Parker) Fifty-seven species of wildlife rely on or frequently use snags for breeding, roosting, or denning in Oregon and Washington. Several publications offer information on use of snags by wildlife, influence of management activities on snags and snag users, and approaches to managing snags to benefit wildlife. Because of the diverse information available and the variety of sources in which it is published, it can be difficult for a biologist or land manager to compile information needed to understand habitat needs of a given species. To help compile information on species in Oregon and Washington, that use snags, we developed a comprehensive bibliography of published literature on ecology of species of wildlife closely associated with snags. Here we present it in a user-friendly format. Close

• 113. [Article] Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera japonica

  Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera japonica Author: Heidmann, Sarah, Jaco, Erin Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator and prey. Understanding the spatial distribution of Dungeness throughout different life history stages is beneficial both ecologically and economically. Zostera japonica is an established invasive species of seagrass in the Pacific Northwest and may also be important habitat for recently settled juvenile Dungeness. We examined the distribution of juvenile Dungeness in May 2013 among Z. japonica, Z. marina, and open habitats in the Yaquina Bay Estuary in Newport, Oregon. We correlated Dungeness abundance with habitat, shoot density and biomass of seagrass, tidal height, and abundance of Hemigrapsus oregonensis, another local species of crab. Our results indicate that Dungeness preferred seagrass habitats to open mud, but had no apparent preference among different species of seagrasses, despite the correlation of Dungeness abundance with seagrass biomass. This study increases scientific understanding of the life cycle of Dungeness crabs and the importance of estuarine habitats, which must be protected in order to achieve a sustainable fishery. Title: Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera japonica Author: Heidmann, Sarah, Jaco, Erin Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator and prey. Understanding the spatial distribution of Dungeness throughout different life history stages is beneficial both ecologically and economically. Zostera japonica is an established invasive species of seagrass in the Pacific Northwest and may also be important habitat for recently settled juvenile Dungeness. We examined the distribution of juvenile Dungeness in May 2013 among Z. japonica, Z. marina, and open habitats in the Yaquina Bay Estuary in Newport, Oregon. We correlated Dungeness abundance with habitat, shoot density and biomass of seagrass, tidal height, and abundance of Hemigrapsus oregonensis, another local species of crab. Our results indicate that Dungeness preferred seagrass habitats to open mud, but had no apparent preference among different species of seagrasses, despite the correlation of Dungeness abundance with seagrass biomass. This study increases scientific understanding of the life cycle of Dungeness crabs and the importance of estuarine habitats, which must be protected in order to achieve a sustainable fishery. Close

• 114. [Article] Influence of sediment characteristics on the composition of soft-sediment intertidal communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of sediment characteristics on the composition of soft-sediment intertidal communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico Author: Coblentz, Kyle E., Taylor, Caz M., Henkel, Jessica R., Sigel, Bryan J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/. Title: Influence of sediment characteristics on the composition of soft-sediment intertidal communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico Author: Coblentz, Kyle E., Taylor, Caz M., Henkel, Jessica R., Sigel, Bryan J. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/. Close

• 115. [Article] Fishing induced environmental change and the value of biodiversity in a multi-species fishery

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fishing induced environmental change and the value of biodiversity in a multi-species fishery Author: Akpalu, Wisdom Abstract only. Title: Fishing induced environmental change and the value of biodiversity in a multi-species fishery Author: Akpalu, Wisdom Abstract only. Close

• 116. [Article] A model of fall chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) life history

  The research involved development of two ecological simulation models to explain the complex dimensionality of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) life history structure (represented by the age composition ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A model of fall chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) life history Author: Hirai, Takayuki The research involved development of two ecological simulation models to explain the complex dimensionality of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) life history structure (represented by the age composition of the spawning stock) and management difficulties entailed in the complexity. Since different sizes of chinook salmon are thought to adapt differently to heterogeneous habitats, age composition of the spawning stock is determined by characteristics of the habitats of the substocks. Numerical properties of substocks result from the incorporation of individual spawners in different age classes and each substock performs differently because their age compositions are distinctive. A stock or population consists of substocks whose age compositions are concordant with their habitats. The productive capacity of a population will result from the incorporation of substocks. If habitat structures of streams are different, the age and size compositions and productive capacity of the populations may differ. Selective harvesting affects spawners in different ways, so that age compositions must be deformed differently by fishing pressure. Once the age composition deviates from the natural age composition, the productivity of the population will decrease. Population dynamics are strongly correlated with substock structure which is determined by habitat structure in a stream system. Hierarchical population structure make fisheries management difficult and requires not only quantitative but also qualitative analysis on the populations in relation to habitat classification. Title: A model of fall chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha) life history Author: Hirai, Takayuki The research involved development of two ecological simulation models to explain the complex dimensionality of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) life history structure (represented by the age composition of the spawning stock) and management difficulties entailed in the complexity. Since different sizes of chinook salmon are thought to adapt differently to heterogeneous habitats, age composition of the spawning stock is determined by characteristics of the habitats of the substocks. Numerical properties of substocks result from the incorporation of individual spawners in different age classes and each substock performs differently because their age compositions are distinctive. A stock or population consists of substocks whose age compositions are concordant with their habitats. The productive capacity of a population will result from the incorporation of substocks. If habitat structures of streams are different, the age and size compositions and productive capacity of the populations may differ. Selective harvesting affects spawners in different ways, so that age compositions must be deformed differently by fishing pressure. Once the age composition deviates from the natural age composition, the productivity of the population will decrease. Population dynamics are strongly correlated with substock structure which is determined by habitat structure in a stream system. Hierarchical population structure make fisheries management difficult and requires not only quantitative but also qualitative analysis on the populations in relation to habitat classification. Close

• 117. [Article] Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Z. marina and Z. japonica

  Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Z. marina and Z. japonica Author: Heidmann, Sarah, Jaco, Erin M. Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator and prey. Understanding the spatial distribution of Dungeness throughout different life history stages is beneficial both ecologically and economically. Zostera japonica is an established invasive species of seagrass in the Pacific Northwest and may also be important habitat for recently settled juvenile Dungeness. We examined the distribution of juvenile Dungeness in May 2013 among Z. japonica, Z. marina, and open habitats in the Yaquina Bay Estuary in Newport, Oregon. We correlated Dungeness abundance with habitat, shoot density and biomass of seagrass, tidal height, and abundance of Hemigrapsus oregonensis, another local species of crab. Our results indicate that Dungeness preferred seagrass habitats to open mud, but had no apparent preference among different species of seagrasses, despite the correlation of Dungeness abundance with seagrass biomass. This study increases scientific understanding of the life cycle of Dungeness crabs and the importance of estuarine habitats, which must be protected in order to achieve a sustainable fishery. Title: Comparing Metacarcinus magister settlement preferences among the seagrasses Z. marina and Z. japonica Author: Heidmann, Sarah, Jaco, Erin M. Metacarcinus magister, the Dungeness crab, is a commercially important species on the Pacific Northwest coast as the most profitable fishery in Oregon and an important ecological player as both predator and prey. Understanding the spatial distribution of Dungeness throughout different life history stages is beneficial both ecologically and economically. Zostera japonica is an established invasive species of seagrass in the Pacific Northwest and may also be important habitat for recently settled juvenile Dungeness. We examined the distribution of juvenile Dungeness in May 2013 among Z. japonica, Z. marina, and open habitats in the Yaquina Bay Estuary in Newport, Oregon. We correlated Dungeness abundance with habitat, shoot density and biomass of seagrass, tidal height, and abundance of Hemigrapsus oregonensis, another local species of crab. Our results indicate that Dungeness preferred seagrass habitats to open mud, but had no apparent preference among different species of seagrasses, despite the correlation of Dungeness abundance with seagrass biomass. This study increases scientific understanding of the life cycle of Dungeness crabs and the importance of estuarine habitats, which must be protected in order to achieve a sustainable fishery. Close

• 118. [Article] Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography.

  This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Behan, Jeff This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as directed by the 2003 Oregon Legislature. The Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy is a component of management plans developed by the Oregon Department of Forestry, for the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests in northwestern Oregon. The references in this bibliography are grouped according to the categories of questions raised by the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. Title: Salmon anchor habitats in Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests, Oregon : science, policy, economics ; an annotated bibliography. Author: Institute for Natural Resources, Behan, Jeff This annotated bibliography was prepared for the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. This group was formed by the Oregon Department of Forestry to review and evaluate the Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy as directed by the 2003 Oregon Legislature. The Salmon Anchor Habitat Strategy is a component of management plans developed by the Oregon Department of Forestry, for the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests in northwestern Oregon. The references in this bibliography are grouped according to the categories of questions raised by the Salmon Anchor Habitat Work Group. Close

• 119. [Article] Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County Author: U.S. Federal Highway Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region Title: Biological opinion: Canby Ferry shoreside improvements project, Mountain Road, Clackamas County Author: U.S. Federal Highway Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region Close

• 120. [Article] Plant Association Group and Special Habitat Descriptions Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, Crooked River National Grassland

  This is an unpublished document.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Plant Association Group and Special Habitat Descriptions Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, Crooked River National Grassland Author: Vora, Robin, Grenier, Katie, Schuller, Reid, Simpson, Mike This is an unpublished document. Title: Plant Association Group and Special Habitat Descriptions Deschutes and Ochoco National Forests, Crooked River National Grassland Author: Vora, Robin, Grenier, Katie, Schuller, Reid, Simpson, Mike This is an unpublished document. Close

• 121. [Article] Chinook salmon : life in the watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chinook salmon : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Title: Chinook salmon : life in the watershed Author: Fitzpatrick, Martin S., Oregon State University. Sea Grant College Program Close

• 122. [Article] Habitat selection behavior in three species of anuran larvae : environmental cues, ontogeny, and adaptive significance

  Habitat selection behavior was investigated as a proximate mechanism influencing spatial distributions of three species of anuran larvae. Rana cascadae, Hyla regilla, and Bufo boreas overlap in distribution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat selection behavior in three species of anuran larvae : environmental cues, ontogeny, and adaptive significance Author: O'Hara, Richard K. Habitat selection behavior was investigated as a proximate mechanism influencing spatial distributions of three species of anuran larvae. Rana cascadae, Hyla regilla, and Bufo boreas overlap in distribution in lakes and ponds of the Cascade Mts. and were chosen to provide a comparative basis for analyzing habitat selection behavior. Major objectives of the study were to define the proximate cues used by tadpoles in selecting a habitat, describe the ontogenetic basis of cue preference, and delineate the possible selective constraints acting on the habitat selection process. At one study site (Little Three Creek Lake), tadpole distributions were quantitatively assessed relative to habitat variab1es (shore distance, temperature, dissolved oxygen, depth, substrate type, and macrovegetation) throughout a summer. These data were subjected to correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Significant associations for each species were with temperature, depth, substrate, vegetational patterns, and shore distance. Tadpoles were most frequent1y found in protected areas along shallow gently sloping shorelines, over fine as opposed to coarse substrate types, in high temperature areas, and often amongst vegetation (Carex and Isoetes) (observations consistent at over 25 other sites surveyed). Larvae of each species selected similar habitat types (overlap was high) but B. boreas was more of habitat generalist due to high dispersal tendencies, schooling behavior, and midwater feeding habits. R. cascadae and H. regilla larvae tended to remain in the vicinity of the oviposition sites which were sometimes patchily distributed. Mark and census experiments showed that dispersal was limited in these species, certain features (e.g. substrate type, deep or cold water) represented barriers to dispersal, tadpoles tended to disperse more from nonpreferred habitats than preferred habitats, and disappearance rates were greater in nonpreferred habitats. Benthic sample analyses showed preferred substrates (fine particulates) contained greater amounts of total organics and chlorophyll (i.e., potential food sources) than coarse substrates which were avoided by tadpoles. Because such field studies do not distinguish correlated variables from those actually perceived and responded to by tadpoles, laboratory choice experiments were used. Tadpoles were reared over one of four substrates (smooth substrate, sand, gravel, or rock) and periodically tested for preferences during development. Larvae of each species (lab reared and wild tadpoles) preferred finer grained substrates regardless of rearing experience, age, or population source tested. Tadpoles preferred an open habitat to one with artificial vegetation that resembled Carex and all species exhibited a strong tendency to aggregate with conspecifics when tested in the laboratory. R. cascadae tadpoles preferred water depths at which they were reared and wild B. boreas larvae tended to prefer shallow depths. Stereotypic responses of R. cascadae were modified following rearing in a complex environment where a positive stimulus (high temperature or food) was associated with a nonpreferred substrate, and a "negative" stimulus (lower temperature or no food) was associated with a preferred substrate. Tadpoles came to prefer the previously nonpreferred substrate when later tested but these modified preferences were gradually lost when tadpoles were removed from the rearing regime. With the exception of vegetation preference tests, lab choice experiments corroborated field observations. Habitat selection seems to be a complex process in these tadpoles. More than one or two key cues are involved, cues responded to are of a structural, microclimatic, and biologic nature, responses to some cues were very rigid and to others modifiable by experience, and some adaptability in behavioral responses was evident. In the ephemeral breeding habitats of the high Cascades, traits that influence growth are likely to be closely linked to overall fitness. The habitat selection behaviors observed in these larvae (i.e., habitats and factors conducive to rapid growth) reflect an overall strategy to minimize the time needed for successful completion or metamorphosis by maximizing components of growth and development. Title: Habitat selection behavior in three species of anuran larvae : environmental cues, ontogeny, and adaptive significance Author: O'Hara, Richard K. Habitat selection behavior was investigated as a proximate mechanism influencing spatial distributions of three species of anuran larvae. Rana cascadae, Hyla regilla, and Bufo boreas overlap in distribution in lakes and ponds of the Cascade Mts. and were chosen to provide a comparative basis for analyzing habitat selection behavior. Major objectives of the study were to define the proximate cues used by tadpoles in selecting a habitat, describe the ontogenetic basis of cue preference, and delineate the possible selective constraints acting on the habitat selection process. At one study site (Little Three Creek Lake), tadpole distributions were quantitatively assessed relative to habitat variab1es (shore distance, temperature, dissolved oxygen, depth, substrate type, and macrovegetation) throughout a summer. These data were subjected to correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Significant associations for each species were with temperature, depth, substrate, vegetational patterns, and shore distance. Tadpoles were most frequent1y found in protected areas along shallow gently sloping shorelines, over fine as opposed to coarse substrate types, in high temperature areas, and often amongst vegetation (Carex and Isoetes) (observations consistent at over 25 other sites surveyed). Larvae of each species selected similar habitat types (overlap was high) but B. boreas was more of habitat generalist due to high dispersal tendencies, schooling behavior, and midwater feeding habits. R. cascadae and H. regilla larvae tended to remain in the vicinity of the oviposition sites which were sometimes patchily distributed. Mark and census experiments showed that dispersal was limited in these species, certain features (e.g. substrate type, deep or cold water) represented barriers to dispersal, tadpoles tended to disperse more from nonpreferred habitats than preferred habitats, and disappearance rates were greater in nonpreferred habitats. Benthic sample analyses showed preferred substrates (fine particulates) contained greater amounts of total organics and chlorophyll (i.e., potential food sources) than coarse substrates which were avoided by tadpoles. Because such field studies do not distinguish correlated variables from those actually perceived and responded to by tadpoles, laboratory choice experiments were used. Tadpoles were reared over one of four substrates (smooth substrate, sand, gravel, or rock) and periodically tested for preferences during development. Larvae of each species (lab reared and wild tadpoles) preferred finer grained substrates regardless of rearing experience, age, or population source tested. Tadpoles preferred an open habitat to one with artificial vegetation that resembled Carex and all species exhibited a strong tendency to aggregate with conspecifics when tested in the laboratory. R. cascadae tadpoles preferred water depths at which they were reared and wild B. boreas larvae tended to prefer shallow depths. Stereotypic responses of R. cascadae were modified following rearing in a complex environment where a positive stimulus (high temperature or food) was associated with a nonpreferred substrate, and a "negative" stimulus (lower temperature or no food) was associated with a preferred substrate. Tadpoles came to prefer the previously nonpreferred substrate when later tested but these modified preferences were gradually lost when tadpoles were removed from the rearing regime. With the exception of vegetation preference tests, lab choice experiments corroborated field observations. Habitat selection seems to be a complex process in these tadpoles. More than one or two key cues are involved, cues responded to are of a structural, microclimatic, and biologic nature, responses to some cues were very rigid and to others modifiable by experience, and some adaptability in behavioral responses was evident. In the ephemeral breeding habitats of the high Cascades, traits that influence growth are likely to be closely linked to overall fitness. The habitat selection behaviors observed in these larvae (i.e., habitats and factors conducive to rapid growth) reflect an overall strategy to minimize the time needed for successful completion or metamorphosis by maximizing components of growth and development. Close

• 123. [Article] Residents’ drivers and barriers to participation in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program: Study of socio-ecological factors in Madison South neighborhood in NE Portland

  As urban development fractures and reduces available habitat for birds and other wildlife, conservationists are increasing pursuing strategies to improve the habitat value of privately owned yards in and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Residents’ drivers and barriers to participation in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program: Study of socio-ecological factors in Madison South neighborhood in NE Portland Author: Powel, Jinnet As urban development fractures and reduces available habitat for birds and other wildlife, conservationists are increasing pursuing strategies to improve the habitat value of privately owned yards in and around cities. The Backyard Habitat Certification Program is a collaborative effort between the Portland Audubon Society and the Columbia Land Trust that has a two pronged mission: to increase the amount of available habitat for wildlife in the Portland Metro region by encouraging homeowners of lots one acre or less to naturescape their yards; and to increase stewardship and conservation awareness by broadening their participant base. Backyard Habitat’s agency in achieving both goals is linked to 1) their effectiveness at engaging and enrolling residents, 2) residents’ access to greenspace, and 3) their interest and agency in naturescaping their yards. Based on circumstantial evidence, Backyard Habitat is concerned they are not capturing the racial and ethnic diversity of the communities that they serve. This suggests that cultural and/or structural factors are limiting thier access to private yards and scope in providing conservation education. This study begins to explore the drivers and barriers to participation in the Northeast Portland neighborhood of Madison South with the objective of providing community specific and generalizable recommendations on how Backyard Habitat could broaden and deepen participation. Madison South was chosen as the study site because Backyard Habitat would like to increase participation there in order to enhance the impact of a large-scale habitat restoration project: the Dharma Rain Zen Center’s development at Siskiyou Square. The study used a social-ecological framework to explore both ecological and sociological factors that could serve as drivers or barriers to residents in choosing 1) to naturescape and 2) to participate in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program. The study consisted of three phases and looked at two scales of analysis: structural and cultural factors at the societal level and at the individual scale. Phase 1 assessed societal structural and cultural factors within the neighborhood (n= 5,314) including racial and ethnic diversity, language fluency, tenure status, and the value and distribution of greenspace using a combination of US Census data and publicly available on-line mapping tools (Metro Maps, Portland Maps, and Intertwine Alliance’s Regional Conservation Strategy overlays, Google Maps). Phase 2 and 3 consisted of smaller group of participants(n=28) that lived within 200m Siskiyou Square, and used mixed methods door-to-door surveys and guided interviews to explore individual interests, beliefs, and constraints shaping both desired and actual yard use. Phase 2 included the use of a yard-type instrument that allowed participants to indicate their interest in naturescaped, highly manicured, and predominantly permaculture yards by selecting among photographs. The study found that Madison South would be a good neighborhood for Backyard Habitat to engage with the purpose of diversifying their base since it was a relatively diverse racial and ethnic neighborhood within the Portland Metro region. However, since homeownership was disproportionately limited to White and Asian residents, the author recommends that Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for including renters in order to engage a representative demographic. Considering the percentage of rented, single-family homes with yards around the Siskiyou Square neighborhood, such strategies could serve Backyard Habitat’s ecological goals. The study identified limited English as a likely barrier for engaging some homeowners, particularly elderly Vietnamese. However the participant pool was too small to identify preferences, such desired as yard-type, along racial or ethnic lines. With 19% of homes owned by racial and ethnic minorities, Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for further identifying, and overcoming cultural barriers. The survey, interview questionnaire and yard-type instrument appeared useful at identifying receptivity to naturescaping and strategies for broadening participation. Based on the study’s findings and input from participants, the study makes recommendations for how Backyard Habitat can increase participation by being better known, being appealing, and being feasible to a variety of residents. Title: Residents’ drivers and barriers to participation in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program: Study of socio-ecological factors in Madison South neighborhood in NE Portland Author: Powel, Jinnet As urban development fractures and reduces available habitat for birds and other wildlife, conservationists are increasing pursuing strategies to improve the habitat value of privately owned yards in and around cities. The Backyard Habitat Certification Program is a collaborative effort between the Portland Audubon Society and the Columbia Land Trust that has a two pronged mission: to increase the amount of available habitat for wildlife in the Portland Metro region by encouraging homeowners of lots one acre or less to naturescape their yards; and to increase stewardship and conservation awareness by broadening their participant base. Backyard Habitat’s agency in achieving both goals is linked to 1) their effectiveness at engaging and enrolling residents, 2) residents’ access to greenspace, and 3) their interest and agency in naturescaping their yards. Based on circumstantial evidence, Backyard Habitat is concerned they are not capturing the racial and ethnic diversity of the communities that they serve. This suggests that cultural and/or structural factors are limiting thier access to private yards and scope in providing conservation education. This study begins to explore the drivers and barriers to participation in the Northeast Portland neighborhood of Madison South with the objective of providing community specific and generalizable recommendations on how Backyard Habitat could broaden and deepen participation. Madison South was chosen as the study site because Backyard Habitat would like to increase participation there in order to enhance the impact of a large-scale habitat restoration project: the Dharma Rain Zen Center’s development at Siskiyou Square. The study used a social-ecological framework to explore both ecological and sociological factors that could serve as drivers or barriers to residents in choosing 1) to naturescape and 2) to participate in the Backyard Habitat Certification Program. The study consisted of three phases and looked at two scales of analysis: structural and cultural factors at the societal level and at the individual scale. Phase 1 assessed societal structural and cultural factors within the neighborhood (n= 5,314) including racial and ethnic diversity, language fluency, tenure status, and the value and distribution of greenspace using a combination of US Census data and publicly available on-line mapping tools (Metro Maps, Portland Maps, and Intertwine Alliance’s Regional Conservation Strategy overlays, Google Maps). Phase 2 and 3 consisted of smaller group of participants(n=28) that lived within 200m Siskiyou Square, and used mixed methods door-to-door surveys and guided interviews to explore individual interests, beliefs, and constraints shaping both desired and actual yard use. Phase 2 included the use of a yard-type instrument that allowed participants to indicate their interest in naturescaped, highly manicured, and predominantly permaculture yards by selecting among photographs. The study found that Madison South would be a good neighborhood for Backyard Habitat to engage with the purpose of diversifying their base since it was a relatively diverse racial and ethnic neighborhood within the Portland Metro region. However, since homeownership was disproportionately limited to White and Asian residents, the author recommends that Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for including renters in order to engage a representative demographic. Considering the percentage of rented, single-family homes with yards around the Siskiyou Square neighborhood, such strategies could serve Backyard Habitat’s ecological goals. The study identified limited English as a likely barrier for engaging some homeowners, particularly elderly Vietnamese. However the participant pool was too small to identify preferences, such desired as yard-type, along racial or ethnic lines. With 19% of homes owned by racial and ethnic minorities, Backyard Habitat should consider strategies for further identifying, and overcoming cultural barriers. The survey, interview questionnaire and yard-type instrument appeared useful at identifying receptivity to naturescaping and strategies for broadening participation. Based on the study’s findings and input from participants, the study makes recommendations for how Backyard Habitat can increase participation by being better known, being appealing, and being feasible to a variety of residents. Close

• 124. [Article] Using remote sensing, in situ observations, and geographic information systems to map benthic habitats at Heceta Bank, Oregon

  Dramatic declines in many species of demersal fishes off the West Coast have resulted in the designation of nine commercially important species as being overfished. While the causes of those declines are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using remote sensing, in situ observations, and geographic information systems to map benthic habitats at Heceta Bank, Oregon Author: Whitmire, Curt E. Dramatic declines in many species of demersal fishes off the West Coast have resulted in the designation of nine commercially important species as being overfished. While the causes of those declines are not clearly understood, the fact remains that a paucity of life history and abundance data exists for many demersal species, also known as groundfish. Due to this uncertainty, only 21 of the 82 species of groundfish managed under the Groundfish Fishery Management Plan of the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) have been fully assessed. One challenge in designing a systematic survey of groundfish resources is that many species associate with heterogeneous substrate of varying relief. In many areas, the rugosity of the substrata precludes sampling by conventional techniques (e.g. bottom trawl gear). This has stimulated research that characterizes fish-habitat associations for use in design of new survey methodology. Using a combination of remote sensing, in situ observations, and spatial analytical techniques, four benthic habitat classes were mapped for a large rocky bank off the central Oregon coast known as Heceta Bank. Observational data from human-occupied submersible and remotely operated vehicle dives in the late 1980s, 2000 and 2001 were used to establish habitat classes with specific substrate characteristics that have been statistically shown to correlate with demersal fish distributions. The observational habitat data was then extrapolated over the extent of a multibeam sonar survey conducted in 1998 using quantitative parameters derived from high-resolution bathymetric and backscatter imagery of the seafloor. The resultant map predicts the locations of four habitat classes: Ridge-Gully, High-Relief Rock (boulders, cobbles), Unconsolidated Sediment 1 (muds), and Unconsolidated Sediment 2 (sands). The main utility of the habitat map developed as part of the current study is that it provides a context for analyses of a variety of spatial data. For instance, habitat data provides one additional spatial component besides depth and latitude that can be used to stratify catch per unit effort data from surveys and commercial logbooks. Also, essential fish habitat for many demersal species can now be identified in more detail. Finally, habitat data like those presented here can aid in the design of marine reserves and protected areas by providing a context for spatial analyses of data of ecological importance. Title: Using remote sensing, in situ observations, and geographic information systems to map benthic habitats at Heceta Bank, Oregon Author: Whitmire, Curt E. Dramatic declines in many species of demersal fishes off the West Coast have resulted in the designation of nine commercially important species as being overfished. While the causes of those declines are not clearly understood, the fact remains that a paucity of life history and abundance data exists for many demersal species, also known as groundfish. Due to this uncertainty, only 21 of the 82 species of groundfish managed under the Groundfish Fishery Management Plan of the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) have been fully assessed. One challenge in designing a systematic survey of groundfish resources is that many species associate with heterogeneous substrate of varying relief. In many areas, the rugosity of the substrata precludes sampling by conventional techniques (e.g. bottom trawl gear). This has stimulated research that characterizes fish-habitat associations for use in design of new survey methodology. Using a combination of remote sensing, in situ observations, and spatial analytical techniques, four benthic habitat classes were mapped for a large rocky bank off the central Oregon coast known as Heceta Bank. Observational data from human-occupied submersible and remotely operated vehicle dives in the late 1980s, 2000 and 2001 were used to establish habitat classes with specific substrate characteristics that have been statistically shown to correlate with demersal fish distributions. The observational habitat data was then extrapolated over the extent of a multibeam sonar survey conducted in 1998 using quantitative parameters derived from high-resolution bathymetric and backscatter imagery of the seafloor. The resultant map predicts the locations of four habitat classes: Ridge-Gully, High-Relief Rock (boulders, cobbles), Unconsolidated Sediment 1 (muds), and Unconsolidated Sediment 2 (sands). The main utility of the habitat map developed as part of the current study is that it provides a context for analyses of a variety of spatial data. For instance, habitat data provides one additional spatial component besides depth and latitude that can be used to stratify catch per unit effort data from surveys and commercial logbooks. Also, essential fish habitat for many demersal species can now be identified in more detail. Finally, habitat data like those presented here can aid in the design of marine reserves and protected areas by providing a context for spatial analyses of data of ecological importance. Close

• 125. [Article] Wind farm potential is higher in prime habitat for uncommon soil crust lichens

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Springer. The published article can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/13717.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wind farm potential is higher in prime habitat for uncommon soil crust lichens Author: McCune, Myrica, McCune, Bruce, Root, Heather T. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Springer. The published article can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/13717. Title: Wind farm potential is higher in prime habitat for uncommon soil crust lichens Author: McCune, Myrica, McCune, Bruce, Root, Heather T. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Springer. The published article can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/13717. Close

• 126. [Article] Modeling Large Wood Impacts on Stream Hydrodynamics and Juvenile Salmon Habitat

  Large wood (LW) pieces are recognized as an important habitat component for salmon freshwater habitat. As such, they are often used in stream habitat restoration practices despite a lack of knowledge about ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Large Wood Impacts on Stream Hydrodynamics and Juvenile Salmon Habitat Author: Bair, Russell Large wood (LW) pieces are recognized as an important habitat component for salmon freshwater habitat. As such, they are often used in stream habitat restoration practices despite a lack of knowledge about their impacts on spatial and temporal hydraulic characteristics relevant to fish habitat. In this thesis we present results on the impacts of LW on reach scale stream hydraulics. We use hydraulic models to identifying patterns and magnitudes of change in aspects of the flow field that are relevant to juvenile Coho Salmon after an addition of LW. The Nays2DH model was used because of its capacity to model unsteady flows around LW structures in-stream. Flow conditions after LW addition were modeled in three alluvial plane bed gravel reaches of Mill Creek in the Oregon Coast Range, a long term salmon life cycle study site. Study streams are small, with a bankfull (Q[subscript bf]) discharge between 2.2 and 8.7 m³/s and bankfull widths varying from 5.5 to 10.6 m. Survivable habitat was characterized for the flow field in terms of a) velocity (v) less than critical swim speed of juvenile Coho Salmon (v[subscript crit] = 0.5 m/s); b) and bed refuge estimated based on the likelihood of the movement of the reach median bed particle size (D₅₀). Spatial and temporal increases in wetted area were also determined. After the addition of LW, the area of acceptable habitat increased 17-26% in terms of velocity, 31-39% in terms of substrate stability, and 24-35% in terms of wetted area at Q[subscript bf]. Similar magnitudes of increase were observed over an entire storm hydrograph in each site. Patterns of change in the flow field showed deep pools of slower water forming upstream of LW jams which agreed with initial field observations of geomorphic change. Newly inundated flood plains and bars represented large portions of the additional habitat after the addition of LW. These areas had low velocity and shear stress values indicating that their contributions to additional habitat will be resilient to fluctuation even if acceptable habitat metrics were to be adjusted. Title: Modeling Large Wood Impacts on Stream Hydrodynamics and Juvenile Salmon Habitat Author: Bair, Russell Large wood (LW) pieces are recognized as an important habitat component for salmon freshwater habitat. As such, they are often used in stream habitat restoration practices despite a lack of knowledge about their impacts on spatial and temporal hydraulic characteristics relevant to fish habitat. In this thesis we present results on the impacts of LW on reach scale stream hydraulics. We use hydraulic models to identifying patterns and magnitudes of change in aspects of the flow field that are relevant to juvenile Coho Salmon after an addition of LW. The Nays2DH model was used because of its capacity to model unsteady flows around LW structures in-stream. Flow conditions after LW addition were modeled in three alluvial plane bed gravel reaches of Mill Creek in the Oregon Coast Range, a long term salmon life cycle study site. Study streams are small, with a bankfull (Q[subscript bf]) discharge between 2.2 and 8.7 m³/s and bankfull widths varying from 5.5 to 10.6 m. Survivable habitat was characterized for the flow field in terms of a) velocity (v) less than critical swim speed of juvenile Coho Salmon (v[subscript crit] = 0.5 m/s); b) and bed refuge estimated based on the likelihood of the movement of the reach median bed particle size (D₅₀). Spatial and temporal increases in wetted area were also determined. After the addition of LW, the area of acceptable habitat increased 17-26% in terms of velocity, 31-39% in terms of substrate stability, and 24-35% in terms of wetted area at Q[subscript bf]. Similar magnitudes of increase were observed over an entire storm hydrograph in each site. Patterns of change in the flow field showed deep pools of slower water forming upstream of LW jams which agreed with initial field observations of geomorphic change. Newly inundated flood plains and bars represented large portions of the additional habitat after the addition of LW. These areas had low velocity and shear stress values indicating that their contributions to additional habitat will be resilient to fluctuation even if acceptable habitat metrics were to be adjusted. Close

• 127. [Article] Ecosystem services provided by Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) habitat and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) habitat; Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) production in Willapa Bay, WA

  Oyster reefs provide an array of ecosystem services. Specifically, they provide structurally complex habitat for fish and invertebrate species such as the commercially important Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystem services provided by Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) habitat and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) habitat; Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) production in Willapa Bay, WA Author: Ramsay, Jessica Oyster reefs provide an array of ecosystem services. Specifically, they provide structurally complex habitat for fish and invertebrate species such as the commercially important Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus magister. This ecosystem service, once provided by the native oyster Ostrea lurida, is now provided by the commercially cultured oyster Crassostrea gigas in many estuaries on the U.S west coast. An economic investigation was conducted examining the ecosystem services provided by oyster habitat, common economic valuation theories and techniques, and tradeoffs between oyster restoration and aquaculture expansion. A scientific investigation, comprised of three studies, was also conducted to examine Dungeness crab production as an ecosystem service provided by oyster habitat. Because natural ecosystems, such as oyster reefs, provide beneficial goods and services through time, they should be valued as any other economic asset or capital. Until recently many of these beneficial services have not been accounted for within resource management plans, often resulting in the over-exploitation of those resources. Activities such as coastal development, dredging, aquaculture expansion, or even habitat restoration can affect estuarine ecosystems. While valuing the ecosystems themselves might be difficult, valuation of the services they provide can be a useful tool for identifying and protecting key ecosystem services while implementing plans with minimal negative impact. The oysters, O. lurida and C. gigas inhabit different regions of the tidal zone. O. lurida is predominantly found in subtidal and low intertidal regions whereas C. gigas is predominantly found in intertidal regions. The shift in the dominant species has resulted in a subsequent shift of available recruitment habitat for M. magister. We conducted an across-estuary study to examine settlement of M. magister in existing O. lurida, C. gigas, eelgrass, and open mud habitats in Willapa Bay, WA, Netarts Bay, OR, and Coos Bay, OR, to determine tradeoffs in crab production between habitat types. A second study using shell bags as settlement substrate at various tidal elevations was conducted in Yaquina Bay, OR, to obtain density data of M. magister by depth. We used these densities, in combination with pre-existing data from Willapa Bay, to compare the production of Dungeness crab as an ecosystem service historically provided by O. lurida habitat and production currently provided by C. gigas habitat in Willapa Bay, WA. A third study using shell piles was conducted in Yaquina Bay, OR to estimate survival of juvenile M. magister. The results of these three studies generally support prior research indicating that densities of juvenile M. magister are greater in oyster and eelgrass habitats than in open mud, and are generally greater in oyster habitat than in eelgrass. The Yaquina Bay shell bag study indicated greater densities of juvenile M. magister in subtidal regions, while the shell pile study indicated greater densities in higher intertidal regions. Title: Ecosystem services provided by Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) habitat and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) habitat; Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) production in Willapa Bay, WA Author: Ramsay, Jessica Oyster reefs provide an array of ecosystem services. Specifically, they provide structurally complex habitat for fish and invertebrate species such as the commercially important Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus magister. This ecosystem service, once provided by the native oyster Ostrea lurida, is now provided by the commercially cultured oyster Crassostrea gigas in many estuaries on the U.S west coast. An economic investigation was conducted examining the ecosystem services provided by oyster habitat, common economic valuation theories and techniques, and tradeoffs between oyster restoration and aquaculture expansion. A scientific investigation, comprised of three studies, was also conducted to examine Dungeness crab production as an ecosystem service provided by oyster habitat. Because natural ecosystems, such as oyster reefs, provide beneficial goods and services through time, they should be valued as any other economic asset or capital. Until recently many of these beneficial services have not been accounted for within resource management plans, often resulting in the over-exploitation of those resources. Activities such as coastal development, dredging, aquaculture expansion, or even habitat restoration can affect estuarine ecosystems. While valuing the ecosystems themselves might be difficult, valuation of the services they provide can be a useful tool for identifying and protecting key ecosystem services while implementing plans with minimal negative impact. The oysters, O. lurida and C. gigas inhabit different regions of the tidal zone. O. lurida is predominantly found in subtidal and low intertidal regions whereas C. gigas is predominantly found in intertidal regions. The shift in the dominant species has resulted in a subsequent shift of available recruitment habitat for M. magister. We conducted an across-estuary study to examine settlement of M. magister in existing O. lurida, C. gigas, eelgrass, and open mud habitats in Willapa Bay, WA, Netarts Bay, OR, and Coos Bay, OR, to determine tradeoffs in crab production between habitat types. A second study using shell bags as settlement substrate at various tidal elevations was conducted in Yaquina Bay, OR, to obtain density data of M. magister by depth. We used these densities, in combination with pre-existing data from Willapa Bay, to compare the production of Dungeness crab as an ecosystem service historically provided by O. lurida habitat and production currently provided by C. gigas habitat in Willapa Bay, WA. A third study using shell piles was conducted in Yaquina Bay, OR to estimate survival of juvenile M. magister. The results of these three studies generally support prior research indicating that densities of juvenile M. magister are greater in oyster and eelgrass habitats than in open mud, and are generally greater in oyster habitat than in eelgrass. The Yaquina Bay shell bag study indicated greater densities of juvenile M. magister in subtidal regions, while the shell pile study indicated greater densities in higher intertidal regions. Close

• 128. [Article] Breeding chronology, habitat utilization and nest-site selection of the long-billed curlew in northcentral Oregon

  Breeding ecology of long-billed curlews in Umatilla and Morrow Counties, Oregon, was studied during the spring and summer of 1978 and 1979. The first curlews were observed in the study areas on 16 and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding chronology, habitat utilization and nest-site selection of the long-billed curlew in northcentral Oregon Author: Pampush, Geoffrey J. Breeding ecology of long-billed curlews in Umatilla and Morrow Counties, Oregon, was studied during the spring and summer of 1978 and 1979. The first curlews were observed in the study areas on 16 and 19 March of 1978 and 1979, respectively. Earliest clutch completion and onset of incubation was on 1 April of both years. Ninety percent of the observed nests (N = 112) had a clutch size of four eggs. A mean incubation period of 29 days+12 h was observed for ten nests of known history. Mean hatching date was 14 and 15 May of 1978 (N = 45, range: 1 May - 2 June) and 1979 (N = 66, range: 3 May - 4 June), respectively. A fledged juvenile (able to fly over 100 m) was first observed on 9 and 10 June of 1978 and 1979, respectively. Flocking of curlews became evident by mid-June of both years and most curlews had departed from the study areas by mid-August of both years. Five habitats in which territorial curlews were observed were defined, and habitat utilization by adults and adults with broods were sampled along four transects. Both adults and adults with broods occurred in habitats at frequencies significantly different from availability. In general, a preference for habitats of low vertical profile and low vertical density (plant parts/volume/height) was observed. Habitats of tall, dense shrubs or weedy annual vegetation were generally avoided. Nest density varied from 0 - 9 nests/40 ha. Highest mean and single study plot nest density occurred in annual grass habitat (cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)/Sandberg's bluegrass (Poa sandbergii) association). Nest success was 0.69 in 1978 (N = 40) and 0.65 in 1979 (N = 61). Predators destroyed 10.0 (4) and 16.4% (10) of the nests located in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Eight of 14 (57%) nests depredated over both years were destroyed by mammalian predators; at least three (21%) were taken by corvids, crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and magpies (Pica pica). Nest predation rate was significantly lower in annual grass habitats. Five significant discriminant functions were generated which defined structural differences between nest-sites and general habitat characteristics. Variables related to vertical stratification of vegetation were important for three of the habitats. Vegetative coverage variables were important discriminants in only one habitat, bunchgrass. Overall, nest-sites were less complex above 5 cm than the habitats in general. Significant differences in nest-site structure among habitats were observed for 5 of 6 paired comparisons, indicating some plasticity in nest-site selection by breeding curlews. Nest density on the 40-ha study plots was negatively correlated with 17 of 21 significant variables. Highest negative correlations were with vegetative height and vertical density. Title: Breeding chronology, habitat utilization and nest-site selection of the long-billed curlew in northcentral Oregon Author: Pampush, Geoffrey J. Breeding ecology of long-billed curlews in Umatilla and Morrow Counties, Oregon, was studied during the spring and summer of 1978 and 1979. The first curlews were observed in the study areas on 16 and 19 March of 1978 and 1979, respectively. Earliest clutch completion and onset of incubation was on 1 April of both years. Ninety percent of the observed nests (N = 112) had a clutch size of four eggs. A mean incubation period of 29 days+12 h was observed for ten nests of known history. Mean hatching date was 14 and 15 May of 1978 (N = 45, range: 1 May - 2 June) and 1979 (N = 66, range: 3 May - 4 June), respectively. A fledged juvenile (able to fly over 100 m) was first observed on 9 and 10 June of 1978 and 1979, respectively. Flocking of curlews became evident by mid-June of both years and most curlews had departed from the study areas by mid-August of both years. Five habitats in which territorial curlews were observed were defined, and habitat utilization by adults and adults with broods were sampled along four transects. Both adults and adults with broods occurred in habitats at frequencies significantly different from availability. In general, a preference for habitats of low vertical profile and low vertical density (plant parts/volume/height) was observed. Habitats of tall, dense shrubs or weedy annual vegetation were generally avoided. Nest density varied from 0 - 9 nests/40 ha. Highest mean and single study plot nest density occurred in annual grass habitat (cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)/Sandberg's bluegrass (Poa sandbergii) association). Nest success was 0.69 in 1978 (N = 40) and 0.65 in 1979 (N = 61). Predators destroyed 10.0 (4) and 16.4% (10) of the nests located in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Eight of 14 (57%) nests depredated over both years were destroyed by mammalian predators; at least three (21%) were taken by corvids, crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and magpies (Pica pica). Nest predation rate was significantly lower in annual grass habitats. Five significant discriminant functions were generated which defined structural differences between nest-sites and general habitat characteristics. Variables related to vertical stratification of vegetation were important for three of the habitats. Vegetative coverage variables were important discriminants in only one habitat, bunchgrass. Overall, nest-sites were less complex above 5 cm than the habitats in general. Significant differences in nest-site structure among habitats were observed for 5 of 6 paired comparisons, indicating some plasticity in nest-site selection by breeding curlews. Nest density on the 40-ha study plots was negatively correlated with 17 of 21 significant variables. Highest negative correlations were with vegetative height and vertical density. Close

• 129. [Article] Resource Selection by the California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) Relative to Terrestrial-Based Habitats and Meteorological Conditions

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resource Selection by the California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) Relative to Terrestrial-Based Habitats and Meteorological Conditions Author: Schwarz, Carl J., George, Daniel, Burnett, L. Joseph, Rivers, James W., Johnson, J. Matthew, Haig, Susan M., Glendening, John W., Grantham, Jesse This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. Title: Resource Selection by the California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) Relative to Terrestrial-Based Habitats and Meteorological Conditions Author: Schwarz, Carl J., George, Daniel, Burnett, L. Joseph, Rivers, James W., Johnson, J. Matthew, Haig, Susan M., Glendening, John W., Grantham, Jesse This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. Close

• 130. [Article] Precaution in Stock Recovery Plans in a Fishery with Habitat Effects

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Precaution in Stock Recovery Plans in a Fishery with Habitat Effects Author: Jennings, Sarah, Yamazaki, Satoshi, Nichols, Rachel Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Precaution in Stock Recovery Plans in a Fishery with Habitat Effects Author: Jennings, Sarah, Yamazaki, Satoshi, Nichols, Rachel Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 131. [Article] Relationships between fish species distribution and habitat in the Willamette River drainage in western Oregon

  The objectives of this study were to (1) describe physical environmental conditions and species composition at several sites along an Upstream/downstream gradient in a number of tributaries of the Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships between fish species distribution and habitat in the Willamette River drainage in western Oregon Author: Kruse, Amy Ellen The objectives of this study were to (1) describe physical environmental conditions and species composition at several sites along an Upstream/downstream gradient in a number of tributaries of the Willamette River in western Oregon; and (2) identify possible relationships between species distributional patterns and physical habitat parameters using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), graphical techniques, and contingency table analysis. Study sites that contained both pools and riffles were selected at various locations on seven streams. At each site 13 physical environmental parameters were measured, and fish species composition and abundance were determined by snorkeling and electroshocking techniques. Associations between environmental conditions and species composition and abundances were hypothesized using the results of DCA. The DCA analysis revealed three habitat gradients, each of which represents a composite of several physical habitat variables. Axis one was interpreted as a habitat gradient from pools to riffles based upon observations of temperature, depth, and percent gravel and bedrock. Axis two appeared to be a gradient of habitat cover types; instream cover (undercut banks, root wads and boles, woody debris, and rooted vegetation) typified one end of the axis and other cover types (riparian vegetation, large substrate composition, and swift water velocities) were indicative of the opposite end of the axis. Axis three seemed to be gradient of stream discharge. Species scores differed along each axis due to the variation in specific responses to these different physical habitat gradients. A three-dimensional graph of species scores for all three axes was used to predict fish community responses to potential human perturbations of the Willamette River drainage given known effects of these perturbations on the physical parameters underlying the three gradients. Title: Relationships between fish species distribution and habitat in the Willamette River drainage in western Oregon Author: Kruse, Amy Ellen The objectives of this study were to (1) describe physical environmental conditions and species composition at several sites along an Upstream/downstream gradient in a number of tributaries of the Willamette River in western Oregon; and (2) identify possible relationships between species distributional patterns and physical habitat parameters using detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), graphical techniques, and contingency table analysis. Study sites that contained both pools and riffles were selected at various locations on seven streams. At each site 13 physical environmental parameters were measured, and fish species composition and abundance were determined by snorkeling and electroshocking techniques. Associations between environmental conditions and species composition and abundances were hypothesized using the results of DCA. The DCA analysis revealed three habitat gradients, each of which represents a composite of several physical habitat variables. Axis one was interpreted as a habitat gradient from pools to riffles based upon observations of temperature, depth, and percent gravel and bedrock. Axis two appeared to be a gradient of habitat cover types; instream cover (undercut banks, root wads and boles, woody debris, and rooted vegetation) typified one end of the axis and other cover types (riparian vegetation, large substrate composition, and swift water velocities) were indicative of the opposite end of the axis. Axis three seemed to be gradient of stream discharge. Species scores differed along each axis due to the variation in specific responses to these different physical habitat gradients. A three-dimensional graph of species scores for all three axes was used to predict fish community responses to potential human perturbations of the Willamette River drainage given known effects of these perturbations on the physical parameters underlying the three gradients. Close

• 132. [Article] Modeling gray wolf habitat in Oregon using a geographic information system

  Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) were once found throughout North America including Oregon. Wolves were extirpated from Oregon due to heavy hunting pressure in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling gray wolf habitat in Oregon using a geographic information system Author: Larsen, Tad Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) were once found throughout North America including Oregon. Wolves were extirpated from Oregon due to heavy hunting pressure in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and have been absent for over 50 years. Successful reintroduction efforts in Idaho and the greater Yellowstone area have caused wolf populations in the Rocky Mountain region to rise dramatically, giving way to wolf dispersal into Oregon. This research used logistic regression and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to model and assess potential wolf habitat in Oregon. Models based on previous research were analyzed to find the best approximating wolf habitat model. These a priori models were formulated under the hypotheses that wolf habitat (1) will include relatively high densities of prey, (2) will be limited by human influence, (3) will include favorable landscape characteristics (e.g. forest cover, public ownership), and (4) may be influenced by some combination of these factors. The final model was tested and validated with wolf pack data from the Rocky Mountain region. The results show that a habitat model including variables of forest cover and public land can successfully predict wolf habitat in the study area. These results may assist natural resource managers in developing and implementing of a wolf management plan in Oregon. In addition, because the data used for the habitat model are consistent across state boundaries and are easily accessible, these results may extend to other western states. Title: Modeling gray wolf habitat in Oregon using a geographic information system Author: Larsen, Tad Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) were once found throughout North America including Oregon. Wolves were extirpated from Oregon due to heavy hunting pressure in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and have been absent for over 50 years. Successful reintroduction efforts in Idaho and the greater Yellowstone area have caused wolf populations in the Rocky Mountain region to rise dramatically, giving way to wolf dispersal into Oregon. This research used logistic regression and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to model and assess potential wolf habitat in Oregon. Models based on previous research were analyzed to find the best approximating wolf habitat model. These a priori models were formulated under the hypotheses that wolf habitat (1) will include relatively high densities of prey, (2) will be limited by human influence, (3) will include favorable landscape characteristics (e.g. forest cover, public ownership), and (4) may be influenced by some combination of these factors. The final model was tested and validated with wolf pack data from the Rocky Mountain region. The results show that a habitat model including variables of forest cover and public land can successfully predict wolf habitat in the study area. These results may assist natural resource managers in developing and implementing of a wolf management plan in Oregon. In addition, because the data used for the habitat model are consistent across state boundaries and are easily accessible, these results may extend to other western states. Close

• 133. [Article] Effects of currents and tides on fine-scale use of marine bird habitats in a Southeast Alaska hotspot

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of currents and tides on fine-scale use of marine bird habitats in a Southeast Alaska hotspot Author: Hill, David F., Drew, Gary S., Piatt, John F. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/home/. Title: Effects of currents and tides on fine-scale use of marine bird habitats in a Southeast Alaska hotspot Author: Hill, David F., Drew, Gary S., Piatt, John F. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Inter-Research and can be found at: http://www.int-res.com/home/. Close

• 134. [Article] Sagebrush_Users guide_email.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sagebrush_Users guide_email.pdf Author: Defenders of Wildlife Title: Sagebrush_Users guide_email.pdf Author: Defenders of Wildlife Close

• 135. [Article] Sagebrush_Sage_Grouse_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected.xlsx

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sagebrush_Sage_Grouse_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected.xlsx Author: Defenders of Wildlife Title: Sagebrush_Sage_Grouse_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected.xlsx Author: Defenders of Wildlife Close

• 136. [Article] Oak_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected-1.xlsx

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oak_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected-1.xlsx Author: Defenders of Wildlife Title: Oak_Habitat_Metric_Calculator.Version_1.0.protected-1.xlsx Author: Defenders of Wildlife Close

• 137. [Article] Small mammal micro- and macrohabitat selection in streamside ecosystems

  During summer and fall of 1981 to 1983, mark-recapture was conducted in riparian and upland habitats within old-growth and mature forests in the Cascade Range of Oregon. Number of individuals and species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Small mammal micro- and macrohabitat selection in streamside ecosystems Author: Doyle, Arlene T. During summer and fall of 1981 to 1983, mark-recapture was conducted in riparian and upland habitats within old-growth and mature forests in the Cascade Range of Oregon. Number of individuals and species richness were greater in riparian than upland habitat. For most species, the mean adult weights and the percentages of reproductively active males and females were greater in riparian habitat. Insectivora had higher numbers of captures, densities, and biomass per ha in riparian habitat. Four rodents had higher numbers of captures, densities and biomass per ha in upland habitat. An additional five rodents had higher values for these parameters in riparian habitat. Both mustelids captured had higher numbers of captures, densities, and biomass in riparian habitat. Three sympatric voles, Microtus oregoni, Microtus richardsoni, and Clethrionomys californicus, were studied relative to microhabitat separation because they are potential competitors due to similarities in morphology and life history. Discriminant analysis identified significant separation based on cover of lichen and deciduous trees and distance from the creek. Specifically, C. californicus selected microhabitats with a high percent cover of lichen and western hemlock and low percent cover of deciduous trees. M. oregoni selected microhabitats high in deciduous and evergreen herbs and deciduous shrubs. Microhabitats selected by M. richardsoni had a high soil exposure, greater length of recently fallen logs, and reduced cover of Douglas-fir. To investigate patterns of competition, Peromyscus maniculatus, the most abundant small mammal, was removed from four grids in 1983. All species of the order Insectivora increased with the removal of P. maniculatus relative to most parameters measured. Captures were significantly higher on removal grids for Sorex monticolus, Sorex bendirii, Sorex trowbridgii, and Scapanus orarius. Two rodents, Zapus trinotatus and Glaucomys sabrinus, also increased with the removal of P. maniculatus, suggesting responses to release from exploitative competition. Tamias townsendii had significantly fewer captures and individuals on experimental grids. Removal of P. maniculatus left T. townsendii the most abundant small mammal on experimental grids. It is possible that predators "switched" to T. townsendii thereby effectively depressing densities of T. townsendii on the removal grids. Title: Small mammal micro- and macrohabitat selection in streamside ecosystems Author: Doyle, Arlene T. During summer and fall of 1981 to 1983, mark-recapture was conducted in riparian and upland habitats within old-growth and mature forests in the Cascade Range of Oregon. Number of individuals and species richness were greater in riparian than upland habitat. For most species, the mean adult weights and the percentages of reproductively active males and females were greater in riparian habitat. Insectivora had higher numbers of captures, densities, and biomass per ha in riparian habitat. Four rodents had higher numbers of captures, densities and biomass per ha in upland habitat. An additional five rodents had higher values for these parameters in riparian habitat. Both mustelids captured had higher numbers of captures, densities, and biomass in riparian habitat. Three sympatric voles, Microtus oregoni, Microtus richardsoni, and Clethrionomys californicus, were studied relative to microhabitat separation because they are potential competitors due to similarities in morphology and life history. Discriminant analysis identified significant separation based on cover of lichen and deciduous trees and distance from the creek. Specifically, C. californicus selected microhabitats with a high percent cover of lichen and western hemlock and low percent cover of deciduous trees. M. oregoni selected microhabitats high in deciduous and evergreen herbs and deciduous shrubs. Microhabitats selected by M. richardsoni had a high soil exposure, greater length of recently fallen logs, and reduced cover of Douglas-fir. To investigate patterns of competition, Peromyscus maniculatus, the most abundant small mammal, was removed from four grids in 1983. All species of the order Insectivora increased with the removal of P. maniculatus relative to most parameters measured. Captures were significantly higher on removal grids for Sorex monticolus, Sorex bendirii, Sorex trowbridgii, and Scapanus orarius. Two rodents, Zapus trinotatus and Glaucomys sabrinus, also increased with the removal of P. maniculatus, suggesting responses to release from exploitative competition. Tamias townsendii had significantly fewer captures and individuals on experimental grids. Removal of P. maniculatus left T. townsendii the most abundant small mammal on experimental grids. It is possible that predators "switched" to T. townsendii thereby effectively depressing densities of T. townsendii on the removal grids. Close

• 138. [Article] Habitat restoration in the Columbia River Estuary : a strategy for implementing standard monitoring protocols

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat restoration in the Columbia River Estuary : a strategy for implementing standard monitoring protocols Author: Anderson, Michael G. Title: Habitat restoration in the Columbia River Estuary : a strategy for implementing standard monitoring protocols Author: Anderson, Michael G. Close

• 139. [Article] Habitat use and population characteristics of bighorn sheep on Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat use and population characteristics of bighorn sheep on Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon Author: Payer, David Carl Title: Habitat use and population characteristics of bighorn sheep on Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, Oregon Author: Payer, David Carl Close

• 140. [Article] Home range and habitat use of western red-backed voles in mature coniferous forests in the Oregon Cascades

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Home range and habitat use of western red-backed voles in mature coniferous forests in the Oregon Cascades Author: Thompson, Rebecca L., 1966- Title: Home range and habitat use of western red-backed voles in mature coniferous forests in the Oregon Cascades Author: Thompson, Rebecca L., 1966- Close

• 141. [Article] Colonization and development of macroinvertebrate communities in laboratory streams

  Laboratory stream communities in simulated old growth second order streams were sampled June 1984 and June 1985 to advance an understanding of their organization and development, and their response to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Colonization and development of macroinvertebrate communities in laboratory streams Author: Lomnicky, Gregg A. Laboratory stream communities in simulated old growth second order streams were sampled June 1984 and June 1985 to advance an understanding of their organization and development, and their response to an environmental perturbance, the toxicant dieldrin. An interpenetrating hierarchical view of habitats and community subsystems was taken to conceptualize community organization. Major habitats defined major community subsystems and microhabitats defined sdbcommunity subsystems. Community development was influenced by colonization from a species pool and habitat development. Four colonizing strategies were observed including High Potential, Pulse, Tricklers and Intermittent colonizers. Seventy-four percent of the community biomass for all stream samples was composed of High Potential taxa. Riffle habitats contained the highest biomass and taxa diversity, and the Rapid habitat contained the lowest biomass and taxa diversity. Trophic organization changed with time, was different in the toxicant treated stream and was unique to each microhabitat. Fine-particle detritivores were the most ubiquitous trophic group. Microphyte herbivores greatly decreased in 1985 from 1984 levels. Community differences in the toxicant treated stream included lower biomass, fewer microphyte herbivores, lower taxa diversity, a greater number of fine-particle detritivores and a smaller range of habitat utilization. Percentage similarity of subconimunities at both the major and microhabitat organizational levels found the 1985 control stream to contain the most distinct subcommunities. Habitat associations and trophic feeding habits provided the basis for a life history classification of the community taxa consisting of Habitat Generalists, Backwater and Slow Current organisms and Rheophiles. Title: Colonization and development of macroinvertebrate communities in laboratory streams Author: Lomnicky, Gregg A. Laboratory stream communities in simulated old growth second order streams were sampled June 1984 and June 1985 to advance an understanding of their organization and development, and their response to an environmental perturbance, the toxicant dieldrin. An interpenetrating hierarchical view of habitats and community subsystems was taken to conceptualize community organization. Major habitats defined major community subsystems and microhabitats defined sdbcommunity subsystems. Community development was influenced by colonization from a species pool and habitat development. Four colonizing strategies were observed including High Potential, Pulse, Tricklers and Intermittent colonizers. Seventy-four percent of the community biomass for all stream samples was composed of High Potential taxa. Riffle habitats contained the highest biomass and taxa diversity, and the Rapid habitat contained the lowest biomass and taxa diversity. Trophic organization changed with time, was different in the toxicant treated stream and was unique to each microhabitat. Fine-particle detritivores were the most ubiquitous trophic group. Microphyte herbivores greatly decreased in 1985 from 1984 levels. Community differences in the toxicant treated stream included lower biomass, fewer microphyte herbivores, lower taxa diversity, a greater number of fine-particle detritivores and a smaller range of habitat utilization. Percentage similarity of subconimunities at both the major and microhabitat organizational levels found the 1985 control stream to contain the most distinct subcommunities. Habitat associations and trophic feeding habits provided the basis for a life history classification of the community taxa consisting of Habitat Generalists, Backwater and Slow Current organisms and Rheophiles. Close

• 142. [Article] Pool habitat characteristics and juvenile anadromous salmonids in two Oregon coastal streams

  Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pool habitat characteristics and juvenile anadromous salmonids in two Oregon coastal streams Author: Haapala, Deborah L. Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) in pool depth, velocity or pool wood volumes between streams. However, the pristine system had twice the number of pools within similar lineal distances. Pools in the pristine system also had larger substrates (percent dominant within pools) and smaller pool area (p=0.01). Fish diversity was found to be greater in pools in the pristine system than in the managed system using the Simpson's Diversity and Shannon Evenness indicies (p=0.01). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity index did not show any differences between streams. The difference in assemblage diversity was due to differences in relative abundance and not species richness. Relative abundance of juvenile steelhead and cutthroat trout and coho salmon was more even in Cummins Creek, the pristine system, than in Cape Creek, the managed system. Relative abundance of coho increased in the managed system possibly due to a change in pool habitat characteristics, whose conditions favored coho salmon, but this relationship was not clear. This study emphasizes the importance of assessing communities of juvenile anadromous salmonids as opposed to studies involving a single species. Past land management activities have focused upon single species' with regards to a particular habitat component, which has decreased biodiversity and changed stream habitat characteristics through cumulative effects. Resource managers should examine interactions between habitat characteristics and salmonid communities in order to maintain biological diversity or risk creating favored habitat for a single species within stream systems. Title: Pool habitat characteristics and juvenile anadromous salmonids in two Oregon coastal streams Author: Haapala, Deborah L. Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) in pool depth, velocity or pool wood volumes between streams. However, the pristine system had twice the number of pools within similar lineal distances. Pools in the pristine system also had larger substrates (percent dominant within pools) and smaller pool area (p=0.01). Fish diversity was found to be greater in pools in the pristine system than in the managed system using the Simpson's Diversity and Shannon Evenness indicies (p=0.01). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity index did not show any differences between streams. The difference in assemblage diversity was due to differences in relative abundance and not species richness. Relative abundance of juvenile steelhead and cutthroat trout and coho salmon was more even in Cummins Creek, the pristine system, than in Cape Creek, the managed system. Relative abundance of coho increased in the managed system possibly due to a change in pool habitat characteristics, whose conditions favored coho salmon, but this relationship was not clear. This study emphasizes the importance of assessing communities of juvenile anadromous salmonids as opposed to studies involving a single species. Past land management activities have focused upon single species' with regards to a particular habitat component, which has decreased biodiversity and changed stream habitat characteristics through cumulative effects. Resource managers should examine interactions between habitat characteristics and salmonid communities in order to maintain biological diversity or risk creating favored habitat for a single species within stream systems. Close

• 143. [Article] Sage-grouse mapping and priority habitats

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sage-grouse mapping and priority habitats Author: Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Title: Sage-grouse mapping and priority habitats Author: Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Close

• 144. [Article] Streamflow requirements of salmonids

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Streamflow requirements of salmonids Author: Giger, Richard D., Oregon. Wildlife Commission. Research Division Title: Streamflow requirements of salmonids Author: Giger, Richard D., Oregon. Wildlife Commission. Research Division Close

• 145. [Article] Restoration project photo from the Lower North Umpqua Watershed

  Photo was taken in the Lower North Umpqua Watershed

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Restoration project photo from the Lower North Umpqua Watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo was taken in the Lower North Umpqua Watershed Title: Restoration project photo from the Lower North Umpqua Watershed Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo was taken in the Lower North Umpqua Watershed Close

• 146. [Article] Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995

  This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995 Author: National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), Altman, Bob, Henson, Colleen M., Waite, Ian R., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends of three taxonomic groups--algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish--and, to a lesser degree, other selected semi-aquatic taxa (i.e., taxa frequenting but not living wholly in water), including amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals, (2) the types of aquatic and riparian habitat that support and influence aquatic communities and their biotic constituents, (3) the natural and human-associated impacts on that habitat and associated biological communities, amd (4) the levels of enviroinmental contaminants to which biological communities and specific biota are exposed. The information in this report is intended to aid in the identification of data gaps relative to taxa and geographic areas, and to stimulate collaboration and increase coordination in present and future ecological research in the Willamette Basin. Title: Summary of information on aquatic biota and their habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995 Author: National Water-Quality Assessment Program (U.S.), Altman, Bob, Henson, Colleen M., Waite, Ian R., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Geological Survey (U.S.) This report reviews and summarizes available information on aquatic biological communities in the Willamette Basin through 1995. Specifically, the report describes (1) the distribution, abndance, and trends of three taxonomic groups--algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish--and, to a lesser degree, other selected semi-aquatic taxa (i.e., taxa frequenting but not living wholly in water), including amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals, (2) the types of aquatic and riparian habitat that support and influence aquatic communities and their biotic constituents, (3) the natural and human-associated impacts on that habitat and associated biological communities, amd (4) the levels of enviroinmental contaminants to which biological communities and specific biota are exposed. The information in this report is intended to aid in the identification of data gaps relative to taxa and geographic areas, and to stimulate collaboration and increase coordination in present and future ecological research in the Willamette Basin. Close

• 147. [Article] Information-Mediated Allee Effects in Breeding Habitat Selection

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by University of Chicago Press and can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/683659

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Information-Mediated Allee Effects in Breeding Habitat Selection Author: Johansson, Jacob, Schmidt, Kenneth A., Betts, Matthew G. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by University of Chicago Press and can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/683659 Title: Information-Mediated Allee Effects in Breeding Habitat Selection Author: Johansson, Jacob, Schmidt, Kenneth A., Betts, Matthew G. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by University of Chicago Press and can be found at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/683659 Close

• 148. [Article] Instream photo from the Upper Umpqua River

  Photo from the Upper Umpqua River

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Instream photo from the Upper Umpqua River Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo from the Upper Umpqua River Title: Instream photo from the Upper Umpqua River Author: Partnership for the Umpqua Rivers Photo from the Upper Umpqua River Close

• 149. [Article] Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon

  Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon Author: Clark, Darren A. Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). I used radio-telemetry and demographic surveys to describe demographic performance and habitat selection of spotted owls in the areas burned by the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Demographic surveys were conducted from 2003 – 2006 at the 3 fires. From September, 2004 – August, 2006, 26 spotted owls were monitored with radio-telemetry at the Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and their surrounding areas. I investigated differences in occupancy rates between the South Cascades Demography Area and the Timbered Rock Study Area from 1992 – 2006 using occupancy models in program MARK. Occupancy was similar at the Timbered Rock and South Cascades from 1992 – 2002 but occupancy declined rapidly following the Timbered Rock Fire when compared to unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. I also investigated the impacts of fire severity and habitat on occupancy at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Occupancy at all 3 fires declined from 2003 – 2006. Initial occupancy was positively influenced by the amount of roosting and foraging habitat with low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = -0.02 – 0.17) and negatively influenced by the amount of hard edge within the core (β = -0.33, 95% C.I. = -0.77 – 0.10). Extinction rates increased in a curvilinear manner as the amount of unsuitable habitat within the core increased (β = 2.15, 95% C.I. = 0.25 – 4.05) and as the amount of edge increased (β = 0.20, 95% C.I. = -0.01 – 0.41). Colonization rates were positively influenced by the amount of nesting, roosting and foraging habitat that received a low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = 0.02 – 0.15). Demographic surveys were used to determine the number of young fledged per pair of spotted owls. I found no significant differences in productivity of spotted owl pairs in burned landscapes at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. Survival was estimated in program MARK using known fates modeling of radio-telemetry data. Annual survival rates of spotted owls that resided within the fire or had recently emigrated out of the fire were lower (0.64, 95% C.I. = 0.37 – 0.84) than owls that resided outside the fire (1.00, 95% C.I. = 1.00 – 1.00). Annual home ranges of spotted owls in this study were on average 248.46 ha larger than home ranges observed in the same area prior to wildfire (t = -2.85, df = 32, p = 0.01). However, home ranges of spotted owls that resided inside the fire were not significantly different than owls that resided outside the fire (t = 0.72, df = 18, p = 0.48). Differences in home ranges of individual owls were best explained by the amount of hard edge within the 95% fixed kernel home range. Annual home ranges increased as the amount of hard edge within the home range increased (β = 30.71, SE = 2.65, p < 0.01). Logistic regression was used to assess selection of habitats in relation to early seral forests. Nesting, roosting and foraging habitat with low, moderate or high severity burn was selected by spotted owls in post-fire landscapes. Furthermore, roosting and foraging habitat with a moderate severity burn was also selected. Three habitats were used in a similar manner to early seral forests including; roosting and foraging habitat with low or high severity burn and salvage logged areas. Non-habitat was the only habitat that was commonly avoided. Several abiotic factors were important in determining post-fire habitat selection. Owls selected areas closer to hard edges, perennial streams and lower in elevation than random locations. Title: Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon Author: Clark, Darren A. Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). I used radio-telemetry and demographic surveys to describe demographic performance and habitat selection of spotted owls in the areas burned by the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Demographic surveys were conducted from 2003 – 2006 at the 3 fires. From September, 2004 – August, 2006, 26 spotted owls were monitored with radio-telemetry at the Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and their surrounding areas. I investigated differences in occupancy rates between the South Cascades Demography Area and the Timbered Rock Study Area from 1992 – 2006 using occupancy models in program MARK. Occupancy was similar at the Timbered Rock and South Cascades from 1992 – 2002 but occupancy declined rapidly following the Timbered Rock Fire when compared to unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. I also investigated the impacts of fire severity and habitat on occupancy at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Occupancy at all 3 fires declined from 2003 – 2006. Initial occupancy was positively influenced by the amount of roosting and foraging habitat with low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = -0.02 – 0.17) and negatively influenced by the amount of hard edge within the core (β = -0.33, 95% C.I. = -0.77 – 0.10). Extinction rates increased in a curvilinear manner as the amount of unsuitable habitat within the core increased (β = 2.15, 95% C.I. = 0.25 – 4.05) and as the amount of edge increased (β = 0.20, 95% C.I. = -0.01 – 0.41). Colonization rates were positively influenced by the amount of nesting, roosting and foraging habitat that received a low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = 0.02 – 0.15). Demographic surveys were used to determine the number of young fledged per pair of spotted owls. I found no significant differences in productivity of spotted owl pairs in burned landscapes at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. Survival was estimated in program MARK using known fates modeling of radio-telemetry data. Annual survival rates of spotted owls that resided within the fire or had recently emigrated out of the fire were lower (0.64, 95% C.I. = 0.37 – 0.84) than owls that resided outside the fire (1.00, 95% C.I. = 1.00 – 1.00). Annual home ranges of spotted owls in this study were on average 248.46 ha larger than home ranges observed in the same area prior to wildfire (t = -2.85, df = 32, p = 0.01). However, home ranges of spotted owls that resided inside the fire were not significantly different than owls that resided outside the fire (t = 0.72, df = 18, p = 0.48). Differences in home ranges of individual owls were best explained by the amount of hard edge within the 95% fixed kernel home range. Annual home ranges increased as the amount of hard edge within the home range increased (β = 30.71, SE = 2.65, p < 0.01). Logistic regression was used to assess selection of habitats in relation to early seral forests. Nesting, roosting and foraging habitat with low, moderate or high severity burn was selected by spotted owls in post-fire landscapes. Furthermore, roosting and foraging habitat with a moderate severity burn was also selected. Three habitats were used in a similar manner to early seral forests including; roosting and foraging habitat with low or high severity burn and salvage logged areas. Non-habitat was the only habitat that was commonly avoided. Several abiotic factors were important in determining post-fire habitat selection. Owls selected areas closer to hard edges, perennial streams and lower in elevation than random locations. Close

• 150. [Article] Inventory of spawning habitat used by Oregon coastal fall Chinook salmon.

  This study was performed in response to doubts about the reliability of the database in place at ODFW. It consisted of surveys to verify if Chinook salmon were using the habitats previously identified ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Inventory of spawning habitat used by Oregon coastal fall Chinook salmon. Author: Hodgson, Brett L., Jacobs, Steven E. This study was performed in response to doubts about the reliability of the database in place at ODFW. It consisted of surveys to verify if Chinook salmon were using the habitats previously identified and looks for discrepancies between summer habitat inventory and fall Chinook spawners. A large portion of the document is graphs, tables, and detailed maps of watersheds studied. Title: Inventory of spawning habitat used by Oregon coastal fall Chinook salmon. Author: Hodgson, Brett L., Jacobs, Steven E. This study was performed in response to doubts about the reliability of the database in place at ODFW. It consisted of surveys to verify if Chinook salmon were using the habitats previously identified and looks for discrepancies between summer habitat inventory and fall Chinook spawners. A large portion of the document is graphs, tables, and detailed maps of watersheds studied. Close