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• 201. [Article] Population Ecology of the Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) on O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands

  The Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) (Aves: Apodidae) is endemic to the Mariana Islands, where it currently occurs on Saipan, Aguiguan, and Guam. An introduced population of Mariana Swiftlets is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population Ecology of the Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) on O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands Author: Johnson, Nathan Christopher The Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) (Aves: Apodidae) is endemic to the Mariana Islands, where it currently occurs on Saipan, Aguiguan, and Guam. An introduced population of Mariana Swiftlets is also present on O'ahu in the Hawaiian Islands. Sparing interference with the endangered population in the Marianas, the introduced, surrogate population on O'ahu was studied in and around a human-made tunnel used for roosting and nesting from July to September 2005, and December 2005 to January 2011. In order to implement effective conservation efforts, it is critical to understand species life history activities throughout multiple phases of the annual cycle. Information on Mariana Swiftlet life history is scarce. Therefore, this study was initiated to obtain critical data to provide the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife, and Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources with the relevant information for addressing recovery criteria, as well as designing and implementing the proposed reintroductions of swiftlets from Saipan and southern Guam to their former ranges of Rota and northern Guam, respectively. Mariana Swiftlets are open-air foragers that may be susceptible to the impacts of wind turbines if wind energy facilities become widespread in the Mariana Islands. Implementing effective survey methods is critical to determine a reliable baseline of Mariana Swiftlet population size, particularly if wind turbines are situated or proposed to be placed in the feeding ranges of these insectivores. I summarized the current and historic distribution and abundance, as well as described the survey methods used to evaluate the status of the Mariana Swiftlet. Using existing literature, correspondence from relevant biologists, and population surveys on O'ahu, the present range-wide population of Mariana Swiftlets is estimated to be 6,532 individuals occurring in 17 caves on Saipan, Aguiguan, and Guam; and 142 individuals occupying one tunnel on O'ahu. Based on a literature review, I confirmed that swiftlets have been extirpated from Rota and Tinian, and have declined on Aguiguan supporting their listing as an endangered species. Swiftlets have remained relatively stable on Guam and Saipan in recent years. An assessment of survey methods used for Mariana Swiftlets suggests changes are needed to more accurately reflect their distribution and abundance. The behavioral ecology and reproductive biology of the Mariana Swiftlet on O'ahu were examined at multiple temporal scales over five annual cycles. Tunnel emergence and arrival surveys indicated that peak entering and exiting activity occurred during crepuscular hours. Overnight surveys documented entering and exiting swiftlets at all hours of the night, with the latest arrival at 0402 hours. Active nests were observed in every month of the year. Peak nesting activity occurred between about May and September, and decreased from October to April. A clutch of one white egg (n = 478) was laid in a nest that was secured to a ledge or tunnel wall with copious amounts of mucus-like salivary cement. Mean incubation and nestling periods were 23.91 ± 3.30 days (range = 18-30, n = 233) and 55.04 ± 6.61 days (range = 41-84, n = 228), respectively. Estimated nest success was 63%. Eggs found in the water or mud, or on the tunnel floor accounted for 52% of nest failures. Rat depredation was an important cause of nest failure and often resulted in simultaneous loss of most nests. Mariana Swiftlets completely recycled breeding activities following rat depredation events. The daily survival rate of nests was influenced by a quadratic effect of nest age and year. Having a surrogate population on O'ahu to learn more about natural history, test reintroduction techniques, and provide individuals for population enhancement in the Marianas is an important advantage for Mariana Swiftlet conservation efforts. Title: Population Ecology of the Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) on O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands Author: Johnson, Nathan Christopher The Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi) (Aves: Apodidae) is endemic to the Mariana Islands, where it currently occurs on Saipan, Aguiguan, and Guam. An introduced population of Mariana Swiftlets is also present on O'ahu in the Hawaiian Islands. Sparing interference with the endangered population in the Marianas, the introduced, surrogate population on O'ahu was studied in and around a human-made tunnel used for roosting and nesting from July to September 2005, and December 2005 to January 2011. In order to implement effective conservation efforts, it is critical to understand species life history activities throughout multiple phases of the annual cycle. Information on Mariana Swiftlet life history is scarce. Therefore, this study was initiated to obtain critical data to provide the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Fish and Wildlife, and Guam Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources with the relevant information for addressing recovery criteria, as well as designing and implementing the proposed reintroductions of swiftlets from Saipan and southern Guam to their former ranges of Rota and northern Guam, respectively. Mariana Swiftlets are open-air foragers that may be susceptible to the impacts of wind turbines if wind energy facilities become widespread in the Mariana Islands. Implementing effective survey methods is critical to determine a reliable baseline of Mariana Swiftlet population size, particularly if wind turbines are situated or proposed to be placed in the feeding ranges of these insectivores. I summarized the current and historic distribution and abundance, as well as described the survey methods used to evaluate the status of the Mariana Swiftlet. Using existing literature, correspondence from relevant biologists, and population surveys on O'ahu, the present range-wide population of Mariana Swiftlets is estimated to be 6,532 individuals occurring in 17 caves on Saipan, Aguiguan, and Guam; and 142 individuals occupying one tunnel on O'ahu. Based on a literature review, I confirmed that swiftlets have been extirpated from Rota and Tinian, and have declined on Aguiguan supporting their listing as an endangered species. Swiftlets have remained relatively stable on Guam and Saipan in recent years. An assessment of survey methods used for Mariana Swiftlets suggests changes are needed to more accurately reflect their distribution and abundance. The behavioral ecology and reproductive biology of the Mariana Swiftlet on O'ahu were examined at multiple temporal scales over five annual cycles. Tunnel emergence and arrival surveys indicated that peak entering and exiting activity occurred during crepuscular hours. Overnight surveys documented entering and exiting swiftlets at all hours of the night, with the latest arrival at 0402 hours. Active nests were observed in every month of the year. Peak nesting activity occurred between about May and September, and decreased from October to April. A clutch of one white egg (n = 478) was laid in a nest that was secured to a ledge or tunnel wall with copious amounts of mucus-like salivary cement. Mean incubation and nestling periods were 23.91 ± 3.30 days (range = 18-30, n = 233) and 55.04 ± 6.61 days (range = 41-84, n = 228), respectively. Estimated nest success was 63%. Eggs found in the water or mud, or on the tunnel floor accounted for 52% of nest failures. Rat depredation was an important cause of nest failure and often resulted in simultaneous loss of most nests. Mariana Swiftlets completely recycled breeding activities following rat depredation events. The daily survival rate of nests was influenced by a quadratic effect of nest age and year. Having a surrogate population on O'ahu to learn more about natural history, test reintroduction techniques, and provide individuals for population enhancement in the Marianas is an important advantage for Mariana Swiftlet conservation efforts. Close

• 202. [Article] Occupancy rates and habitat relationships of northern goshawks in historic nesting areas in Oregon

  The ability of northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) to persist in intensively managed and selectively harvested forest habitats is largely unknown. To address the concern that populations of northern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Occupancy rates and habitat relationships of northern goshawks in historic nesting areas in Oregon Author: Desimone, Steven M. The ability of northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) to persist in intensively managed and selectively harvested forest habitats is largely unknown. To address the concern that populations of northern goshawks in eastern Oregon may be declining in response to habitat alteration, I studied occupancy rates and habitat relationships of nesting goshawks on the Fremont National Forest and adjacent private lands during 1992-1994. My objectives were to determine if historic territories (i.e., those occupied ≥ 1 season during 1973-1991) were still occupied, document current site conditions and quantify changes in forest cover on those territories between 1973-1994, and compare present conditions of forest vegetation between nest sites that were currently occupied and those where I did not detect the presence of territorial goshawks (no-response sites). In 1994, I surveyed a forest-wide random sample of 51 historic nest sites, stratified by forest cover type. Occupancy of historic sites by goshawks was 29% (15 of 51), compared to 79% (30 of 38) mean annual occupancy rate of current territories (found initially during 1992-1994). Across all strata, 86% of current nest sites (n=38) were in Mid-aged or Late structural stage forest (trees >23 cm DBH) with >50% canopy closure. Among the historic territories used for analysis (n=46), those found occupied (n=15) in 1994 had significantly more Mid-aged Closed forest (average stand DBH 23-53 cm, <15 trees per ha >53 cm DBH; >50% canopy closure) and Late Closed forest (15 trees per ha >53 cm DBH; >50% canopy closure) than no-response sites (n=31). This relationship was significant (P<0.05) for circular scales of 12, 24, 52, 120, and 170 ha surrounding goshawk territory centers. Within the 52 ha scale around historic nest sites surveyed in 1994, occupied sites had 49% (SE=6.6) total Late Closed and Mid-aged Closed forest, while sites with no response had 19% (SE=3.0) total Late and Mid-aged Closed forest. Historic sites had 51% (SE=3.8) total Late and Mid-aged Closed forest when last known occupied before 1992. Among historic territories, mean percent area of habitat in Late Closed forest at the 12 ha nest stand scale was 4 times greater in occupied (27%) than in no-response sites (6%) (P<0.05). A logistic regression model for occupied sites confirmed the importance of Late Closed and Mid-aged Closed forests as indicators of quality habitat within the 52 ha scale on historic sites where goshawks were still present in 1994. Goshawk pairs were more likely to persist in historic territories having a high percentage of mature and older forest (about 50%) in closed-canopied conditions within the 52 ha scale, suggesting that little or no habitat alteration within aggregate nest stands is important to ensure the persistence of nesting pairs. I recommend preserving multiple nest stands within the 52 ha scale and discourage further cutting of large, late and old structure trees (>53 cm DBH) within the PFA to preserve stand integrity, maintain closed canopies, maintain connectivity to alternate nest stands, and optimize conditions for breeding goshawk pairs to persist. Title: Occupancy rates and habitat relationships of northern goshawks in historic nesting areas in Oregon Author: Desimone, Steven M. The ability of northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) to persist in intensively managed and selectively harvested forest habitats is largely unknown. To address the concern that populations of northern goshawks in eastern Oregon may be declining in response to habitat alteration, I studied occupancy rates and habitat relationships of nesting goshawks on the Fremont National Forest and adjacent private lands during 1992-1994. My objectives were to determine if historic territories (i.e., those occupied ≥ 1 season during 1973-1991) were still occupied, document current site conditions and quantify changes in forest cover on those territories between 1973-1994, and compare present conditions of forest vegetation between nest sites that were currently occupied and those where I did not detect the presence of territorial goshawks (no-response sites). In 1994, I surveyed a forest-wide random sample of 51 historic nest sites, stratified by forest cover type. Occupancy of historic sites by goshawks was 29% (15 of 51), compared to 79% (30 of 38) mean annual occupancy rate of current territories (found initially during 1992-1994). Across all strata, 86% of current nest sites (n=38) were in Mid-aged or Late structural stage forest (trees >23 cm DBH) with >50% canopy closure. Among the historic territories used for analysis (n=46), those found occupied (n=15) in 1994 had significantly more Mid-aged Closed forest (average stand DBH 23-53 cm, <15 trees per ha >53 cm DBH; >50% canopy closure) and Late Closed forest (15 trees per ha >53 cm DBH; >50% canopy closure) than no-response sites (n=31). This relationship was significant (P<0.05) for circular scales of 12, 24, 52, 120, and 170 ha surrounding goshawk territory centers. Within the 52 ha scale around historic nest sites surveyed in 1994, occupied sites had 49% (SE=6.6) total Late Closed and Mid-aged Closed forest, while sites with no response had 19% (SE=3.0) total Late and Mid-aged Closed forest. Historic sites had 51% (SE=3.8) total Late and Mid-aged Closed forest when last known occupied before 1992. Among historic territories, mean percent area of habitat in Late Closed forest at the 12 ha nest stand scale was 4 times greater in occupied (27%) than in no-response sites (6%) (P<0.05). A logistic regression model for occupied sites confirmed the importance of Late Closed and Mid-aged Closed forests as indicators of quality habitat within the 52 ha scale on historic sites where goshawks were still present in 1994. Goshawk pairs were more likely to persist in historic territories having a high percentage of mature and older forest (about 50%) in closed-canopied conditions within the 52 ha scale, suggesting that little or no habitat alteration within aggregate nest stands is important to ensure the persistence of nesting pairs. I recommend preserving multiple nest stands within the 52 ha scale and discourage further cutting of large, late and old structure trees (>53 cm DBH) within the PFA to preserve stand integrity, maintain closed canopies, maintain connectivity to alternate nest stands, and optimize conditions for breeding goshawk pairs to persist. Close

• 203. [Article] Recovery of Wild Salmonids in Western Oregon Lowlands

  This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovery of Wild Salmonids in Western Oregon Lowlands Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds. Title: Recovery of Wild Salmonids in Western Oregon Lowlands Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) This report was prepared by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds. Close

• 204. [Article] Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment

  This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment Author: Montgomery, Monty L., Aney, Warren W., Lichens, Allan B. This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges and regulations, as well as its biological contents. It continues with a focus on salmonid spawning, including a study of water flow over spawning gravels, dissolved oxygen, gravel permeability, and temperatures for water around spawning beds. There are extensive maps, charts, tables, and photographs. Title: Lower Deschutes River, Oregon: discharge and the fish environment Author: Montgomery, Monty L., Aney, Warren W., Lichens, Allan B. This is a report of data and observations gathered during the Lower Deschutes Flow Study. The authors describe the area’s geography, topography, and geology. The work covers Deschutes River stream discharges and regulations, as well as its biological contents. It continues with a focus on salmonid spawning, including a study of water flow over spawning gravels, dissolved oxygen, gravel permeability, and temperatures for water around spawning beds. There are extensive maps, charts, tables, and photographs. Close

• 205. [Article] Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)

  Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, Richard F. Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Title: Biology, ecology, and management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Author: Oregon State University. Agricultural Experiment Station, Miller, Richard F. Published June 2005. Reviewed July 2013. Please look for up-to-date information in the OSU Extension Catalog: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Close

• 206. [Article] Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus

  Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus Author: Barnett, Darby E. Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to the site encompasses 6.33 hectares and includes the site and alluvial terraces on both sides of the Gialias River. Fourteen soil map units, largely developed on Holocene colluvium, were identified. Stratigraphic profiles of the excavation trenches indicate a buried A horizon overlying what is thought to be a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B cultural component. Construction of a checkdam stopped site erosion and promoted the burial and preservation of a stratified archaeological sequence. The site is located next to a contact between the Lefkara Formation (limestone) and the Upper Pillow Basalts where vitreous chert commonly occurs on the island. Using the geoarchaeological data collected from Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems data, a model was built the location of other further Neolithic Quarry sites on the island. The predictive model considers proximity to the contact, proximity to a 4th to 7th order stream, landscape position and relative level of ground disturbance. Over 38 areas were identified on 23 1:5,000 scale maps that could be explored by field survey and sub-surface testing. Title: Site formation at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos and predictive modeling for neolithic sites, Cyprus Author: Barnett, Darby E. Site formation processes at Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, a potentially early Neolithic archaeological site on Cyprus, are examined in order to build a larger predictive model. The study area immediate to the site encompasses 6.33 hectares and includes the site and alluvial terraces on both sides of the Gialias River. Fourteen soil map units, largely developed on Holocene colluvium, were identified. Stratigraphic profiles of the excavation trenches indicate a buried A horizon overlying what is thought to be a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B cultural component. Construction of a checkdam stopped site erosion and promoted the burial and preservation of a stratified archaeological sequence. The site is located next to a contact between the Lefkara Formation (limestone) and the Upper Pillow Basalts where vitreous chert commonly occurs on the island. Using the geoarchaeological data collected from Ayia Varvara Asprokremnos, satellite imagery and Geographic Information Systems data, a model was built the location of other further Neolithic Quarry sites on the island. The predictive model considers proximity to the contact, proximity to a 4th to 7th order stream, landscape position and relative level of ground disturbance. Over 38 areas were identified on 23 1:5,000 scale maps that could be explored by field survey and sub-surface testing. Close

• 207. [Article] An evaluation of the oxygen resources in the lower Willamette River during a critical low flow period

  The lower Willamette River, located between river mile 4.0 and 26.5, is the most seriously polluted section of the Willamette River Basin. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations of 2.0 to 3.0 mg/1 are observed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of the oxygen resources in the lower Willamette River during a critical low flow period Author: Kari, Earl Nyhus The lower Willamette River, located between river mile 4.0 and 26.5, is the most seriously polluted section of the Willamette River Basin. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations of 2.0 to 3.0 mg/1 are observed annually in this section of the river due to the pollutional loads discharged into it. Waste discharges originate from upstream sources, from two large pulp and paper mills at river mile 26.5, treated domestic sewage from several small communities, from several sewer outfalls in the Portland Harbor, and from other miscellaneous sources. These total waste loads discharged, during the summer low flow period, are equal in pollutional capacity to the wastes from an equivalent population of 484,000. Of this total load, wastes from the two pulp and paper mills account for an equivalent population of 350,000. A better understanding of the dissolved oxygen resources of this section of the river is necessary for water quality management. Analyses of the dissolved oxygen resources in this section of the river indicate that sludge deposits may be located in the river between river miles 26.5 and 19.0. These deposits exert a large demand on the dissolved oxygen present. The magnitude of this dissolved oxygen demand is about 34,000 pounds per day. Results of this study indicate that the source of this pollutional loading originates between river miles 26.5 and 19.0. It is further indicated that a detailed on-site survey of this section of the stream and possible waste contributors should be undertaken to provide information necessary for restoration of water quality. Title: An evaluation of the oxygen resources in the lower Willamette River during a critical low flow period Author: Kari, Earl Nyhus The lower Willamette River, located between river mile 4.0 and 26.5, is the most seriously polluted section of the Willamette River Basin. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations of 2.0 to 3.0 mg/1 are observed annually in this section of the river due to the pollutional loads discharged into it. Waste discharges originate from upstream sources, from two large pulp and paper mills at river mile 26.5, treated domestic sewage from several small communities, from several sewer outfalls in the Portland Harbor, and from other miscellaneous sources. These total waste loads discharged, during the summer low flow period, are equal in pollutional capacity to the wastes from an equivalent population of 484,000. Of this total load, wastes from the two pulp and paper mills account for an equivalent population of 350,000. A better understanding of the dissolved oxygen resources of this section of the river is necessary for water quality management. Analyses of the dissolved oxygen resources in this section of the river indicate that sludge deposits may be located in the river between river miles 26.5 and 19.0. These deposits exert a large demand on the dissolved oxygen present. The magnitude of this dissolved oxygen demand is about 34,000 pounds per day. Results of this study indicate that the source of this pollutional loading originates between river miles 26.5 and 19.0. It is further indicated that a detailed on-site survey of this section of the stream and possible waste contributors should be undertaken to provide information necessary for restoration of water quality. Close

• 208. [Article] An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds

  The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds Author: Habron, Geoffrey Bryan The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes. The core theoretical concepts consist of adaptive management, adoption-diffusion, symbolic interactionism, community-based conservation, spatial analysis and watershed management. The CAWM framework is applied to the Calapooya Creek, Deer Creek and Myrtle Creek watersheds within the Umpqua River Basin in Southwestern Oregon. The goal of the research is to facilitate effective watershed restoration outcomes grounded in a solid understanding of social and ecological dynamics. Applying the CAWM framework provides the basis to determine the kinds of conservation practices to implement, the locations in which to implement them and the kinds of programs to stimulate their adoption. Therefore, the dissertation objectives are to: 1) identify agricultural landowner participation in watershed conservation projects; 2) assess the spatial distribution of watershed projects; 3) determine the characteristics of participating and non-participating landowners; and 4) determine the sociocultural, ecological and geographic constraints to adaptive watershed management. Data were collected during 1997-1998 using agricultural landowner interviews, a mail landowner survey and observations of the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council. Landowners' worldviews consist of independence, the importance of private property rights, aversion toward government interference and a belief in environmental resilience. Landowners implement upland conservation practices such as off-stream livestock water developments and rotational grazing more often than riparian fencing, riparian tree planting and installing fish screens on instream irrigation diversions. The key factors in adoption of conservation practices include the use of irrigation, shared management decisions with a spouse, a belief in scientific experimentation and discussion of conservation with others. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems indicate that a suite of conservation practices is needed to achieve a network of large, connected patches throughout the watersheds. Title: An assessment of community-based adaptive watershed management in three Umpqua Basin Watersheds Author: Habron, Geoffrey Bryan The dissertation introduces community-based adaptive watershed management (CAWM) as a holistic conservation framework. The CAWM framework integrates social and ecological suitability to achieve conservation outcomes. The core theoretical concepts consist of adaptive management, adoption-diffusion, symbolic interactionism, community-based conservation, spatial analysis and watershed management. The CAWM framework is applied to the Calapooya Creek, Deer Creek and Myrtle Creek watersheds within the Umpqua River Basin in Southwestern Oregon. The goal of the research is to facilitate effective watershed restoration outcomes grounded in a solid understanding of social and ecological dynamics. Applying the CAWM framework provides the basis to determine the kinds of conservation practices to implement, the locations in which to implement them and the kinds of programs to stimulate their adoption. Therefore, the dissertation objectives are to: 1) identify agricultural landowner participation in watershed conservation projects; 2) assess the spatial distribution of watershed projects; 3) determine the characteristics of participating and non-participating landowners; and 4) determine the sociocultural, ecological and geographic constraints to adaptive watershed management. Data were collected during 1997-1998 using agricultural landowner interviews, a mail landowner survey and observations of the Umpqua Basin Watershed Council. Landowners' worldviews consist of independence, the importance of private property rights, aversion toward government interference and a belief in environmental resilience. Landowners implement upland conservation practices such as off-stream livestock water developments and rotational grazing more often than riparian fencing, riparian tree planting and installing fish screens on instream irrigation diversions. The key factors in adoption of conservation practices include the use of irrigation, shared management decisions with a spouse, a belief in scientific experimentation and discussion of conservation with others. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems indicate that a suite of conservation practices is needed to achieve a network of large, connected patches throughout the watersheds. Close

• 209. [Article] Irrigation Development on Lagoon Fisheries and Fishing Communities: A case study of Malala Lagoon in Sri Lanka

  presentation

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigation Development on Lagoon Fisheries and Fishing Communities: A case study of Malala Lagoon in Sri Lanka Author: Kularatne, Mohottala Gedara presentation Title: Irrigation Development on Lagoon Fisheries and Fishing Communities: A case study of Malala Lagoon in Sri Lanka Author: Kularatne, Mohottala Gedara presentation Close

• 210. [Article] A survey of the vertebrate animals of Mount Jefferson, Oregon

  The Mount Jefferson Primitive Area is one of three High Cascade wilderness areas in Oregon. It is second in size among these, covers approximately 136 square miles, and with the addition of a large roadless ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A survey of the vertebrate animals of Mount Jefferson, Oregon Author: Voth, Elver Howard The Mount Jefferson Primitive Area is one of three High Cascade wilderness areas in Oregon. It is second in size among these, covers approximately 136 square miles, and with the addition of a large roadless area in Warm Springs Indian Reservation represents the only one of these areas in Oregon extending for a considerable distance on both sides of the crest line. This study covers approximately 7 weeks of field research, spread over more than 2 years, into the occurrence, distribution, arid migration patterns of 35 species of Oregon Cascade mammals, 55 species of birds, and the occurrence and distribution of 11 species of amphibians and reptiles. Elevations of habitats examined ranged from 2500 to 9000 feet. The habitats included dense Douglas fir-western hemlock forest, burn, park, slope, terrace, meadow, bog, stream bed, ridge, timberline, alpine, talus, and lake communities. Geological, weather, and vegetational studies contributing to an understanding of local habitat features were reviewed. The migration routes followed by several species of large Cascade mammals have extended beyond the Primitive Area boundaries, and the wilderness is inadequate to provide sanctuary for these during the winter months. Medium-sized mammals not migrating for these distances appear to be diminishing in number. Although the original intention for the wilderness areas included the preservation of habitats for animal species, current recreational use and the increased timber cutting now reaching almost to the Primitive Area boundaries have caused diminution in numbers of all non-migrant mammals and some birds except those of the deepest snow zones. Only the small mammals have not been reduced extensively, and even these, in areas like Jefferson Park, are experiencing some loss of habitat through recreational use. Industrial involvement of this and adjacent areas, with compression of the actual wilderness, has since 1905 caused the extinction of at least 3 species of large mammals and the near extinction of 1 more locally. Title: A survey of the vertebrate animals of Mount Jefferson, Oregon Author: Voth, Elver Howard The Mount Jefferson Primitive Area is one of three High Cascade wilderness areas in Oregon. It is second in size among these, covers approximately 136 square miles, and with the addition of a large roadless area in Warm Springs Indian Reservation represents the only one of these areas in Oregon extending for a considerable distance on both sides of the crest line. This study covers approximately 7 weeks of field research, spread over more than 2 years, into the occurrence, distribution, arid migration patterns of 35 species of Oregon Cascade mammals, 55 species of birds, and the occurrence and distribution of 11 species of amphibians and reptiles. Elevations of habitats examined ranged from 2500 to 9000 feet. The habitats included dense Douglas fir-western hemlock forest, burn, park, slope, terrace, meadow, bog, stream bed, ridge, timberline, alpine, talus, and lake communities. Geological, weather, and vegetational studies contributing to an understanding of local habitat features were reviewed. The migration routes followed by several species of large Cascade mammals have extended beyond the Primitive Area boundaries, and the wilderness is inadequate to provide sanctuary for these during the winter months. Medium-sized mammals not migrating for these distances appear to be diminishing in number. Although the original intention for the wilderness areas included the preservation of habitats for animal species, current recreational use and the increased timber cutting now reaching almost to the Primitive Area boundaries have caused diminution in numbers of all non-migrant mammals and some birds except those of the deepest snow zones. Only the small mammals have not been reduced extensively, and even these, in areas like Jefferson Park, are experiencing some loss of habitat through recreational use. Industrial involvement of this and adjacent areas, with compression of the actual wilderness, has since 1905 caused the extinction of at least 3 species of large mammals and the near extinction of 1 more locally. Close

• 211. [Article] A resource survey of river energy and low-head hydroelectric power potential in Oregon

  The project was funded by the United States Department of Energy. Contract No. EG-77-S-07-1691 through the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A resource survey of river energy and low-head hydroelectric power potential in Oregon Author: Klingeman, Peter C., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, State of Washington Water Research Center, Montana University Joint Water Resources Research Center The project was funded by the United States Department of Energy. Contract No. EG-77-S-07-1691 through the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. Title: A resource survey of river energy and low-head hydroelectric power potential in Oregon Author: Klingeman, Peter C., Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, State of Washington Water Research Center, Montana University Joint Water Resources Research Center The project was funded by the United States Department of Energy. Contract No. EG-77-S-07-1691 through the Idaho Water Resources Research Institute. Close

• 212. [Article] Direct/Delayed Response Project: Definition of Soil Sampling Classes and Selection of Sampling Sites for the Northeast

  EPA/600/3-89/041

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Direct/Delayed Response Project: Definition of Soil Sampling Classes and Selection of Sampling Sites for the Northeast Author: Marmorek, David R., Thornton, Kent W., Lee, Jeffrey J., Stevens, Donald L., Lammers, Duane A. EPA/600/3-89/041 Title: Direct/Delayed Response Project: Definition of Soil Sampling Classes and Selection of Sampling Sites for the Northeast Author: Marmorek, David R., Thornton, Kent W., Lee, Jeffrey J., Stevens, Donald L., Lammers, Duane A. EPA/600/3-89/041 Close

• 213. [Article] A GIS approach to estimating continuous hydraulic conductivity and equivalent hydraulic conductivity

  Estimating the hydraulic conductivity of earth materials is important for many water resource modeling efforts, including predicting the transport of pollutants in ground water, computing surface runoff ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A GIS approach to estimating continuous hydraulic conductivity and equivalent hydraulic conductivity Author: Arras, Tracy Lynn Estimating the hydraulic conductivity of earth materials is important for many water resource modeling efforts, including predicting the transport of pollutants in ground water, computing surface runoff for flood control, and computing water budgets. This research implicitly used topography, soil, and climate data to estimate plausible continuous hydraulic conductivity values at a basin-wide scale. The study demonstrated that continuous estimates of aquifer hydraulic conductivity using a geographic information system (GIS) approach are plausible. Manuscript 1 investigated the effects of different GIS stream generation methods on continuous estimates of conductivity and independent sources were used to verify the plausibility of the results ranging from well pumping tests to Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO). Because of the disparity between the scales at which measurements are taken for traditional conductivity estimates and those required for hydraulic and hydrologic modeling, conductivity point data are typically upscaled to the meter-to-kilometer scale and then referred to as equivalent conductivities. Manuscript 2 developed and tested a new method for computing basin-scale equivalent hydraulic conductivities and explored the relationships of catchment and drainage paths equivalent conductivities to a watershed’s equivalent conductivity using GIS. Manuscript 3 investigated how the methodology of using GIS and landscape descriptors to estimate continuous hydraulic conductivity and equivalent conductivity are impacted by DEM resolution Title: A GIS approach to estimating continuous hydraulic conductivity and equivalent hydraulic conductivity Author: Arras, Tracy Lynn Estimating the hydraulic conductivity of earth materials is important for many water resource modeling efforts, including predicting the transport of pollutants in ground water, computing surface runoff for flood control, and computing water budgets. This research implicitly used topography, soil, and climate data to estimate plausible continuous hydraulic conductivity values at a basin-wide scale. The study demonstrated that continuous estimates of aquifer hydraulic conductivity using a geographic information system (GIS) approach are plausible. Manuscript 1 investigated the effects of different GIS stream generation methods on continuous estimates of conductivity and independent sources were used to verify the plausibility of the results ranging from well pumping tests to Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO). Because of the disparity between the scales at which measurements are taken for traditional conductivity estimates and those required for hydraulic and hydrologic modeling, conductivity point data are typically upscaled to the meter-to-kilometer scale and then referred to as equivalent conductivities. Manuscript 2 developed and tested a new method for computing basin-scale equivalent hydraulic conductivities and explored the relationships of catchment and drainage paths equivalent conductivities to a watershed’s equivalent conductivity using GIS. Manuscript 3 investigated how the methodology of using GIS and landscape descriptors to estimate continuous hydraulic conductivity and equivalent conductivity are impacted by DEM resolution Close

• 214. [Article] Geology, geomorphology, and dynamics of mass movement in parts of the Middle Santiam River drainage basin, western Cascades, Oregon

  Landforms sculpted by mass movements comprise much of the landscape in the Middle Santiam study area. Bedrock in the area is mostly basalt and andesite flows and varied volcaniclastic rocks of the Little ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology, geomorphology, and dynamics of mass movement in parts of the Middle Santiam River drainage basin, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Hicks, Bryan A. Landforms sculpted by mass movements comprise much of the landscape in the Middle Santiam study area. Bedrock in the area is mostly basalt and andesite flows and varied volcaniclastic rocks of the Little Butte Volcanic Series of Oligocene and early Miocene age, unconforniably overlain by andesite flows and tuffs of the Sardine Formation of middle and late Miocene age. Some mass movements in the study area may have originally occurred during glacial or interglacial periods of the late Pleistocene, although this is largely speculative. Active slump-earthflows, debris avalanches, and debris torrents impact streams, timber resources and man-made structures. Earthflows are associated with intercalated lava flows and volcaniclastics, especially stratified volcaniclastics which have low strength, high plasticity, and contain montmorillonite, an expandable clay mineral. Debris avalanches are associated with non-cohesive soils on steep slopes. Slump-earthflows show distinctive morphological and vegetative characteristics which reflect recency and rates of movement. Areas with different levels of activity can be mapped and the data used for certain land-planning applications. Surface movement rates can be measured on active earthflows by conventional surveying and the use of stake arrays. Results indicate that rapid surface movement exceeding 20 ft/yr is occurring on at least two earthflows, and that intraannual and annual periods of accelerated movement coincide with periods of greater water input from precipitation and snowmelt Movement of the Jude Creek earthflow also appears to be related to erosion of the toe by Jude Creek Movement on the Middle Santiam earthflow has greatly accelerated in the last three years (since 1978), compared with average rates for the previous 13 years Road construction in 1965 preceded the most recent pulse of movement at this site Inventory of debris avalanches in the study area indicate a link between road construction, storm history and debris avalanche occurrence Rates of soil transfer for road-related events is much greater than those for either forested or clearcut events. Title: Geology, geomorphology, and dynamics of mass movement in parts of the Middle Santiam River drainage basin, western Cascades, Oregon Author: Hicks, Bryan A. Landforms sculpted by mass movements comprise much of the landscape in the Middle Santiam study area. Bedrock in the area is mostly basalt and andesite flows and varied volcaniclastic rocks of the Little Butte Volcanic Series of Oligocene and early Miocene age, unconforniably overlain by andesite flows and tuffs of the Sardine Formation of middle and late Miocene age. Some mass movements in the study area may have originally occurred during glacial or interglacial periods of the late Pleistocene, although this is largely speculative. Active slump-earthflows, debris avalanches, and debris torrents impact streams, timber resources and man-made structures. Earthflows are associated with intercalated lava flows and volcaniclastics, especially stratified volcaniclastics which have low strength, high plasticity, and contain montmorillonite, an expandable clay mineral. Debris avalanches are associated with non-cohesive soils on steep slopes. Slump-earthflows show distinctive morphological and vegetative characteristics which reflect recency and rates of movement. Areas with different levels of activity can be mapped and the data used for certain land-planning applications. Surface movement rates can be measured on active earthflows by conventional surveying and the use of stake arrays. Results indicate that rapid surface movement exceeding 20 ft/yr is occurring on at least two earthflows, and that intraannual and annual periods of accelerated movement coincide with periods of greater water input from precipitation and snowmelt Movement of the Jude Creek earthflow also appears to be related to erosion of the toe by Jude Creek Movement on the Middle Santiam earthflow has greatly accelerated in the last three years (since 1978), compared with average rates for the previous 13 years Road construction in 1965 preceded the most recent pulse of movement at this site Inventory of debris avalanches in the study area indicate a link between road construction, storm history and debris avalanche occurrence Rates of soil transfer for road-related events is much greater than those for either forested or clearcut events. Close

• 215. [Article] Scale patterns indicate changes in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, from 1955 to 1984 in the Tenmile Lakes, Oregon

  This study was designed to provide information about the juvenile life history of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in the Tenmile Lakes in Oregon by 1) classifying scales of spawning fish and outgoing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scale patterns indicate changes in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, from 1955 to 1984 in the Tenmile Lakes, Oregon Author: Gunnarsdottir, Hugrun This study was designed to provide information about the juvenile life history of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in the Tenmile Lakes in Oregon by 1) classifying scales of spawning fish and outgoing smolts (1+), 2) assessing the contribution of juvenile life history types to the returns of adults (3₂) and jacks (2₂), and 3) comparing growth rates and survival of different types. Scales of outmigrating smolts from one brood year, jacks from two brood years, and scales of adults from four brood years were classified into juvenile life histories and examined for several scale characters. A linear discriminant function analysis was used to show the separation of the types and to determine the most distinguishing scale characters. Length of smolts at ocean entry back-calculated from scales of jacks and adults was compared with the length of the observed group of emigrating smolts. Based on variation in numbers and spacing of circuli and the size of the freshwater scale zone, believed to represent different residence time in the tributaries and the lakes, four types of juvenile life histories were defined. Fish classified as type 1, stream-reared, are believed to have reared in the tributaries until migrating as smolts in the following year. Type 2, stream-lake-reared, fish are thought to have reared in the tributaries for almost a year but then moved down to the lakes, where rearing continued until smolt migration in spring. Type 3, stream-lake- reared, are believed to have reared for a short time in the tributaries, then moved down to the lakes sometime in their first year of life. Rearing continued in the lakes until spring of the following year. Type 4, lake-reared, are thought to have moved down to the lakes shortly after emergence from the gravel, where they reared until migrating as smolts in the following spring. Scales of smolts, jacks, and adults were sorted into these four types. Presently, coho salmon fry and yearlings appear to be moving out of tributaries in late spring and from March to beginning of May, respectively. Migration of smolts out of the lake system to the ocean occurs mostly within the month of May. Recent habitat surveys show that dramatic seasonal changes occur in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon in the Tenmile Lakes tributaries from summer to winter. In winter juveniles appear to be using more low gradient, low velocity, off-channel areas than in summer. Fish of type 4 represented 90%, 43%, and 74% of the returns of adults in 1957- 58, 1963-64, and 1971-72, respectively, and 90% of the returns of jacks in 1962-63 and 1970-71. However, no type 4 fish was represented in the returns of adults in 1985-86, whereas type 1 fish represented 89% of the returns. Type 4 appeared to have grown better in fresh water, reached a larger size at outmigration, and have a greater relative survival than fish of type 2, when compared among the observed group of smolts, returning jacks, and adults. The large proportion of the escapement returning as jacks for some of the years may indicate good growing condition for juvenile coho salmon in fresh water. According to the classification of jack scales a large proportion of fish returning as jacks were lake-reared and were found to be larger at migration to ocean than fish returning as adults. This may suggest that fish that reared well in the lakes and reached a large size at outmigration had the tendency to mature early and return as jacks. Based on the analysis of scales, lake-reared juvenile coho salmon formerly contributed well to adult returns. The former high returns of jacks and adults reflect the importance of the lake habitat for the coho salmon populations of this system. In order to enhance this stock to a higher level, management strategies should be focused on making the lake habitat available to juvenile coho salmon for at least some part of their freshwater life. Title: Scale patterns indicate changes in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, from 1955 to 1984 in the Tenmile Lakes, Oregon Author: Gunnarsdottir, Hugrun This study was designed to provide information about the juvenile life history of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, in the Tenmile Lakes in Oregon by 1) classifying scales of spawning fish and outgoing smolts (1+), 2) assessing the contribution of juvenile life history types to the returns of adults (3₂) and jacks (2₂), and 3) comparing growth rates and survival of different types. Scales of outmigrating smolts from one brood year, jacks from two brood years, and scales of adults from four brood years were classified into juvenile life histories and examined for several scale characters. A linear discriminant function analysis was used to show the separation of the types and to determine the most distinguishing scale characters. Length of smolts at ocean entry back-calculated from scales of jacks and adults was compared with the length of the observed group of emigrating smolts. Based on variation in numbers and spacing of circuli and the size of the freshwater scale zone, believed to represent different residence time in the tributaries and the lakes, four types of juvenile life histories were defined. Fish classified as type 1, stream-reared, are believed to have reared in the tributaries until migrating as smolts in the following year. Type 2, stream-lake-reared, fish are thought to have reared in the tributaries for almost a year but then moved down to the lakes, where rearing continued until smolt migration in spring. Type 3, stream-lake- reared, are believed to have reared for a short time in the tributaries, then moved down to the lakes sometime in their first year of life. Rearing continued in the lakes until spring of the following year. Type 4, lake-reared, are thought to have moved down to the lakes shortly after emergence from the gravel, where they reared until migrating as smolts in the following spring. Scales of smolts, jacks, and adults were sorted into these four types. Presently, coho salmon fry and yearlings appear to be moving out of tributaries in late spring and from March to beginning of May, respectively. Migration of smolts out of the lake system to the ocean occurs mostly within the month of May. Recent habitat surveys show that dramatic seasonal changes occur in use of rearing habitat by juvenile coho salmon in the Tenmile Lakes tributaries from summer to winter. In winter juveniles appear to be using more low gradient, low velocity, off-channel areas than in summer. Fish of type 4 represented 90%, 43%, and 74% of the returns of adults in 1957- 58, 1963-64, and 1971-72, respectively, and 90% of the returns of jacks in 1962-63 and 1970-71. However, no type 4 fish was represented in the returns of adults in 1985-86, whereas type 1 fish represented 89% of the returns. Type 4 appeared to have grown better in fresh water, reached a larger size at outmigration, and have a greater relative survival than fish of type 2, when compared among the observed group of smolts, returning jacks, and adults. The large proportion of the escapement returning as jacks for some of the years may indicate good growing condition for juvenile coho salmon in fresh water. According to the classification of jack scales a large proportion of fish returning as jacks were lake-reared and were found to be larger at migration to ocean than fish returning as adults. This may suggest that fish that reared well in the lakes and reached a large size at outmigration had the tendency to mature early and return as jacks. Based on the analysis of scales, lake-reared juvenile coho salmon formerly contributed well to adult returns. The former high returns of jacks and adults reflect the importance of the lake habitat for the coho salmon populations of this system. In order to enhance this stock to a higher level, management strategies should be focused on making the lake habitat available to juvenile coho salmon for at least some part of their freshwater life. Close

• 216. [Article] Interactive visual analysis promotes exploration of long-term ecological data

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactive visual analysis promotes exploration of long-term ecological data Author: Swanson, Frederick, Pham, Tuan, Metoyer, Ronald, Pabst, Robert, Jones, Julia To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Title: Interactive visual analysis promotes exploration of long-term ecological data Author: Swanson, Frederick, Pham, Tuan, Metoyer, Ronald, Pabst, Robert, Jones, Julia To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by the Ecological Society of America. The published article can be found at: http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecsp. Close

• 217. [Article] Debris flow characteristics associated with forest practices in the central Oregon Coast Range

  Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest play a major role in routing wood and sediment stored on hillslopes and in first- through third-order channels to higher order channels and valley floors. Forest practices ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Debris flow characteristics associated with forest practices in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: May, Christine L. Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest play a major role in routing wood and sediment stored on hillslopes and in first- through third-order channels to higher order channels and valley floors. Forest practices on steep, unstable slopes and removal of riparian trees along low-order streams can affect the frequency, magnitude, and composition of debris flows. The quantity and quality of debris flow deposits provides sediment and wood fundamental to the development of the receiving channel. Field surveys document characteristics of the initiation site, runout zone, and deposit of 53 debris flows in the Siuslaw Basin of the central Oregon Coast Range, during the winter of 1996. Landslides that initiated debris flows in clearcuts had a higher frequency, larger average volume, and runout zones that affected a greater length of stream channel than landslides from forested slopes. This difference resulted in an increase in the total volume of sediment mobilized by the debris flow, and a greater proportion of this sediment came from hillslope sources. Debris flows initiated at roads had an order of magnitude greater volume of sediment compared to non-road-related failures. Debris flows of equivalent size that traveled through a forested channel delivered only a slightly greater volume of large wood, than those through clearcuts. Size-class distributions of wood in the deposit and trees on the hillslope were not well correlated. The average diameter of wood in the deposit was greater than the diameter of trees currently present on the surrounding hillslopes. This difference reflects the legacy of large woody debris stored in low-order channels and valley floors. Large trees along the edge of the runout zone is also an important component in the recovery of these low-order channels, which were transformed into a bedrock state. Large trees along the edges of forested slopes are already supplying wood to these channels, and were the only mechanism observed for trapping large volumes of sediment. This mechanism for retaining sediment in high gradient, low-roughness channels is not available in clearcuts, which now contain the greatest proportion of bedrock channels. Forest practices, by altering the frequency, magnitude, and composition of the debris flow, may alter the long-term potential for developing complex channel morphology and high-quality aquatic habitat. Title: Debris flow characteristics associated with forest practices in the central Oregon Coast Range Author: May, Christine L. Debris flows in the Pacific Northwest play a major role in routing wood and sediment stored on hillslopes and in first- through third-order channels to higher order channels and valley floors. Forest practices on steep, unstable slopes and removal of riparian trees along low-order streams can affect the frequency, magnitude, and composition of debris flows. The quantity and quality of debris flow deposits provides sediment and wood fundamental to the development of the receiving channel. Field surveys document characteristics of the initiation site, runout zone, and deposit of 53 debris flows in the Siuslaw Basin of the central Oregon Coast Range, during the winter of 1996. Landslides that initiated debris flows in clearcuts had a higher frequency, larger average volume, and runout zones that affected a greater length of stream channel than landslides from forested slopes. This difference resulted in an increase in the total volume of sediment mobilized by the debris flow, and a greater proportion of this sediment came from hillslope sources. Debris flows initiated at roads had an order of magnitude greater volume of sediment compared to non-road-related failures. Debris flows of equivalent size that traveled through a forested channel delivered only a slightly greater volume of large wood, than those through clearcuts. Size-class distributions of wood in the deposit and trees on the hillslope were not well correlated. The average diameter of wood in the deposit was greater than the diameter of trees currently present on the surrounding hillslopes. This difference reflects the legacy of large woody debris stored in low-order channels and valley floors. Large trees along the edge of the runout zone is also an important component in the recovery of these low-order channels, which were transformed into a bedrock state. Large trees along the edges of forested slopes are already supplying wood to these channels, and were the only mechanism observed for trapping large volumes of sediment. This mechanism for retaining sediment in high gradient, low-roughness channels is not available in clearcuts, which now contain the greatest proportion of bedrock channels. Forest practices, by altering the frequency, magnitude, and composition of the debris flow, may alter the long-term potential for developing complex channel morphology and high-quality aquatic habitat. Close

• 218. [Article] Sea Turtles of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Demand and Supply of an Endangered Species

  Sea turtles have historically been a primary resource for many of the coastal inhabitants of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Despite their endangered status and the implementation in 1990 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sea Turtles of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Demand and Supply of an Endangered Species Author: Garcia-Martinez, S., Nichols, W.J. Year: 2001 Sea turtles have historically been a primary resource for many of the coastal inhabitants of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Despite their endangered status and the implementation in 1990 of Mexican laws prohibiting the harvest of sea turtles, the demand for and the supply of these animals has persisted to some degree. To determine the current demand for sea turtles 122 surveys and 56 interviews were conducted (June 12th-30th, 1999) throughout the Bahia Magdalena region. Through a generalized least squares (GLS) analysis it was estimated that 35.7% of the variation in demand was explained by six independent variables. The GLS model shows that the family size, special occasions of consumption such as birthdays, and the decline in sea turtle populations positively affect the demand function. The person's occupation, monthly income, and the 1990 ban on sea turtle harvest negatively affect this demand. Ninety-four surveys and seventy interviews conducted in the region (July 24th-August 1st, 1999) were used to describe a supply function. The GLS estimation indicates that 27.8% of the variation in the supply of sea turtles in the bay is influenced by nine variables. Age, level of education, fishing practices, number of dependents, availability of sea turtles, and culture significantly affect the supply of sea turtles in the Bahia Magdalena region. Title: Sea Turtles of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico: Demand and Supply of an Endangered Species Author: Garcia-Martinez, S., Nichols, W.J. Year: 2001 Sea turtles have historically been a primary resource for many of the coastal inhabitants of Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Despite their endangered status and the implementation in 1990 of Mexican laws prohibiting the harvest of sea turtles, the demand for and the supply of these animals has persisted to some degree. To determine the current demand for sea turtles 122 surveys and 56 interviews were conducted (June 12th-30th, 1999) throughout the Bahia Magdalena region. Through a generalized least squares (GLS) analysis it was estimated that 35.7% of the variation in demand was explained by six independent variables. The GLS model shows that the family size, special occasions of consumption such as birthdays, and the decline in sea turtle populations positively affect the demand function. The person's occupation, monthly income, and the 1990 ban on sea turtle harvest negatively affect this demand. Ninety-four surveys and seventy interviews conducted in the region (July 24th-August 1st, 1999) were used to describe a supply function. The GLS estimation indicates that 27.8% of the variation in the supply of sea turtles in the bay is influenced by nine variables. Age, level of education, fishing practices, number of dependents, availability of sea turtles, and culture significantly affect the supply of sea turtles in the Bahia Magdalena region. Close

• 219. [Article] Sixty years of change in avian communities of the Pacific Northwest

  Supplemental information available online at: https://peerj.com/articles/1152/#supplemental-information

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sixty years of change in avian communities of the Pacific Northwest Author: Curtis, Jenna R., Robinson, W. Douglas Supplemental information available online at: https://peerj.com/articles/1152/#supplemental-information Title: Sixty years of change in avian communities of the Pacific Northwest Author: Curtis, Jenna R., Robinson, W. Douglas Supplemental information available online at: https://peerj.com/articles/1152/#supplemental-information Close

• 220. [Article] Factors in the selection of home birth : a comparative study of birthing alternatives in western Oregon

  Increasing demand for home birth has created an upheaval in the American medical profession and, is a controversial political and legal issue as well. This research, utilizing ethnographic, historical, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors in the selection of home birth : a comparative study of birthing alternatives in western Oregon Author: Fuhr-Dunn, Susan D. Increasing demand for home birth has created an upheaval in the American medical profession and, is a controversial political and legal issue as well. This research, utilizing ethnographic, historical, and survey data analyzes contemporary home birth. A review of the so called "medicalization" of childbirth is presented noting that the majority of medical developments which made childbirth safer did not necessitate hospitalization. In Oregon, the whole spectrum of birthing alternatives are legally available although midwifery statutes have not yet evolved to a stable point. In order to distinguish the characteristics of those who choose home birth, a survey questionnaire was designed to ascertain important factors influencing the woman's decision about what type of delivery to have. The survey was completed by 83 women who had recently given birth in a tri-county area of western Oregon where the home birth rate averaged five percent. The results revealed several factors on which women who chose home birth differed markedly from those who chose hospital delivery. Home birth women did not accept society's definition that childbirth is a medical event at its onset. Rather, they made a distinction between a normal and a complicated delivery that the larger culture did not. In addition, the majority of the women, regardless of the place of delivery, exhibited a high degree of consumerism, were educated about childbirth, and expressed concern over obstetrical intervention. Thus, it is suggested that elected home birth is part of the current pressure to deinstitutionalize the American health care system. Title: Factors in the selection of home birth : a comparative study of birthing alternatives in western Oregon Author: Fuhr-Dunn, Susan D. Increasing demand for home birth has created an upheaval in the American medical profession and, is a controversial political and legal issue as well. This research, utilizing ethnographic, historical, and survey data analyzes contemporary home birth. A review of the so called "medicalization" of childbirth is presented noting that the majority of medical developments which made childbirth safer did not necessitate hospitalization. In Oregon, the whole spectrum of birthing alternatives are legally available although midwifery statutes have not yet evolved to a stable point. In order to distinguish the characteristics of those who choose home birth, a survey questionnaire was designed to ascertain important factors influencing the woman's decision about what type of delivery to have. The survey was completed by 83 women who had recently given birth in a tri-county area of western Oregon where the home birth rate averaged five percent. The results revealed several factors on which women who chose home birth differed markedly from those who chose hospital delivery. Home birth women did not accept society's definition that childbirth is a medical event at its onset. Rather, they made a distinction between a normal and a complicated delivery that the larger culture did not. In addition, the majority of the women, regardless of the place of delivery, exhibited a high degree of consumerism, were educated about childbirth, and expressed concern over obstetrical intervention. Thus, it is suggested that elected home birth is part of the current pressure to deinstitutionalize the American health care system. Close

• 221. [Article] The Economic Impacts of Emerging Diseases in Shrimp Aquaculture: Insights from a Multi-Year, Global Survey of the Industry

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economic Impacts of Emerging Diseases in Shrimp Aquaculture: Insights from a Multi-Year, Global Survey of the Industry Author: Jory, Darryl, Valderrama, Diego, Anderson, James Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), Corvallis, 2017. Title: The Economic Impacts of Emerging Diseases in Shrimp Aquaculture: Insights from a Multi-Year, Global Survey of the Industry Author: Jory, Darryl, Valderrama, Diego, Anderson, James Suggested Bibliographic Reference: NAAFE Forum 2017 Proceedings, March 22-24, 2017. Compiled by Ann L. Shriver with assistance from Stefani Evers. North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE), Corvallis, 2017. Close

• 222. [Article] A study of factors affecting child-centered teaching in elementary grades

  Some elementary teachers want to be more child-centered in their teaching. They are trying to consider the needs of the students before the coverage of curriculum. Much of the inspiration for this educational ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of factors affecting child-centered teaching in elementary grades Author: Hatch, Lynda Sylvia Some elementary teachers want to be more child-centered in their teaching. They are trying to consider the needs of the students before the coverage of curriculum. Much of the inspiration for this educational approach has come from the British primary schools. The purpose of this study was to see if there were common factors that were helpful and/or detrimental to teaching in a child-centered approach in the elementary grades. A literature survey provided historical information as well as descriptions and evaluations of child-centered programs in the United States and in England. One hundred elementary teachers from 69 schools and 26 school districts in Oregon and California completed a survey describing their teaching beliefs and practices. Fifty of the one hundred were interviewed for further information. The data from the surveys and interviews were categorized according to these fifteen factors: initial teacher training/ graduate programs/workshops/conferences, colleagues, administration, personal experience/knowledge/skills/attitudes, community/ parental attitudes, materials, student attitudes, building/district/ state/federal requirements, physical aspects of the classroom/ building, daily schedule, reporting/conferences/grading systems, testing, time issues, class size, and other issues. The data indicated that there were common factors affecting child-centered teaching. The top five helping factors were: teacher training, colleagues, administration, personal experience/ knowledge/skills/attitudes, and community/parental attitudes. The top five detrimental factors were: requirements, daily schedule, time issues, colleagues, and administration. Title: A study of factors affecting child-centered teaching in elementary grades Author: Hatch, Lynda Sylvia Some elementary teachers want to be more child-centered in their teaching. They are trying to consider the needs of the students before the coverage of curriculum. Much of the inspiration for this educational approach has come from the British primary schools. The purpose of this study was to see if there were common factors that were helpful and/or detrimental to teaching in a child-centered approach in the elementary grades. A literature survey provided historical information as well as descriptions and evaluations of child-centered programs in the United States and in England. One hundred elementary teachers from 69 schools and 26 school districts in Oregon and California completed a survey describing their teaching beliefs and practices. Fifty of the one hundred were interviewed for further information. The data from the surveys and interviews were categorized according to these fifteen factors: initial teacher training/ graduate programs/workshops/conferences, colleagues, administration, personal experience/knowledge/skills/attitudes, community/ parental attitudes, materials, student attitudes, building/district/ state/federal requirements, physical aspects of the classroom/ building, daily schedule, reporting/conferences/grading systems, testing, time issues, class size, and other issues. The data indicated that there were common factors affecting child-centered teaching. The top five helping factors were: teacher training, colleagues, administration, personal experience/ knowledge/skills/attitudes, and community/parental attitudes. The top five detrimental factors were: requirements, daily schedule, time issues, colleagues, and administration. Close

• 223. [Article] The response of soils, streambanks and instream coliform bacteria levels to grazing management in a riparian area

  This thesis describes a case study of the effects of five systems of grazing on watershed values in a deteriorated riparian area. Soil infiltration, bulk density and penetrability, streambank edge movement and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The response of soils, streambanks and instream coliform bacteria levels to grazing management in a riparian area Author: Bohn, Carolyn C. This thesis describes a case study of the effects of five systems of grazing on watershed values in a deteriorated riparian area. Soil infiltration, bulk density and penetrability, streambank edge movement and coliform bacteria were monitored for seven years along a stream in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. For five consecutive years, no grazing, four pasture rest rotation, deferred rotation, season-long and late season systems of grazing were applied to small streamside pastures stocked with yearling heifers from June-October at the moderate rate of 3.2 ha/AUM. Infiltration and sediment production were monitored with Rocky Mountain and ring infiltrometers. Measurements with a proving ring penetrometer and bulk density cores indexed compaction. Soil and hydrologic data from ungrazed areas suggested that a process of recovery from the historical heavy use period was occurring. Although season-long grazing for five years did not promote the recovery of soil infiltration, sediment production and soil density and penetrability, the soil response to rest rotation and season-long grazing for one or two years (with four or three years of prior rest) usually corresponded to the ungrazed areas. Generally, soil properties appeared to fluctuate seasonally, showing greater soil infiltration and penetrability and lower bulk density when measured at the end of winter and the opposite conditions after the grazing season. Ungrazed areas fluctuated less than did grazed areas. Streambank movement was monitored by change in distance from the bank edges to permanent reference stakes. Bank movement tended to increase with amount of use---use in terms of number of animals and number of years. No grazing and occasional season-long use appeared to be associated with the least bank loss, while season-long grazing for four or five years and deferred rotation grazing were associated with the most bank loss. Rest rotation results were intermediate and variable, but generally low. Late season grazing treatments did not differ between September and October grazing and were not compared to the other systems due to differences in grazing pressure. Although winter processes and livestock grazing exerted a similar amount of pressure per week on streambanks, livestock were present for a relatively short period. Consequently, there was greater total bank loss in the winter on four of the sixteen treatments. These four treatments were season-long grazing for three, four or five years with big game access. The other twelve treatments did not demonstrate significant seasonal differences. Escherichia colt were monitored by the membrane filter technique to indicate the level of fecal contamination in the stream. Although large numerical differences were sometimes seen, coliform concentrations seldom changed significantly across the 400 meter long pastures. Large numerical reductions in coliform counts were also seen in the first year after livestock removal, but the changes were not statistically significant at the .05 level, either. The bacteria concentrations typically responded to changes in stream discharge due to storms by peaking with the hydrograph and again on the recession limb. Title: The response of soils, streambanks and instream coliform bacteria levels to grazing management in a riparian area Author: Bohn, Carolyn C. This thesis describes a case study of the effects of five systems of grazing on watershed values in a deteriorated riparian area. Soil infiltration, bulk density and penetrability, streambank edge movement and coliform bacteria were monitored for seven years along a stream in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. For five consecutive years, no grazing, four pasture rest rotation, deferred rotation, season-long and late season systems of grazing were applied to small streamside pastures stocked with yearling heifers from June-October at the moderate rate of 3.2 ha/AUM. Infiltration and sediment production were monitored with Rocky Mountain and ring infiltrometers. Measurements with a proving ring penetrometer and bulk density cores indexed compaction. Soil and hydrologic data from ungrazed areas suggested that a process of recovery from the historical heavy use period was occurring. Although season-long grazing for five years did not promote the recovery of soil infiltration, sediment production and soil density and penetrability, the soil response to rest rotation and season-long grazing for one or two years (with four or three years of prior rest) usually corresponded to the ungrazed areas. Generally, soil properties appeared to fluctuate seasonally, showing greater soil infiltration and penetrability and lower bulk density when measured at the end of winter and the opposite conditions after the grazing season. Ungrazed areas fluctuated less than did grazed areas. Streambank movement was monitored by change in distance from the bank edges to permanent reference stakes. Bank movement tended to increase with amount of use---use in terms of number of animals and number of years. No grazing and occasional season-long use appeared to be associated with the least bank loss, while season-long grazing for four or five years and deferred rotation grazing were associated with the most bank loss. Rest rotation results were intermediate and variable, but generally low. Late season grazing treatments did not differ between September and October grazing and were not compared to the other systems due to differences in grazing pressure. Although winter processes and livestock grazing exerted a similar amount of pressure per week on streambanks, livestock were present for a relatively short period. Consequently, there was greater total bank loss in the winter on four of the sixteen treatments. These four treatments were season-long grazing for three, four or five years with big game access. The other twelve treatments did not demonstrate significant seasonal differences. Escherichia colt were monitored by the membrane filter technique to indicate the level of fecal contamination in the stream. Although large numerical differences were sometimes seen, coliform concentrations seldom changed significantly across the 400 meter long pastures. Large numerical reductions in coliform counts were also seen in the first year after livestock removal, but the changes were not statistically significant at the .05 level, either. The bacteria concentrations typically responded to changes in stream discharge due to storms by peaking with the hydrograph and again on the recession limb. Close

• 224. [Article] Studies on some digenetic trematodes from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon

  Seven species of fresh water fishes belonging to three different families and two species of snails from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon were surveyed for adult and larval trematodes. A total of seven ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Studies on some digenetic trematodes from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon Author: Law, Daniel Tin-Hung Seven species of fresh water fishes belonging to three different families and two species of snails from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon were surveyed for adult and larval trematodes. A total of seven species of trematodes representing four families was recovered from the intestine of the fishes. Of these, at least two were under scribed new species. The trematodes were described and their taxonomy discussed. The stream snails, Oxytrema silicula and Flumenicola virens, were found to harbor at least 17 apparent species of larval trematodes. Five of these were described from the snails for the first time. A check-list of cercariae known to infect O. silicula and F. virens in the Pacific Northwest was presented. Life histories of five of the trematodes .encountered during the surveys were studied. The experimental life cycle of Apophallus donicus Skrjabin and Lindtrop, 1919 was completed. The cercaria, of the pleurolophocercous group, was found in F. virens, while the metacercaria encysted in a number of fresh water fishes. The life cycle of Plagioporus siliculus Sinitsin, 1931 was demonstrated for the first time. The cotylomicrocercous cercaria developed in sporocyst in O. silicula and penetrated crayfish, Pacifastacus lenuisculus to encyst in the abdominal muscles. The experimental definitive host used was the rainbow trout. A single adult Echinochasmus milvi Yamaguti, 1939 was recovered from a duck fed echinostome cysts found naturally in the gills of blackside dace, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus and redside shiner, Richardsoni balteatus hydrophlox. This constituted the third record of the trematode in the Pacific Northwest. The cercaria of E. milvi was believed to be Cercaria gorgonocephala Ward, 1916, which Martin (1968) redescribed from O. silicula. Two other macrocercous cercariae--one aggregating but albino while the other nonaggregating-- were also found in O. silicula, The body of these cercariae was identical to that of C. gorgonocephala. The taxonomic relation of the three cercariae was discussed. The partial life cycle of a new monorchiid trematode from the torrent sculpin, Cottus rhotheus, was presented. The natural secondary intermediate host was found to be lampreys, both brook (Lampetra richardsoni) and Pacific (L. tridentata). The first intermediate host is still unknown. The partial life cycle of another new trematode, an Echinochasmus sp., was also reported. The adult was obtained from a duck experimentally fed small cysts in the gills of blackside dace. The first intermediate host is unknown. Title: Studies on some digenetic trematodes from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon Author: Law, Daniel Tin-Hung Seven species of fresh water fishes belonging to three different families and two species of snails from Ritner Creek, Polk County, Oregon were surveyed for adult and larval trematodes. A total of seven species of trematodes representing four families was recovered from the intestine of the fishes. Of these, at least two were under scribed new species. The trematodes were described and their taxonomy discussed. The stream snails, Oxytrema silicula and Flumenicola virens, were found to harbor at least 17 apparent species of larval trematodes. Five of these were described from the snails for the first time. A check-list of cercariae known to infect O. silicula and F. virens in the Pacific Northwest was presented. Life histories of five of the trematodes .encountered during the surveys were studied. The experimental life cycle of Apophallus donicus Skrjabin and Lindtrop, 1919 was completed. The cercaria, of the pleurolophocercous group, was found in F. virens, while the metacercaria encysted in a number of fresh water fishes. The life cycle of Plagioporus siliculus Sinitsin, 1931 was demonstrated for the first time. The cotylomicrocercous cercaria developed in sporocyst in O. silicula and penetrated crayfish, Pacifastacus lenuisculus to encyst in the abdominal muscles. The experimental definitive host used was the rainbow trout. A single adult Echinochasmus milvi Yamaguti, 1939 was recovered from a duck fed echinostome cysts found naturally in the gills of blackside dace, Rhinichthys osculus nubilus and redside shiner, Richardsoni balteatus hydrophlox. This constituted the third record of the trematode in the Pacific Northwest. The cercaria of E. milvi was believed to be Cercaria gorgonocephala Ward, 1916, which Martin (1968) redescribed from O. silicula. Two other macrocercous cercariae--one aggregating but albino while the other nonaggregating-- were also found in O. silicula, The body of these cercariae was identical to that of C. gorgonocephala. The taxonomic relation of the three cercariae was discussed. The partial life cycle of a new monorchiid trematode from the torrent sculpin, Cottus rhotheus, was presented. The natural secondary intermediate host was found to be lampreys, both brook (Lampetra richardsoni) and Pacific (L. tridentata). The first intermediate host is still unknown. The partial life cycle of another new trematode, an Echinochasmus sp., was also reported. The adult was obtained from a duck experimentally fed small cysts in the gills of blackside dace. The first intermediate host is unknown. Close

• 225. [Article] Harvesting hunger : measuring food insecurity and hope in Oregon's Mexican agriculture and seafood workers

  Food Insecurity exists whenever the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain (LSRO, 1990). Factors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Harvesting hunger : measuring food insecurity and hope in Oregon's Mexican agriculture and seafood workers Author: Reeder, Julie A. Food Insecurity exists whenever the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain (LSRO, 1990). Factors that increase a household's risk for food insecurity include being low income and not being able to access formal and informal supplemental food sources. Migrant agricultural workers, defined by the U.S. Department of Labor as persons who travel greater than 75 miles in search of agricultural work, have household incomes less than $10,000 and due to clandestine immigration status or constant relocations may have less access to food assistance programs. Therefore, it is likely that this group is at increased risk for food insecurity. The purpose of this study was to 1) gather demographic information, 2) determine sources of social and emotional support and quantify the amount hope for the future expressed by individuals, and 3) determine what percentage of Oregon's Mexican agricultural workers were food insecure. Subjects (n=45) were recruited from 3 places of employment representing the seafood processing (3), tree planting (12), and fruit packing industries (30). Some were migrant and seasonal while others had recently settled out of the migrant stream. Participants were either given or read a nine-page Spanish language survey. Thirty-two women and 13 men completed the surveys. The average respondent was 30 years old, married (45%) or single (36%) and had a household income of less than $15,000 with an average household size of 4.4 persons. Ninety-one percent of participants were born in Mexico. Frequently cited sources of internal support included God (75%), family (70%), myself (45%) and the Church (43%). Sixty-five percent reported having family living close by. Less than one quarter reported finding support in the community. Individual scores on the State Hope scale found that most respondents had a fairly hopeful outlook towards their ability to achieve change. As for food security status, 72.7% were classified as food insecure based on USDA food security module scoring standards. Hope Scale scores were not significantly correlated with food security levels. A lower household income, a larger household size, and fewer years of school were significantly associated with being food insecure. Although a small sample size and departures from traditional methodology make these findings applicable only to the sample populations, it may indicate that food insecurity is a major nutritional risk factor for Mexican agricultural and seafood workers. Validation of the Food Security Module in Spanish is necessary to better determine the prevalence of food insecurity in this population. Title: Harvesting hunger : measuring food insecurity and hope in Oregon's Mexican agriculture and seafood workers Author: Reeder, Julie A. Food Insecurity exists whenever the availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or the ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways is limited or uncertain (LSRO, 1990). Factors that increase a household's risk for food insecurity include being low income and not being able to access formal and informal supplemental food sources. Migrant agricultural workers, defined by the U.S. Department of Labor as persons who travel greater than 75 miles in search of agricultural work, have household incomes less than $10,000 and due to clandestine immigration status or constant relocations may have less access to food assistance programs. Therefore, it is likely that this group is at increased risk for food insecurity. The purpose of this study was to 1) gather demographic information, 2) determine sources of social and emotional support and quantify the amount hope for the future expressed by individuals, and 3) determine what percentage of Oregon's Mexican agricultural workers were food insecure. Subjects (n=45) were recruited from 3 places of employment representing the seafood processing (3), tree planting (12), and fruit packing industries (30). Some were migrant and seasonal while others had recently settled out of the migrant stream. Participants were either given or read a nine-page Spanish language survey. Thirty-two women and 13 men completed the surveys. The average respondent was 30 years old, married (45%) or single (36%) and had a household income of less than $15,000 with an average household size of 4.4 persons. Ninety-one percent of participants were born in Mexico. Frequently cited sources of internal support included God (75%), family (70%), myself (45%) and the Church (43%). Sixty-five percent reported having family living close by. Less than one quarter reported finding support in the community. Individual scores on the State Hope scale found that most respondents had a fairly hopeful outlook towards their ability to achieve change. As for food security status, 72.7% were classified as food insecure based on USDA food security module scoring standards. Hope Scale scores were not significantly correlated with food security levels. A lower household income, a larger household size, and fewer years of school were significantly associated with being food insecure. Although a small sample size and departures from traditional methodology make these findings applicable only to the sample populations, it may indicate that food insecurity is a major nutritional risk factor for Mexican agricultural and seafood workers. Validation of the Food Security Module in Spanish is necessary to better determine the prevalence of food insecurity in this population. Close

• 226. [Article] A UK perspective on marine renewable energy environmental research: Keeping up with a ‘Deploy & Monitor’ philosophy

  There are many drivers for the pursuit of renewable energy extraction from coastal seas. In the United Kingdom these include moving away from fossil fuels to mitigate the impacts of climate change, improving ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A UK perspective on marine renewable energy environmental research: Keeping up with a ‘Deploy & Monitor’ philosophy Author: Wilson, Ben There are many drivers for the pursuit of renewable energy extraction from coastal seas. In the United Kingdom these include moving away from fossil fuels to mitigate the impacts of climate change, improving energy security by diversifying supply options, increasing wealth generation in outlying coastal communities, and seeking alternative sources of power as existing infrastructure (power stations) near the end of their useful lives. In Scotland these drivers are particularly strong because of the additional factors of decline of North Sea oil reserves; the political pressure not to re-develop nuclear power plants; and the abundant offshore wind, wave and tidal-stream resources. While these drivers are strong, and backed up by ambitious political targets, a variety of constraints currently limit development of a vibrant marine renewables sector in UK coastal waters. In addition to financial, technological and logistical issues, a diversity of environmental restrictions limitprogress of the renewables sector. Many of these environmental issues actually stem from a lack of basic knowledge of how marine renewable energy devices are likely to interact with the receiving environment and vulnerable species (particularly those protected by European legislation such as the Habitats and Species as well as the Birds Directives). Furthermore where negative interactions are known, there may be limited knowledge about, or options for, mitigating these impacts. Strictly applying precautionary principals to these new and diverse technologies with respect to their potential local negative environmental impacts threatens to halt development of these technologies despite their potential benefits for global climate and other environmental issues. This problem applies particularly to wave and tidal-stream technologies which are diverse, new, and without track-record. To overcome this issue, the Scottish government is implementing a staged introduction of these technologies under what has been termed a “Survey-Deploy-&-Monitor” policy. That is, commercial scale devices are being placed singly or in small arrays (< 10 MW) into areas of pre-determined and acceptable environmental sensitivity and then impacts are being quantified through a monitoring program. In parallel to this approach, The Crown Estate (the seabed owner) has performed a series of licensing rounds to lease preferred sites to specific wind, wave and tidal-stream developers. If consented, these sites will represent commercial-scale developments of all three technologies in Scottish and wider UK waters. Part of that consenting progress requires that developers provide evidence (through Environmental Impact Studies and the production of Environmental Statements) that their developments will not harm the surrounding environment. It is these consenting exercises and related fundamental questions about impacts that are currently driving most of the environmental research related to offshore wind and marine renewable technologies in the UK. Research tends to fall into three divisions based on the source of funding and the geographic scope of the issues. At the smallest scale are studies of individual sites of interest to individual developers seeking consents for a specific technology. More generic studies funded by government or industry consortia may be performed to understand environmental issues surrounding a particular group of technologies, installation methods, or operational parameters. In this case, the actual site may be less important. Finally, fundamental research (funded by Research Councils) may be carried out to understand how and why animals use renewable energy relevant sites. Because there are a large number of research studies currently underway at a wide range of scales, sites, and taxa in Scotland and the wider UK, it is not possible to summarize them all in this short talk. Instead, I will outline examples of the three broad areas of environmental research (site/device specific, technology generic and more basic ecology). These examples have also been chosen because they represent an ongoing project, a recently established group of research studies, and a potential new research program. Some of the perhaps less intuitive lessons that have arisen from some of such projects include : 1. The responses of organisms may not be tied to particular brands of device or energy extraction, whether wind, wave, tidal-stream or even oil platform. For fouling organisms the particulars of the substrate might be the important factor rather than the device’s method of energy extraction. Likewise for fish it may be the device complexity and position in the water column that is key to their interactions. 2. Conversely, particular, seemingly unimportant features of devices may have relevance to marine organisms. For example, the color of a turbine may be extremely important for animals maneuvering around the rotors, a duct or the pile. 3. Test centers used to assess full-scale devices may seem like excellent places to also perform environmental research; however care must be taken as the devices in test centers are typically early generation prototypes and may be swapped out frequently. Furthermore activities by other companies at neighboring berths may invalidate site or device specific experiments. 4. Inter-annual variability does not suit the current pace of marine renewables development and careful consideration of the use of control sites and BACI designs should be made. 5. Cumulative impacts of multiple renewable and other developments offer a massive challenge to determining environmental impact. This difficulty represents a significant area of uncertainty for developers seeking consent and may encourage a development race with companies not wanting to have to consider their development relative to all of the others that preceded them. 6. Finally, while much effort is currently being devoted to gathering sufficient data to permit consent and early stage deployments, the significant investments only come when developers set up arrays capable of producing commercially relevant power. At this point there may be a step change in the degree of monitoring required of any potential environmental interactions. Should intolerable impacts be found, then mitigation will be urgently required or an exit strategy implemented. Title: A UK perspective on marine renewable energy environmental research: Keeping up with a ‘Deploy & Monitor’ philosophy Author: Wilson, Ben There are many drivers for the pursuit of renewable energy extraction from coastal seas. In the United Kingdom these include moving away from fossil fuels to mitigate the impacts of climate change, improving energy security by diversifying supply options, increasing wealth generation in outlying coastal communities, and seeking alternative sources of power as existing infrastructure (power stations) near the end of their useful lives. In Scotland these drivers are particularly strong because of the additional factors of decline of North Sea oil reserves; the political pressure not to re-develop nuclear power plants; and the abundant offshore wind, wave and tidal-stream resources. While these drivers are strong, and backed up by ambitious political targets, a variety of constraints currently limit development of a vibrant marine renewables sector in UK coastal waters. In addition to financial, technological and logistical issues, a diversity of environmental restrictions limitprogress of the renewables sector. Many of these environmental issues actually stem from a lack of basic knowledge of how marine renewable energy devices are likely to interact with the receiving environment and vulnerable species (particularly those protected by European legislation such as the Habitats and Species as well as the Birds Directives). Furthermore where negative interactions are known, there may be limited knowledge about, or options for, mitigating these impacts. Strictly applying precautionary principals to these new and diverse technologies with respect to their potential local negative environmental impacts threatens to halt development of these technologies despite their potential benefits for global climate and other environmental issues. This problem applies particularly to wave and tidal-stream technologies which are diverse, new, and without track-record. To overcome this issue, the Scottish government is implementing a staged introduction of these technologies under what has been termed a “Survey-Deploy-&-Monitor” policy. That is, commercial scale devices are being placed singly or in small arrays (< 10 MW) into areas of pre-determined and acceptable environmental sensitivity and then impacts are being quantified through a monitoring program. In parallel to this approach, The Crown Estate (the seabed owner) has performed a series of licensing rounds to lease preferred sites to specific wind, wave and tidal-stream developers. If consented, these sites will represent commercial-scale developments of all three technologies in Scottish and wider UK waters. Part of that consenting progress requires that developers provide evidence (through Environmental Impact Studies and the production of Environmental Statements) that their developments will not harm the surrounding environment. It is these consenting exercises and related fundamental questions about impacts that are currently driving most of the environmental research related to offshore wind and marine renewable technologies in the UK. Research tends to fall into three divisions based on the source of funding and the geographic scope of the issues. At the smallest scale are studies of individual sites of interest to individual developers seeking consents for a specific technology. More generic studies funded by government or industry consortia may be performed to understand environmental issues surrounding a particular group of technologies, installation methods, or operational parameters. In this case, the actual site may be less important. Finally, fundamental research (funded by Research Councils) may be carried out to understand how and why animals use renewable energy relevant sites. Because there are a large number of research studies currently underway at a wide range of scales, sites, and taxa in Scotland and the wider UK, it is not possible to summarize them all in this short talk. Instead, I will outline examples of the three broad areas of environmental research (site/device specific, technology generic and more basic ecology). These examples have also been chosen because they represent an ongoing project, a recently established group of research studies, and a potential new research program. Some of the perhaps less intuitive lessons that have arisen from some of such projects include : 1. The responses of organisms may not be tied to particular brands of device or energy extraction, whether wind, wave, tidal-stream or even oil platform. For fouling organisms the particulars of the substrate might be the important factor rather than the device’s method of energy extraction. Likewise for fish it may be the device complexity and position in the water column that is key to their interactions. 2. Conversely, particular, seemingly unimportant features of devices may have relevance to marine organisms. For example, the color of a turbine may be extremely important for animals maneuvering around the rotors, a duct or the pile. 3. Test centers used to assess full-scale devices may seem like excellent places to also perform environmental research; however care must be taken as the devices in test centers are typically early generation prototypes and may be swapped out frequently. Furthermore activities by other companies at neighboring berths may invalidate site or device specific experiments. 4. Inter-annual variability does not suit the current pace of marine renewables development and careful consideration of the use of control sites and BACI designs should be made. 5. Cumulative impacts of multiple renewable and other developments offer a massive challenge to determining environmental impact. This difficulty represents a significant area of uncertainty for developers seeking consent and may encourage a development race with companies not wanting to have to consider their development relative to all of the others that preceded them. 6. Finally, while much effort is currently being devoted to gathering sufficient data to permit consent and early stage deployments, the significant investments only come when developers set up arrays capable of producing commercially relevant power. At this point there may be a step change in the degree of monitoring required of any potential environmental interactions. Should intolerable impacts be found, then mitigation will be urgently required or an exit strategy implemented. Close

• 227. [Article] An analysis of consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products

  Historically, researchers have used surveys, focus groups, and anecdotal evidence to evaluate consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products. These methods generally measure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An analysis of consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products Author: Anderson, Roy Carl Historically, researchers have used surveys, focus groups, and anecdotal evidence to evaluate consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products. These methods generally measure consumer attitudes toward certified forest products. Since the strength of the correlation between attitudes and behavior has long been questioned, consumer response to certified forest products is not fully understood. Therefore, a major goal of this research was to better understand consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products by directly observing purchase behavior. This was accomplished by designing an experiment in which consumers were presented with a choice between virtually identical forest products, the only differences being the presence/absence of an environmental certification ecolabel, and in some cases, a price premium on the ecolabeled product. During this experiment, the presence of the ecolabel was associated with increased sales, so long as there was no price premium on the ecolabeled product. The strength of this association was weakened when the ecolabeled product cost 2 percent more than the non-ecolabeled product. In other words, these results suggest that price is a more compelling product attribute than the ecolabel. This experiment was the first to empirically demonstrate that forest certification ecolabels do have an effect on consumer behavior. In addition to the experiment, two surveys were conducted to better understand how consumers form their preferences for forest products, and to determine which values, attitudes, and beliefs are held by those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products. The surveys revealed that respondents who: were younger, willing to pay extra for ecolabeled forest products, exhibited past environmentally friendly purchase behavior, believe environmental claims on product packaging, and were more politically liberal were most likely to buy ecolabeled forest products. It is important to note that no associations were found between any of the measured values and those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products. This finding suggests that in order to for ecolabels to be successful in the long term, marketing efforts are needed, which explicitly link the ecolabel symbol to values. Such a linkage will allow consumers to express their values through the purchase of ecolabeled products. This practice of linking values to a product is widely believed to be a powerful influence on consumer behavior. The surveys also revealed that ecolabeled forest products are preferred to non-ecolabeled forest products for most consumers. However, the strength of this preference pattern varies significantly among consumers. This finding suggests that a market segmentation strategy is required to effectively market environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products. Therefore, the associations between attitudes, values, and beliefs with those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products is practically significant for forest certification agencies and environmentally certified forest landowners and manufacturers because it can be used for market segmentation, and to begin building brand recognition, awareness, and identity for forest certification ecolabels. Finally, the research questions posed in the experiment and survey were carefully designed to be nearly identical. This "duality' allowed a comparison of the results obtained by each method. Such a comparison revealed, as has long been suspected, that the results differed by method. This finding has important implications for further research on this topic. Title: An analysis of consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products Author: Anderson, Roy Carl Historically, researchers have used surveys, focus groups, and anecdotal evidence to evaluate consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products. These methods generally measure consumer attitudes toward certified forest products. Since the strength of the correlation between attitudes and behavior has long been questioned, consumer response to certified forest products is not fully understood. Therefore, a major goal of this research was to better understand consumer response to environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products by directly observing purchase behavior. This was accomplished by designing an experiment in which consumers were presented with a choice between virtually identical forest products, the only differences being the presence/absence of an environmental certification ecolabel, and in some cases, a price premium on the ecolabeled product. During this experiment, the presence of the ecolabel was associated with increased sales, so long as there was no price premium on the ecolabeled product. The strength of this association was weakened when the ecolabeled product cost 2 percent more than the non-ecolabeled product. In other words, these results suggest that price is a more compelling product attribute than the ecolabel. This experiment was the first to empirically demonstrate that forest certification ecolabels do have an effect on consumer behavior. In addition to the experiment, two surveys were conducted to better understand how consumers form their preferences for forest products, and to determine which values, attitudes, and beliefs are held by those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products. The surveys revealed that respondents who: were younger, willing to pay extra for ecolabeled forest products, exhibited past environmentally friendly purchase behavior, believe environmental claims on product packaging, and were more politically liberal were most likely to buy ecolabeled forest products. It is important to note that no associations were found between any of the measured values and those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products. This finding suggests that in order to for ecolabels to be successful in the long term, marketing efforts are needed, which explicitly link the ecolabel symbol to values. Such a linkage will allow consumers to express their values through the purchase of ecolabeled products. This practice of linking values to a product is widely believed to be a powerful influence on consumer behavior. The surveys also revealed that ecolabeled forest products are preferred to non-ecolabeled forest products for most consumers. However, the strength of this preference pattern varies significantly among consumers. This finding suggests that a market segmentation strategy is required to effectively market environmentally certified, ecolabeled forest products. Therefore, the associations between attitudes, values, and beliefs with those most likely to purchase ecolabeled forest products is practically significant for forest certification agencies and environmentally certified forest landowners and manufacturers because it can be used for market segmentation, and to begin building brand recognition, awareness, and identity for forest certification ecolabels. Finally, the research questions posed in the experiment and survey were carefully designed to be nearly identical. This "duality' allowed a comparison of the results obtained by each method. Such a comparison revealed, as has long been suspected, that the results differed by method. This finding has important implications for further research on this topic. Close

• 228. [Article] Seasonal life history of Oncorhynchus mykiss in the South Fork John Day River Basin, Oregon

  Understanding seasonal changes in growth, survival, and movement rates is crucial to salmonid management. These life history characteristics provide a context for evaluation of management actions. We evaluated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal life history of Oncorhynchus mykiss in the South Fork John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Tattam, Ian A. Understanding seasonal changes in growth, survival, and movement rates is crucial to salmonid management. These life history characteristics provide a context for evaluation of management actions. We evaluated the life history of individually marked Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri in the South Fork John Day River basin in Northeastern Oregon. This thesis focuses on Murderers and Black Canyon creeks, two tributaries to the South Fork John Day. These are semi-arid, mid elevation basins with naturally reproducing populations of summer steelhead and redband trout (both O. mykiss). Summer steelhead populations in this basin have declined from historic abundances, and are protected under the Endangered Species Act. In Chapter 2, we evaluate life history variation in Murderers Creek during four consecutive seasons. Growth rate varied significantly with season (F[subscript 3,88] = 62.56, P < 0.0001), with most growth occurring during spring. Location and season interacted F[subscript 6,88] = 4.45, P < 0.001) to influence individual growth rates. As a result, regions of high growth potential shifted up and down-stream seasonally. However, we found low rates of O. mykiss movement (<3%) in Murderers Creek during summer, suggesting that individuals did not track resource availability at a large scale. Apparent survival rate varied among reaches, but was consistently higher in the upstream most reach compared to the two lowermost reaches. Survival rates were similar between summer and fall, indicating that declining fall temperatures did not increase mortality. A shift in population distribution occured during fall (September through December), as some O. mykiss emigrated from tributaries into the mainstem South Fork John Day River. In Chapter 3, we investigate differences in fall life history between and within tributaries. A significantly greater proportion of O. mykiss emigrated from Murderers Creek compared to Black Canyon Creek during two consecutive years (P < 0.001 for both years). There were no significant differences in proportion of emigrants between years within either stream (P > 0.10 for both streams). In Murderers Creek, odds of emigration were related to stream reach of summer residence. Odds of fall emigration were also significantly and positively related to body length in fall and growth rate during summer. This suggests that competitive dominants volitionally emigrated from Murderers Creek during fall. After emigration, O. mykiss dispersed primarily further downstream into the Mainstem John Day River. Radio-telemetry indicated that the majority of fall emigrants occupied a < 6 km section of the Mainstem John Day River. Fall emigrants had growth rates during their winter niche shift that were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those of individuals remaining in tributaries. This study underscores the need to monitor during all seasons to accurately characterize habitat quality. Life history patterns are an important population response to environmental change. This thesis provides an ecological context for monitoring recovery of O. mykiss populations in the South Fork John Day River basin. Title: Seasonal life history of Oncorhynchus mykiss in the South Fork John Day River Basin, Oregon Author: Tattam, Ian A. Understanding seasonal changes in growth, survival, and movement rates is crucial to salmonid management. These life history characteristics provide a context for evaluation of management actions. We evaluated the life history of individually marked Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri in the South Fork John Day River basin in Northeastern Oregon. This thesis focuses on Murderers and Black Canyon creeks, two tributaries to the South Fork John Day. These are semi-arid, mid elevation basins with naturally reproducing populations of summer steelhead and redband trout (both O. mykiss). Summer steelhead populations in this basin have declined from historic abundances, and are protected under the Endangered Species Act. In Chapter 2, we evaluate life history variation in Murderers Creek during four consecutive seasons. Growth rate varied significantly with season (F[subscript 3,88] = 62.56, P < 0.0001), with most growth occurring during spring. Location and season interacted F[subscript 6,88] = 4.45, P < 0.001) to influence individual growth rates. As a result, regions of high growth potential shifted up and down-stream seasonally. However, we found low rates of O. mykiss movement (<3%) in Murderers Creek during summer, suggesting that individuals did not track resource availability at a large scale. Apparent survival rate varied among reaches, but was consistently higher in the upstream most reach compared to the two lowermost reaches. Survival rates were similar between summer and fall, indicating that declining fall temperatures did not increase mortality. A shift in population distribution occured during fall (September through December), as some O. mykiss emigrated from tributaries into the mainstem South Fork John Day River. In Chapter 3, we investigate differences in fall life history between and within tributaries. A significantly greater proportion of O. mykiss emigrated from Murderers Creek compared to Black Canyon Creek during two consecutive years (P < 0.001 for both years). There were no significant differences in proportion of emigrants between years within either stream (P > 0.10 for both streams). In Murderers Creek, odds of emigration were related to stream reach of summer residence. Odds of fall emigration were also significantly and positively related to body length in fall and growth rate during summer. This suggests that competitive dominants volitionally emigrated from Murderers Creek during fall. After emigration, O. mykiss dispersed primarily further downstream into the Mainstem John Day River. Radio-telemetry indicated that the majority of fall emigrants occupied a < 6 km section of the Mainstem John Day River. Fall emigrants had growth rates during their winter niche shift that were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those of individuals remaining in tributaries. This study underscores the need to monitor during all seasons to accurately characterize habitat quality. Life history patterns are an important population response to environmental change. This thesis provides an ecological context for monitoring recovery of O. mykiss populations in the South Fork John Day River basin. Close

• 229. [Article] Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon

  Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon Author: Clark, Darren A. Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). I used radio-telemetry and demographic surveys to describe demographic performance and habitat selection of spotted owls in the areas burned by the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Demographic surveys were conducted from 2003 – 2006 at the 3 fires. From September, 2004 – August, 2006, 26 spotted owls were monitored with radio-telemetry at the Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and their surrounding areas. I investigated differences in occupancy rates between the South Cascades Demography Area and the Timbered Rock Study Area from 1992 – 2006 using occupancy models in program MARK. Occupancy was similar at the Timbered Rock and South Cascades from 1992 – 2002 but occupancy declined rapidly following the Timbered Rock Fire when compared to unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. I also investigated the impacts of fire severity and habitat on occupancy at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Occupancy at all 3 fires declined from 2003 – 2006. Initial occupancy was positively influenced by the amount of roosting and foraging habitat with low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = -0.02 – 0.17) and negatively influenced by the amount of hard edge within the core (β = -0.33, 95% C.I. = -0.77 – 0.10). Extinction rates increased in a curvilinear manner as the amount of unsuitable habitat within the core increased (β = 2.15, 95% C.I. = 0.25 – 4.05) and as the amount of edge increased (β = 0.20, 95% C.I. = -0.01 – 0.41). Colonization rates were positively influenced by the amount of nesting, roosting and foraging habitat that received a low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = 0.02 – 0.15). Demographic surveys were used to determine the number of young fledged per pair of spotted owls. I found no significant differences in productivity of spotted owl pairs in burned landscapes at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. Survival was estimated in program MARK using known fates modeling of radio-telemetry data. Annual survival rates of spotted owls that resided within the fire or had recently emigrated out of the fire were lower (0.64, 95% C.I. = 0.37 – 0.84) than owls that resided outside the fire (1.00, 95% C.I. = 1.00 – 1.00). Annual home ranges of spotted owls in this study were on average 248.46 ha larger than home ranges observed in the same area prior to wildfire (t = -2.85, df = 32, p = 0.01). However, home ranges of spotted owls that resided inside the fire were not significantly different than owls that resided outside the fire (t = 0.72, df = 18, p = 0.48). Differences in home ranges of individual owls were best explained by the amount of hard edge within the 95% fixed kernel home range. Annual home ranges increased as the amount of hard edge within the home range increased (β = 30.71, SE = 2.65, p < 0.01). Logistic regression was used to assess selection of habitats in relation to early seral forests. Nesting, roosting and foraging habitat with low, moderate or high severity burn was selected by spotted owls in post-fire landscapes. Furthermore, roosting and foraging habitat with a moderate severity burn was also selected. Three habitats were used in a similar manner to early seral forests including; roosting and foraging habitat with low or high severity burn and salvage logged areas. Non-habitat was the only habitat that was commonly avoided. Several abiotic factors were important in determining post-fire habitat selection. Owls selected areas closer to hard edges, perennial streams and lower in elevation than random locations. Title: Demography and habitat selection of northern spotted owls in post-fire landscapes of southwestern Oregon Author: Clark, Darren A. Several large wildfires in southwestern Oregon during the summers of 2001 and 2002 provided the opportunity to investigate the impacts of wildfire on northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina). I used radio-telemetry and demographic surveys to describe demographic performance and habitat selection of spotted owls in the areas burned by the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Demographic surveys were conducted from 2003 – 2006 at the 3 fires. From September, 2004 – August, 2006, 26 spotted owls were monitored with radio-telemetry at the Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and their surrounding areas. I investigated differences in occupancy rates between the South Cascades Demography Area and the Timbered Rock Study Area from 1992 – 2006 using occupancy models in program MARK. Occupancy was similar at the Timbered Rock and South Cascades from 1992 – 2002 but occupancy declined rapidly following the Timbered Rock Fire when compared to unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. I also investigated the impacts of fire severity and habitat on occupancy at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires. Occupancy at all 3 fires declined from 2003 – 2006. Initial occupancy was positively influenced by the amount of roosting and foraging habitat with low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = -0.02 – 0.17) and negatively influenced by the amount of hard edge within the core (β = -0.33, 95% C.I. = -0.77 – 0.10). Extinction rates increased in a curvilinear manner as the amount of unsuitable habitat within the core increased (β = 2.15, 95% C.I. = 0.25 – 4.05) and as the amount of edge increased (β = 0.20, 95% C.I. = -0.01 – 0.41). Colonization rates were positively influenced by the amount of nesting, roosting and foraging habitat that received a low severity burn within the core (β = 0.08, 95% C.I. = 0.02 – 0.15). Demographic surveys were used to determine the number of young fledged per pair of spotted owls. I found no significant differences in productivity of spotted owl pairs in burned landscapes at the Biscuit, Quartz and Timbered Rock Fires and unburned landscapes at the South Cascades. Survival was estimated in program MARK using known fates modeling of radio-telemetry data. Annual survival rates of spotted owls that resided within the fire or had recently emigrated out of the fire were lower (0.64, 95% C.I. = 0.37 – 0.84) than owls that resided outside the fire (1.00, 95% C.I. = 1.00 – 1.00). Annual home ranges of spotted owls in this study were on average 248.46 ha larger than home ranges observed in the same area prior to wildfire (t = -2.85, df = 32, p = 0.01). However, home ranges of spotted owls that resided inside the fire were not significantly different than owls that resided outside the fire (t = 0.72, df = 18, p = 0.48). Differences in home ranges of individual owls were best explained by the amount of hard edge within the 95% fixed kernel home range. Annual home ranges increased as the amount of hard edge within the home range increased (β = 30.71, SE = 2.65, p < 0.01). Logistic regression was used to assess selection of habitats in relation to early seral forests. Nesting, roosting and foraging habitat with low, moderate or high severity burn was selected by spotted owls in post-fire landscapes. Furthermore, roosting and foraging habitat with a moderate severity burn was also selected. Three habitats were used in a similar manner to early seral forests including; roosting and foraging habitat with low or high severity burn and salvage logged areas. Non-habitat was the only habitat that was commonly avoided. Several abiotic factors were important in determining post-fire habitat selection. Owls selected areas closer to hard edges, perennial streams and lower in elevation than random locations. Close

• 230. [Article] Distribution of bats in Southeast Alaska and selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska

  We conducted capture and acoustic surveys for bats in six areas along a latitudinal gradient in Southeast Alaska from mid-May to September in 2005 and we continued surveys on Prince of Wales Island from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of bats in Southeast Alaska and selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska Author: Boland, Julia L. We conducted capture and acoustic surveys for bats in six areas along a latitudinal gradient in Southeast Alaska from mid-May to September in 2005 and we continued surveys on Prince of Wales Island from mid-May to September in 2006. We determined the level of effort required to catch each species and documented ranges in morphology and periods of reproduction. We captured little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus; California myotis, M. californicus; long-legged myotis, M. volans; and Keen’s myotis, M. keenii, and we acoustically detected and sighted the silver-haired bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans. Capture success varied by species, year, and type of capture site. Our surveys support prior research suggesting that the little brown myotis is the most abundant species in the region, although densities appear to be low relative to other parts of its range. California myotis and Keen’s myotis were captured as far north as Juneau. The long-legged myotis was captured on Wrangell and Prince of Wales Islands and the silver-haired bat was detected on Prince of Wales Island. Prince of Wales Island is the southernmost area we sampled and was the only area where all species were detected. Given low rates of detection, all species appear to occur in low densities in Southeast Alaska. Better understanding of population status and trends and examination of habitat ecology and response to forest management in the region is needed to prioritize conservation strategies. The Keen’s myotis is rare and has one of the most limited distributions of any bat species in North America. Understanding gender-specific roosting ecologies of bats at relevant spatial scales is necessary to effectively evaluate the impact of habitat alteration and prioritize conservation efforts for bats in temperate forests. We examined selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis from mid-May to September, 2006 on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska. Our objectives were to 1) examine relationships between and determine relative importance of habitat characteristics on selection of day-roosts at three spatial scales and 2) determine if habitat associations for males and females differed at each scale. We tracked 13 females to 62 roosts in trees and 6 males to 24 roosts in trees. Features at each spatial scale appeared to influence selection of day-roosts by female Keen’s myotis, but associations were strongest at the tree scale and trees used as roosts were primarily large in diameter with structural defects and located in old-growth forests. Trees in plots around roosts of females had large mean diameters and these plots had a high abundance of roost-like trees. Roosts were generally located near to roads and streams and surrounded by landscapes with a high abundance of old-growth and riparian habitat. Associations were evident for male Keen’s myotis at each spatial scale, but associations at the landscape scale were strongest. Male Keen’s myotis exhibited flexibility with the types of roosts they chose, but tree roosts were primarily snags in early to intermediate decay surrounded by a high relative abundance of roost-like trees that were closer to roads and further from riparian habitat. Habitat associations differed between males and females at each spatial scale and differences are likely a reflection of higher energetic constraints associated with reproduction for females. Energetic benefits gained from optimal roosting habitat may be critical for successful reproduction by females. Females primarily roosted in old-growth habitat and we suggest that maintaining structural components characteristic of old growth will promote conservation of Keen’s myotis in Southeast Alaska. Title: Distribution of bats in Southeast Alaska and selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska Author: Boland, Julia L. We conducted capture and acoustic surveys for bats in six areas along a latitudinal gradient in Southeast Alaska from mid-May to September in 2005 and we continued surveys on Prince of Wales Island from mid-May to September in 2006. We determined the level of effort required to catch each species and documented ranges in morphology and periods of reproduction. We captured little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus; California myotis, M. californicus; long-legged myotis, M. volans; and Keen’s myotis, M. keenii, and we acoustically detected and sighted the silver-haired bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans. Capture success varied by species, year, and type of capture site. Our surveys support prior research suggesting that the little brown myotis is the most abundant species in the region, although densities appear to be low relative to other parts of its range. California myotis and Keen’s myotis were captured as far north as Juneau. The long-legged myotis was captured on Wrangell and Prince of Wales Islands and the silver-haired bat was detected on Prince of Wales Island. Prince of Wales Island is the southernmost area we sampled and was the only area where all species were detected. Given low rates of detection, all species appear to occur in low densities in Southeast Alaska. Better understanding of population status and trends and examination of habitat ecology and response to forest management in the region is needed to prioritize conservation strategies. The Keen’s myotis is rare and has one of the most limited distributions of any bat species in North America. Understanding gender-specific roosting ecologies of bats at relevant spatial scales is necessary to effectively evaluate the impact of habitat alteration and prioritize conservation efforts for bats in temperate forests. We examined selection of day-roosts in trees by Keen’s myotis from mid-May to September, 2006 on Prince of Wales Island, Southeast Alaska. Our objectives were to 1) examine relationships between and determine relative importance of habitat characteristics on selection of day-roosts at three spatial scales and 2) determine if habitat associations for males and females differed at each scale. We tracked 13 females to 62 roosts in trees and 6 males to 24 roosts in trees. Features at each spatial scale appeared to influence selection of day-roosts by female Keen’s myotis, but associations were strongest at the tree scale and trees used as roosts were primarily large in diameter with structural defects and located in old-growth forests. Trees in plots around roosts of females had large mean diameters and these plots had a high abundance of roost-like trees. Roosts were generally located near to roads and streams and surrounded by landscapes with a high abundance of old-growth and riparian habitat. Associations were evident for male Keen’s myotis at each spatial scale, but associations at the landscape scale were strongest. Male Keen’s myotis exhibited flexibility with the types of roosts they chose, but tree roosts were primarily snags in early to intermediate decay surrounded by a high relative abundance of roost-like trees that were closer to roads and further from riparian habitat. Habitat associations differed between males and females at each spatial scale and differences are likely a reflection of higher energetic constraints associated with reproduction for females. Energetic benefits gained from optimal roosting habitat may be critical for successful reproduction by females. Females primarily roosted in old-growth habitat and we suggest that maintaining structural components characteristic of old growth will promote conservation of Keen’s myotis in Southeast Alaska. Close

• 231. [Article] A Hybrid-Dynamic Transition Phase for High Mix Low Volume Small-and-Medium Manufacturers

  SMEs with high-mix and low-volume (HMLV) operations face special challenges when implementing lean manufacturing practices due to scarcity of resources and ever changing market conditions. This is especially ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Hybrid-Dynamic Transition Phase for High Mix Low Volume Small-and-Medium Manufacturers Author: Girod, Olivia J. SMEs with high-mix and low-volume (HMLV) operations face special challenges when implementing lean manufacturing practices due to scarcity of resources and ever changing market conditions. This is especially critical for manufacturers that need to deliver orders to a high variety of customers with varying time response requirements. The objective of this study is to present a holistic approach to design hybrid-dynamic manufacturing systems (HDMS) for HMLV SMEs. The HDMS is introduced as a case-study, for an Oregon-based laboratory equipment HMLV manufacturer. The HDMS was utilized to incorporate hybrid lead times using an express line for high production volume products that would run in parallel with the regular production stream. The performance of the designed express line is modeled and validated with historical system performance. The simulation results indicate that the lead time of identified product models can be reduced without affecting the rest of the production flow. The case study shows that for HMLV SME manufacturers, a HDMS can provide a solution to implement hybrid lead times into their production lines. Title: A Hybrid-Dynamic Transition Phase for High Mix Low Volume Small-and-Medium Manufacturers Author: Girod, Olivia J. SMEs with high-mix and low-volume (HMLV) operations face special challenges when implementing lean manufacturing practices due to scarcity of resources and ever changing market conditions. This is especially critical for manufacturers that need to deliver orders to a high variety of customers with varying time response requirements. The objective of this study is to present a holistic approach to design hybrid-dynamic manufacturing systems (HDMS) for HMLV SMEs. The HDMS is introduced as a case-study, for an Oregon-based laboratory equipment HMLV manufacturer. The HDMS was utilized to incorporate hybrid lead times using an express line for high production volume products that would run in parallel with the regular production stream. The performance of the designed express line is modeled and validated with historical system performance. The simulation results indicate that the lead time of identified product models can be reduced without affecting the rest of the production flow. The case study shows that for HMLV SME manufacturers, a HDMS can provide a solution to implement hybrid lead times into their production lines. Close

• 232. [Article] Messenger ; Vol. 30 No. 2 (Winter/Spring 2016)

  19 pages.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Messenger ; Vol. 30 No. 2 (Winter/Spring 2016) Author: Rempel, Hannah, Robertshaw, Brooke, Boock, Michael, Moret, Daniel, Bahdee, Anne, McElroy, Kelly, Gilmont, Susan, Bridges, Laurie, Chadwell, Faye A. 19 pages. Title: Messenger ; Vol. 30 No. 2 (Winter/Spring 2016) Author: Rempel, Hannah, Robertshaw, Brooke, Boock, Michael, Moret, Daniel, Bahdee, Anne, McElroy, Kelly, Gilmont, Susan, Bridges, Laurie, Chadwell, Faye A. 19 pages. Close

• 233. [Article] Baseline macroinvertebrate bioassessment of Whychus Creek

  Poster from 2006 Cascades student poster session.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Baseline macroinvertebrate bioassessment of Whychus Creek Author: Parla, Anthony, Zurflu, Erin Poster from 2006 Cascades student poster session. Title: Baseline macroinvertebrate bioassessment of Whychus Creek Author: Parla, Anthony, Zurflu, Erin Poster from 2006 Cascades student poster session. Close

• 234. [Article] The Effect of Proximity to Energy Development on Public Attitudes: Fracking in the U.S.

  An oil and gas extraction technique commonly referred to as “fracking”, “hydraulic fracturing”, “hydrofracking” or “unconventional shale development” has recently emerged as a major national and international ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effect of Proximity to Energy Development on Public Attitudes: Fracking in the U.S. Author: Bugden, Dylan E. An oil and gas extraction technique commonly referred to as “fracking”, “hydraulic fracturing”, “hydrofracking” or “unconventional shale development” has recently emerged as a major national and international policy issue. This combination of new and preexisting technologies has quickly spread around the world, allowing for the development of large, previously unviable oil and gas reserves. A large body of literature on “NIMBY” and “LULU” phenomena suggest that proximity to similar types of energy development can shape public attitudes toward new energy facilities and development. However, previous research has failed to account for how previous industry activity interacts with current industry efforts in shaping attitudes. By combining geospatial data on historical oil and gas industry activity and current shale development with a nationally representative survey of U.S. residents (N=1,061), we examine how proximity to previous and current oil and gas development independently influence attitudes toward fracking. While we find limited evidence for the impact of historical oil and gas development on current attitudes toward fracking, survey respondents within a current shale play were more likely to support fracking. Based on these findings, we discuss recommendations for future research and energy policy. Title: The Effect of Proximity to Energy Development on Public Attitudes: Fracking in the U.S. Author: Bugden, Dylan E. An oil and gas extraction technique commonly referred to as “fracking”, “hydraulic fracturing”, “hydrofracking” or “unconventional shale development” has recently emerged as a major national and international policy issue. This combination of new and preexisting technologies has quickly spread around the world, allowing for the development of large, previously unviable oil and gas reserves. A large body of literature on “NIMBY” and “LULU” phenomena suggest that proximity to similar types of energy development can shape public attitudes toward new energy facilities and development. However, previous research has failed to account for how previous industry activity interacts with current industry efforts in shaping attitudes. By combining geospatial data on historical oil and gas industry activity and current shale development with a nationally representative survey of U.S. residents (N=1,061), we examine how proximity to previous and current oil and gas development independently influence attitudes toward fracking. While we find limited evidence for the impact of historical oil and gas development on current attitudes toward fracking, survey respondents within a current shale play were more likely to support fracking. Based on these findings, we discuss recommendations for future research and energy policy. Close

• 235. [Article] Peavy Arboretum : an archaeological and historical investigation of a Willamette Valley landscape

  This thesis documents a period of ecological and cultural change on a Willamette Valley, Oregon landscape. In particular, this study examines the Peavy Arboretum area and the cultural changes that accompanied ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Peavy Arboretum : an archaeological and historical investigation of a Willamette Valley landscape Author: Hylton, Lindon B. This thesis documents a period of ecological and cultural change on a Willamette Valley, Oregon landscape. In particular, this study examines the Peavy Arboretum area and the cultural changes that accompanied the transformation of the landscape from an oak savannah in the mid-nineteenth century to a dense Douglas-fir forest in the early twentieth century. Culturally, the inhabitants of this period included late-prehistoric native people, Euro-American based fur industry personnel, and Euro-American settlers. As a student of history and archaeology, I have used a combination of methods and sources for this study including surface surveys for cultural materials and features, archaeological excavations and analysis, and documented materials. Knowledge gained as a result of surveys and excavations are studied within the context of other Willamette Valley archaeology, and likewise, documented materials concerning this landscape and its historic features and people are compared against larger patterns in the history of the American West. Geographically, the study area was in a fortunate position to witness cultural events. Located along the edge of the foothills of the Willamette Valley, its many desirable features attracted both native people and the first white settlers. The study area was also located along a main route of travel that was used by natives, fur company personnel, travelers, and Euro-American settlers. The section of trail has been a part of regional travel routes known at different times as the Hudson's Bay Company Trail, the California Trail, the Southern Route (Scott-Applegate Trail), and the Territorial Road. The objective of this thesis was to see what kind of information could be retrieved for a given landscape using a variety of methods practiced in history and archaeology. I believe such a multi-disciplinary approach allowed me to be more flexible and open to all pertinent sources of information. This type of investigation also provided an example of the type of work that could be done professionally when determining the cultural significance of a property. My fascination with the study of landscapes and their cultural features was also influential in my selection of a thesis topic. Title: Peavy Arboretum : an archaeological and historical investigation of a Willamette Valley landscape Author: Hylton, Lindon B. This thesis documents a period of ecological and cultural change on a Willamette Valley, Oregon landscape. In particular, this study examines the Peavy Arboretum area and the cultural changes that accompanied the transformation of the landscape from an oak savannah in the mid-nineteenth century to a dense Douglas-fir forest in the early twentieth century. Culturally, the inhabitants of this period included late-prehistoric native people, Euro-American based fur industry personnel, and Euro-American settlers. As a student of history and archaeology, I have used a combination of methods and sources for this study including surface surveys for cultural materials and features, archaeological excavations and analysis, and documented materials. Knowledge gained as a result of surveys and excavations are studied within the context of other Willamette Valley archaeology, and likewise, documented materials concerning this landscape and its historic features and people are compared against larger patterns in the history of the American West. Geographically, the study area was in a fortunate position to witness cultural events. Located along the edge of the foothills of the Willamette Valley, its many desirable features attracted both native people and the first white settlers. The study area was also located along a main route of travel that was used by natives, fur company personnel, travelers, and Euro-American settlers. The section of trail has been a part of regional travel routes known at different times as the Hudson's Bay Company Trail, the California Trail, the Southern Route (Scott-Applegate Trail), and the Territorial Road. The objective of this thesis was to see what kind of information could be retrieved for a given landscape using a variety of methods practiced in history and archaeology. I believe such a multi-disciplinary approach allowed me to be more flexible and open to all pertinent sources of information. This type of investigation also provided an example of the type of work that could be done professionally when determining the cultural significance of a property. My fascination with the study of landscapes and their cultural features was also influential in my selection of a thesis topic. Close

• 236. [Article] Clam resources in a proposed Charleston boat basis expansion site

  In 1977, the Port of Coos Bay wanted to expand its marina facilities at Charleston. One of the sites considered was an historically important clam bed. "Because of the importance of this tideflat to recreational ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clam resources in a proposed Charleston boat basis expansion site Author: Gaumer, Thomas F., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife In 1977, the Port of Coos Bay wanted to expand its marina facilities at Charleston. One of the sites considered was an historically important clam bed. "Because of the importance of this tideflat to recreational clam diggers, we conducted a biological inventory of the clam flat during July 1977. Results of this survey are presented in this report." (from the Introduction) Note: although the title page carries the designation, "Information report 78-1," this title is not part of the "Information report series. Fisheries." Title: Clam resources in a proposed Charleston boat basis expansion site Author: Gaumer, Thomas F., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife In 1977, the Port of Coos Bay wanted to expand its marina facilities at Charleston. One of the sites considered was an historically important clam bed. "Because of the importance of this tideflat to recreational clam diggers, we conducted a biological inventory of the clam flat during July 1977. Results of this survey are presented in this report." (from the Introduction) Note: although the title page carries the designation, "Information report 78-1," this title is not part of the "Information report series. Fisheries." Close

• 237. [Article] Taxonomic Clarification of Lupinus oreganus and Lupinus biddlei in the Pacific Northwest, USA

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Western North American Naturalist Publications and can be found at: https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/wnan/.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Taxonomic Clarification of Lupinus oreganus and Lupinus biddlei in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Tran, Tri, Meyers, Stephen C., Severns, Paul M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Western North American Naturalist Publications and can be found at: https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/wnan/. Title: Taxonomic Clarification of Lupinus oreganus and Lupinus biddlei in the Pacific Northwest, USA Author: Tran, Tri, Meyers, Stephen C., Severns, Paul M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Western North American Naturalist Publications and can be found at: https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/wnan/. Close

• 238. [Article] Confirmation of right whales near a historic whaling ground east of southern Greenland

  This is the author's final peer-reviewed manuscript as accepted by the publisher, Royal Society. The publisher's pdf can be found at Biology Letters: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Confirmation of right whales near a historic whaling ground east of southern Greenland Author: Dziak, Robert P., Nieukirk, Sharon, Brandsdóttir, Bryndis, Klinck, Karolin, Clapham, Phillip J., Mellinger, David K., Klinck, Holger This is the author's final peer-reviewed manuscript as accepted by the publisher, Royal Society. The publisher's pdf can be found at Biology Letters: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ Title: Confirmation of right whales near a historic whaling ground east of southern Greenland Author: Dziak, Robert P., Nieukirk, Sharon, Brandsdóttir, Bryndis, Klinck, Karolin, Clapham, Phillip J., Mellinger, David K., Klinck, Holger This is the author's final peer-reviewed manuscript as accepted by the publisher, Royal Society. The publisher's pdf can be found at Biology Letters: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ Close

• 239. [Article] Disturbance and landscape history as a reference for evaluating forest management effects at a regional scale : examples from the Coast Range of Oregon, USA

  History is an invaluable source of information to understand and evaluate management influences on contemporary ecosystems and landscapes. The first two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) explored the concept ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disturbance and landscape history as a reference for evaluating forest management effects at a regional scale : examples from the Coast Range of Oregon, USA Author: Nonaka, Etsuko History is an invaluable source of information to understand and evaluate management influences on contemporary ecosystems and landscapes. The first two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) explored the concept of historical range of variability (HRV) in landscape structure and stand structure using a stochastic fire simulation model to simulate presettlement (before 1850) landscapes of the Oregon Coast Range. HRV has been defined as the bounded variability of a system within constraints imposed by larger-scale phenomena (e.g. climate, topography) and without significant modern human influence. HRV of landscapes has been proposed as a guide for biodiversity conservation in the past decade. In Chapter 2, I estimated HRV of a regional landscape and evaluated the similarity of current and alternative future landscapes under two land management scenarios to the conditions within the HRV. The simulation results indicated that historical landscapes of the region were dynamic, composed of patches of various sizes and age classes ranging from 0 to> 800 years as well as numerous small unburned island patches. The current landscape was outside the HRV. The landscape did not return to the HRV in 100 years under either scenario largely because of lack of old-growth forests and overabundance of young forests. This study showed that the HRV can provide a reference condition for concrete, quantitative evaluations of landscape conditions and alternative management scenarios if sufficient data exist for estimating HRV. Departure from HRV can serve as an indicator of landscape conditions, but results depend on scale and quantification of landscape heterogeneity. In Chapter 3, I investigated the HRV in live and dead biomass and examined variability in disturbance history and forest stand development. I calculated biomass as a function of disturbance history. The HRV of live and dead wood biomass distributions revealed that the majority of the landscape historically contained > 500 Mg/ha of live wood and 50-200 Mg/ha of dead wood. The current dead wood condition is outside HRV. There was a wide variation in dead wood biomass because of variations in disturbance history. This study suggests that natural disturbance regimes and stand development are characterized by much larger variation than is typically portrayed or appreciated. The HRV approaches to evaluating landscape conditions need to include both landscape and stand characteristics to better represent ecological differences between managed and unmanaged landscapes. In Chapter 4, I used remotely sensed data and historical vegetation data in a GIS to examine changes occurred in vegetation cover since settlement in two major valleys, the Coquille and Tillamook, in the region. I used existing historical vegetation maps of the two valleys and collected historical vegetation data from the General Land Office (GLO) survey records. I characterized current vegetation conditions using an unsupervised classification of satellite images. Historically, the Coquille Valley was dominated by hardwood trees and the Tillamook was by conifers. Valley bottoms in both areas differed in vegetation from nearby uplands. Tree-covered areas have declined substantially in both valleys as a result of agriculture and development. The historical data offered reference conditions for assessment of changes in biodiversity that have occurred in these unique habitats. This thesis illustrates the benefit of using historical landscape information for better understanding of human influence on the landscape. Historical data often have many assumptions and limitations, but ecological impacts of landscape changes on native biota can be better understood by comparisons with historical conditions. Title: Disturbance and landscape history as a reference for evaluating forest management effects at a regional scale : examples from the Coast Range of Oregon, USA Author: Nonaka, Etsuko History is an invaluable source of information to understand and evaluate management influences on contemporary ecosystems and landscapes. The first two chapters (Chapters 2 and 3) explored the concept of historical range of variability (HRV) in landscape structure and stand structure using a stochastic fire simulation model to simulate presettlement (before 1850) landscapes of the Oregon Coast Range. HRV has been defined as the bounded variability of a system within constraints imposed by larger-scale phenomena (e.g. climate, topography) and without significant modern human influence. HRV of landscapes has been proposed as a guide for biodiversity conservation in the past decade. In Chapter 2, I estimated HRV of a regional landscape and evaluated the similarity of current and alternative future landscapes under two land management scenarios to the conditions within the HRV. The simulation results indicated that historical landscapes of the region were dynamic, composed of patches of various sizes and age classes ranging from 0 to> 800 years as well as numerous small unburned island patches. The current landscape was outside the HRV. The landscape did not return to the HRV in 100 years under either scenario largely because of lack of old-growth forests and overabundance of young forests. This study showed that the HRV can provide a reference condition for concrete, quantitative evaluations of landscape conditions and alternative management scenarios if sufficient data exist for estimating HRV. Departure from HRV can serve as an indicator of landscape conditions, but results depend on scale and quantification of landscape heterogeneity. In Chapter 3, I investigated the HRV in live and dead biomass and examined variability in disturbance history and forest stand development. I calculated biomass as a function of disturbance history. The HRV of live and dead wood biomass distributions revealed that the majority of the landscape historically contained > 500 Mg/ha of live wood and 50-200 Mg/ha of dead wood. The current dead wood condition is outside HRV. There was a wide variation in dead wood biomass because of variations in disturbance history. This study suggests that natural disturbance regimes and stand development are characterized by much larger variation than is typically portrayed or appreciated. The HRV approaches to evaluating landscape conditions need to include both landscape and stand characteristics to better represent ecological differences between managed and unmanaged landscapes. In Chapter 4, I used remotely sensed data and historical vegetation data in a GIS to examine changes occurred in vegetation cover since settlement in two major valleys, the Coquille and Tillamook, in the region. I used existing historical vegetation maps of the two valleys and collected historical vegetation data from the General Land Office (GLO) survey records. I characterized current vegetation conditions using an unsupervised classification of satellite images. Historically, the Coquille Valley was dominated by hardwood trees and the Tillamook was by conifers. Valley bottoms in both areas differed in vegetation from nearby uplands. Tree-covered areas have declined substantially in both valleys as a result of agriculture and development. The historical data offered reference conditions for assessment of changes in biodiversity that have occurred in these unique habitats. This thesis illustrates the benefit of using historical landscape information for better understanding of human influence on the landscape. Historical data often have many assumptions and limitations, but ecological impacts of landscape changes on native biota can be better understood by comparisons with historical conditions. Close

• 240. [Article] Citizen Science Research : A Focus on Historical Whaling Data and a Current Marine Mammal Citizen Science Project, Whale mAPP

  Citizen science work has built the foundation of much of our knowledge on regional-scale large cetacean spatial patterns through historical whaling data. Historical whaling data on sperm whales was used ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Citizen Science Research : A Focus on Historical Whaling Data and a Current Marine Mammal Citizen Science Project, Whale mAPP Author: Hann, Courtney Citizen science work has built the foundation of much of our knowledge on regional-scale large cetacean spatial patterns through historical whaling data. Historical whaling data on sperm whales was used as an example to show the type of ecological questions large-scale, long-term citizen science datasets can address. Results from the study revealed a seasonally driven association of sperm whales with shallow, presumably biologically productive, seamounts off northeastern New Zealand. Similar modeling work could be presumably accomplished with current marine mammal citizen science efforts, such as the mobile application Whale mAPP. Yet, the success of Whale mAPP is dependent on if the citizen science project is effective at recruiting volunteers, maintaining volunteers, providing an educational environment, interpreting biases apparent in the dataset, and producing data that can be used for research. Thereby, the spatial, species, and user biases associated with collected Whale mAPP data were evaluated by using home range estimates for expert and novice data, and comparing the results to previous marine mammal studies. Results suggest that both expert and novice users’ had greater survey effort near towns, the recruitment center, and common travel routes. Species bias was found to be different between marine mammal ecological distribution groups, requiring varying sample sizes to accurately predict their home ranges. Furthermore, two surveys were used to evaluate if the educational components added to Whale mAPP achieved various informal education goals. Surveys were also used to interpret user perception and motivation for participating, and suggested revisions for the citizen science project. Overall, volunteers were motivated to participate based on pre-existing interests in marine mammals and the ocean, and enjoyed the added educational components. Yet, these added components were not enough to change users' marine mammal conservation knowledge, only to improve novice users' identification skills. The top revisions, adding detailed behavioral descriptions and allowing users to revise past sightings, are now being implemented and integrated into the new version of Whale mAPP, which will be released in January 2016. Overall, results from these studies will provide insight to future Whale mAPP development, data analyses, and can be applied broadly to other citizen science and marine mammal studies as well. Title: Citizen Science Research : A Focus on Historical Whaling Data and a Current Marine Mammal Citizen Science Project, Whale mAPP Author: Hann, Courtney Citizen science work has built the foundation of much of our knowledge on regional-scale large cetacean spatial patterns through historical whaling data. Historical whaling data on sperm whales was used as an example to show the type of ecological questions large-scale, long-term citizen science datasets can address. Results from the study revealed a seasonally driven association of sperm whales with shallow, presumably biologically productive, seamounts off northeastern New Zealand. Similar modeling work could be presumably accomplished with current marine mammal citizen science efforts, such as the mobile application Whale mAPP. Yet, the success of Whale mAPP is dependent on if the citizen science project is effective at recruiting volunteers, maintaining volunteers, providing an educational environment, interpreting biases apparent in the dataset, and producing data that can be used for research. Thereby, the spatial, species, and user biases associated with collected Whale mAPP data were evaluated by using home range estimates for expert and novice data, and comparing the results to previous marine mammal studies. Results suggest that both expert and novice users’ had greater survey effort near towns, the recruitment center, and common travel routes. Species bias was found to be different between marine mammal ecological distribution groups, requiring varying sample sizes to accurately predict their home ranges. Furthermore, two surveys were used to evaluate if the educational components added to Whale mAPP achieved various informal education goals. Surveys were also used to interpret user perception and motivation for participating, and suggested revisions for the citizen science project. Overall, volunteers were motivated to participate based on pre-existing interests in marine mammals and the ocean, and enjoyed the added educational components. Yet, these added components were not enough to change users' marine mammal conservation knowledge, only to improve novice users' identification skills. The top revisions, adding detailed behavioral descriptions and allowing users to revise past sightings, are now being implemented and integrated into the new version of Whale mAPP, which will be released in January 2016. Overall, results from these studies will provide insight to future Whale mAPP development, data analyses, and can be applied broadly to other citizen science and marine mammal studies as well. Close

• 241. [Article] A bioeconomic analysis of altering instream flows anadromous fish production and competing demands for water in the John Day River basin, Oregon

  The growing demand for water in the arid regions of the West increases the need for optimal allocation of water among competing uses. An efficient allocation of water between instream and out-of-stream uses ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A bioeconomic analysis of altering instream flows anadromous fish production and competing demands for water in the John Day River basin, Oregon Author: Johnson, Neal S. The growing demand for water in the arid regions of the West increases the need for optimal allocation of water among competing uses. An efficient allocation of water between instream and out-of-stream uses has been impeded by institutional constraints and the scarcity of information regarding instream flow benefits. The objectives of this thesis were to provide preliminary economic data on the value of instream water in "producing" recreational fishing and to examine the effect of forestry, agriculture, and livestock practices on temporal streamflow patterns and anadromous fish production. The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) sport fishery within the John Day River basin in north-central Oregon provided the setting for this research. The interdisciplinary methodology employed in estimating the marginal value of water with respect to steelhead production consisted of two tasks. The first task involved valuing a marginal change in the quality of the steelhead recreational fishery. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was selected for this purpose. Both open- and closed-ended willingness-to-pay (WTP) questions were included in a questionnaire administered to John Day River steelhead anglers during the 1986/87 steelhead fishing season. Survey data were analyzed to arrive at individual and aggregate bid functions relating WTP to expected angling success rates. Results indicate that, under current conditions, the average angler is willing to pay approximately $7.20 to catch an additional steelhead. The second task of the instream water valuation methodology was directed at deriving a streamflow/steelhead production relationship. By including variables influencing steelhead production in a Ricker stock-recruitment model, it was possible to develop a model which could be estimated using linear regression techniques. Some difficulty arose, however, with interpretation of the model due to the unavailability of cohort escapement data and the subsequent use of standing crop data. While possibly masking the true magnitude of streamflow's effect on fish production, this drawback was not deemed limiting within the general context of the interdisciplinary methodology. Results of the biological model conformed to a priori expectations. Increases in summer and winter streamflows led to increased steelhead survival, whereas higher spring flows increased mortality levels. Other results indicate that the John Day Dam was responsible for a 31.5 percent decline in the population index for the 1969-1983 period. Combining the economic and biological results into one equation yielded an estimate of the marginal value of summer instream water in "producing" recreational steelhead angling. Similar equations were developed for winter and spring flows. The marginal value of water in producing recreational steelhead fishing within the John Day basin was estimated at $0.56 per acre-foot for summer flows, $0.046 for winter flows, and -$0.075 for spring flows. By including out-of-basin benefits, these values increased to $2.26, $0.19, and -$0.30, respectively. In comparison, water's value in irrigation within the John Day basin has been estimated at between $10 to $24 per acre-foot. However, nonuse values of steelhead, as well as the increased production of other fish species (such as spring chinook salmon) were not included in the instream water values. In addition, no attempt was made at valuing instream water's contribution to boating, camping, or other benefit-producing activities. A secondary objective of this thesis was to briefly examine the possible benefits accruing to other instream and out-of-stream users due to an alteration in streamflow patterns. In addition, the impact of activities by other resource users -- namely forestry, agriculture, and livestock production --on anadromous fish production was reviewed. Improper management practices by these activities can negatively impact the aquatic and riparian ecosystems. While no firm conclusions were drawn, it appears the quality of these ecosystems, as opposed to the amount of streamflow, has the largest marginal impact on anadromous fish populations. Title: A bioeconomic analysis of altering instream flows anadromous fish production and competing demands for water in the John Day River basin, Oregon Author: Johnson, Neal S. The growing demand for water in the arid regions of the West increases the need for optimal allocation of water among competing uses. An efficient allocation of water between instream and out-of-stream uses has been impeded by institutional constraints and the scarcity of information regarding instream flow benefits. The objectives of this thesis were to provide preliminary economic data on the value of instream water in "producing" recreational fishing and to examine the effect of forestry, agriculture, and livestock practices on temporal streamflow patterns and anadromous fish production. The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) sport fishery within the John Day River basin in north-central Oregon provided the setting for this research. The interdisciplinary methodology employed in estimating the marginal value of water with respect to steelhead production consisted of two tasks. The first task involved valuing a marginal change in the quality of the steelhead recreational fishery. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was selected for this purpose. Both open- and closed-ended willingness-to-pay (WTP) questions were included in a questionnaire administered to John Day River steelhead anglers during the 1986/87 steelhead fishing season. Survey data were analyzed to arrive at individual and aggregate bid functions relating WTP to expected angling success rates. Results indicate that, under current conditions, the average angler is willing to pay approximately $7.20 to catch an additional steelhead. The second task of the instream water valuation methodology was directed at deriving a streamflow/steelhead production relationship. By including variables influencing steelhead production in a Ricker stock-recruitment model, it was possible to develop a model which could be estimated using linear regression techniques. Some difficulty arose, however, with interpretation of the model due to the unavailability of cohort escapement data and the subsequent use of standing crop data. While possibly masking the true magnitude of streamflow's effect on fish production, this drawback was not deemed limiting within the general context of the interdisciplinary methodology. Results of the biological model conformed to a priori expectations. Increases in summer and winter streamflows led to increased steelhead survival, whereas higher spring flows increased mortality levels. Other results indicate that the John Day Dam was responsible for a 31.5 percent decline in the population index for the 1969-1983 period. Combining the economic and biological results into one equation yielded an estimate of the marginal value of summer instream water in "producing" recreational steelhead angling. Similar equations were developed for winter and spring flows. The marginal value of water in producing recreational steelhead fishing within the John Day basin was estimated at $0.56 per acre-foot for summer flows, $0.046 for winter flows, and -$0.075 for spring flows. By including out-of-basin benefits, these values increased to $2.26, $0.19, and -$0.30, respectively. In comparison, water's value in irrigation within the John Day basin has been estimated at between $10 to $24 per acre-foot. However, nonuse values of steelhead, as well as the increased production of other fish species (such as spring chinook salmon) were not included in the instream water values. In addition, no attempt was made at valuing instream water's contribution to boating, camping, or other benefit-producing activities. A secondary objective of this thesis was to briefly examine the possible benefits accruing to other instream and out-of-stream users due to an alteration in streamflow patterns. In addition, the impact of activities by other resource users -- namely forestry, agriculture, and livestock production --on anadromous fish production was reviewed. Improper management practices by these activities can negatively impact the aquatic and riparian ecosystems. While no firm conclusions were drawn, it appears the quality of these ecosystems, as opposed to the amount of streamflow, has the largest marginal impact on anadromous fish populations. Close

• 242. [Article] "Style upon style": The Handmaid's Tale as a palimpsest of genres

  This thesis undertakes an examination of Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, as a layering of genres. A futuristic dystopia that imagines late twentieth-century America as having fallen ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Style upon style": The Handmaid's Tale as a palimpsest of genres Author: Boulware, Taylor J. This thesis undertakes an examination of Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, as a layering of genres. A futuristic dystopia that imagines late twentieth-century America as having fallen into neo-Puritanism and totalitarianism following widespread infertility and violence, The Handmaid’s Tale invites contemplation of various forms of fundamentalism, radicalism, and sexual politics. Atwood’s use of palimpsestic imagery to convey a layered experience of time extends to the generic complexity of The Handmaid’s Tale. Using the image of the palimpsest as the controlling metaphor, I survey the ways in which the novel can be read as an historical novel, satire, and postmodern text, exploring the ways in which the novel embodies and extends the defining characteristics of each genre. These genres share the common trait of functioning as social commentary. Thus, an examination of the novel’s layering of genres works to provide greater insights into the ways in which Atwood is interrogating the mid-1980s cultural milieu to which she was responding and from which she was writing. Title: "Style upon style": The Handmaid's Tale as a palimpsest of genres Author: Boulware, Taylor J. This thesis undertakes an examination of Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, as a layering of genres. A futuristic dystopia that imagines late twentieth-century America as having fallen into neo-Puritanism and totalitarianism following widespread infertility and violence, The Handmaid’s Tale invites contemplation of various forms of fundamentalism, radicalism, and sexual politics. Atwood’s use of palimpsestic imagery to convey a layered experience of time extends to the generic complexity of The Handmaid’s Tale. Using the image of the palimpsest as the controlling metaphor, I survey the ways in which the novel can be read as an historical novel, satire, and postmodern text, exploring the ways in which the novel embodies and extends the defining characteristics of each genre. These genres share the common trait of functioning as social commentary. Thus, an examination of the novel’s layering of genres works to provide greater insights into the ways in which Atwood is interrogating the mid-1980s cultural milieu to which she was responding and from which she was writing. Close

• 243. [Article] Economic interrelationships in a small farming area: towards an estimate of the threshold of agricultural production for sustainable farming

  This report is intended to increase the understanding of interrelationships in a small farming community. It consists of three main sections. First, it begins with an historical review of agriculture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic interrelationships in a small farming area: towards an estimate of the threshold of agricultural production for sustainable farming Author: Weber, Bruce, Rashford, Benjamin, Evonuk, Rose, Lewis, David This report is intended to increase the understanding of interrelationships in a small farming community. It consists of three main sections. First, it begins with an historical review of agriculture in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Since every agricultural region has unique components it is important to begin any modeling process with an understanding of the subject at hand. The historical review provides readers and modelers with a general understanding of the unique components of the agricultural infrastructure in the region. Section two of the report uses a survey of agricultural producers in Polk County, Oregon in order to elucidate the degree of dependence between neighboring farms. Lastly, section three contains a dynamic simulation model of agricultural land conversion in Polk County, Oregon. Title: Economic interrelationships in a small farming area: towards an estimate of the threshold of agricultural production for sustainable farming Author: Weber, Bruce, Rashford, Benjamin, Evonuk, Rose, Lewis, David This report is intended to increase the understanding of interrelationships in a small farming community. It consists of three main sections. First, it begins with an historical review of agriculture in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Since every agricultural region has unique components it is important to begin any modeling process with an understanding of the subject at hand. The historical review provides readers and modelers with a general understanding of the unique components of the agricultural infrastructure in the region. Section two of the report uses a survey of agricultural producers in Polk County, Oregon in order to elucidate the degree of dependence between neighboring farms. Lastly, section three contains a dynamic simulation model of agricultural land conversion in Polk County, Oregon. Close

• 244. [Article] Evaluation of estuarine channel conditions in Coos Bay, Oregon using side-scan sonar

  Side-scan sonar records in Oregon's Coos Bay estuary navigation channels were obtained at intervals of two to three months during the November 1974 - October 1975 time period from Coos Bay Channel Mile 11+50 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of estuarine channel conditions in Coos Bay, Oregon using side-scan sonar Author: Hartman, Gregory L. Side-scan sonar records in Oregon's Coos Bay estuary navigation channels were obtained at intervals of two to three months during the November 1974 - October 1975 time period from Coos Bay Channel Mile 11+50 to 15+20, and from a reach in the Marshfield Channel. A limited side-scan survey effort was also accomplished in the South Slough from Channel Mile 1+00 to 2+30 and in the Coos Bay main channel, from Channel Mile 2+40 to 11+50. The latter surveys were considered secondary to the prime research effort, but did provide imagery results of significance which are included in this report. A primary study task was to attempt identification of sediment types on the Coos Bay Estuary bed by side-scan survey. It was determined that objects with a diameter size of 10 centimeters or larger could be directly identifiable from side-scan imagery results. Lesser sized materials, such as sands and small shells were not directly seen on the sonographs but accurate inference through interpretation of tonal response and sonograph imagery patterns was proven to be possible. Another task was to discern deep draft vessel impacts on the estuary bed in the Coos Bay Navigation Channel from Channel Mile 12+00 to 15+20. The annual sediment turnover value attributed to vessels plying the navigation channel as interpreted by side-scan survey has been calculated to be approximately 350,000 cubic yards versus a historical annual removal of 390,000 cubic yards per year by dredging activities. A method using the side-scan equipment to establish bedload transport processes and transport values in marine waters was suggested during the study period. The method has been expanded to include calculation of a rate of sediment turnover resulting from movement of the bedload. Side-scan records were obtained immediately following pipeline maintenance dredging of the navigation channel above Channel Mile 12+00. The dredging signature left along the navigation channel and the relative rate of return of topographic bed conditions to a predredge status has been presented. Little major change in the bed sediments or topography occurred during the course of this study and has been confirmed by side-scan records. Hopper dredge activities in the upper bay were also recorded by side-scan imagery. Suggested future applications of side-scan equipment are also discussed. including the potential for an improved method of classifying estuaries. The basis for classification utilizes side-scan sonar to identify estuarine bed sediment types and the recovery rate of the bed from natural or man-made disturbances. Title: Evaluation of estuarine channel conditions in Coos Bay, Oregon using side-scan sonar Author: Hartman, Gregory L. Side-scan sonar records in Oregon's Coos Bay estuary navigation channels were obtained at intervals of two to three months during the November 1974 - October 1975 time period from Coos Bay Channel Mile 11+50 to 15+20, and from a reach in the Marshfield Channel. A limited side-scan survey effort was also accomplished in the South Slough from Channel Mile 1+00 to 2+30 and in the Coos Bay main channel, from Channel Mile 2+40 to 11+50. The latter surveys were considered secondary to the prime research effort, but did provide imagery results of significance which are included in this report. A primary study task was to attempt identification of sediment types on the Coos Bay Estuary bed by side-scan survey. It was determined that objects with a diameter size of 10 centimeters or larger could be directly identifiable from side-scan imagery results. Lesser sized materials, such as sands and small shells were not directly seen on the sonographs but accurate inference through interpretation of tonal response and sonograph imagery patterns was proven to be possible. Another task was to discern deep draft vessel impacts on the estuary bed in the Coos Bay Navigation Channel from Channel Mile 12+00 to 15+20. The annual sediment turnover value attributed to vessels plying the navigation channel as interpreted by side-scan survey has been calculated to be approximately 350,000 cubic yards versus a historical annual removal of 390,000 cubic yards per year by dredging activities. A method using the side-scan equipment to establish bedload transport processes and transport values in marine waters was suggested during the study period. The method has been expanded to include calculation of a rate of sediment turnover resulting from movement of the bedload. Side-scan records were obtained immediately following pipeline maintenance dredging of the navigation channel above Channel Mile 12+00. The dredging signature left along the navigation channel and the relative rate of return of topographic bed conditions to a predredge status has been presented. Little major change in the bed sediments or topography occurred during the course of this study and has been confirmed by side-scan records. Hopper dredge activities in the upper bay were also recorded by side-scan imagery. Suggested future applications of side-scan equipment are also discussed. including the potential for an improved method of classifying estuaries. The basis for classification utilizes side-scan sonar to identify estuarine bed sediment types and the recovery rate of the bed from natural or man-made disturbances. Close

• 245. [Article] A household hazardous waste survey of Benton County, OR

  Every year, the United States produces at least 236 million metric tons of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is defined as solid waste that can pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A household hazardous waste survey of Benton County, OR Author: McEvoy, John Every year, the United States produces at least 236 million metric tons of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is defined as solid waste that can pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment when disposed of incorrectly. Some commonly used household products, when disposed of, become hazardous waste; historically, much of this household hazardous waste (HHW) has been disposed of into systems not designed to safely handle hazardous waste. One solution to this disposal problem is providing safe disposal systems for household hazardous waste in the community. The purpose of this study was to survey the population of Benton County, OR to assess the residents' HHW disposal practices, attitudes and beliefs about HHW as an environmental health risk, and preferences for a safe disposal system. Benton County residents' awareness of the current community program for recycling used household items was also investigated. This study indicated that incorrect disposal methods were used by the majority of subjects for almost all HHW surveyed, and that for nonautomotive HHW, landfilling was the most common means of disposal. The majority of subjects in this study disposed of used motor oil and lead-acid batteries by recycling these HHW. A permanent collection site for HHW disposal was the preferred disposal option for 62% of subjects, and 100% of those subjects choosing this option said they would drive up to 5 miles to use this facility. This study indicates that the largest number of subjects preferred the option of paying a user fee for HHW disposal as a means of funding a HHW disposal system. Three-fourths of the subjects reported a high or moderate amount of concern about the contribution of HHW to pollution of surface and groundwater, and 68% of the subjects stated that they lacked confidence in the landfill to safely contain chemical wastes. Approximately one-half of the subjects recalled reading or hearing about HHW disposal in the past year, and 62% of the subjects stated that they would call their garbage disposal company for HHW disposal information. The results of this study indicate that 90% of the Benton County residents surveyed were aware of their curbside recycling program. This study suggests that Benton County residents are concerned about the possible adverse environmental health effects of incorrect HHW disposal, and supports a permanent collection site for the safe disposal of HHW, as well as increased public education, as means of reducing the risks to human health and the environment caused by incorrect HHW disposal. Title: A household hazardous waste survey of Benton County, OR Author: McEvoy, John Every year, the United States produces at least 236 million metric tons of hazardous waste. Hazardous waste is defined as solid waste that can pose a substantial threat to human health and the environment when disposed of incorrectly. Some commonly used household products, when disposed of, become hazardous waste; historically, much of this household hazardous waste (HHW) has been disposed of into systems not designed to safely handle hazardous waste. One solution to this disposal problem is providing safe disposal systems for household hazardous waste in the community. The purpose of this study was to survey the population of Benton County, OR to assess the residents' HHW disposal practices, attitudes and beliefs about HHW as an environmental health risk, and preferences for a safe disposal system. Benton County residents' awareness of the current community program for recycling used household items was also investigated. This study indicated that incorrect disposal methods were used by the majority of subjects for almost all HHW surveyed, and that for nonautomotive HHW, landfilling was the most common means of disposal. The majority of subjects in this study disposed of used motor oil and lead-acid batteries by recycling these HHW. A permanent collection site for HHW disposal was the preferred disposal option for 62% of subjects, and 100% of those subjects choosing this option said they would drive up to 5 miles to use this facility. This study indicates that the largest number of subjects preferred the option of paying a user fee for HHW disposal as a means of funding a HHW disposal system. Three-fourths of the subjects reported a high or moderate amount of concern about the contribution of HHW to pollution of surface and groundwater, and 68% of the subjects stated that they lacked confidence in the landfill to safely contain chemical wastes. Approximately one-half of the subjects recalled reading or hearing about HHW disposal in the past year, and 62% of the subjects stated that they would call their garbage disposal company for HHW disposal information. The results of this study indicate that 90% of the Benton County residents surveyed were aware of their curbside recycling program. This study suggests that Benton County residents are concerned about the possible adverse environmental health effects of incorrect HHW disposal, and supports a permanent collection site for the safe disposal of HHW, as well as increased public education, as means of reducing the risks to human health and the environment caused by incorrect HHW disposal. Close

• 246. [Article] The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s

  Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s Author: Meengs, Chad C. Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined as the 1 850s), but it is unclear by how much. Considerable resources have been allocated to restoring salmon runs, but it is uncertain what the current recovery potential is because much of the freshwater and estuarine habitat for salmon has been altered. The goals of all recovery efforts are based on assumptions, often unstated, for what the size if the runs were prior to significant habitat alteration, coupled with an estimate of the amount and quality of freshwater and estuarine habitat currently available. At one extreme, it may be that current run sizes reflect the recovery potential of the existing salmon habitat. At the other extreme, the recovery potential may be as high as the mid 1800 levels. Historical salmon runs sizes on the Oregon coast were estimated using two methods: (1) Converting aboriginal population levels and their salmon consumption rate into numbers of salmon; (2) Extrapolating cannery pack into numbers of salmon. Annual aboriginal harvest of all salmon species is estimated to have been approximately 10 million pounds/year or between 1.75 million and 5.36 million salmonids, a harvest level similar to that occurring during the height of commercial fishing on Oregon's coastal rivers in the late 1 800s and early 1 900s. Extrapolating cannery pack data, the estimated size of the late 1 800s aggregate runs of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was 1.5-2.5 million. The estimated size of aggregate runs of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs was 290,000-517,000. Compared to mid 1 800s coho estimates, current runs (during favorable ocean conditions), are 11-19%. During poor ocean conditions, current coho runs are 3-6% of the historical size. Title: The size of the Oregon coastal salmon runs in the mid-1800s Author: Meengs, Chad C. Abstract.- Increasing the abundance of salmon in coastal Oregon rivers and streams is a high priority public policy objective. Salmon runs have been reduced from pre-development conditions (typically defined as the 1 850s), but it is unclear by how much. Considerable resources have been allocated to restoring salmon runs, but it is uncertain what the current recovery potential is because much of the freshwater and estuarine habitat for salmon has been altered. The goals of all recovery efforts are based on assumptions, often unstated, for what the size if the runs were prior to significant habitat alteration, coupled with an estimate of the amount and quality of freshwater and estuarine habitat currently available. At one extreme, it may be that current run sizes reflect the recovery potential of the existing salmon habitat. At the other extreme, the recovery potential may be as high as the mid 1800 levels. Historical salmon runs sizes on the Oregon coast were estimated using two methods: (1) Converting aboriginal population levels and their salmon consumption rate into numbers of salmon; (2) Extrapolating cannery pack into numbers of salmon. Annual aboriginal harvest of all salmon species is estimated to have been approximately 10 million pounds/year or between 1.75 million and 5.36 million salmonids, a harvest level similar to that occurring during the height of commercial fishing on Oregon's coastal rivers in the late 1 800s and early 1 900s. Extrapolating cannery pack data, the estimated size of the late 1 800s aggregate runs of coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was 1.5-2.5 million. The estimated size of aggregate runs of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) runs was 290,000-517,000. Compared to mid 1 800s coho estimates, current runs (during favorable ocean conditions), are 11-19%. During poor ocean conditions, current coho runs are 3-6% of the historical size. Close

• 247. [Article] Real time quality control for hydrometeorological data

  This thesis investigates the feasibility of implementing a real time quality control program into a data stream of hydrometeorlogical data. The vast array of data used in the forecasting of river levels ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Real time quality control for hydrometeorological data Author: Kotwica, Kyle This thesis investigates the feasibility of implementing a real time quality control program into a data stream of hydrometeorlogical data. The vast array of data used in the forecasting of river levels and avalanches calls for a point of entry quality control method that is both efficient from a communications standpoint and practical given the computer resources available. The first step in this process is to find a normalization scheme to enable the direct comparison of precipitation events between different stations. The normalization scheme derived uses the climatic database of historical records. The largest set of historical records available is in the daily time frame. However, the quick response needed in this type of forecasting calls for the testing of data in a hourly format. This calls for the need to develop some sort of transformation between events of differing time scales. Once the normalization scheme is in place four tests are used to analyze the data. These tests compare the incoming data to what is expected given the climate, forecasted value, previous weather, and what is occurring at neighboring stations. The results from these four tests are composited to make a final opinion of the validity of the incoming data. The data are then assigned two descriptive parameters. These parameters quantify the sophistication of the tests performed on the data, and the believed accuracy of the data. The two scores are then taken into account to give a final broad description of the program's "opinion" as to whether the data should be rejected, questioned, screened, or verified. Generally the program performs very well. The accuracy and precision of the tests are left somewhat vague at this point. The stress in the development of this test was in the modularity and portability of the program; the testing scheme is not meant to be limited to the purpose of flood forecasting or even precipitation data. The threshold parameters, therefore, need to be set by the end user. These thresholds will be defined by the type of data as well as the purpose and accuracy of the data checking needed. Title: Real time quality control for hydrometeorological data Author: Kotwica, Kyle This thesis investigates the feasibility of implementing a real time quality control program into a data stream of hydrometeorlogical data. The vast array of data used in the forecasting of river levels and avalanches calls for a point of entry quality control method that is both efficient from a communications standpoint and practical given the computer resources available. The first step in this process is to find a normalization scheme to enable the direct comparison of precipitation events between different stations. The normalization scheme derived uses the climatic database of historical records. The largest set of historical records available is in the daily time frame. However, the quick response needed in this type of forecasting calls for the testing of data in a hourly format. This calls for the need to develop some sort of transformation between events of differing time scales. Once the normalization scheme is in place four tests are used to analyze the data. These tests compare the incoming data to what is expected given the climate, forecasted value, previous weather, and what is occurring at neighboring stations. The results from these four tests are composited to make a final opinion of the validity of the incoming data. The data are then assigned two descriptive parameters. These parameters quantify the sophistication of the tests performed on the data, and the believed accuracy of the data. The two scores are then taken into account to give a final broad description of the program's "opinion" as to whether the data should be rejected, questioned, screened, or verified. Generally the program performs very well. The accuracy and precision of the tests are left somewhat vague at this point. The stress in the development of this test was in the modularity and portability of the program; the testing scheme is not meant to be limited to the purpose of flood forecasting or even precipitation data. The threshold parameters, therefore, need to be set by the end user. These thresholds will be defined by the type of data as well as the purpose and accuracy of the data checking needed. Close

• 248. [Article] Sediment Transport Modeling and Implications for Benthic Primary Producers in Oak Creek, OR

  The spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport processes in Oak Creek, OR was investigated and used to explore two study questions: 1) How do sediment transport processes influence benthic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment Transport Modeling and Implications for Benthic Primary Producers in Oak Creek, OR Author: Katz, Scott B. The spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport processes in Oak Creek, OR was investigated and used to explore two study questions: 1) How do sediment transport processes influence benthic algal communities?, and 2) Can fluvial-hydraulic models make accurate predictions of bed load transport rates? Our study was conducted in a 96 m reach of Oak Creek, OR – a small gravel bed stream in the Oregon Coast range. The study site is located in the same reach that was used to collect the historic Oak Creek bed load dataset of Milhous [1973]. To answer study question 1 we characterized the variability in sediment transport for a series of eight high flow events ranging from 0.64-3.4 m³/s using modeled shear stress (τ) from a field calibrated, high resolution (<0.1 m²) 2- dimensional hydrodynamic model (FaSTMECH) coupled with detailed measurements of the channel substrate. The stream bed was then categorized into regions of high and low disturbance based on potential mobility of the median grain size using a Shield’s stress approach. High resolution (<0.25m²), in-situ measurements benthic Chlorophyll-a (used as a metric of benthic algal production) were taken before and after high flow events in regions of contrasting disturbance to understand how benthic algal communities respond to sediment transport disturbance through both space and time. Growth factors including temperature, light, and nutrients were also measured. There was high spatial and temporal variability in both sediment transport and benthic Chl-a throughout the study period. We found significant differences (p<0.05) in benthic Chl-a concentrations between regions of high and low disturbance in half of the sampling events. The influence of sediment transport on benthic Chl-a was dependent on both the bed mobility and pre-disturbance Chl-a concentrations. There were also differences in benthic algal recovery rates in regions of contrasting disturbance following high flow events. The relationship between τ and Chl-a was highly variable, however the 95th percentile quantile regression of Chl-a was consistent with the bell-curve shape of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis for 10/18 sampling events. This study shows that sediment transport processes do influence benthic algal growth dynamics however the magnitude of that influence is also dependent on pre-disturbance productivity. To answer study question 2 we made contemporary bed load measurements during 5 flow events ranging from 0.24 bankfull (Q[subscript bf]) to 0.52 Q[subscript bf] using a Helly-Smith bed load sampler in order to confirm the stability of sediment transport dynamics in Oak Creek. The contemporary measurements were consistent with the historical dataset for total load however, they had a finer grain size distribution (GSD). A 2- dimensional (2-D) hydrodynamic model (FaSTMECH) was used to calculate spatial distributions of τ for 5 flow levels ranging from 0.2 Qbf to Qbf (0.64-3.4 m³/s). Results indicate that τ is highly variable within the study reach and that mean normalized τ distributions are remarkably similar between flow levels. The τ distributions were then discretized and used to calculate bed load using surface and subsurface transport equations, and compared against the historical dataset for accuracy. Modeled bed load was consistently larger and coarser than the historical samples. Areas of τ greater than 2 times the mean comprised <2.5% of the bed and were responsible for transporting >32% of the bed load. We hypothesize that the inconsistency in our estimates may be due to combining 2-D τ with a reach averaged reference shields stress (τr*) value which may have caused such high transport rates from a small portion of the bed. Scaling τr* with τ throughout a reach may provide the basis for future work to incorporate spatially variable τ into commonly used bed load transport functions. Title: Sediment Transport Modeling and Implications for Benthic Primary Producers in Oak Creek, OR Author: Katz, Scott B. The spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport processes in Oak Creek, OR was investigated and used to explore two study questions: 1) How do sediment transport processes influence benthic algal communities?, and 2) Can fluvial-hydraulic models make accurate predictions of bed load transport rates? Our study was conducted in a 96 m reach of Oak Creek, OR – a small gravel bed stream in the Oregon Coast range. The study site is located in the same reach that was used to collect the historic Oak Creek bed load dataset of Milhous [1973]. To answer study question 1 we characterized the variability in sediment transport for a series of eight high flow events ranging from 0.64-3.4 m³/s using modeled shear stress (τ) from a field calibrated, high resolution (<0.1 m²) 2- dimensional hydrodynamic model (FaSTMECH) coupled with detailed measurements of the channel substrate. The stream bed was then categorized into regions of high and low disturbance based on potential mobility of the median grain size using a Shield’s stress approach. High resolution (<0.25m²), in-situ measurements benthic Chlorophyll-a (used as a metric of benthic algal production) were taken before and after high flow events in regions of contrasting disturbance to understand how benthic algal communities respond to sediment transport disturbance through both space and time. Growth factors including temperature, light, and nutrients were also measured. There was high spatial and temporal variability in both sediment transport and benthic Chl-a throughout the study period. We found significant differences (p<0.05) in benthic Chl-a concentrations between regions of high and low disturbance in half of the sampling events. The influence of sediment transport on benthic Chl-a was dependent on both the bed mobility and pre-disturbance Chl-a concentrations. There were also differences in benthic algal recovery rates in regions of contrasting disturbance following high flow events. The relationship between τ and Chl-a was highly variable, however the 95th percentile quantile regression of Chl-a was consistent with the bell-curve shape of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis for 10/18 sampling events. This study shows that sediment transport processes do influence benthic algal growth dynamics however the magnitude of that influence is also dependent on pre-disturbance productivity. To answer study question 2 we made contemporary bed load measurements during 5 flow events ranging from 0.24 bankfull (Q[subscript bf]) to 0.52 Q[subscript bf] using a Helly-Smith bed load sampler in order to confirm the stability of sediment transport dynamics in Oak Creek. The contemporary measurements were consistent with the historical dataset for total load however, they had a finer grain size distribution (GSD). A 2- dimensional (2-D) hydrodynamic model (FaSTMECH) was used to calculate spatial distributions of τ for 5 flow levels ranging from 0.2 Qbf to Qbf (0.64-3.4 m³/s). Results indicate that τ is highly variable within the study reach and that mean normalized τ distributions are remarkably similar between flow levels. The τ distributions were then discretized and used to calculate bed load using surface and subsurface transport equations, and compared against the historical dataset for accuracy. Modeled bed load was consistently larger and coarser than the historical samples. Areas of τ greater than 2 times the mean comprised <2.5% of the bed and were responsible for transporting >32% of the bed load. We hypothesize that the inconsistency in our estimates may be due to combining 2-D τ with a reach averaged reference shields stress (τr*) value which may have caused such high transport rates from a small portion of the bed. Scaling τr* with τ throughout a reach may provide the basis for future work to incorporate spatially variable τ into commonly used bed load transport functions. Close

• 249. [Article] Spawning, larval recruitment, and early life survival of Pacific lampreys in the South Fork Coquille River, Oregon

  Recently, there has been concern over the decline of the Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, in the northwestern United States. However, effective management has been impeded by data gaps in basic biology, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning, larval recruitment, and early life survival of Pacific lampreys in the South Fork Coquille River, Oregon Author: Brumo, Abel F. Recently, there has been concern over the decline of the Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, in the northwestern United States. However, effective management has been impeded by data gaps in basic biology, especially in the early life stages. Consequently, in 2004 and 2005 I examined reproductive ecology, larval recruitment, and lamprey monitoring methods in the South Fork Coquille River, a coastal Oregon stream. In Chapter 2 I monitored spawning populations at large (9.2 km) and small (focal area) scales. Relationships between adult counts at the two spatial scales and adult and redd counts at the large scale were analyzed. Weekly adult, redd, and carcass counts and tagging were also used to describe spawning and residence times, movement, size, and sex of mature adults. Large-scale adult and redd counts were highly correlated (2004, r2 = 0.867; P = 0.0069; 2005, r2 = 0.877; P = 0.0002); as were large-scale and focal area adult counts over both years combined (r2 = 0.690, P = 0.0001) and in 2004 (r2 = 0.753, P = 0.0250), but not in 2005 when densities were much lower (r2 = 0.065, P = 0.5069). Average residence time in spawning areas was less than a week for males and shorter for females, since >90% of recaptured fish were male. Two-thirds of dead fish (2:1) were male, versus only one-half of live fish (1:1), indicating additional sex-specific differences in postspawning behavior. No seasonal or spatial patterns in sex ratio or adult length were detected. Both adult and redd counts have inherent errors related to observer variability, movement during surveys, night spawning, and variable visibility due to weather and flow. To make adult and redd counts more useful for population monitoring their errors need to be better quantified and their relevance to life-cycle dynamics better understood. In Chapter 3 I monitored intra-annual cohorts of spawning adults and emergent larvae at a single spawning area to examine annual and seasonal patterns of spawning, larval recruitment, and early life survival. In 2004 spawning occurred from April 6–June 3 (59 d) and larval emergence occurred from May 6–June 28 (54 d). In 2005 both spawning and emergence were later and more protracted, from April 25–July 3 (70 d) and May 15–July 25 (71 d), respectively. Over both years, larval recruitment was highly variable and only marginally correlated with spawning stock (r2 = 0.149, P = 0.0512). Survival until larval emergence was significantly related to spawning stock size, discharge during spawning, and their interaction. Survival generally declined with increasing spawning stock and decreasing discharge, both apparently related to negative density-dependent effects, which resulted in highly variable early life survival. For example, in April 2004, 65% of larvae were produced by 28% of spawners, while in May, 35% of larvae were produced by 70% of spawners. Egg predation by speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus, increased with temperature, but contrary to expectations, had no detectable effect on survival until emergence. This study provided justification for a multi-life stage approach to monitoring Pacific lamprey populations and understanding their dynamics. Application of this approach can provide insight into density-dependent survival and the roles of biotic and abiotic factors in larval production. Applied to the South Fork Coquille, Pacific lamprey larval production appeared to have an upper limit related, in part, to spawner density. Title: Spawning, larval recruitment, and early life survival of Pacific lampreys in the South Fork Coquille River, Oregon Author: Brumo, Abel F. Recently, there has been concern over the decline of the Pacific lamprey, Lampetra tridentata, in the northwestern United States. However, effective management has been impeded by data gaps in basic biology, especially in the early life stages. Consequently, in 2004 and 2005 I examined reproductive ecology, larval recruitment, and lamprey monitoring methods in the South Fork Coquille River, a coastal Oregon stream. In Chapter 2 I monitored spawning populations at large (9.2 km) and small (focal area) scales. Relationships between adult counts at the two spatial scales and adult and redd counts at the large scale were analyzed. Weekly adult, redd, and carcass counts and tagging were also used to describe spawning and residence times, movement, size, and sex of mature adults. Large-scale adult and redd counts were highly correlated (2004, r2 = 0.867; P = 0.0069; 2005, r2 = 0.877; P = 0.0002); as were large-scale and focal area adult counts over both years combined (r2 = 0.690, P = 0.0001) and in 2004 (r2 = 0.753, P = 0.0250), but not in 2005 when densities were much lower (r2 = 0.065, P = 0.5069). Average residence time in spawning areas was less than a week for males and shorter for females, since >90% of recaptured fish were male. Two-thirds of dead fish (2:1) were male, versus only one-half of live fish (1:1), indicating additional sex-specific differences in postspawning behavior. No seasonal or spatial patterns in sex ratio or adult length were detected. Both adult and redd counts have inherent errors related to observer variability, movement during surveys, night spawning, and variable visibility due to weather and flow. To make adult and redd counts more useful for population monitoring their errors need to be better quantified and their relevance to life-cycle dynamics better understood. In Chapter 3 I monitored intra-annual cohorts of spawning adults and emergent larvae at a single spawning area to examine annual and seasonal patterns of spawning, larval recruitment, and early life survival. In 2004 spawning occurred from April 6–June 3 (59 d) and larval emergence occurred from May 6–June 28 (54 d). In 2005 both spawning and emergence were later and more protracted, from April 25–July 3 (70 d) and May 15–July 25 (71 d), respectively. Over both years, larval recruitment was highly variable and only marginally correlated with spawning stock (r2 = 0.149, P = 0.0512). Survival until larval emergence was significantly related to spawning stock size, discharge during spawning, and their interaction. Survival generally declined with increasing spawning stock and decreasing discharge, both apparently related to negative density-dependent effects, which resulted in highly variable early life survival. For example, in April 2004, 65% of larvae were produced by 28% of spawners, while in May, 35% of larvae were produced by 70% of spawners. Egg predation by speckled dace, Rhinichthys osculus, increased with temperature, but contrary to expectations, had no detectable effect on survival until emergence. This study provided justification for a multi-life stage approach to monitoring Pacific lamprey populations and understanding their dynamics. Application of this approach can provide insight into density-dependent survival and the roles of biotic and abiotic factors in larval production. Applied to the South Fork Coquille, Pacific lamprey larval production appeared to have an upper limit related, in part, to spawner density. Close

• 250. [Article] Development of a land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) model for forestry in Lane County, Oregon

  A Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) Model was developed for the forested soils of Lane County, in western Oregon, based on soil potential ratings and indexes of parcel size and adjacent and surrounding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) model for forestry in Lane County, Oregon Author: Pepi, Joseph A. A Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) Model was developed for the forested soils of Lane County, in western Oregon, based on soil potential ratings and indexes of parcel size and adjacent and surrounding land use conflict. Lane County's economy is heavily dependent on resource production uses of land for forestry. At the same time, population growth around metropolitan areas creates pressure to convert rural land from large resource use parcels to smaller rural residential parcels. Planning for future allocation of land among competing uses promoted the county to develop an objective method for determining the relative quality of any parcel of land for forestry. Parcels of lower quality could then be considered for conversion to rural residential uses. LESA was developed by the SCS for use by state and local governments as an objective method of evaluating the resource production quality of land for planning purposes. Land evaluation (LE) measures the relative suitability of the soils of a given parcel for forestry. Site Assessment (SA) measures the relative suitability of the setting in which the parcel occurs. The soil potential ratings (SPR's) were developed from soil map unit characteristics defined in the Soil Survey of the Lane County Area. SPR's are indexes of the net return to soil management for forestry. Each soil is assigned an expected output, or yield, to soil management for forestry using a computer model called DFSIM. Management practices required to achieve that yield also are specified. Monetary values are determined for both yields and management practices, and the difference between price received and total costs is a measure of soil potential. The soil having the highest net return to soil management is assigned an arbitrary value of 100 points. All other soils are rated by expressing their net return as a percent of the maximum. Management practices in each of four categories - site preparation and stand establishment, thinning, harvest, and road construction and maintenance - were prescribed, and their costs determined, based on their interactions with soil slope, erodibility, depth, bedrock hardness, and coarse fragment content. Land evaluation was completed by overlaying a soil map of the land parcel of interest, determining the fractional amount of each soil present, and multiplying that amount by the corresponding soil potential rating. The sum of all the products is a weighted average soil potential rating for a parcel. Development of the Site Assessment (SA) portion of the model was guided by a technical committee of forest management professionals and land use specialists. The committee chose the factors that were considered important in site assessment and how much weight to give to each factor. For this LESA model, two factors were identified: compatibility with other land uses, and parcel size. The concept of compatibility implies that large scale forestry uses are compatible with each other but are not compatible with small scale residential uses. Generally, the more non-resource related dwellings in forestry areas, the greater the potential conflict due to noise, chemical spraying, dust, smoke, and vandalism. Two empirical formulas were developed to measure compatibility effects. One accounts for the number and density of non-compatible parcels adjacent to the parcel of interest. The other measures the density of non-compatible parcels within a specified distance of the target parcel, which was 1/2 mile. Parcel size implies that large parcels are more suitable for resource uses than small ones, and that parcels surrounded by a few large parcels are more favorable than parcels surrounded by many small parcels. An empirical formula was derived to measure these effects. Optimum parcel sizes depended on slope, parcel shape, and the number of streams running through the parcel. The final step in the LESA model development was to specify a total point value, and to decide on the proportion of that total that would go to each of the factors, soils, compatibility, and parcel size. In previous LESA models the point total has been 300. This total was allocated to each of the factors as follows: soils 105, adjacent use 75, surrounding use 45, and parcel size 75. Validation is a critical part of the development of a LESA model, and it is done by applying the LESA criteria to several parcels that represent a range of soil resource quality, sizes, and land use settings. Each parcel must then be examined in the field by the LESA development committee. Field examination is essential in order to make needed adjustments in empirical formulas. Through the repeating of this validation process, the model is fine tuned and its accuracy for planning purposes is validated. LESA scores can be used to distinguish between primary and secondary land resources. Primary resource lands are sufficiently valuable for forest uses that land use controls are justified to prevent the introduction of non-resource development. Secondary resource land is of lesser quality and is a more appropriate site for smaller scale resource uses and certain non-resource uses. Information from the test parcels was used to set primary/secondary thresholds for each factor and to develop empirical criteria for classifying each parcel. Title: Development of a land evaluation and site assessment (LESA) model for forestry in Lane County, Oregon Author: Pepi, Joseph A. A Land Evaluation and Site Assessment (LESA) Model was developed for the forested soils of Lane County, in western Oregon, based on soil potential ratings and indexes of parcel size and adjacent and surrounding land use conflict. Lane County's economy is heavily dependent on resource production uses of land for forestry. At the same time, population growth around metropolitan areas creates pressure to convert rural land from large resource use parcels to smaller rural residential parcels. Planning for future allocation of land among competing uses promoted the county to develop an objective method for determining the relative quality of any parcel of land for forestry. Parcels of lower quality could then be considered for conversion to rural residential uses. LESA was developed by the SCS for use by state and local governments as an objective method of evaluating the resource production quality of land for planning purposes. Land evaluation (LE) measures the relative suitability of the soils of a given parcel for forestry. Site Assessment (SA) measures the relative suitability of the setting in which the parcel occurs. The soil potential ratings (SPR's) were developed from soil map unit characteristics defined in the Soil Survey of the Lane County Area. SPR's are indexes of the net return to soil management for forestry. Each soil is assigned an expected output, or yield, to soil management for forestry using a computer model called DFSIM. Management practices required to achieve that yield also are specified. Monetary values are determined for both yields and management practices, and the difference between price received and total costs is a measure of soil potential. The soil having the highest net return to soil management is assigned an arbitrary value of 100 points. All other soils are rated by expressing their net return as a percent of the maximum. Management practices in each of four categories - site preparation and stand establishment, thinning, harvest, and road construction and maintenance - were prescribed, and their costs determined, based on their interactions with soil slope, erodibility, depth, bedrock hardness, and coarse fragment content. Land evaluation was completed by overlaying a soil map of the land parcel of interest, determining the fractional amount of each soil present, and multiplying that amount by the corresponding soil potential rating. The sum of all the products is a weighted average soil potential rating for a parcel. Development of the Site Assessment (SA) portion of the model was guided by a technical committee of forest management professionals and land use specialists. The committee chose the factors that were considered important in site assessment and how much weight to give to each factor. For this LESA model, two factors were identified: compatibility with other land uses, and parcel size. The concept of compatibility implies that large scale forestry uses are compatible with each other but are not compatible with small scale residential uses. Generally, the more non-resource related dwellings in forestry areas, the greater the potential conflict due to noise, chemical spraying, dust, smoke, and vandalism. Two empirical formulas were developed to measure compatibility effects. One accounts for the number and density of non-compatible parcels adjacent to the parcel of interest. The other measures the density of non-compatible parcels within a specified distance of the target parcel, which was 1/2 mile. Parcel size implies that large parcels are more suitable for resource uses than small ones, and that parcels surrounded by a few large parcels are more favorable than parcels surrounded by many small parcels. An empirical formula was derived to measure these effects. Optimum parcel sizes depended on slope, parcel shape, and the number of streams running through the parcel. The final step in the LESA model development was to specify a total point value, and to decide on the proportion of that total that would go to each of the factors, soils, compatibility, and parcel size. In previous LESA models the point total has been 300. This total was allocated to each of the factors as follows: soils 105, adjacent use 75, surrounding use 45, and parcel size 75. Validation is a critical part of the development of a LESA model, and it is done by applying the LESA criteria to several parcels that represent a range of soil resource quality, sizes, and land use settings. Each parcel must then be examined in the field by the LESA development committee. Field examination is essential in order to make needed adjustments in empirical formulas. Through the repeating of this validation process, the model is fine tuned and its accuracy for planning purposes is validated. LESA scores can be used to distinguish between primary and secondary land resources. Primary resource lands are sufficiently valuable for forest uses that land use controls are justified to prevent the introduction of non-resource development. Secondary resource land is of lesser quality and is a more appropriate site for smaller scale resource uses and certain non-resource uses. Information from the test parcels was used to set primary/secondary thresholds for each factor and to develop empirical criteria for classifying each parcel. Close

• 251. [Article] The establishment and utilization of the work unit as a means of measuring productivity in a hospital pharmacy

  Historically, patient days were used to assess pharmacy staffing levels at Albany General Hospital. It was the impression of the director of pharmacy that patient days were an incomplete and therefore ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The establishment and utilization of the work unit as a means of measuring productivity in a hospital pharmacy Author: Thonstad, Ralph Edward Historically, patient days were used to assess pharmacy staffing levels at Albany General Hospital. It was the impression of the director of pharmacy that patient days were an incomplete and therefore unacceptable indicator of personnel requirements. Therefore, a study was initiated to: 1) develop a methodology that would document and measure all activities of the hospital pharmacy department, both distributive and nondistributive, for the purpose of assessing monthly staffing levels, 2) evaluate the methodology through a six month trial, and 3) test the results of the six month trial against the previous indicator, patient days, for statistical significance. Utilizing industrial engineering techniques, time weights, or work units, were developed for 27 predefined pharmacy tasks. Workload data were applied to the work units per task and a productivity index was ascertained. The index was corrected for personal, fatigue and delay time and was then used to assess pharmacy staffing levels. In addition, an attitude survey was conducted to discover the staff's understanding of the methodology and their opinions as to its usefulness in determining productivity. Results of the six month trial yielded two months (October 1977 and January 1978) which were overstaffed. The overstaffing in October probably represented under reporting of workload as the staff became familiar with the workload reporting system. In January, pharmacy personnel hours were increased to implement a new service and the resulting overstaffing situation was reflective of the inefficiencies of implementing a new service. In addition, tabulation of the attitude survey indicated that pharmacy personnel felt that the work unit methodology was valuable in assessing productivity and should be an ongoing process. Application of linear regression analysis to data resulted in a statistically insignificant regression between patient days and the calculated productivity; thus, documenting that patient days were an incomplete and, therefore, inadequate indicator of pharmacy staffing requirements. It is important to realize that no one universal formula will be able to determine the productivity or predict the staffing requirements of every given hospital pharmacy. However, results of the study prove that it is possible to develop a methodology that is more accurate and more complete than gross indicators such as patient days and line items and that such a methodology is applicable to today's hospital pharmacy practice. Title: The establishment and utilization of the work unit as a means of measuring productivity in a hospital pharmacy Author: Thonstad, Ralph Edward Historically, patient days were used to assess pharmacy staffing levels at Albany General Hospital. It was the impression of the director of pharmacy that patient days were an incomplete and therefore unacceptable indicator of personnel requirements. Therefore, a study was initiated to: 1) develop a methodology that would document and measure all activities of the hospital pharmacy department, both distributive and nondistributive, for the purpose of assessing monthly staffing levels, 2) evaluate the methodology through a six month trial, and 3) test the results of the six month trial against the previous indicator, patient days, for statistical significance. Utilizing industrial engineering techniques, time weights, or work units, were developed for 27 predefined pharmacy tasks. Workload data were applied to the work units per task and a productivity index was ascertained. The index was corrected for personal, fatigue and delay time and was then used to assess pharmacy staffing levels. In addition, an attitude survey was conducted to discover the staff's understanding of the methodology and their opinions as to its usefulness in determining productivity. Results of the six month trial yielded two months (October 1977 and January 1978) which were overstaffed. The overstaffing in October probably represented under reporting of workload as the staff became familiar with the workload reporting system. In January, pharmacy personnel hours were increased to implement a new service and the resulting overstaffing situation was reflective of the inefficiencies of implementing a new service. In addition, tabulation of the attitude survey indicated that pharmacy personnel felt that the work unit methodology was valuable in assessing productivity and should be an ongoing process. Application of linear regression analysis to data resulted in a statistically insignificant regression between patient days and the calculated productivity; thus, documenting that patient days were an incomplete and, therefore, inadequate indicator of pharmacy staffing requirements. It is important to realize that no one universal formula will be able to determine the productivity or predict the staffing requirements of every given hospital pharmacy. However, results of the study prove that it is possible to develop a methodology that is more accurate and more complete than gross indicators such as patient days and line items and that such a methodology is applicable to today's hospital pharmacy practice. Close

• 252. [Article] The structural relationship among gender role conflict, social support and health behavior in older men

  Inquiry into the cause of men's premature mortality has been historically framed in a biological deterministic perspective. This research takes an alternative view whereby the possible interactions of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The structural relationship among gender role conflict, social support and health behavior in older men Author: Hill, Wade Garrison Inquiry into the cause of men's premature mortality has been historically framed in a biological deterministic perspective. This research takes an alternative view whereby the possible interactions of psychosocial variables with men's health promoting and health seeking behaviors are examined using cross-sectional survey data with older men. Specifically, this research explored the relationships among gender role conflict, perceived social support, and older men's health behaviors. Traditional pencil/paper (n=256) and electronic (n=147) surveys were completed by older men aged 40 and over selected from university alumni of a large western university. As the Gender Role Conflict Scale (O'Neil et al., 1986) had not been previously validated within a sample of older men, confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify that the instrument performed as well or better in older men than in previous samples of college age men. Secondly, multiple regression and canonical correlation was used to find that gender role conflict predicts less perceived social support in our sample. Moreover, restrictive emotionality appears to have the greatest influence on perceived social support and interacts greatest with emotional/informational support. Last, structural equation modeling was used to validate the findings from the regression analysis as well as determine that perceived social support predicts health promoting behaviors in our sample. While there did not appear to be a direct effect of gender role conflict on health seeking behaviors as hypothesized, health promoting behaviors did predict health seeking among these men. The findings from this study are an important step into examining how the gender role socialization of men may relate to health through protective and harmful behaviors supported by normative standards. This research allows health researchers to examine gender role conflict in older men through the validation of an instrument, and suggests that men who are highly socialized into male role norms are less likely to benefit from the well documented stress buffering effects of social support. Title: The structural relationship among gender role conflict, social support and health behavior in older men Author: Hill, Wade Garrison Inquiry into the cause of men's premature mortality has been historically framed in a biological deterministic perspective. This research takes an alternative view whereby the possible interactions of psychosocial variables with men's health promoting and health seeking behaviors are examined using cross-sectional survey data with older men. Specifically, this research explored the relationships among gender role conflict, perceived social support, and older men's health behaviors. Traditional pencil/paper (n=256) and electronic (n=147) surveys were completed by older men aged 40 and over selected from university alumni of a large western university. As the Gender Role Conflict Scale (O'Neil et al., 1986) had not been previously validated within a sample of older men, confirmatory factor analysis was used to verify that the instrument performed as well or better in older men than in previous samples of college age men. Secondly, multiple regression and canonical correlation was used to find that gender role conflict predicts less perceived social support in our sample. Moreover, restrictive emotionality appears to have the greatest influence on perceived social support and interacts greatest with emotional/informational support. Last, structural equation modeling was used to validate the findings from the regression analysis as well as determine that perceived social support predicts health promoting behaviors in our sample. While there did not appear to be a direct effect of gender role conflict on health seeking behaviors as hypothesized, health promoting behaviors did predict health seeking among these men. The findings from this study are an important step into examining how the gender role socialization of men may relate to health through protective and harmful behaviors supported by normative standards. This research allows health researchers to examine gender role conflict in older men through the validation of an instrument, and suggests that men who are highly socialized into male role norms are less likely to benefit from the well documented stress buffering effects of social support. Close

• 253. [Article] Boring to the core : the archaeology, history, and dendrochronology of a railroad logging camp, Ladee Flat, Clackamas County, Oregon

  Although the timber industry was the major economic force in the lives of several generations of Oregon families, very little archaeological investigation has been done on the dozens of abandoned logging ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Boring to the core : the archaeology, history, and dendrochronology of a railroad logging camp, Ladee Flat, Clackamas County, Oregon Author: Paullin, Pamela K. Although the timber industry was the major economic force in the lives of several generations of Oregon families, very little archaeological investigation has been done on the dozens of abandoned logging camps that are scattered throughout the forests of the Pacific Northwest. This project focuses on Camp 1, a 1920s era railroad logging operation in the western Cascade Mountains of Clackamas County, approximately 8 miles southeast of Estacada, Oregon. The study contributes to a growing archaeological railroad logging database in Oregon by locating and documenting the spatial organization of one of these forgotten camps and its associated log transportation system, a railroad incline. Archival research, oral histories, photogrammetry, dendrochronology, and archaeological survey methods generated the data that was used to determine site boundaries, as well as locate and identify the function of activity loci represented by surface features and debris scatters. This study demonstrated that tree ages obtained from tree-ring counts on the trees that had regenerated on the site during a systemic survey of the probable location of the camp, in conjunction with organic artifacts such as springboard cut stumps, and the location of artifact concentrations is an effective method to establish site boundaries. The dendrochronological study revealed three disturbance events that have affected the current archaeological record found on the site, two forest fires and the construction of a landing strip. Although Camp 1 has experienced significant cultural and natural impacts to the archaeological resources found on the site, this study has demonstrated that heavily disturbed sites still possess information that is useful to answer a variety of research questions regarding the life ways, technological systems, and use of space in temporary logging camps where thousands of people once lived and worked in the forests of the region. Title: Boring to the core : the archaeology, history, and dendrochronology of a railroad logging camp, Ladee Flat, Clackamas County, Oregon Author: Paullin, Pamela K. Although the timber industry was the major economic force in the lives of several generations of Oregon families, very little archaeological investigation has been done on the dozens of abandoned logging camps that are scattered throughout the forests of the Pacific Northwest. This project focuses on Camp 1, a 1920s era railroad logging operation in the western Cascade Mountains of Clackamas County, approximately 8 miles southeast of Estacada, Oregon. The study contributes to a growing archaeological railroad logging database in Oregon by locating and documenting the spatial organization of one of these forgotten camps and its associated log transportation system, a railroad incline. Archival research, oral histories, photogrammetry, dendrochronology, and archaeological survey methods generated the data that was used to determine site boundaries, as well as locate and identify the function of activity loci represented by surface features and debris scatters. This study demonstrated that tree ages obtained from tree-ring counts on the trees that had regenerated on the site during a systemic survey of the probable location of the camp, in conjunction with organic artifacts such as springboard cut stumps, and the location of artifact concentrations is an effective method to establish site boundaries. The dendrochronological study revealed three disturbance events that have affected the current archaeological record found on the site, two forest fires and the construction of a landing strip. Although Camp 1 has experienced significant cultural and natural impacts to the archaeological resources found on the site, this study has demonstrated that heavily disturbed sites still possess information that is useful to answer a variety of research questions regarding the life ways, technological systems, and use of space in temporary logging camps where thousands of people once lived and worked in the forests of the region. Close

• 254. [Article] An integrated approach to engineering curricula improvement with multi-objective decision modeling and linear programming

  The structure of engineering curricula currently in place at most colleges and universities has existed since the early 1950's, and reflects an historical emphasis on a solid foundation in math, science, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An integrated approach to engineering curricula improvement with multi-objective decision modeling and linear programming Author: Shea, John E. The structure of engineering curricula currently in place at most colleges and universities has existed since the early 1950's, and reflects an historical emphasis on a solid foundation in math, science, and engineering science. However, there is often not a close match between elements of the traditional engineering education, and the skill sets that graduates need to possess for success in the industrial environment. Considerable progress has been made to restructure engineering courses and curricula. What is lacking, however, are tools and methodologies that incorporate the many dimensions of college courses, and how they are structured to form a curriculum. If curriculum changes are to be made, the first objective must be to determine what knowledge and skills engineering graduates need to possess. To accomplish this, a set of engineering competencies was developed from existing literature, and used in the development of a comprehensive mail survey of alumni, employers, students and faculty. Respondents proposed some changes to the topics in the curriculum and recommended that work to improve the curriculum be focused on communication, problem solving, and people skills. The process of designing a curriculum is similar to engineering design, with requirements that must be met, and objectives that must be optimized. From this similarity came the idea for developing a linear, additive, multi-objective model that identifies the objectives that must be considered when designing a curriculum, and contains the mathematical relationships necessary to quantify the value of a specific alternative. The model incorporates the three primary objectives of engineering topics, skills, and curriculum design principles and uses data from the survey. It was used to design new courses, to evaluate various curricula alternatives, and to conduct sensitivity analysis to better understand their differences. Using the multi-objective model to identify the highest scoring curriculum from a catalog of courses is difficult because of the many factors being considered. To assist this process, the multi-objective model and the curriculum requirements were incorporated in a linear program to select the "optimum" curriculum. The application of this tool was also beneficial in identifying the active constraints that limit curriculum development and content. Title: An integrated approach to engineering curricula improvement with multi-objective decision modeling and linear programming Author: Shea, John E. The structure of engineering curricula currently in place at most colleges and universities has existed since the early 1950's, and reflects an historical emphasis on a solid foundation in math, science, and engineering science. However, there is often not a close match between elements of the traditional engineering education, and the skill sets that graduates need to possess for success in the industrial environment. Considerable progress has been made to restructure engineering courses and curricula. What is lacking, however, are tools and methodologies that incorporate the many dimensions of college courses, and how they are structured to form a curriculum. If curriculum changes are to be made, the first objective must be to determine what knowledge and skills engineering graduates need to possess. To accomplish this, a set of engineering competencies was developed from existing literature, and used in the development of a comprehensive mail survey of alumni, employers, students and faculty. Respondents proposed some changes to the topics in the curriculum and recommended that work to improve the curriculum be focused on communication, problem solving, and people skills. The process of designing a curriculum is similar to engineering design, with requirements that must be met, and objectives that must be optimized. From this similarity came the idea for developing a linear, additive, multi-objective model that identifies the objectives that must be considered when designing a curriculum, and contains the mathematical relationships necessary to quantify the value of a specific alternative. The model incorporates the three primary objectives of engineering topics, skills, and curriculum design principles and uses data from the survey. It was used to design new courses, to evaluate various curricula alternatives, and to conduct sensitivity analysis to better understand their differences. Using the multi-objective model to identify the highest scoring curriculum from a catalog of courses is difficult because of the many factors being considered. To assist this process, the multi-objective model and the curriculum requirements were incorporated in a linear program to select the "optimum" curriculum. The application of this tool was also beneficial in identifying the active constraints that limit curriculum development and content. Close

• 255. [Article] Vascular Plant Inventory for Lewis and Clark National Historical Park - Public Version

  Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/LEWI/NRTR—2012/603.N Research was conducted under permit # FOCL-2009-SCI-0002 for study number FOCL-00005

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vascular Plant Inventory for Lewis and Clark National Historical Park - Public Version Author: Kagan, Jimmy, Institute for Natural Resources, Wise, Lindsey Koepke, The Oregon Biodiversity Information Center Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/LEWI/NRTR—2012/603.N Research was conducted under permit # FOCL-2009-SCI-0002 for study number FOCL-00005 Title: Vascular Plant Inventory for Lewis and Clark National Historical Park - Public Version Author: Kagan, Jimmy, Institute for Natural Resources, Wise, Lindsey Koepke, The Oregon Biodiversity Information Center Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/LEWI/NRTR—2012/603.N Research was conducted under permit # FOCL-2009-SCI-0002 for study number FOCL-00005 Close

• 256. [Article] Quantifying Salmon-Derived Nutrient Loads from the Mortality of Hatchery-Origin Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Snake River Basin

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current. To ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantifying Salmon-Derived Nutrient Loads from the Mortality of Hatchery-Origin Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Snake River Basin Author: Warren, Dana R., McClure, Michelle M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Quantifying Salmon-Derived Nutrient Loads from the Mortality of Hatchery-Origin Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Snake River Basin Author: Warren, Dana R., McClure, Michelle M. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by the American Fisheries Society and published by Taylor & Francis. It can be found at: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/utaf20/current. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 257. [Article] The economics of western juniper management on ranches located in the John Day Ecological Province of north-central Oregon

  Western juniper (Jun iperus occidentalis Hook) is a species of juniper native to arid regions of the Pacific Northwest. The western juniper tree has a number of competitive strategies that, in conjunction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economics of western juniper management on ranches located in the John Day Ecological Province of north-central Oregon Author: Aldrich, Gwendolyn A. Western juniper (Jun iperus occidentalis Hook) is a species of juniper native to arid regions of the Pacific Northwest. The western juniper tree has a number of competitive strategies that, in conjunction with an almost complete removal of fire from the ecosystem, have resulted in a significant expansion of its population in the last 150 years. This increase is of concern since western juniper have numerous negative impacts on the ecosystems upon which they encroach. Western juniper can cause increased erosion, decreased production of herbaceous vegetation, decreased streamflows and increased stream sedimentation, increased bare ground, and changes in wildlife diversity and species abundance. However, because western juniper is both expensive and difficult to kill or harvest, and because there is a limited market for its wood and other western juniper products, the expansion of western juniper populations throughout parts of the Pacific Northwest occurs largely unimpeded. Within western juniper's range in central and eastern Oregon, much of the land is owned by and operated as beef cattle ranches. As western juniper encroach upon a site, the reduction in herbaceous vegetation causes a decrease in the number of livestock the site can support. As the ability of rangeland to support livestock declines, ranch profits will also likely diminish Despite this trend, clearing of western juniper has historically been limited. This research presents discrete-time, dynamic economic models developed to depict various representative ranches located in the John Day Ecological Province of Oregon, the area of the greatest distribution of western jumper and where the majority of research regarding the western juniper has been conducted. The bioeconomic models are developed to examine optimal ranch management practices. The optimization criterion is to maximize the net present value of gross margins through decisions regarding herd size and composition, cattle sales, and the manipulation of forage production through juniper management practices. Comparisons are made to models in which juniper control is not a management option. Results indicate that it is indeed profitable for ranchers to practice juniper management on rangeland pastures. Models that included juniper management options consistently resulted in treatment of a minimum of seventy percent of juniper-encroached rangelands, larger equilibrium herd sizes, and greater gross margins. Erosion levels, and therefore potential stream sedimentation, was substantially lower in the models that contained juniper management options. Other environmental externalities included increased quail densities, but lower deer and elk populations. Title: The economics of western juniper management on ranches located in the John Day Ecological Province of north-central Oregon Author: Aldrich, Gwendolyn A. Western juniper (Jun iperus occidentalis Hook) is a species of juniper native to arid regions of the Pacific Northwest. The western juniper tree has a number of competitive strategies that, in conjunction with an almost complete removal of fire from the ecosystem, have resulted in a significant expansion of its population in the last 150 years. This increase is of concern since western juniper have numerous negative impacts on the ecosystems upon which they encroach. Western juniper can cause increased erosion, decreased production of herbaceous vegetation, decreased streamflows and increased stream sedimentation, increased bare ground, and changes in wildlife diversity and species abundance. However, because western juniper is both expensive and difficult to kill or harvest, and because there is a limited market for its wood and other western juniper products, the expansion of western juniper populations throughout parts of the Pacific Northwest occurs largely unimpeded. Within western juniper's range in central and eastern Oregon, much of the land is owned by and operated as beef cattle ranches. As western juniper encroach upon a site, the reduction in herbaceous vegetation causes a decrease in the number of livestock the site can support. As the ability of rangeland to support livestock declines, ranch profits will also likely diminish Despite this trend, clearing of western juniper has historically been limited. This research presents discrete-time, dynamic economic models developed to depict various representative ranches located in the John Day Ecological Province of Oregon, the area of the greatest distribution of western jumper and where the majority of research regarding the western juniper has been conducted. The bioeconomic models are developed to examine optimal ranch management practices. The optimization criterion is to maximize the net present value of gross margins through decisions regarding herd size and composition, cattle sales, and the manipulation of forage production through juniper management practices. Comparisons are made to models in which juniper control is not a management option. Results indicate that it is indeed profitable for ranchers to practice juniper management on rangeland pastures. Models that included juniper management options consistently resulted in treatment of a minimum of seventy percent of juniper-encroached rangelands, larger equilibrium herd sizes, and greater gross margins. Erosion levels, and therefore potential stream sedimentation, was substantially lower in the models that contained juniper management options. Other environmental externalities included increased quail densities, but lower deer and elk populations. Close

• 258. [Article] A food web analysis of a Mojave Desert geothermal spring system and feeding ecology of Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea)

  Understanding food webs is fundamental in conserving endangered species and maintaining healthy ecosystem function, particularly in desert spring systems. We identified dominant energy sources in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A food web analysis of a Mojave Desert geothermal spring system and feeding ecology of Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea) Author: St Saviour, Adam Understanding food webs is fundamental in conserving endangered species and maintaining healthy ecosystem function, particularly in desert spring systems. We identified dominant energy sources in the Muddy River Warm Springs area, Clark County, NV using carbon and nitrogen natural abundance stable isotope analyses. We examined isotopic signatures of specific macroinvertebrate food resources for the endangered, drift-feeding Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea) and looked for changes in isotopic ratios over the stream gradient. Our results indicate the Muddy River Warm Springs area is supported primarily by allochthonous energy sources, and Moapa dace did not focus on specific macroinvertebrate taxa. We characterized a pattern of downstream δ¹³C enrichment, which is seemingly common in groundwater-fed systems but discussed very little in the literature. We conclude that ground water carbon of marine origin, heterotrophic respiration, and fractionation and depletion of the δ¹³C pool by autotrophs contribute to a wide range δ¹³C values in primary producers and to the downstream enrichment pattern in the Muddy River Warm Springs. We then quantified macroinvertebrate drift throughout the Moapa dace's current and historic range within the Muddy River Warm Springs. We examined the relationship of total drift biomass and temperature and associations between specific macroinvertebrate orders and Moapa dace abundance. We also explored habitat characteristics associated with Moapa dace and their prey. In 2008 and 2009, total drift biomass/time and the biomass of most orders was negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with discharge. Only Lepidoptera and Neotaenioglossa had positive associations with temperature in 2008. In 2009, total biomass/volume had a negative linear relationship with temperature and a positive linear relationship with discharge, though these relationships were absent in 2008. Moapa dace were associated with high temperatures, low stream discharge, shallow depth, and low drift biomass both years. They were positively associated with thermally tolerant Lepidoptera and Neotaenioglossa in 2008 and no orders in 2009. Macroinvertebrate drift may be greater in cooler, downstream reaches because temperatures in those reaches are favorable to more taxa, there is more cumulative benthic area contributing to production, and there are fewer drift feeding insectivores. Lastly, we examined Moapa dace feeding flexibility by experimentally manipulating drift (0, 34, 64, 100, and 200% of the natural drift level) and quantified their feeding attempts and success. We found that Moapa dace are obligate drift feeders, selecting drift 40 times more frequently than benthos. They did not adaptively shift foraging modes from drift to benthic when drift was experimentally reduced. Drift feeding rate increased in response to increasing drift, but drift feeding success only increased from the 0% to the 64% drift level and did not change in the 100% and 200% levels. No relationship between fish size or food availability and aggression was detected. Moapa dace may share an interspecific foraging association with sympatric White River springfish (Crenichthys baileyi). Moapa dace are currently excluded from lower, more productive reaches by invasive species and fish barriers. Maintaining spring flows, eradicating non-natives, and restoring system connectivity will likely benefit Moapa dace and other Muddy River Warm Springs endemics. Title: A food web analysis of a Mojave Desert geothermal spring system and feeding ecology of Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea) Author: St Saviour, Adam Understanding food webs is fundamental in conserving endangered species and maintaining healthy ecosystem function, particularly in desert spring systems. We identified dominant energy sources in the Muddy River Warm Springs area, Clark County, NV using carbon and nitrogen natural abundance stable isotope analyses. We examined isotopic signatures of specific macroinvertebrate food resources for the endangered, drift-feeding Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea) and looked for changes in isotopic ratios over the stream gradient. Our results indicate the Muddy River Warm Springs area is supported primarily by allochthonous energy sources, and Moapa dace did not focus on specific macroinvertebrate taxa. We characterized a pattern of downstream δ¹³C enrichment, which is seemingly common in groundwater-fed systems but discussed very little in the literature. We conclude that ground water carbon of marine origin, heterotrophic respiration, and fractionation and depletion of the δ¹³C pool by autotrophs contribute to a wide range δ¹³C values in primary producers and to the downstream enrichment pattern in the Muddy River Warm Springs. We then quantified macroinvertebrate drift throughout the Moapa dace's current and historic range within the Muddy River Warm Springs. We examined the relationship of total drift biomass and temperature and associations between specific macroinvertebrate orders and Moapa dace abundance. We also explored habitat characteristics associated with Moapa dace and their prey. In 2008 and 2009, total drift biomass/time and the biomass of most orders was negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with discharge. Only Lepidoptera and Neotaenioglossa had positive associations with temperature in 2008. In 2009, total biomass/volume had a negative linear relationship with temperature and a positive linear relationship with discharge, though these relationships were absent in 2008. Moapa dace were associated with high temperatures, low stream discharge, shallow depth, and low drift biomass both years. They were positively associated with thermally tolerant Lepidoptera and Neotaenioglossa in 2008 and no orders in 2009. Macroinvertebrate drift may be greater in cooler, downstream reaches because temperatures in those reaches are favorable to more taxa, there is more cumulative benthic area contributing to production, and there are fewer drift feeding insectivores. Lastly, we examined Moapa dace feeding flexibility by experimentally manipulating drift (0, 34, 64, 100, and 200% of the natural drift level) and quantified their feeding attempts and success. We found that Moapa dace are obligate drift feeders, selecting drift 40 times more frequently than benthos. They did not adaptively shift foraging modes from drift to benthic when drift was experimentally reduced. Drift feeding rate increased in response to increasing drift, but drift feeding success only increased from the 0% to the 64% drift level and did not change in the 100% and 200% levels. No relationship between fish size or food availability and aggression was detected. Moapa dace may share an interspecific foraging association with sympatric White River springfish (Crenichthys baileyi). Moapa dace are currently excluded from lower, more productive reaches by invasive species and fish barriers. Maintaining spring flows, eradicating non-natives, and restoring system connectivity will likely benefit Moapa dace and other Muddy River Warm Springs endemics. Close

• 259. [Article] High-resolution biogeochemical investigation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during the AESOPS (U. S. JGOFS) Program

  Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High-resolution biogeochemical investigation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during the AESOPS (U. S. JGOFS) Program Author: Takahashi, Taro, Hales, Burke Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Title: High-resolution biogeochemical investigation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, during the AESOPS (U. S. JGOFS) Program Author: Takahashi, Taro, Hales, Burke Copyrighted by American Geophysical Union. Close

• 260. [Article] Analysis of best management practices in the Columbia River Channel Improvement Project (CRCIP)

  The Columbia River Channel Improvement Project (CRCIP) was constructed along 166.6 km (103.5 miles) of Columbia River (from River Mile 3 to 106.5), which was from Interstate 5 Bridge (between Portland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of best management practices in the Columbia River Channel Improvement Project (CRCIP) Author: Ridwan, Denni The Columbia River Channel Improvement Project (CRCIP) was constructed along 166.6 km (103.5 miles) of Columbia River (from River Mile 3 to 106.5), which was from Interstate 5 Bridge (between Portland and Vancouver) to the river mouth, before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. It deepened the river by 0.9 m (3-feet), from 12.2 m to 13.1 m (40-foot to 43-foot) depth, in order to provide enough depth for the need of current transportation. The project obtained approval from US Congress after presenting the Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.66. In addition, it also anticipated continued sedimentation, enabling full capacity loads in cargo transportation, as well as providing a positive balance of environmental benefits. Significant discrepancies in terms of volume, cost and duration in the CRCIP were found after the project completion in fall 2010. With such lingering open-ended questions, this research seeks to clarify these questions by looking into the activities during the project implementation. Data were collected from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Feasibility Study and Environmental Impact Statement (FSEIS) in 2003 as well as Final Report Adaptive Environmental Management (AEM) in 2011. The data were then contrasted with those from opposing parties, such as Northwest Environmental Advocates (NWEA), declaration of Ernie Niemi (an economist), and related news. Data analysis was made by evaluating the methods applied in the dredging work (bathymetric survey), cost breakdown, benefit-cost analysis, as well as time schedule. Post-implementation data/information obtained from the USACE Portland District Office were used as additional input in discussing different viewpoints in the scope of research. Result showed additional dredging volume of about 32%, which was caused by the extra work of maintenance dredging. This compared to a 7% difference in calculation due to different methods between the dredging of material and its disposal. The difference in the project cost was referred to the point-in-time estimate between year of project initiation and year of its completion. The benefit-cost ratio was verified, despite different opinions from opposing parties about the factors to be included in the project’s benefits and costs. Extended project duration was analyzed by assessing the availability of funding for every year of implementation. Most of the funding came from US Congress, thus the amount of its annual disbursement significantly affected the progress of project implementation. It is recommended to conduct continuing research of the CRCIP with regards to environmental issues. The maintenance phase, which will end this year, could provide some information about the extent of environmental benefits as claimed by the project. Title: Analysis of best management practices in the Columbia River Channel Improvement Project (CRCIP) Author: Ridwan, Denni The Columbia River Channel Improvement Project (CRCIP) was constructed along 166.6 km (103.5 miles) of Columbia River (from River Mile 3 to 106.5), which was from Interstate 5 Bridge (between Portland and Vancouver) to the river mouth, before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. It deepened the river by 0.9 m (3-feet), from 12.2 m to 13.1 m (40-foot to 43-foot) depth, in order to provide enough depth for the need of current transportation. The project obtained approval from US Congress after presenting the Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.66. In addition, it also anticipated continued sedimentation, enabling full capacity loads in cargo transportation, as well as providing a positive balance of environmental benefits. Significant discrepancies in terms of volume, cost and duration in the CRCIP were found after the project completion in fall 2010. With such lingering open-ended questions, this research seeks to clarify these questions by looking into the activities during the project implementation. Data were collected from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Feasibility Study and Environmental Impact Statement (FSEIS) in 2003 as well as Final Report Adaptive Environmental Management (AEM) in 2011. The data were then contrasted with those from opposing parties, such as Northwest Environmental Advocates (NWEA), declaration of Ernie Niemi (an economist), and related news. Data analysis was made by evaluating the methods applied in the dredging work (bathymetric survey), cost breakdown, benefit-cost analysis, as well as time schedule. Post-implementation data/information obtained from the USACE Portland District Office were used as additional input in discussing different viewpoints in the scope of research. Result showed additional dredging volume of about 32%, which was caused by the extra work of maintenance dredging. This compared to a 7% difference in calculation due to different methods between the dredging of material and its disposal. The difference in the project cost was referred to the point-in-time estimate between year of project initiation and year of its completion. The benefit-cost ratio was verified, despite different opinions from opposing parties about the factors to be included in the project’s benefits and costs. Extended project duration was analyzed by assessing the availability of funding for every year of implementation. Most of the funding came from US Congress, thus the amount of its annual disbursement significantly affected the progress of project implementation. It is recommended to conduct continuing research of the CRCIP with regards to environmental issues. The maintenance phase, which will end this year, could provide some information about the extent of environmental benefits as claimed by the project. Close

• 261. [Article] Dose of reality : what can we learn from educational and veterinary pet owners to guide more effective environmental stewardship of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)?

  Improper disposal of unused human and pet pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are an emerging public and watershed health threat around the world. Although some waste stream reduction programs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dose of reality : what can we learn from educational and veterinary pet owners to guide more effective environmental stewardship of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)? Author: Lam, Jennifer Improper disposal of unused human and pet pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are an emerging public and watershed health threat around the world. Although some waste stream reduction programs such as PPCPs "take-back" exist, there is limited research in current programs on reducing the entry of PPCPs into the environment that focuses on what motivates people - specifically pet owners - to take stewardship actions with their pet PPCPs. To fill this knowledge gap, an online survey was conducted with veterinary care professionals and educational pet owners on the West Coast to first understand the motivations for pet ownership and the environmental desires for their pets and how aware pet owners are of the connections between PPCPs and the environment. Once pet ownership patterns were established, the connection between pet ownership and use and disposal of pet PPCPs was examined. Pet PPCP use and disposal status was then correlated with the respondents' use and disposal of human PPCPs. With this data, the study then observed how the HCAM (Human Capacity to Act Model) framework of applying rational choice, social proof, and institutional choice theories might be used to explain the triggers to PPCPs use and disposal behaviors/actions. Overall, the findings from this research shed light on the current status in use and disposal of pet PPCPs and indicate a positive relationship between the disposal of human and pet PPCPs. The study found that a majority of unused PPCPs are disposed of in the garbage or simply stored in households. For the most part, the pet-owning educators and veterinary care professionals in this study responded similarly, but differences did exist. Veterinary care professionals were driven more by economic factors, while educators were influenced more by environmental motivations. We examined how to understand some of the drivers and outcomes to this emerging contaminant issue in the environment through the HCAM framework to improve communication with stakeholders that can lead to more effective programs, studies, and policies on PPCPs stewardship. Title: Dose of reality : what can we learn from educational and veterinary pet owners to guide more effective environmental stewardship of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)? Author: Lam, Jennifer Improper disposal of unused human and pet pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are an emerging public and watershed health threat around the world. Although some waste stream reduction programs such as PPCPs "take-back" exist, there is limited research in current programs on reducing the entry of PPCPs into the environment that focuses on what motivates people - specifically pet owners - to take stewardship actions with their pet PPCPs. To fill this knowledge gap, an online survey was conducted with veterinary care professionals and educational pet owners on the West Coast to first understand the motivations for pet ownership and the environmental desires for their pets and how aware pet owners are of the connections between PPCPs and the environment. Once pet ownership patterns were established, the connection between pet ownership and use and disposal of pet PPCPs was examined. Pet PPCP use and disposal status was then correlated with the respondents' use and disposal of human PPCPs. With this data, the study then observed how the HCAM (Human Capacity to Act Model) framework of applying rational choice, social proof, and institutional choice theories might be used to explain the triggers to PPCPs use and disposal behaviors/actions. Overall, the findings from this research shed light on the current status in use and disposal of pet PPCPs and indicate a positive relationship between the disposal of human and pet PPCPs. The study found that a majority of unused PPCPs are disposed of in the garbage or simply stored in households. For the most part, the pet-owning educators and veterinary care professionals in this study responded similarly, but differences did exist. Veterinary care professionals were driven more by economic factors, while educators were influenced more by environmental motivations. We examined how to understand some of the drivers and outcomes to this emerging contaminant issue in the environment through the HCAM framework to improve communication with stakeholders that can lead to more effective programs, studies, and policies on PPCPs stewardship. Close

• 262. [Article] Ecological relationships between Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer in southwest Oregon

  I examined ecological relationships and mechanisms of coexistence for sympatric populations of Columbian white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological relationships between Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer in southwest Oregon Author: Whitney, Lowell W. I examined ecological relationships and mechanisms of coexistence for sympatric populations of Columbian white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in Douglas County, Oregon, from September 1997 to August 1998. Horseback transects were used to describe spatial distributions, population overlap, and habitat use for both species. Behavioral observations were conducted to examine intraspecific and interspecific social interactions. Diets were studied with microhistological analysis, and fecal nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber in fecal samples were used as indices of diet quality. Interspecific differences in foraging micro-site use and selection were investigated using vegetative surveys. Distribution patterns indicated that white-tailed and black-tailed deer maintained a degree spatial separation during most seasons, with spatial overlap ranging from 5 to 40% seasonally. White-tailed deer were more concentrated and tended to occur in the southern portions of the study area, which was characterized by lower elevations, more gradual slopes, and closer proximity to streams. Black-tailed deer were more wide ranging and tended to occur in the northern portions of the study area, which had higher elevations and greater topological relief. Coefficients of species association were negative suggesting that the species maintained spatial separation through mutual avoidance. In regions of population overlap, the species maintained separation by choosing different micro-sites in which to forage. Habitat use patterns were similar seasonally between white-tailed and black-tailed deer with overlap ranging from 89 to 96%. White-tailed deer used nearly all habitats available on the study area except those associated with conifers. They used oak-hardwood savanna shrub, open grassland, oak-hardwood savanna and riparian habitats the most. Black-tailed deer exhibited high use for open grassland and oak-hardwood savanna shrub habitats and lower use of all others. Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer exhibited strong seasonal similarities in diets with overlap ranging from 89 to 95%. White-tailed deer diets were dominated by forbs, shrubs, grasses, and other food sources (e.g., nuts, lichens). Columbian black-tailed deer diets were dominated mostly by forbs and other food sources. Seasonal diet diversity followed similar patterns for both species with the most diverse diets occurring in the fall and the least diverse diets in the spring. Detailed observation of behavioral interactions among white-tailed and black-tailed deer groups revealed that intraspecific interactions were more likely than interspecific interactions. Interactions among white-tailed deer groups were equally likely to be passive or active, while those among black-tailed groups were more likely to be passive. Interspecific interactions between white-tailed and black-tailed deer were infrequent. When they did occur, little aggression was observed and evidence of consistent dominance by either species was lacking. High overlap in habitat use and diets resulted in high trophic overlap (81 to 85% seasonally) between white-tailed and black-tailed deer; however, the low spatial overlap reduced the potential for exploitative competition between the species. High habitat heterogeneity on the study area created diverse niche characteristics that allowed white-tailed and black-tailed deer to have strong similarities in diets and habitat use, while coexisting. I hypothesized that the two species were competitively excluding each other. Title: Ecological relationships between Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer in southwest Oregon Author: Whitney, Lowell W. I examined ecological relationships and mechanisms of coexistence for sympatric populations of Columbian white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in Douglas County, Oregon, from September 1997 to August 1998. Horseback transects were used to describe spatial distributions, population overlap, and habitat use for both species. Behavioral observations were conducted to examine intraspecific and interspecific social interactions. Diets were studied with microhistological analysis, and fecal nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber in fecal samples were used as indices of diet quality. Interspecific differences in foraging micro-site use and selection were investigated using vegetative surveys. Distribution patterns indicated that white-tailed and black-tailed deer maintained a degree spatial separation during most seasons, with spatial overlap ranging from 5 to 40% seasonally. White-tailed deer were more concentrated and tended to occur in the southern portions of the study area, which was characterized by lower elevations, more gradual slopes, and closer proximity to streams. Black-tailed deer were more wide ranging and tended to occur in the northern portions of the study area, which had higher elevations and greater topological relief. Coefficients of species association were negative suggesting that the species maintained spatial separation through mutual avoidance. In regions of population overlap, the species maintained separation by choosing different micro-sites in which to forage. Habitat use patterns were similar seasonally between white-tailed and black-tailed deer with overlap ranging from 89 to 96%. White-tailed deer used nearly all habitats available on the study area except those associated with conifers. They used oak-hardwood savanna shrub, open grassland, oak-hardwood savanna and riparian habitats the most. Black-tailed deer exhibited high use for open grassland and oak-hardwood savanna shrub habitats and lower use of all others. Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer exhibited strong seasonal similarities in diets with overlap ranging from 89 to 95%. White-tailed deer diets were dominated by forbs, shrubs, grasses, and other food sources (e.g., nuts, lichens). Columbian black-tailed deer diets were dominated mostly by forbs and other food sources. Seasonal diet diversity followed similar patterns for both species with the most diverse diets occurring in the fall and the least diverse diets in the spring. Detailed observation of behavioral interactions among white-tailed and black-tailed deer groups revealed that intraspecific interactions were more likely than interspecific interactions. Interactions among white-tailed deer groups were equally likely to be passive or active, while those among black-tailed groups were more likely to be passive. Interspecific interactions between white-tailed and black-tailed deer were infrequent. When they did occur, little aggression was observed and evidence of consistent dominance by either species was lacking. High overlap in habitat use and diets resulted in high trophic overlap (81 to 85% seasonally) between white-tailed and black-tailed deer; however, the low spatial overlap reduced the potential for exploitative competition between the species. High habitat heterogeneity on the study area created diverse niche characteristics that allowed white-tailed and black-tailed deer to have strong similarities in diets and habitat use, while coexisting. I hypothesized that the two species were competitively excluding each other. Close

• 263. [Article] Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction

  The 97 images (supplementary data) that are part of this study were originally submitted to ScholarsArchive@OSU in April 2011, eight months before the article was deposited. The original url for the images ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction Author: Beschta, Robert L., Ripple, William J. The 97 images (supplementary data) that are part of this study were originally submitted to ScholarsArchive@OSU in April 2011, eight months before the article was deposited. The original url for the images is http://hdl.handle.net/1957/20842 Title: Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction Author: Beschta, Robert L., Ripple, William J. The 97 images (supplementary data) that are part of this study were originally submitted to ScholarsArchive@OSU in April 2011, eight months before the article was deposited. The original url for the images is http://hdl.handle.net/1957/20842 Close

• 264. [Article] Prehistoric land-use patterns in the North Santiam subbasin on the western slopes of the Oregon Cascade Range

  This thesis examines prehistoric land use patterns of the entire North Santiam subbasin, located on the western slopes of the Oregon Cascade Range. The objective of this analysis is three-fold: 1) to contribute ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prehistoric land-use patterns in the North Santiam subbasin on the western slopes of the Oregon Cascade Range Author: Kelly, Cara McCulley This thesis examines prehistoric land use patterns of the entire North Santiam subbasin, located on the western slopes of the Oregon Cascade Range. The objective of this analysis is three-fold: 1) to contribute to reconstructing the cultural chronology of the area; 2) to address the use of raw material by local hunter-gatherers and how raw material can be used to reconstruct the seasonal procurement ranges for these groups; and 3) to model the adaptive strategies of the prehistoric inhabitants of the North Santiam subbasin. The adaptive strategies of hunter-gatherer groups in the North Santiam subbasin are addressed by using the known ethnographic record, limited archaeological excavations, and the environmental and social data layers in Geographic Information Systems. ArcView Spatial Analyst was used to analyze the density and distribution of prehistoric sites and their association with major vegetation, huckleberry patches, non-forested communities, slope, aspect, streams, lithic sources, hot springs and trails within the subbasin. Five elevation zones are outlined corresponding to the site density pattern and the key predictive environmental and social variables. This study assumed that sites are not randomly distributed across the landscape; instead hunter-gatherer groups chose a particular location based on the natural environment. It is also assumed that many of the environmental variables have survived to modern time and are represented by the presently available data. Concurrent trace element analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and obsidian hydration analysis conducted on projectile points recovered from the surface and subsurface have provided evidence for early occupation in the subbasin; and revealed patterns in mobility, social interaction, and the use of raw material during the Archaic. The key predictive variables sustained a diversity of plant and animal resources that attracted human groups from both east and west of the Cascade Mountains over the past 10,000 years to seasonally hunt and procure a variety of important plant resources. The results of this study while descriptive in nature elucidates a pattern of land-use by hunter-gatherers, by providing key distributional data on prehistoric sites and their association to particular ecological zones within the North Santiam subbasin during the Archaic Period. Title: Prehistoric land-use patterns in the North Santiam subbasin on the western slopes of the Oregon Cascade Range Author: Kelly, Cara McCulley This thesis examines prehistoric land use patterns of the entire North Santiam subbasin, located on the western slopes of the Oregon Cascade Range. The objective of this analysis is three-fold: 1) to contribute to reconstructing the cultural chronology of the area; 2) to address the use of raw material by local hunter-gatherers and how raw material can be used to reconstruct the seasonal procurement ranges for these groups; and 3) to model the adaptive strategies of the prehistoric inhabitants of the North Santiam subbasin. The adaptive strategies of hunter-gatherer groups in the North Santiam subbasin are addressed by using the known ethnographic record, limited archaeological excavations, and the environmental and social data layers in Geographic Information Systems. ArcView Spatial Analyst was used to analyze the density and distribution of prehistoric sites and their association with major vegetation, huckleberry patches, non-forested communities, slope, aspect, streams, lithic sources, hot springs and trails within the subbasin. Five elevation zones are outlined corresponding to the site density pattern and the key predictive environmental and social variables. This study assumed that sites are not randomly distributed across the landscape; instead hunter-gatherer groups chose a particular location based on the natural environment. It is also assumed that many of the environmental variables have survived to modern time and are represented by the presently available data. Concurrent trace element analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and obsidian hydration analysis conducted on projectile points recovered from the surface and subsurface have provided evidence for early occupation in the subbasin; and revealed patterns in mobility, social interaction, and the use of raw material during the Archaic. The key predictive variables sustained a diversity of plant and animal resources that attracted human groups from both east and west of the Cascade Mountains over the past 10,000 years to seasonally hunt and procure a variety of important plant resources. The results of this study while descriptive in nature elucidates a pattern of land-use by hunter-gatherers, by providing key distributional data on prehistoric sites and their association to particular ecological zones within the North Santiam subbasin during the Archaic Period. Close

• 265. [Article] Measuring benefits of outdoor recreation services : an application of the household production function approach to the Oregon steelhead sport fishery

  This study provides an empirical test of the Bockstael-McConnell (1980) household production function (HPF) framework for evaluating wildlife recreation. This is perhaps the first study in which both taste ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring benefits of outdoor recreation services : an application of the household production function approach to the Oregon steelhead sport fishery Author: Strong, Elizabeth J. This study provides an empirical test of the Bockstael-McConnell (1980) household production function (HPF) framework for evaluating wildlife recreation. This is perhaps the first study in which both taste and technology parameters have been estimated with a theoretical model specification. The results suggest that for steelhead sport fishing in Oregon, the HPF methodology provides a promising recreation valuation technique. Also, some theoretical results are presented which extend Barnett's (1977) formulation of the HPF model to nonconsant returns to scale technologies. Conditions are identified under which it is possible to estimate structural taste and technology parameters. There is also a discussion on welfare analysis in the HPF framework. It is shown that welfare changes can be evaluated in either the input or the commodity markets. Different techniques for calculating two exact welfare measures --- compensating and equivalent variations --- are presented. In the HPF model estimated in this application, anglers are viewed as using market goods and their own time as inputs in the production of fishing experiences from which they derive utility. The two utility-yielding components of a fishing experience are defined as the fishing trip itself and the per trip fish catch. The major difference between this study and most previous studies of angler demand is that fish catch is treated here as an endogenous rather than an exogenous variable. That is, the number of sport-caught fish is found to be influenced by the quantities of inputs used by anglers. An advantage of the HPF framework is that it provides estimates of implicit or hedonic prices for commodities that are not priced on the market. Implicit prices, which are dependent on input prices and technology parameters, may also depend on the quantities of commodities consumed. Empirically specified implicit price functions are presented for both a fishing trip and a sport-caught fish. The results suggest that these implicit prices are not dependent on commodity quantities. The value of a fishing experience is defined in this study as the benefits derived from taking the trip and from catching fish. Estimates of the mean value of a fishing experience are presented in terms of both compensating and equivalent variations. These empirical results may be useful for determining values of fishing sites in Oregon. As is suggested by McConnell (1979) and Bockstael and McConnell (1980), the HPF framework can be used to determine the effects of exogenous quality changes on recreation benefits. In this study selected stream quality variables are included in the fish catch production function. Methods are shown for evaluating the welfare effects of changes in these exogenous quality variables. A model in which one or more quality indices are included could be useful for analyzing welfare effects on anglers of forest management plans or fishery enhancement projects. A problem which arose in this work is that the survey data used for the application was initially gathered for the purpose of apply ing a standard travel cost model. This led to some potentially biased parameter estimates for the HPF model. In spite of some data deficiencies, the results are theoretically plausible; but future research should be directed toward obtaining results for the HPF model which are not subject to these empirical limitations. Also, these results suggest that more research is needed to develop habitat quality indices. Future research efforts should also be directed toward developing multiple-site recreation valuation models. With such models, production relationships can vary across sites and substitution relationships among sites can be examined. Title: Measuring benefits of outdoor recreation services : an application of the household production function approach to the Oregon steelhead sport fishery Author: Strong, Elizabeth J. This study provides an empirical test of the Bockstael-McConnell (1980) household production function (HPF) framework for evaluating wildlife recreation. This is perhaps the first study in which both taste and technology parameters have been estimated with a theoretical model specification. The results suggest that for steelhead sport fishing in Oregon, the HPF methodology provides a promising recreation valuation technique. Also, some theoretical results are presented which extend Barnett's (1977) formulation of the HPF model to nonconsant returns to scale technologies. Conditions are identified under which it is possible to estimate structural taste and technology parameters. There is also a discussion on welfare analysis in the HPF framework. It is shown that welfare changes can be evaluated in either the input or the commodity markets. Different techniques for calculating two exact welfare measures --- compensating and equivalent variations --- are presented. In the HPF model estimated in this application, anglers are viewed as using market goods and their own time as inputs in the production of fishing experiences from which they derive utility. The two utility-yielding components of a fishing experience are defined as the fishing trip itself and the per trip fish catch. The major difference between this study and most previous studies of angler demand is that fish catch is treated here as an endogenous rather than an exogenous variable. That is, the number of sport-caught fish is found to be influenced by the quantities of inputs used by anglers. An advantage of the HPF framework is that it provides estimates of implicit or hedonic prices for commodities that are not priced on the market. Implicit prices, which are dependent on input prices and technology parameters, may also depend on the quantities of commodities consumed. Empirically specified implicit price functions are presented for both a fishing trip and a sport-caught fish. The results suggest that these implicit prices are not dependent on commodity quantities. The value of a fishing experience is defined in this study as the benefits derived from taking the trip and from catching fish. Estimates of the mean value of a fishing experience are presented in terms of both compensating and equivalent variations. These empirical results may be useful for determining values of fishing sites in Oregon. As is suggested by McConnell (1979) and Bockstael and McConnell (1980), the HPF framework can be used to determine the effects of exogenous quality changes on recreation benefits. In this study selected stream quality variables are included in the fish catch production function. Methods are shown for evaluating the welfare effects of changes in these exogenous quality variables. A model in which one or more quality indices are included could be useful for analyzing welfare effects on anglers of forest management plans or fishery enhancement projects. A problem which arose in this work is that the survey data used for the application was initially gathered for the purpose of apply ing a standard travel cost model. This led to some potentially biased parameter estimates for the HPF model. In spite of some data deficiencies, the results are theoretically plausible; but future research should be directed toward obtaining results for the HPF model which are not subject to these empirical limitations. Also, these results suggest that more research is needed to develop habitat quality indices. Future research efforts should also be directed toward developing multiple-site recreation valuation models. With such models, production relationships can vary across sites and substitution relationships among sites can be examined. Close

• 266. [Article] Land use and nonpoint source phosphorus pollution in the Dairy-McKay hydrologic unit area of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon

  Human activities may contribute to the eutrophication of surface waters by providing nutrients to aquatic ecosystems. Phosphorus is frequently identified as a nutrient that is limiting to most aquatic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land use and nonpoint source phosphorus pollution in the Dairy-McKay hydrologic unit area of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon Author: Wolf, Donald W. Human activities may contribute to the eutrophication of surface waters by providing nutrients to aquatic ecosystems. Phosphorus is frequently identified as a nutrient that is limiting to most aquatic ecosystems under natural conditions. Sources of phosphorus contributing to eutrophic conditions often include nonpoint sources that are dispersed across the landscape. In the Tualatin Basin of Oregon, nonpoint sources have been identified as contributing to phosphorus levels in the Tualatin River that exceed limits established in water quality regulations. The first section of this paper provides a review of relevant literature to explore connections between land use and the sources and transport of nonpoint source phosphorus into the Tualatin Basin. Additionally, where these connections exist, methods to alter existing land use practices to reduce phosphorus contributions are identified. The second section of this paper reviews and analyzes existing data gathered by agencies in the Tualatin Basin to look for evidence of connections between land use and the sources and transport of nonpoint source phosphorus. As one of the most obvious and influential connections, sediment-carried particulate phosphorus is examined both for its influence to the total phosphorus content of streams, and for evidence that it may become more influential as it is transported downstream. Data sets are also examined for seasonal effects and for interactions between phosphorus and other sampled water quality parameters. The third section is an examination and discussion of relevant social issues connected to nonpoint source phosphorus issues in the realization that any solution must be not only technically achievable, but also acceptable to society. Two surveys that attempt to describe the concerns of citizens, one for the general public and one for landowners, are reported. In addition, the problems of establishing regulatory control for a problem whose limits are still undefined is discussed. A philosophy of managementadaptive managementis discussed, and a program for controlling nonpoint source phosphorus in the Tualatin Basin that incorporate adaptive management principles is proposed. Finally, the issues surrounding which segments of society are responsible for paying for control are discussed. Title: Land use and nonpoint source phosphorus pollution in the Dairy-McKay hydrologic unit area of the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon Author: Wolf, Donald W. Human activities may contribute to the eutrophication of surface waters by providing nutrients to aquatic ecosystems. Phosphorus is frequently identified as a nutrient that is limiting to most aquatic ecosystems under natural conditions. Sources of phosphorus contributing to eutrophic conditions often include nonpoint sources that are dispersed across the landscape. In the Tualatin Basin of Oregon, nonpoint sources have been identified as contributing to phosphorus levels in the Tualatin River that exceed limits established in water quality regulations. The first section of this paper provides a review of relevant literature to explore connections between land use and the sources and transport of nonpoint source phosphorus into the Tualatin Basin. Additionally, where these connections exist, methods to alter existing land use practices to reduce phosphorus contributions are identified. The second section of this paper reviews and analyzes existing data gathered by agencies in the Tualatin Basin to look for evidence of connections between land use and the sources and transport of nonpoint source phosphorus. As one of the most obvious and influential connections, sediment-carried particulate phosphorus is examined both for its influence to the total phosphorus content of streams, and for evidence that it may become more influential as it is transported downstream. Data sets are also examined for seasonal effects and for interactions between phosphorus and other sampled water quality parameters. The third section is an examination and discussion of relevant social issues connected to nonpoint source phosphorus issues in the realization that any solution must be not only technically achievable, but also acceptable to society. Two surveys that attempt to describe the concerns of citizens, one for the general public and one for landowners, are reported. In addition, the problems of establishing regulatory control for a problem whose limits are still undefined is discussed. A philosophy of managementadaptive managementis discussed, and a program for controlling nonpoint source phosphorus in the Tualatin Basin that incorporate adaptive management principles is proposed. Finally, the issues surrounding which segments of society are responsible for paying for control are discussed. Close

• 267. [Article] Organic contaminants in western pond turtles in remote habitat in California

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The article is published by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.else...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organic contaminants in western pond turtles in remote habitat in California Author: Eskew, Evan A., Schrlau, Jill, Todd, Brian D., Simonich, Staci L. Massey, Chibwe, Leah, Meyer, Erik To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The article is published by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/chemosphere/ Title: Organic contaminants in western pond turtles in remote habitat in California Author: Eskew, Evan A., Schrlau, Jill, Todd, Brian D., Simonich, Staci L. Massey, Chibwe, Leah, Meyer, Erik To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The article is published by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/chemosphere/ Close

• 268. [Article] Feasibility study of a surface vehicle utilizing a unitary control system

  A feasibility and practicality study was made of an automotive-type surface vehicle that employed a centralized or unitized means of control. The control functions consisted of: steering, acceleration, deceleration, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feasibility study of a surface vehicle utilizing a unitary control system Author: Bassett, David Arthur A feasibility and practicality study was made of an automotive-type surface vehicle that employed a centralized or unitized means of control. The control functions consisted of: steering, acceleration, deceleration, clutch actuation, gear changes, turn signal operation and horn actuation. These controls were arranged in such a manner that the driver used only his right hand and arm to effect total vehicle operation and control. The study was accomplished by three avenues of approach. They area (1) "historical", (2) analytical, (3) experimental. For the historical analysis, a survey of similar existing systems with their particular advantages and disadvantages was completed. The analytical portion took the form of an analog simulation of the steering response to a given input, The experimental aspects of the study dealt with both quantitative and qualitative information in that a test vehicle was constructed, instrumented and tested for steering response, sensitivity, stability, response time, and control transfer functions. The qualitative portion was achieved by utilizing different operators, (some of whom were physically handicapped) to evaluate the vehicle's handling characteristics and overall system acceptability. The control system concept demonstrated its feasibility, practicality and desirability by successful operation, quantitative testing and driver evaluation. Major advantages of this system concern improvements in the following areas: (1) Safety; more maneuverability, shorter response time, no distraction of remote switches, unimpaired view of instrument panel, crash protection, and reliable mechanical system. (2) Convenience; more "natural" control action, reduced physical motions and forces for operator, handicapped persons aid, driver fatigue reduced, no seat adjustment needed. (3) Historical; novel system to change the monotony of years of wheel controlled vehicles. Title: Feasibility study of a surface vehicle utilizing a unitary control system Author: Bassett, David Arthur A feasibility and practicality study was made of an automotive-type surface vehicle that employed a centralized or unitized means of control. The control functions consisted of: steering, acceleration, deceleration, clutch actuation, gear changes, turn signal operation and horn actuation. These controls were arranged in such a manner that the driver used only his right hand and arm to effect total vehicle operation and control. The study was accomplished by three avenues of approach. They area (1) "historical", (2) analytical, (3) experimental. For the historical analysis, a survey of similar existing systems with their particular advantages and disadvantages was completed. The analytical portion took the form of an analog simulation of the steering response to a given input, The experimental aspects of the study dealt with both quantitative and qualitative information in that a test vehicle was constructed, instrumented and tested for steering response, sensitivity, stability, response time, and control transfer functions. The qualitative portion was achieved by utilizing different operators, (some of whom were physically handicapped) to evaluate the vehicle's handling characteristics and overall system acceptability. The control system concept demonstrated its feasibility, practicality and desirability by successful operation, quantitative testing and driver evaluation. Major advantages of this system concern improvements in the following areas: (1) Safety; more maneuverability, shorter response time, no distraction of remote switches, unimpaired view of instrument panel, crash protection, and reliable mechanical system. (2) Convenience; more "natural" control action, reduced physical motions and forces for operator, handicapped persons aid, driver fatigue reduced, no seat adjustment needed. (3) Historical; novel system to change the monotony of years of wheel controlled vehicles. Close

• 269. [Article] Characteristics of the contemporary quilter : a case study of a western Oregon quilt guild

  Historically, women made quilts for utilitarian and for aesthetic purposes. Quilting was for many women one of the few outlets in which they could express themselves in a patriarchal society. Quiltmaking ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics of the contemporary quilter : a case study of a western Oregon quilt guild Author: Gay, Catherine E. Historically, women made quilts for utilitarian and for aesthetic purposes. Quilting was for many women one of the few outlets in which they could express themselves in a patriarchal society. Quiltmaking in groups afforded women the opportunity to increase their personal and political empowerment and to legitimate social gatherings. Because quiltmaking has largely been a female experience, it is a valuable source of historical information for researchers in cultural studies and women's history. Much study has been undertaken to describe the historical quiltmakers, and there is a need for additional information describing contemporary quiltmakers. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the contemporary quilter, where she learned her art/craft, how her guild membership benefited her, and why she chose to quilt. To investigate these questions, the researcher studied the Mary's River Quilt Guild (MRQG) in Benton County, Oregon. A survey with 34 closed-ended questions and 4 open-ended questions was implemented at the May 1995 MRQG monthly meeting for the purpose of collecting data specific to the four research questions. Seventy-four surveys were collected, and seventy-one were usable for this study. Frequencies were tabulated for the close-ended questions, and characteristics were compiled. The four open-ended questions were analyzed for content by two independent researchers for interrater reliability. In order to understand the MRQG membership better, findings from this study were compared to the general population of Benton County, Oregon. Because seventy-four percent of the MRQG study respondents resided in Benton County, Oregon, findings from the 1990 Benton County census data were compared to ascertain how representative the MRQG members were of the general surrounding population. Demographic data were analyzed to compile a profile of the MRQG respondents. The typical MRQG respondent was white, between the ages of 36-45, and married with two to three children. Eighty-six percent had at least attended college and 56% had college degrees. The majority of respondents worked full-time and reported household incomes in the $40-44,999 range and higher. The majority of respondents indicated that they first learned to quilt via quilt classes, books, or self-teaching. For those few respondents who learned from a relative, the relationship of the relative was either mother or grandmother. The respondents joined the guild for innovative ideas, support and encouragement, and female comraderie. Respondents quilted most frequently for creative expression, challenge, relaxation, love and friendship, and to commemorate an event. Quiltmaking is a social phenomenon predicted to have some longevity. Women, increasingly faced with the ambiguities of modern life and the definitions of female identities, may seek out affiliations with groups like quilt guilds that acknowledge women for their accomplishments. Title: Characteristics of the contemporary quilter : a case study of a western Oregon quilt guild Author: Gay, Catherine E. Historically, women made quilts for utilitarian and for aesthetic purposes. Quilting was for many women one of the few outlets in which they could express themselves in a patriarchal society. Quiltmaking in groups afforded women the opportunity to increase their personal and political empowerment and to legitimate social gatherings. Because quiltmaking has largely been a female experience, it is a valuable source of historical information for researchers in cultural studies and women's history. Much study has been undertaken to describe the historical quiltmakers, and there is a need for additional information describing contemporary quiltmakers. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the contemporary quilter, where she learned her art/craft, how her guild membership benefited her, and why she chose to quilt. To investigate these questions, the researcher studied the Mary's River Quilt Guild (MRQG) in Benton County, Oregon. A survey with 34 closed-ended questions and 4 open-ended questions was implemented at the May 1995 MRQG monthly meeting for the purpose of collecting data specific to the four research questions. Seventy-four surveys were collected, and seventy-one were usable for this study. Frequencies were tabulated for the close-ended questions, and characteristics were compiled. The four open-ended questions were analyzed for content by two independent researchers for interrater reliability. In order to understand the MRQG membership better, findings from this study were compared to the general population of Benton County, Oregon. Because seventy-four percent of the MRQG study respondents resided in Benton County, Oregon, findings from the 1990 Benton County census data were compared to ascertain how representative the MRQG members were of the general surrounding population. Demographic data were analyzed to compile a profile of the MRQG respondents. The typical MRQG respondent was white, between the ages of 36-45, and married with two to three children. Eighty-six percent had at least attended college and 56% had college degrees. The majority of respondents worked full-time and reported household incomes in the $40-44,999 range and higher. The majority of respondents indicated that they first learned to quilt via quilt classes, books, or self-teaching. For those few respondents who learned from a relative, the relationship of the relative was either mother or grandmother. The respondents joined the guild for innovative ideas, support and encouragement, and female comraderie. Respondents quilted most frequently for creative expression, challenge, relaxation, love and friendship, and to commemorate an event. Quiltmaking is a social phenomenon predicted to have some longevity. Women, increasingly faced with the ambiguities of modern life and the definitions of female identities, may seek out affiliations with groups like quilt guilds that acknowledge women for their accomplishments. Close

• 270. [Article] Prioritizing Habitat Restoration for Endangered Salmon: Getting the Most Bang for your Buck

  Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prioritizing Habitat Restoration for Endangered Salmon: Getting the Most Bang for your Buck Author: Jorgensen, Jeff, Plummer, Mark, Honea, Jon, Fonner, Robert, McClure, Michelle Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Title: Prioritizing Habitat Restoration for Endangered Salmon: Getting the Most Bang for your Buck Author: Jorgensen, Jeff, Plummer, Mark, Honea, Jon, Fonner, Robert, McClure, Michelle Year: 2016 Suggested Bibliographic Reference: Challenging New Frontiers in the Global Seafood Sector: Proceedings of the Eighteenth Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 11-15, 2016. Compiled by Stefani J. Evers and Ann L. Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvallis, 2016. Close

• 271. [Article] Landscape patterns of pre-logging forest conditions in western Oregon

  Using historical maps and tools provided by GJS, the spatial patterns of pre-logging forest conditions were quantified for three landscapes in western Oregon. The spatial coincidence between forest patches ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Landscape patterns of pre-logging forest conditions in western Oregon Author: Rasmussen, Mary C. Using historical maps and tools provided by GJS, the spatial patterns of pre-logging forest conditions were quantified for three landscapes in western Oregon. The spatial coincidence between forest patches and topographic features was determined for slope gradient, aspect, elevation, and distance from streams. Pre-logging and current forest compositions were compared. The pre-logging landscape was dominated by old growth conifer with less than 10% consisting of early seral disturbance patches. Fire patches differed in size and shape between the Oregon Coast Range and the Oregon Cascade Range provinces. The size and variability of fire patches was larger in the Cascades, with shorter mean distances between fire patches and smaller perimeter to area ratios compared to fire patches in the Coast Range. Mean fire return intervals ranged from 170 to 292 years for the Oregon Coast Range. The most frequent patch size, regardless of patch type and study area, ranged from 100 to 999 ha. Forest patch types varied predictably by topographic feature for instance: fewer fire patches occurred on cool, moist aspects while more occurred on hot, dry, aspects. More burn area and less old growth conifer than expected occurred within 4000 m of major rivers. Late seral forest cover has declined dramatically across all three landscapes since 1933. Title: Landscape patterns of pre-logging forest conditions in western Oregon Author: Rasmussen, Mary C. Using historical maps and tools provided by GJS, the spatial patterns of pre-logging forest conditions were quantified for three landscapes in western Oregon. The spatial coincidence between forest patches and topographic features was determined for slope gradient, aspect, elevation, and distance from streams. Pre-logging and current forest compositions were compared. The pre-logging landscape was dominated by old growth conifer with less than 10% consisting of early seral disturbance patches. Fire patches differed in size and shape between the Oregon Coast Range and the Oregon Cascade Range provinces. The size and variability of fire patches was larger in the Cascades, with shorter mean distances between fire patches and smaller perimeter to area ratios compared to fire patches in the Coast Range. Mean fire return intervals ranged from 170 to 292 years for the Oregon Coast Range. The most frequent patch size, regardless of patch type and study area, ranged from 100 to 999 ha. Forest patch types varied predictably by topographic feature for instance: fewer fire patches occurred on cool, moist aspects while more occurred on hot, dry, aspects. More burn area and less old growth conifer than expected occurred within 4000 m of major rivers. Late seral forest cover has declined dramatically across all three landscapes since 1933. Close

• 272. [Article] Lahar hazard mapping of Mount Shasta, California : a GIS-based delineation of potential inundation zones in Mud and Whitney Creek basins

  Mount Shasta, the southernmost stratovolcano in the Cascade Range (41.4°N) has frequently produced lahars of various magnitudes during the last 10,000 yr. These include large flows of eruptive origin, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lahar hazard mapping of Mount Shasta, California : a GIS-based delineation of potential inundation zones in Mud and Whitney Creek basins Author: McClung, Steven C. Mount Shasta, the southernmost stratovolcano in the Cascade Range (41.4°N) has frequently produced lahars of various magnitudes during the last 10,000 yr. These include large flows of eruptive origin, reaching more than 40km from the summit, and studies have shown that at least 70 debris flows of noneruptive origin have occurred during the last 1,000 yr in various stream channels. The Mud and Whitney Creek drainages have historically produced more debris flows than any other glacier-headed channel on the volcano. Periods of accelerated glacial melt have produced lahars in Whitney Creek with a volume of 4 x 106 m3 and a runout distance of about 27 km from the summit. Mud Creek flows from 1924 – 1931 covered an area of more than 6 km2 near the community of McCloud with an estimated 23 x 106 m3 of mud. A much older lahar in Big Canyon Creek may have deposited a volume of 70 x 106 m3 over present day Mount Shasta City and beyond. A lahar inundation modeling tool developed by USGS analysts is used to objectively delineate lahar inundation zones on Mount Shasta by embedding predictive equations in a geographic information system (GIS) that uses a digital elevation model, hypothetical lahar volumes, and geometric relationships as input. Volumes derived from these lahar deposits are extrapolated to the selected drainages to generate probable lahar inundation hazard zones with a focus on mapping and hazards implications. Title: Lahar hazard mapping of Mount Shasta, California : a GIS-based delineation of potential inundation zones in Mud and Whitney Creek basins Author: McClung, Steven C. Mount Shasta, the southernmost stratovolcano in the Cascade Range (41.4°N) has frequently produced lahars of various magnitudes during the last 10,000 yr. These include large flows of eruptive origin, reaching more than 40km from the summit, and studies have shown that at least 70 debris flows of noneruptive origin have occurred during the last 1,000 yr in various stream channels. The Mud and Whitney Creek drainages have historically produced more debris flows than any other glacier-headed channel on the volcano. Periods of accelerated glacial melt have produced lahars in Whitney Creek with a volume of 4 x 106 m3 and a runout distance of about 27 km from the summit. Mud Creek flows from 1924 – 1931 covered an area of more than 6 km2 near the community of McCloud with an estimated 23 x 106 m3 of mud. A much older lahar in Big Canyon Creek may have deposited a volume of 70 x 106 m3 over present day Mount Shasta City and beyond. A lahar inundation modeling tool developed by USGS analysts is used to objectively delineate lahar inundation zones on Mount Shasta by embedding predictive equations in a geographic information system (GIS) that uses a digital elevation model, hypothetical lahar volumes, and geometric relationships as input. Volumes derived from these lahar deposits are extrapolated to the selected drainages to generate probable lahar inundation hazard zones with a focus on mapping and hazards implications. Close

• 273. [Article] Meander scars : reflections on healing a river

  As Europeans settled the Willamette Valley in the 1800s, they began to simplify Oregon's largest river contained wholly within state boarders—the Willamette. The river lost miles of channels from dikes, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Meander scars : reflections on healing a river Author: Metzger, Abby P. As Europeans settled the Willamette Valley in the 1800s, they began to simplify Oregon's largest river contained wholly within state boarders—the Willamette. The river lost miles of channels from dikes, dams, and development. Some channels vanished under concrete. Others became meander scars, or shallow, dry depression in the land where the river used to wander. Besides being a geological feature, meander scars are reminders of the wounds of progress and our attempts to control the river. Through a series of personal essays, this book reflects on whether something scarred can once again be whole. It explores a simple question with no single answer: How can we heal a river while healing our relationship to it? The book begins with the history of the Willamette, when it was wild and free, and then moves into all the ways we simplified and left it scarred. The story then reflects on what we might value in healing a river—values such as the complexity of the water's many truths; values of memories and stories that hold the history of a landscape before it was degraded; and values even of grief and danger, which bring us closer to places in unexpected ways. The final reach of the book explores the role of restoration in healing the Willamette-whether working to repair the earth compensates for our misdeeds, and whether restoration is a reflexive act in which participant and landscape are both made anew. Title: Meander scars : reflections on healing a river Author: Metzger, Abby P. As Europeans settled the Willamette Valley in the 1800s, they began to simplify Oregon's largest river contained wholly within state boarders—the Willamette. The river lost miles of channels from dikes, dams, and development. Some channels vanished under concrete. Others became meander scars, or shallow, dry depression in the land where the river used to wander. Besides being a geological feature, meander scars are reminders of the wounds of progress and our attempts to control the river. Through a series of personal essays, this book reflects on whether something scarred can once again be whole. It explores a simple question with no single answer: How can we heal a river while healing our relationship to it? The book begins with the history of the Willamette, when it was wild and free, and then moves into all the ways we simplified and left it scarred. The story then reflects on what we might value in healing a river—values such as the complexity of the water's many truths; values of memories and stories that hold the history of a landscape before it was degraded; and values even of grief and danger, which bring us closer to places in unexpected ways. The final reach of the book explores the role of restoration in healing the Willamette-whether working to repair the earth compensates for our misdeeds, and whether restoration is a reflexive act in which participant and landscape are both made anew. Close

• 274. [Article] The point of confluence : a qualitative study of the life-span developmental importance of menarche in the bodily histories of older women

  In this qualitative, phenomenological study I employed oral history methodology, grounded in a life-span developmental and feminist approach, to explore the developmental importance of menarche in twenty ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The point of confluence : a qualitative study of the life-span developmental importance of menarche in the bodily histories of older women Author: Sasser-Coen, Jennifer In this qualitative, phenomenological study I employed oral history methodology, grounded in a life-span developmental and feminist approach, to explore the developmental importance of menarche in twenty older women's "bodily histories." Menarche is an important developmental event in the female life course because it represents a major point of confluence where the various streams of what it means to be female coalesce. Menarche is not only a biophysical phenomenon originating from inside a girl's body, but is a psychosocial transition as well. Further, menarche is a biopsycho-social event which is shaped by sociocultural and historical discourses and may have life-span developmental implications. Qualitative analyses of the bodily histories revealed that the older women remembered their first menstrual periods very clearly. The women spoke of menarche as an abrupt and disruptive event symbolic of adult fertility and sexuality and surrounded by silence. They associated menarche with the imposition of menstrual taboos and rules of adult femininity which restricted their behaviors. Many of the themes that emerged from the women's memories of menarche were also present in their narratives about subsequent menstrual and menopausal experiences. There was a continuation throughout their menstrual careers of the restrictions on their behaviors as a result of menstrual bleeding; the silence and confusion associated with processes of the female body; and the sexualization of their fertile bodies. Further, there was evidence of a continuity well into later-life of the medicalization of their bodies, as well as their use of language suggestive of a separation between their bodies and their selves. The generalizability of these findings is limited; the study sample was small, homogenous, and self-selected, and the bodily histories were collected retrospectively. Implications of these findings and directions for research, theorizing, and action are discussed. Title: The point of confluence : a qualitative study of the life-span developmental importance of menarche in the bodily histories of older women Author: Sasser-Coen, Jennifer In this qualitative, phenomenological study I employed oral history methodology, grounded in a life-span developmental and feminist approach, to explore the developmental importance of menarche in twenty older women's "bodily histories." Menarche is an important developmental event in the female life course because it represents a major point of confluence where the various streams of what it means to be female coalesce. Menarche is not only a biophysical phenomenon originating from inside a girl's body, but is a psychosocial transition as well. Further, menarche is a biopsycho-social event which is shaped by sociocultural and historical discourses and may have life-span developmental implications. Qualitative analyses of the bodily histories revealed that the older women remembered their first menstrual periods very clearly. The women spoke of menarche as an abrupt and disruptive event symbolic of adult fertility and sexuality and surrounded by silence. They associated menarche with the imposition of menstrual taboos and rules of adult femininity which restricted their behaviors. Many of the themes that emerged from the women's memories of menarche were also present in their narratives about subsequent menstrual and menopausal experiences. There was a continuation throughout their menstrual careers of the restrictions on their behaviors as a result of menstrual bleeding; the silence and confusion associated with processes of the female body; and the sexualization of their fertile bodies. Further, there was evidence of a continuity well into later-life of the medicalization of their bodies, as well as their use of language suggestive of a separation between their bodies and their selves. The generalizability of these findings is limited; the study sample was small, homogenous, and self-selected, and the bodily histories were collected retrospectively. Implications of these findings and directions for research, theorizing, and action are discussed. Close

• 275. [Article] Anomalously warm July 2005 in the northern California Current : historical context and the significance of cumulative wind stress

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Anomalously warm July 2005 in the northern California Current : historical context and the significance of cumulative wind stress Author: Fleischer, Guy W., Pierce, Stephen D., Thomas, Rebecca E., Barth, John A. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Anomalously warm July 2005 in the northern California Current : historical context and the significance of cumulative wind stress Author: Fleischer, Guy W., Pierce, Stephen D., Thomas, Rebecca E., Barth, John A. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 276. [Article] How Race Impacts Voter Participation: A Study

  What does race have to do with it? A study of racial conflict theory. Looking back at the 2012 Presidential election, it is important to re-evaluate who participates in a democratic process. It is necessary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Race Impacts Voter Participation: A Study Author: Dietz, Elizabeth What does race have to do with it? A study of racial conflict theory. Looking back at the 2012 Presidential election, it is important to re-evaluate who participates in a democratic process. It is necessary to observe voter participation by people of color in order to gain a more robust understanding of our democratic process. It is also essential to study how voting trends affect policies put in place by racially dominant elites, in order to better to serve these dominant elites. This begs the question; who typically votes? The research will use racial conflict theory to explore a possible correlation between race and voter participation for elections. In particular, this study will demonstrate how racially dominant groups, Caucasians, typically participate in the voting process more often than historically disenfranchised groups, like African Americans. The research will use the National Election Survey and compile data across all states for multiple elections. Title: How Race Impacts Voter Participation: A Study Author: Dietz, Elizabeth What does race have to do with it? A study of racial conflict theory. Looking back at the 2012 Presidential election, it is important to re-evaluate who participates in a democratic process. It is necessary to observe voter participation by people of color in order to gain a more robust understanding of our democratic process. It is also essential to study how voting trends affect policies put in place by racially dominant elites, in order to better to serve these dominant elites. This begs the question; who typically votes? The research will use racial conflict theory to explore a possible correlation between race and voter participation for elections. In particular, this study will demonstrate how racially dominant groups, Caucasians, typically participate in the voting process more often than historically disenfranchised groups, like African Americans. The research will use the National Election Survey and compile data across all states for multiple elections. Close

• 277. [Article] Voter Displeasure: The Role of Dislike For the Opposition In the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

  One of the surprising things about the 2016 presidential election was how much each presidential candidate was disliked. In this historic election, questions about whether voters made their decisions by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Voter Displeasure: The Role of Dislike For the Opposition In the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Author: Schiek, Andrew One of the surprising things about the 2016 presidential election was how much each presidential candidate was disliked. In this historic election, questions about whether voters made their decisions by supporting their candidate or voting against another have arisen. Studies have been done in the past that examine which traits of candidates motivate voter decisions, however, the highly vitriolic and emotional nature of the past year’s election merits a special examination that takes different factors into account than previous studies. More specifically, a study must be done that examines not only voters’ tastes, but also their distastes. I explore this question using a survey implemented on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. I hypothesize that the voters in the 2016 presidential election will make their voting decisions primarily based on feelings of dislike for the candidate(s) they did not vote for, that party loyalty will have little to no effect on the likelihood of voters make ballot choices based on dislike, and that the lack of partisanship will enable voters to prioritize policy positions and candidate traits when considering their candidates. I discuss the importance of my findings in the conclusion. Title: Voter Displeasure: The Role of Dislike For the Opposition In the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Author: Schiek, Andrew One of the surprising things about the 2016 presidential election was how much each presidential candidate was disliked. In this historic election, questions about whether voters made their decisions by supporting their candidate or voting against another have arisen. Studies have been done in the past that examine which traits of candidates motivate voter decisions, however, the highly vitriolic and emotional nature of the past year’s election merits a special examination that takes different factors into account than previous studies. More specifically, a study must be done that examines not only voters’ tastes, but also their distastes. I explore this question using a survey implemented on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. I hypothesize that the voters in the 2016 presidential election will make their voting decisions primarily based on feelings of dislike for the candidate(s) they did not vote for, that party loyalty will have little to no effect on the likelihood of voters make ballot choices based on dislike, and that the lack of partisanship will enable voters to prioritize policy positions and candidate traits when considering their candidates. I discuss the importance of my findings in the conclusion. Close

• 278. [Article] OSU Marine Team: Long-term sampling of ichthyofauna in Yaquina Bay

  PDF of PowerPoint presentation (16 slides)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OSU Marine Team: Long-term sampling of ichthyofauna in Yaquina Bay Author: Gallagher, Brett, Heppell, Selina, Heppell, Scott PDF of PowerPoint presentation (16 slides) Title: OSU Marine Team: Long-term sampling of ichthyofauna in Yaquina Bay Author: Gallagher, Brett, Heppell, Selina, Heppell, Scott PDF of PowerPoint presentation (16 slides) Close

• 279. [Article] I-Kiribati youth perceptions of HIV/AIDS and related risk behaviors

  The Republic of Kiribati is one of the last countries to face the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Pacific. First appearing in the region in 1982, HIV/AIDS was recognized as a national concern during the late ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: I-Kiribati youth perceptions of HIV/AIDS and related risk behaviors Author: Roman, Mike T. The Republic of Kiribati is one of the last countries to face the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Pacific. First appearing in the region in 1982, HIV/AIDS was recognized as a national concern during the late 90s. Partnering with the National AIDS Committee, research was conducted using qualitative and quantitative methods which included focus groups, surveys, personal interviews and quasi experiments. These methods were used to explore population and individual perceptions and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Once perceptions and behaviors were understood, HIV/AIDS was placed in a broader historical and social context. Placing the illness in these contexts, I examined how history and social environments influenced the spread of the virus. Focusing on youth, research exposed complex social structures which produced opportunities for varying levels of stigma, economic development, migration, education and modernity, all contributing to a systematic promotion and prevention of the spread of HI V/AIDS. Conclusions showed that gender roles, modernity, educational and economic opportunity, overpopulation, religious beliefs and limited resources contributed to greater amounts of high risk behaviors taken by individuals. Conversely, gender roles, religious beliefs, and modernity also assisted in the prevention of transmission. Title: I-Kiribati youth perceptions of HIV/AIDS and related risk behaviors Author: Roman, Mike T. The Republic of Kiribati is one of the last countries to face the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Pacific. First appearing in the region in 1982, HIV/AIDS was recognized as a national concern during the late 90s. Partnering with the National AIDS Committee, research was conducted using qualitative and quantitative methods which included focus groups, surveys, personal interviews and quasi experiments. These methods were used to explore population and individual perceptions and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Once perceptions and behaviors were understood, HIV/AIDS was placed in a broader historical and social context. Placing the illness in these contexts, I examined how history and social environments influenced the spread of the virus. Focusing on youth, research exposed complex social structures which produced opportunities for varying levels of stigma, economic development, migration, education and modernity, all contributing to a systematic promotion and prevention of the spread of HI V/AIDS. Conclusions showed that gender roles, modernity, educational and economic opportunity, overpopulation, religious beliefs and limited resources contributed to greater amounts of high risk behaviors taken by individuals. Conversely, gender roles, religious beliefs, and modernity also assisted in the prevention of transmission. Close

• 280. [Article] Cultural and Natural Assets for Willamette Basin, Oregon Sustainability

  In this paper, we consider the transfer of environmental and cultural assets to the next generation as a potential measure of sustainability. We define net assets as the value of renewable and nonrenewable ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural and Natural Assets for Willamette Basin, Oregon Sustainability Author: Gilden, Jennifer S., Smith, Courtland L. Year: 2001 In this paper, we consider the transfer of environmental and cultural assets to the next generation as a potential measure of sustainability. We define net assets as the value of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources plus humanmade, intellectual, social, and cultural capital, minus any debts. We apply this approach by first reviewing survey data reflecting how cultural capital may yield microbehaviors that add up to the macroresults of environmental protection and restoration. Second, we evaluate how human activities play out on the landscape. Rather than a dollar measure of assets, historical changes in land use are a proxy for asset change. A broad look at the Willamette Valley, Oregon s most urban and industrial area, shows that capital in forest lands has shifted from significant loss to improvement, agricultural lands have decreased only slightly, and urban development has taken a relatively small share of the total landscape. However, sprawl is increasing despite efforts to contain urban growth. Looking at highly valuable ecological features for the future, we find that wetlands continue to be lost, important species are endangered, and the secondary impact of urbanization on the landscape is increasing. Title: Cultural and Natural Assets for Willamette Basin, Oregon Sustainability Author: Gilden, Jennifer S., Smith, Courtland L. Year: 2001 In this paper, we consider the transfer of environmental and cultural assets to the next generation as a potential measure of sustainability. We define net assets as the value of renewable and nonrenewable natural resources plus humanmade, intellectual, social, and cultural capital, minus any debts. We apply this approach by first reviewing survey data reflecting how cultural capital may yield microbehaviors that add up to the macroresults of environmental protection and restoration. Second, we evaluate how human activities play out on the landscape. Rather than a dollar measure of assets, historical changes in land use are a proxy for asset change. A broad look at the Willamette Valley, Oregon s most urban and industrial area, shows that capital in forest lands has shifted from significant loss to improvement, agricultural lands have decreased only slightly, and urban development has taken a relatively small share of the total landscape. However, sprawl is increasing despite efforts to contain urban growth. Looking at highly valuable ecological features for the future, we find that wetlands continue to be lost, important species are endangered, and the secondary impact of urbanization on the landscape is increasing. Close

• 281. [Article] Tracking Oregon’s Water Resources: An Overview of Available Data and a Pitch for a United Network

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracking Oregon’s Water Resources: An Overview of Available Data and a Pitch for a United Network Author: VanGordon, Lloyd, Marvin, Richard K. Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Tracking Oregon’s Water Resources: An Overview of Available Data and a Pitch for a United Network Author: VanGordon, Lloyd, Marvin, Richard K. Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 282. [Article] Fisheries information in developing countries: support to the implementation of the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.

  This report was done during Ms Webster's 2004 sabbatical.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fisheries information in developing countries: support to the implementation of the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Author: Webster, Janet G., Collins, Jean This report was done during Ms Webster's 2004 sabbatical. Title: Fisheries information in developing countries: support to the implementation of the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Author: Webster, Janet G., Collins, Jean This report was done during Ms Webster's 2004 sabbatical. Close

• 283. [Article] Cultural evolution and small-scale farming

  Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural evolution and small-scale farming Author: Caday, Peter P. Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose gross sales are less than $100,000, and with large-scale farmers whose sales are more than $100,000. Arguments from cultural and historical sources are cited to show that in fact only two cultural traditions may be distinguished: family farmers and industrial farmers. Furthermore, these two traditions represent contemporary examples of specific and general trends in cultural evolution. The small-scale or family farm tradition is examined at length, based on results from the 1978 Small Farm Project interviews in Polk County, Oregon, and on the author's subsequent survey in 1985, as well as other published sources. The salient features of the small-scale farming lifeway, including its perceived strengths and weaknesses, is presented and recommendations are advanced for ways in which small farm communities may be helped to survive or even thrive in the presence of apparent dominance by large-scale, industrial farms. Title: Cultural evolution and small-scale farming Author: Caday, Peter P. Small-scale farmers are defined under United States Department of Agriculture guidelines as those whose gross farm sales are less than $40,000. They are typically contrasted with mid-scale farmers whose gross sales are less than $100,000, and with large-scale farmers whose sales are more than $100,000. Arguments from cultural and historical sources are cited to show that in fact only two cultural traditions may be distinguished: family farmers and industrial farmers. Furthermore, these two traditions represent contemporary examples of specific and general trends in cultural evolution. The small-scale or family farm tradition is examined at length, based on results from the 1978 Small Farm Project interviews in Polk County, Oregon, and on the author's subsequent survey in 1985, as well as other published sources. The salient features of the small-scale farming lifeway, including its perceived strengths and weaknesses, is presented and recommendations are advanced for ways in which small farm communities may be helped to survive or even thrive in the presence of apparent dominance by large-scale, industrial farms. Close

• 284. [Article] Columbia Basin Heritage Fish Consumption Rates

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10745

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Columbia Basin Heritage Fish Consumption Rates Author: Harper, Barbara L., Walker, Deward E., Jr. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10745 Title: Columbia Basin Heritage Fish Consumption Rates Author: Harper, Barbara L., Walker, Deward E., Jr. This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Springer and can be found at: http://link.springer.com/journal/10745 Close

• 285. [Article] Ecological survey and interpretation of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area, W.L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon

  The purpose of this study was to: (1) evaluate land use and vegetation history of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area; (2) characterize present day vegetation; (3) evaluate the relation of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological survey and interpretation of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area, W.L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon Author: Streatfeild, Rosemary Welch The purpose of this study was to: (1) evaluate land use and vegetation history of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area; (2) characterize present day vegetation; (3) evaluate the relation of vegetation to environment, and (4) establish a baseline dataset for future trend analysis in order that response of different plant species to fire frequencies may be assessed. I used historical records, aerial photographs, interviews, and literature to ascertain land use and vegetation history. I assumed that the RNA had been maintained as prairie by periodic aboriginal burning. Fire ignited by settlers continued as a management tool into the late 19th century. Grazing was a major disturbance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and plowing or some other soil disturbance on the raised elongated mounds may have occurred. With removal of livestock grazing in the early 1960s and only a sporadic burning program, shrub cover increased markedly over the past several decades. I surveyed vegetation in the summer of 1991 in 36 random permanent plots. 1 classified species cover with two-way indicator species analysis, identifying two major communities. One is dominated by tall dense Rosa eg'lanteria, Hypericum perforatum, and many alien weedy species located on slightly elevated mounds, and the other is dominated by shorter but also dense Rosa eglanteria, Deschampsia cespitosa, and many species with wetland affinity on intermounds. Monotypic patches of Spiraea douglasii also occur on intermounds. Species composition strongly correlates with raicrotopography related to an indirect soil moisture index based on wetland status of individual species. Composition correlates less strongly with year since last burn. I confirmed vegetation-environment relations by null hypothesis analysis, tested by multi-response permutation procedure. Vegetation significantly differs on mounds vs. intermounds and vegetation significantly reflects burning history. I ordinated floristic data by non-metric scaling. I also tallied nested frequency data as a baseline for future trend analysis in order to assess change in vegetation in response to fire frequency. Frequency change of Rosa eglanteria will best be detected by change in a 0.01 m2 plot size, Holcus lanatus by a 0.10 m2 plot, and remaining species by a 1.00 m2 plot. Title: Ecological survey and interpretation of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area, W.L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon Author: Streatfeild, Rosemary Welch The purpose of this study was to: (1) evaluate land use and vegetation history of the Willamette Floodplain Research Natural Area; (2) characterize present day vegetation; (3) evaluate the relation of vegetation to environment, and (4) establish a baseline dataset for future trend analysis in order that response of different plant species to fire frequencies may be assessed. I used historical records, aerial photographs, interviews, and literature to ascertain land use and vegetation history. I assumed that the RNA had been maintained as prairie by periodic aboriginal burning. Fire ignited by settlers continued as a management tool into the late 19th century. Grazing was a major disturbance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and plowing or some other soil disturbance on the raised elongated mounds may have occurred. With removal of livestock grazing in the early 1960s and only a sporadic burning program, shrub cover increased markedly over the past several decades. I surveyed vegetation in the summer of 1991 in 36 random permanent plots. 1 classified species cover with two-way indicator species analysis, identifying two major communities. One is dominated by tall dense Rosa eg'lanteria, Hypericum perforatum, and many alien weedy species located on slightly elevated mounds, and the other is dominated by shorter but also dense Rosa eglanteria, Deschampsia cespitosa, and many species with wetland affinity on intermounds. Monotypic patches of Spiraea douglasii also occur on intermounds. Species composition strongly correlates with raicrotopography related to an indirect soil moisture index based on wetland status of individual species. Composition correlates less strongly with year since last burn. I confirmed vegetation-environment relations by null hypothesis analysis, tested by multi-response permutation procedure. Vegetation significantly differs on mounds vs. intermounds and vegetation significantly reflects burning history. I ordinated floristic data by non-metric scaling. I also tallied nested frequency data as a baseline for future trend analysis in order to assess change in vegetation in response to fire frequency. Frequency change of Rosa eglanteria will best be detected by change in a 0.01 m2 plot size, Holcus lanatus by a 0.10 m2 plot, and remaining species by a 1.00 m2 plot. Close

• 286. [Article] Recent periglacial debris flows from Mount Rainier, Washington

  Debris flow initiation is controlled by a complex interaction of geology, geomorphology, climate, and weather. In the Cascade Range of Pacific Northwest and mountainous areas globally, patterns of temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recent periglacial debris flows from Mount Rainier, Washington Author: Copeland, Elizabeth A. (Elizabeth Anne) Debris flow initiation is controlled by a complex interaction of geology, geomorphology, climate, and weather. In the Cascade Range of Pacific Northwest and mountainous areas globally, patterns of temperature and precipitation are being altered by climate change, which may in turn impact debris flow initiation. Temperature has increased and patterns of precipitation have changed, potentially impacting the timing, geography, and triggering mechanisms of debris flows. Glacier retreat since the end of the Little Ice Age has exposed volumes of unstable sediment on steep slopes prone to debris flow initiation. Earlier spring snowmelt extends the snow-free window when rainstorms may mobilize sediment, resulting in debris flows. To ascertain the presence of a climate change signal we examined the timing, geography, and initiation mechanisms of recent (2001 to 2006) non-volcanic debris flows from Mount Rainier, Washington, the highest volcano in the Cascade Range with the largest ice-volume in the conterminous United States. Debris flows damage infrastructure, requiring costly repairs. Debris flows also deposit volumes of sediment in streams, potentially exacerbating future flood hazards. To characterize recent debris flows, field reconnaissance was conducted summer 2008 along suspected debris flow paths from initiation to deposition. Results from summer fieldwork were used in conjunction with analysis of aerial photography, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and other data to determine characteristics of debris flow initiation sites, such as elevation, slope, orientation, upslope contributing area, and proximity to glaciers. Recent debris flow initiation sites were also examined in reference to glacier characteristics, such as elevation of glacier termini, glacier retreat, orientation, area, and volume, for the years 1913, 1971, and 1994 from past work by Nylen (2004). Characterization of debris flow initiation sites and definition of the locations of longitudinal transitions in debris flow behavior allows estimation of future debris flow hazards also allows inferences to be drawn regarding initiation mechanisms to be inferred and suggests a trajectory for changing debris flow hazards due to climate change. Debris flows at Mt. Rainier occur in late summer through fall and recent events were no exception, occurring from August through November. A total of twelve debris flows occurred in six stream channels during the period of 2001 to 2006. Three channels not previously known to have experienced debris flows, two south-facing and one north-facing, were impacted. Debris flows tracks led up to glacier meltwater fed, steep-walled channels or gullies in unvegetated, unconsolidated Quaternary-age material immediately downslope of glacier margins. Debris flows initiated at an average elevation of 2181 m and an average channel gradient of 39°. While glaciers appear to play a key role in debris flow initiation, simple glacier metrics could not be used to distinguish glaciers near debris flow heads from those without proximal debris flows heads. All but one of the twelve debris flows initiated during rainfall. The single debris flow that occurred during dry-weather is described by Vallance et al. (2002). Rainfall induced debris flows in 2003, 2005, and 2006 were not associated with landslide scarps, rockfalls, or other indications of large slope failures. Rather, debris flows initiated in steep-walled gullies fed by glacier meltwater that were visible on aerial photography prior to the first known debris flow initiation in a particular channel. The steep flanks of Mt. Rainier contain many similar gullies that have not previously been associated with debris flows, but debris flow producing gullies are at higher elevations than gullies not associated with debris flows. The small population of recent debris flows and incomplete historic record of debris flows for the periods 1926 to 1985 and 1993 to 2001 limits analysis of changes in debris flow timing, geography, or triggering mechanism. The magnitude of recent events may have initially appeared greater than historic events as the 2005 and 2006 storms are the only ones known to have produced multiple debris flows in the recorded history of Mt. Rainier National Park. Yet much of the damage initially attributed to debris flows was due to widespread, severe flooding. Ongoing, detailed record keeping and possibly reconstruction of past events through paired geomorphic reconnaissance and dendrochronology is needed before conclusions regarding the impacts of climate change on debris flow initiation can be reached. Title: Recent periglacial debris flows from Mount Rainier, Washington Author: Copeland, Elizabeth A. (Elizabeth Anne) Debris flow initiation is controlled by a complex interaction of geology, geomorphology, climate, and weather. In the Cascade Range of Pacific Northwest and mountainous areas globally, patterns of temperature and precipitation are being altered by climate change, which may in turn impact debris flow initiation. Temperature has increased and patterns of precipitation have changed, potentially impacting the timing, geography, and triggering mechanisms of debris flows. Glacier retreat since the end of the Little Ice Age has exposed volumes of unstable sediment on steep slopes prone to debris flow initiation. Earlier spring snowmelt extends the snow-free window when rainstorms may mobilize sediment, resulting in debris flows. To ascertain the presence of a climate change signal we examined the timing, geography, and initiation mechanisms of recent (2001 to 2006) non-volcanic debris flows from Mount Rainier, Washington, the highest volcano in the Cascade Range with the largest ice-volume in the conterminous United States. Debris flows damage infrastructure, requiring costly repairs. Debris flows also deposit volumes of sediment in streams, potentially exacerbating future flood hazards. To characterize recent debris flows, field reconnaissance was conducted summer 2008 along suspected debris flow paths from initiation to deposition. Results from summer fieldwork were used in conjunction with analysis of aerial photography, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and other data to determine characteristics of debris flow initiation sites, such as elevation, slope, orientation, upslope contributing area, and proximity to glaciers. Recent debris flow initiation sites were also examined in reference to glacier characteristics, such as elevation of glacier termini, glacier retreat, orientation, area, and volume, for the years 1913, 1971, and 1994 from past work by Nylen (2004). Characterization of debris flow initiation sites and definition of the locations of longitudinal transitions in debris flow behavior allows estimation of future debris flow hazards also allows inferences to be drawn regarding initiation mechanisms to be inferred and suggests a trajectory for changing debris flow hazards due to climate change. Debris flows at Mt. Rainier occur in late summer through fall and recent events were no exception, occurring from August through November. A total of twelve debris flows occurred in six stream channels during the period of 2001 to 2006. Three channels not previously known to have experienced debris flows, two south-facing and one north-facing, were impacted. Debris flows tracks led up to glacier meltwater fed, steep-walled channels or gullies in unvegetated, unconsolidated Quaternary-age material immediately downslope of glacier margins. Debris flows initiated at an average elevation of 2181 m and an average channel gradient of 39°. While glaciers appear to play a key role in debris flow initiation, simple glacier metrics could not be used to distinguish glaciers near debris flow heads from those without proximal debris flows heads. All but one of the twelve debris flows initiated during rainfall. The single debris flow that occurred during dry-weather is described by Vallance et al. (2002). Rainfall induced debris flows in 2003, 2005, and 2006 were not associated with landslide scarps, rockfalls, or other indications of large slope failures. Rather, debris flows initiated in steep-walled gullies fed by glacier meltwater that were visible on aerial photography prior to the first known debris flow initiation in a particular channel. The steep flanks of Mt. Rainier contain many similar gullies that have not previously been associated with debris flows, but debris flow producing gullies are at higher elevations than gullies not associated with debris flows. The small population of recent debris flows and incomplete historic record of debris flows for the periods 1926 to 1985 and 1993 to 2001 limits analysis of changes in debris flow timing, geography, or triggering mechanism. The magnitude of recent events may have initially appeared greater than historic events as the 2005 and 2006 storms are the only ones known to have produced multiple debris flows in the recorded history of Mt. Rainier National Park. Yet much of the damage initially attributed to debris flows was due to widespread, severe flooding. Ongoing, detailed record keeping and possibly reconstruction of past events through paired geomorphic reconnaissance and dendrochronology is needed before conclusions regarding the impacts of climate change on debris flow initiation can be reached. Close

• 287. [Article] Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research

  For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research Author: Purdy, Sarah E. For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes around the country created mining colonies in remote areas, thereby connecting the frontier with the rest of America and Europe. This research attempts to expand on the previous industrial archaeology literature, which focuses on historic mining sites and landscape patterns, by concentrating solely on dredge mining. This study analyzes dredge mining activity in the Elk City Township (T. 29 N., R. 8 E.) of North Central Idaho. Dredge mining leaves behind a mark on the landscape in the form of tailings piles, which are uniquely patterned due to different technologies. Through a detailed analysis of the tailings pile patterns, an archaeologist can determine what dredging technology was used, the time period of the operation, and the number of workers employed. In order to understand the technology used, part of this work is dedicated to the various forms of dredges that were used, along with the various dredge mining methods. This research provides a set of guidelines for archaeologists to properly document dredge tailings piles and determine their significance. The major contributions of this thesis are to clarify the historical context for dredge mining in North Central Idaho, to identify visible footprints left by this industrial activity, and to identify both pedestrian survey and remote sensing techniques to locate and differentiate between the various dredging technologies. The remote sensing techniques used include classifying Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery and comparing it with digitally orthorectified photos (DOQ), to determine which imagery is more adept at detecting dredge tailings patterns. For better or worse, dredge mining has reshaped many areas in the American West. Currently, riverine and riparian restoration projects are destroying dredge tailings piles and attempting to return the river to its ‘original’ condition. However, these projects are destroying a piece of history that is not well understood and holds important information for archaeologists studying historic mining sites. This research will benefit not only archaeologists, but land managers as well, by explaining the significance of dredge tailings and providing them with a greater ability to protect and manage these irreplaceable resources. Title: Analysis of dredge tailings pile patterns : applications for historical archaeological research Author: Purdy, Sarah E. For centuries humans have been searching for precious metals. The search for gold has greatly changed the landscape of the American West, beginning in the 1850s and continuing today. Various gold rushes around the country created mining colonies in remote areas, thereby connecting the frontier with the rest of America and Europe. This research attempts to expand on the previous industrial archaeology literature, which focuses on historic mining sites and landscape patterns, by concentrating solely on dredge mining. This study analyzes dredge mining activity in the Elk City Township (T. 29 N., R. 8 E.) of North Central Idaho. Dredge mining leaves behind a mark on the landscape in the form of tailings piles, which are uniquely patterned due to different technologies. Through a detailed analysis of the tailings pile patterns, an archaeologist can determine what dredging technology was used, the time period of the operation, and the number of workers employed. In order to understand the technology used, part of this work is dedicated to the various forms of dredges that were used, along with the various dredge mining methods. This research provides a set of guidelines for archaeologists to properly document dredge tailings piles and determine their significance. The major contributions of this thesis are to clarify the historical context for dredge mining in North Central Idaho, to identify visible footprints left by this industrial activity, and to identify both pedestrian survey and remote sensing techniques to locate and differentiate between the various dredging technologies. The remote sensing techniques used include classifying Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) imagery and comparing it with digitally orthorectified photos (DOQ), to determine which imagery is more adept at detecting dredge tailings patterns. For better or worse, dredge mining has reshaped many areas in the American West. Currently, riverine and riparian restoration projects are destroying dredge tailings piles and attempting to return the river to its ‘original’ condition. However, these projects are destroying a piece of history that is not well understood and holds important information for archaeologists studying historic mining sites. This research will benefit not only archaeologists, but land managers as well, by explaining the significance of dredge tailings and providing them with a greater ability to protect and manage these irreplaceable resources. Close

• 288. [Article] Sediment reservoir dynamics on steepland valley floors : influence of network structure and effects of inherited ages

  Sediment deposit ages inferred from radiocarbon dating of stream bank material were used to estimate residence times of valley-floor deposits in headwater valleys of the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Inherited ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment reservoir dynamics on steepland valley floors : influence of network structure and effects of inherited ages Author: Frueh, Walter Terry Sediment deposit ages inferred from radiocarbon dating of stream bank material were used to estimate residence times of valley-floor deposits in headwater valleys of the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Inherited ages of radiocarbon-dated material, i.e., time between carbon fixation in wood and its incorporation in a sediment deposit, can result in over-estimation of the ages of those deposits and, hence, the residence times of sediment within those units. Calibrated radiocarbon dates of 126 charcoal pieces sampled from Knowles Creek were used to estimate the distribution of inherited ages in fourteen depositional units representing three deposit types: fluvial fines, fluvial gravels, and debris flows. Within a depositional unit, the inherited age distribution of a piece of charcoal was estimated by convolving its calibrated age distribution with that of the piece of charcoal with the smallest weighted-mean calibrated age (i.e., an approximation of a unit's date of deposition) within that unit. All inherited age distributions for a particular deposit type were then added and normalized to provide a probability distribution of inherited ages for that deposit type. Probability distributions of inherited ages average 688, 1506, and 666 yr for fluvial fines, fluvial gravels, and debris flow units, respectively. Curves were fit to inherited age distributions for each deposit type. These curve fits were then convolved with deposit age distributions (i.e., equal to calibrated age distributions of woody material sampled from stream banks) of samples from Bear Creek (Lancaster and Casebeer, 2007) to correct these deposit ages for inherited age. This convolution gives a corrected deposit age. In cases in which means of corrected deposit age distributions for an upper unit were older than those of a lower unit within a stratigraphic column, the upper sample’s corrected deposit age distribution was set to that of the youngest lower in the stratigraphic section. Convolution shifted individual deposit age distributions towards zero and increased their standard deviation by an average of 365%. However, convolution decreased the standard deviations of normalized probability distribution functions of deposit ages inferred from many samples from 1340 to 1197 yr, and from 471 to 416 yr for lower and upper reaches, respectively, of the Bear Creek valley in the Oregon Coast Range. Convolution decreased estimates of mean deposit ages from 1296 to 1051 yr, and from 308 to 245 yr for lower and upper reaches, respectively, of the Bear Creek. Estimates of percentages of basin denudation passing through each reach's deposit ("trapping efficiency") increased from 11.6% to 14.4%, and from 25.4% to 31.9% for lower and upper Bear Creek, respectively. However, basic shapes of residence time distributions and, thus, inferences regarding removal of sediment from the reaches did not change after deposit dates were corrected. Sediment residence times in the lower Bear Creek valley are exponentially distributed, which implies that all sediment has a uniform probability of evacuation from deposits, whereas the power-law-distributed residence times in upper Bear imply preferential evacuation of younger deposits and preservation of older deposits. Much of the sediment transported onto valley floors via debris flows is deposited, and then is evacuated over longer times. Volumes and residence times of stored sediment in these deposits at the transition from debris flow to fluvial evacuation, and their associated width of valley floors, vary throughout a network. Export volumes and frequencies from tributaries are controls on deposit volumes and may control valley widening of mainstem valley floors. In addition, closely spaced tributaries may exert composite effects on valley floor landforms. It is hypothesized that the volumes of sediment stored at confluences increases with contributing watershed area of tributaries to the point where tributary slopes are low enough to cause most debris flows to be deposited within tributary valleys instead of in the mainstem valley. In four ~1 km reaches with contributing watershed areas of 0.3 to 5.0 km², field surveys provided measures of width of valley floors and volume of deposits, and radiocarbon dating of charcoal provided residence times of sediment in these deposits. Mean residence times of reaches vary between 1.1 and 2.5 kyr. Exponential distributions fit to residence times within two of the reaches imply evacuation of sediment independent of deposit ages. Power-law fits to residence times of the other two reaches imply age-dependent evacuation of deposits. Distribution shapes of residence times, and their means, do not vary systematically with contributing watershed area of mainstems. Mean width of mainstem valley floors increases with contributing watershed areas of both mainstems and their respective tributaries. Volumes of sediment stored on the valley floor increase with contributing areas of mainstems, and these volumes at tributary junctions peaked at tributary contributing areas of ~0.1 km². Percentage of basin denudation entering storage decreases with contributing area of mainstem. This decrease may be due to increasing percentages of sediment supply via fluvial transport for larger watersheds, and much, if not most, of this supply routes through the system quickly. Title: Sediment reservoir dynamics on steepland valley floors : influence of network structure and effects of inherited ages Author: Frueh, Walter Terry Sediment deposit ages inferred from radiocarbon dating of stream bank material were used to estimate residence times of valley-floor deposits in headwater valleys of the Oregon Coast Range, USA. Inherited ages of radiocarbon-dated material, i.e., time between carbon fixation in wood and its incorporation in a sediment deposit, can result in over-estimation of the ages of those deposits and, hence, the residence times of sediment within those units. Calibrated radiocarbon dates of 126 charcoal pieces sampled from Knowles Creek were used to estimate the distribution of inherited ages in fourteen depositional units representing three deposit types: fluvial fines, fluvial gravels, and debris flows. Within a depositional unit, the inherited age distribution of a piece of charcoal was estimated by convolving its calibrated age distribution with that of the piece of charcoal with the smallest weighted-mean calibrated age (i.e., an approximation of a unit's date of deposition) within that unit. All inherited age distributions for a particular deposit type were then added and normalized to provide a probability distribution of inherited ages for that deposit type. Probability distributions of inherited ages average 688, 1506, and 666 yr for fluvial fines, fluvial gravels, and debris flow units, respectively. Curves were fit to inherited age distributions for each deposit type. These curve fits were then convolved with deposit age distributions (i.e., equal to calibrated age distributions of woody material sampled from stream banks) of samples from Bear Creek (Lancaster and Casebeer, 2007) to correct these deposit ages for inherited age. This convolution gives a corrected deposit age. In cases in which means of corrected deposit age distributions for an upper unit were older than those of a lower unit within a stratigraphic column, the upper sample’s corrected deposit age distribution was set to that of the youngest lower in the stratigraphic section. Convolution shifted individual deposit age distributions towards zero and increased their standard deviation by an average of 365%. However, convolution decreased the standard deviations of normalized probability distribution functions of deposit ages inferred from many samples from 1340 to 1197 yr, and from 471 to 416 yr for lower and upper reaches, respectively, of the Bear Creek valley in the Oregon Coast Range. Convolution decreased estimates of mean deposit ages from 1296 to 1051 yr, and from 308 to 245 yr for lower and upper reaches, respectively, of the Bear Creek. Estimates of percentages of basin denudation passing through each reach's deposit ("trapping efficiency") increased from 11.6% to 14.4%, and from 25.4% to 31.9% for lower and upper Bear Creek, respectively. However, basic shapes of residence time distributions and, thus, inferences regarding removal of sediment from the reaches did not change after deposit dates were corrected. Sediment residence times in the lower Bear Creek valley are exponentially distributed, which implies that all sediment has a uniform probability of evacuation from deposits, whereas the power-law-distributed residence times in upper Bear imply preferential evacuation of younger deposits and preservation of older deposits. Much of the sediment transported onto valley floors via debris flows is deposited, and then is evacuated over longer times. Volumes and residence times of stored sediment in these deposits at the transition from debris flow to fluvial evacuation, and their associated width of valley floors, vary throughout a network. Export volumes and frequencies from tributaries are controls on deposit volumes and may control valley widening of mainstem valley floors. In addition, closely spaced tributaries may exert composite effects on valley floor landforms. It is hypothesized that the volumes of sediment stored at confluences increases with contributing watershed area of tributaries to the point where tributary slopes are low enough to cause most debris flows to be deposited within tributary valleys instead of in the mainstem valley. In four ~1 km reaches with contributing watershed areas of 0.3 to 5.0 km², field surveys provided measures of width of valley floors and volume of deposits, and radiocarbon dating of charcoal provided residence times of sediment in these deposits. Mean residence times of reaches vary between 1.1 and 2.5 kyr. Exponential distributions fit to residence times within two of the reaches imply evacuation of sediment independent of deposit ages. Power-law fits to residence times of the other two reaches imply age-dependent evacuation of deposits. Distribution shapes of residence times, and their means, do not vary systematically with contributing watershed area of mainstems. Mean width of mainstem valley floors increases with contributing watershed areas of both mainstems and their respective tributaries. Volumes of sediment stored on the valley floor increase with contributing areas of mainstems, and these volumes at tributary junctions peaked at tributary contributing areas of ~0.1 km². Percentage of basin denudation entering storage decreases with contributing area of mainstem. This decrease may be due to increasing percentages of sediment supply via fluvial transport for larger watersheds, and much, if not most, of this supply routes through the system quickly. Close

• 289. [Article] The role of traditional ecological knowledge in understanding a species and river system at risk : Pacific lamprey in the Lower Klamath Basin

  Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have historically been considered by the Western scientific community as a "trash" fish and generally overlooked in West Coast fisheries management. Recent population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of traditional ecological knowledge in understanding a species and river system at risk : Pacific lamprey in the Lower Klamath Basin Author: Petersen, Robin S. Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have historically been considered by the Western scientific community as a "trash" fish and generally overlooked in West Coast fisheries management. Recent population declines in Pacific Northwest streams have triggered new research to understand the life history and ecological significance of this species. These new studies are significant, yet incomplete as they lack the historical context in which to place the data. The Yurok and Karuk Tribes along the Klamath River in Northern California have long had a relationship with Pacific lamprey, utilizing it for both its subsistence and cultural value. Native knowledge of this species is integrated in a complex understanding of natural systems. However, only in the last few decades have the natural resource management skills of indigenous people been recognized by the dominant culture. Hundreds of years of suppression and exploitation limited the abilities of tribes to utilize their traditional management practices. During 2004 and 2005, I lived in the local communities of the Yurok and Karuk tribes while working with their tribal fisheries programs. Utilizing ethnographic methods of participant observation, focus groups, informal interviews, and semi-directed interviews, I gathered traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of Pacific lamprey from more than 80 Yurok and Karuk tribal community members in the Lower Klamath River Basin. While I discourage single species approaches to resource management, in my research I utilized this method to explore and learn from the holistic foundation of Karuk and Yurok TEK. Pacific lamprey became the lens through which I could view and understand lamprey more completely, as well as the ecological and cultural interconnections of the Klamath River system as a whole. In this thesis, I have included much of the TEK shared with me by local eelers and tribal community members about the life history, biology, and ecological significance of Pacific lamprey. I also summarize some of the key points made by participants regarding the cultural significance of Pacific lamprey, including the social, spiritual, and health implications of a declining lamprey population. Additionally, I include knowledge shared with me regarding traditional fisheries management and the role of ceremonies in resource management. Historically, millions of lamprey were seen throughout the Lower Klamath River Basin. Harvests began in late November at the mouth of the river and continued into August as the fish made their way up into the Scott Valley. Tribal community members emphasized the significant role lamprey have in the balance and health of the Klamath River system, both as prey and essential contributors of marine-derived nutrients. According to Karuk and Yurok tribal eelers, lamprey populations began declining in the Klamath River Basin more than forty years ago. It was not uncommon for the eelers of the village to harvest over 1000 lamprey at a time, enough to take care of the entire community. Today, they are lucky to harvest 15 lamprey. Population decline factors have been attributed to the combined influences of logging practices, wetland delineation, Iron Gate Dam, fire suppression, contamination, and predation. I utilize the main TEK contributions from this research to discuss aligning TEK and Western scientific knowledge. I also include recommendations for both Karuk and Yurok tribal fisheries programs and Western fisheries managers in the Klamath Basin on working with TEK and supporting local tribal fisheries management. Title: The role of traditional ecological knowledge in understanding a species and river system at risk : Pacific lamprey in the Lower Klamath Basin Author: Petersen, Robin S. Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) have historically been considered by the Western scientific community as a "trash" fish and generally overlooked in West Coast fisheries management. Recent population declines in Pacific Northwest streams have triggered new research to understand the life history and ecological significance of this species. These new studies are significant, yet incomplete as they lack the historical context in which to place the data. The Yurok and Karuk Tribes along the Klamath River in Northern California have long had a relationship with Pacific lamprey, utilizing it for both its subsistence and cultural value. Native knowledge of this species is integrated in a complex understanding of natural systems. However, only in the last few decades have the natural resource management skills of indigenous people been recognized by the dominant culture. Hundreds of years of suppression and exploitation limited the abilities of tribes to utilize their traditional management practices. During 2004 and 2005, I lived in the local communities of the Yurok and Karuk tribes while working with their tribal fisheries programs. Utilizing ethnographic methods of participant observation, focus groups, informal interviews, and semi-directed interviews, I gathered traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of Pacific lamprey from more than 80 Yurok and Karuk tribal community members in the Lower Klamath River Basin. While I discourage single species approaches to resource management, in my research I utilized this method to explore and learn from the holistic foundation of Karuk and Yurok TEK. Pacific lamprey became the lens through which I could view and understand lamprey more completely, as well as the ecological and cultural interconnections of the Klamath River system as a whole. In this thesis, I have included much of the TEK shared with me by local eelers and tribal community members about the life history, biology, and ecological significance of Pacific lamprey. I also summarize some of the key points made by participants regarding the cultural significance of Pacific lamprey, including the social, spiritual, and health implications of a declining lamprey population. Additionally, I include knowledge shared with me regarding traditional fisheries management and the role of ceremonies in resource management. Historically, millions of lamprey were seen throughout the Lower Klamath River Basin. Harvests began in late November at the mouth of the river and continued into August as the fish made their way up into the Scott Valley. Tribal community members emphasized the significant role lamprey have in the balance and health of the Klamath River system, both as prey and essential contributors of marine-derived nutrients. According to Karuk and Yurok tribal eelers, lamprey populations began declining in the Klamath River Basin more than forty years ago. It was not uncommon for the eelers of the village to harvest over 1000 lamprey at a time, enough to take care of the entire community. Today, they are lucky to harvest 15 lamprey. Population decline factors have been attributed to the combined influences of logging practices, wetland delineation, Iron Gate Dam, fire suppression, contamination, and predation. I utilize the main TEK contributions from this research to discuss aligning TEK and Western scientific knowledge. I also include recommendations for both Karuk and Yurok tribal fisheries programs and Western fisheries managers in the Klamath Basin on working with TEK and supporting local tribal fisheries management. Close

• 290. [Article] A Hobson’s Choice For Norway : Maintain National Sovereignty or Accept Full EU Membership

  As time continues, the issue of full European Union membership for Norway becomes a more pertinent issue. The EU has long awaited the membership of Norway, but unfortunately the Nordic country has decided ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Hobson’s Choice For Norway : Maintain National Sovereignty or Accept Full EU Membership Author: Krippaehne, Inge M. As time continues, the issue of full European Union membership for Norway becomes a more pertinent issue. The EU has long awaited the membership of Norway, but unfortunately the Nordic country has decided to remain independent. Norway’s historical past has led many Norwegians to believe their country is not ready for full integration. Another union would be too soon considering Norway was under foreign domination for 500 years and just gained its independence only a century ago. Norway rejected full EU membership in 1972 and 1994. The objective of this research was to formulate a hypothesis of how Norway would vote if a “2006 Referendum” on full EU membership were to occur, as well as understand and explain Norwegians’ current concerns and benefits relative to full EU membership. Norwegians have voiced strong concern to protect its wealth generated from the extensive petroleum resources, the historical fishing sector, exclusivity of its waters, and the agricultural subsidies. Other Norwegians see full EU membership as a way to access a larger market, achieve a vote and voice in EU policies, and develop a long term future for Norway. As a result of this Norwegian opinion survey, it can be concluded that, even though Norwegians currently voiced an in favor stance, Norway will not accept full EU membership for another ten to fifteen years. Title: A Hobson’s Choice For Norway : Maintain National Sovereignty or Accept Full EU Membership Author: Krippaehne, Inge M. As time continues, the issue of full European Union membership for Norway becomes a more pertinent issue. The EU has long awaited the membership of Norway, but unfortunately the Nordic country has decided to remain independent. Norway’s historical past has led many Norwegians to believe their country is not ready for full integration. Another union would be too soon considering Norway was under foreign domination for 500 years and just gained its independence only a century ago. Norway rejected full EU membership in 1972 and 1994. The objective of this research was to formulate a hypothesis of how Norway would vote if a “2006 Referendum” on full EU membership were to occur, as well as understand and explain Norwegians’ current concerns and benefits relative to full EU membership. Norwegians have voiced strong concern to protect its wealth generated from the extensive petroleum resources, the historical fishing sector, exclusivity of its waters, and the agricultural subsidies. Other Norwegians see full EU membership as a way to access a larger market, achieve a vote and voice in EU policies, and develop a long term future for Norway. As a result of this Norwegian opinion survey, it can be concluded that, even though Norwegians currently voiced an in favor stance, Norway will not accept full EU membership for another ten to fifteen years. Close

• 291. [Article] Photogrammetric uses of a new-generation analytical stereoplotter in forestry

  The development of personal computer software coupled to an analytical stereoplotter allows major gains in efficiency and accuracy in a number of forestry related subjects. This thesis describes the operation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Photogrammetric uses of a new-generation analytical stereoplotter in forestry Author: Kiser, James D. (James Donald) The development of personal computer software coupled to an analytical stereoplotter allows major gains in efficiency and accuracy in a number of forestry related subjects. This thesis describes the operation of a system developed by Carto Instruments. This thesis demonstrates how area estimates might be made in a systematic way within 5% of true values by accounting for topographic displacement, non-horizontal flight, and imprecise determination of scale, factors that conventionally result in errors of more than 25%. Ground distances were accurate within 3% at 300 feet on 1:31000 scale black and white prints. At a similar scale, tree heights ranging from 40 to 100 feet could be consistently estimated within 10% of true height. When applied to mapping the location of snags, key features of riparian zones, and changes in canopy openings, the system proved satisfactory on various filni media and scales. Historical analysis of aerial photographs was demonstrated by adjusting to common scale and measuring rates of vegetation change over four decades toward canopy closure. The same approach has application for other historical analysis where aerial photographs are available. The application of the system to terrestrial photogrammetry was demonstrated using 35 mm transparencies to measure tree taper within an accuracy of 2 inches. In summary, merging of software written for a personal computer has finally made the benefits of analytical stereoplotting economically available to a host of forestry-related topics and provides an opportunity for numerous applications including, as demonstrated, a more accurate digitizing of data to be included in any geographic information system. Title: Photogrammetric uses of a new-generation analytical stereoplotter in forestry Author: Kiser, James D. (James Donald) The development of personal computer software coupled to an analytical stereoplotter allows major gains in efficiency and accuracy in a number of forestry related subjects. This thesis describes the operation of a system developed by Carto Instruments. This thesis demonstrates how area estimates might be made in a systematic way within 5% of true values by accounting for topographic displacement, non-horizontal flight, and imprecise determination of scale, factors that conventionally result in errors of more than 25%. Ground distances were accurate within 3% at 300 feet on 1:31000 scale black and white prints. At a similar scale, tree heights ranging from 40 to 100 feet could be consistently estimated within 10% of true height. When applied to mapping the location of snags, key features of riparian zones, and changes in canopy openings, the system proved satisfactory on various filni media and scales. Historical analysis of aerial photographs was demonstrated by adjusting to common scale and measuring rates of vegetation change over four decades toward canopy closure. The same approach has application for other historical analysis where aerial photographs are available. The application of the system to terrestrial photogrammetry was demonstrated using 35 mm transparencies to measure tree taper within an accuracy of 2 inches. In summary, merging of software written for a personal computer has finally made the benefits of analytical stereoplotting economically available to a host of forestry-related topics and provides an opportunity for numerous applications including, as demonstrated, a more accurate digitizing of data to be included in any geographic information system. Close

• 292. [Article] Life histories of juvenile chinook salmon in the Columbia River estuary : 1916 to the present

  Pacific Coast estuaries provide important rearing habitats leading to improved growth and survival for juvenile chinook salmon. However, research has suggested that juvenile salmon have little use for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Life histories of juvenile chinook salmon in the Columbia River estuary : 1916 to the present Author: Burke, Jennifer L. Pacific Coast estuaries provide important rearing habitats leading to improved growth and survival for juvenile chinook salmon. However, research has suggested that juvenile salmon have little use for estuarine habitats in the Columbia River. To further understand salmonid recovery needs in estuaries, I compared historical and contemporary life history patterns in the estuary to determine if there has been a change in the importance of the Columbia River estuary to juvenile chinook salmon. Historical data sources provided evidence of diverse estuarine life history strategies for juvenile chinook salmon (retrieved from fish surveys and scale analysis), including differences in time of estuarine entry, growth, and residency. In contrast, contemporary estuarine salmon populations, which are dominated by hatchery-reared juveniles, had highly uniform life-history characteristics; most fish entered the estuary at similar times and sizes and remained for short time periods. The inability to distinguish the origin of unmarked individuals precluded a separate life-history assessment for contemporary wild chinook juveniles. Nonetheless, the results suggest that life-history diversity has declined in response to anthropogenic pressures that directly affect salmonid populations: harvest, hatcheries, habitat loss, and hydropower dams. Because estuarine life histories contribute to the resilience of salmonid populations, recovery efforts should address life history diversity needs in the Columbia River estuary. Title: Life histories of juvenile chinook salmon in the Columbia River estuary : 1916 to the present Author: Burke, Jennifer L. Pacific Coast estuaries provide important rearing habitats leading to improved growth and survival for juvenile chinook salmon. However, research has suggested that juvenile salmon have little use for estuarine habitats in the Columbia River. To further understand salmonid recovery needs in estuaries, I compared historical and contemporary life history patterns in the estuary to determine if there has been a change in the importance of the Columbia River estuary to juvenile chinook salmon. Historical data sources provided evidence of diverse estuarine life history strategies for juvenile chinook salmon (retrieved from fish surveys and scale analysis), including differences in time of estuarine entry, growth, and residency. In contrast, contemporary estuarine salmon populations, which are dominated by hatchery-reared juveniles, had highly uniform life-history characteristics; most fish entered the estuary at similar times and sizes and remained for short time periods. The inability to distinguish the origin of unmarked individuals precluded a separate life-history assessment for contemporary wild chinook juveniles. Nonetheless, the results suggest that life-history diversity has declined in response to anthropogenic pressures that directly affect salmonid populations: harvest, hatcheries, habitat loss, and hydropower dams. Because estuarine life histories contribute to the resilience of salmonid populations, recovery efforts should address life history diversity needs in the Columbia River estuary. Close

• 293. [Article] Perspectives from the ranching culture in the 1990's : addressing mythological and environmental concerns

  Ideals of freedom, independence, and land ownership helped form and perpetuate the mythology of ranching in the United States. However, stereotypes emerged as a result of distortion from the media and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Perspectives from the ranching culture in the 1990's : addressing mythological and environmental concerns Author: Steward, Judith A. Ideals of freedom, independence, and land ownership helped form and perpetuate the mythology of ranching in the United States. However, stereotypes emerged as a result of distortion from the media and the move away from the land. Social philosophies changed regarding the environment, land use, and the health and safety of the food supply in the late 20th century. In relation to the mythology, stereotype, and social theory regarding the ranching culture, this research seeks to clarify the fundamental principles, business philosophy, lifestyle, and values of men and women raising beef as a food product on both public and private lands in the 1990's. The mythology surrounding ranchers and cowboys are the result of three historical periods in the United States; however, the last 100 years have had the most profound effect in developing stereotypes. In this survey, 42 ranchers in Lake County, Oregon and Modoc County, California describe the challenges, satisfactions, and the partnership with Nature that is part of their livelihood in the harsh, high desert environment of eastern Oregon and northeastern California. The low ratio of private ground in these counties creates a dependency on use of public lands for grazing. This use if often stereotyped as "welfare ranching," without computation for other variables that make it comparable with private leasing. Historically, the Taylor Grazing Act authorizes fee grazing between ranchers and the U.S. government, but current philosophy has shifted its view of free enterprise on public lands, terming it "resource extraction." Although ranching is high in risk and low in economic return, ranchers stay in the business because they value freedom, hard work, family cohesiveness, and the interaction with Nature and the land. The future of ranching is challenged by environmental policy, government agency relations, public opinion, the high cost of land and production, and a lack of unity in the beef industry. To survive, ranchers need to unify, sharpen communication skills, provide education about ranching practices to the public, and become service-oriented as an organization to change stereotype and meet the social criteria of the next century. Title: Perspectives from the ranching culture in the 1990's : addressing mythological and environmental concerns Author: Steward, Judith A. Ideals of freedom, independence, and land ownership helped form and perpetuate the mythology of ranching in the United States. However, stereotypes emerged as a result of distortion from the media and the move away from the land. Social philosophies changed regarding the environment, land use, and the health and safety of the food supply in the late 20th century. In relation to the mythology, stereotype, and social theory regarding the ranching culture, this research seeks to clarify the fundamental principles, business philosophy, lifestyle, and values of men and women raising beef as a food product on both public and private lands in the 1990's. The mythology surrounding ranchers and cowboys are the result of three historical periods in the United States; however, the last 100 years have had the most profound effect in developing stereotypes. In this survey, 42 ranchers in Lake County, Oregon and Modoc County, California describe the challenges, satisfactions, and the partnership with Nature that is part of their livelihood in the harsh, high desert environment of eastern Oregon and northeastern California. The low ratio of private ground in these counties creates a dependency on use of public lands for grazing. This use if often stereotyped as "welfare ranching," without computation for other variables that make it comparable with private leasing. Historically, the Taylor Grazing Act authorizes fee grazing between ranchers and the U.S. government, but current philosophy has shifted its view of free enterprise on public lands, terming it "resource extraction." Although ranching is high in risk and low in economic return, ranchers stay in the business because they value freedom, hard work, family cohesiveness, and the interaction with Nature and the land. The future of ranching is challenged by environmental policy, government agency relations, public opinion, the high cost of land and production, and a lack of unity in the beef industry. To survive, ranchers need to unify, sharpen communication skills, provide education about ranching practices to the public, and become service-oriented as an organization to change stereotype and meet the social criteria of the next century. Close

• 294. [Article] Oregon State University fourth cycle urban/rural-migrant teacher corps program (1969-71) : descriptive analysis and follow-up

  The purposes of the study were: (1) to provide a descriptive analysis and historical record of the undergraduate OSU Fourth Cycle Urban/Rural-Migrant Teacher Corps program; (2) to follow up former OSU ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon State University fourth cycle urban/rural-migrant teacher corps program (1969-71) : descriptive analysis and follow-up Author: Snyder, Geraldine Virginia The purposes of the study were: (1) to provide a descriptive analysis and historical record of the undergraduate OSU Fourth Cycle Urban/Rural-Migrant Teacher Corps program; (2) to follow up former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members to determine their employment status and attitudes toward their educational experiences; and (3) to determine if OSU Fourth Cycle corps members demonstrated any significant differences in attitudes toward teaching as measured by the MTAI during and subsequent to the OSU Fourth Cycle. The procedures utilized varied according to the specific purposes of the study: (1) historical research provided the narrative for the descriptive analysis of the OSU Fourth Cycle; (2) mailed surveys for the followup of former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members in 1974 used questionnaires similar to those administered during the OSU - Jack V. Hall Fourth Cycle, and'29 of 32 (91 percent) of the former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members responded to the survey and form the population of the study; and (3) analysis of variance was computed on means of the scores of the MTAI which was administered to the OSU Fourth Cycle corps members in June and December 1969, April 1971, and April 1974. A summary of the findings from this study included; (1) both inadequate numbers of personnel trained and lack of financing once federal funds were withdrawn lessened the impact of the OSU Teacher Corps program; (2) the OSU Fourth Cycle was successful from the standpoint of subsequent success of its graduates, but did not achieve the ambiguous long-range program goals; (3) the followup in 1974 indicated $4 percent of former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members remained in education-related fields, primarily in poverty areas; (4) working with children provided most teaching satisfaction, while parent contacts continued as the most prevalent community involvement; (5) former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members considered program courses in psychology, internship, and reading as being of the most value; (6) results from an analysis of variance computed on the means of the MTAI indicated no significant difference as to change in OSU Fourth Cycle corps members' attitudes toward teaching occurred during or subsequent to the OSU Fourth Cycle; (7) in 1974, supervisors' mean rating of teaching effectiveness for former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members was 5.0 of a possible 6.0, greatest decline (1.2 points) from original Program ratings occurring in understanding cultural and economic differences; and (8) 93 percent of the former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members would repeat their Teacher Corps experience. A summary of recommendations included: (1) teacher education programs should include built-in mechanisms for evaluation in terms of the children served; (2) provisions for determining program effectiveness should include adequate descriptive techniques and organized data in complete files; (3) program goals must be stated in more specific terms to facilitate evaluative and followup procedures; (4) the Teacher Corps team leader concept should be examined, with appropriate followup study of former team leaders; (5) effects of field-based instruction on instructors from universities need to be explored; (6) selection processes should be adopted, refined and assessed for all education students; and (7) universities and school districts should cooperate in ventures identifying types of teachers needed and then educate for specific educational settings. Title: Oregon State University fourth cycle urban/rural-migrant teacher corps program (1969-71) : descriptive analysis and follow-up Author: Snyder, Geraldine Virginia The purposes of the study were: (1) to provide a descriptive analysis and historical record of the undergraduate OSU Fourth Cycle Urban/Rural-Migrant Teacher Corps program; (2) to follow up former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members to determine their employment status and attitudes toward their educational experiences; and (3) to determine if OSU Fourth Cycle corps members demonstrated any significant differences in attitudes toward teaching as measured by the MTAI during and subsequent to the OSU Fourth Cycle. The procedures utilized varied according to the specific purposes of the study: (1) historical research provided the narrative for the descriptive analysis of the OSU Fourth Cycle; (2) mailed surveys for the followup of former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members in 1974 used questionnaires similar to those administered during the OSU - Jack V. Hall Fourth Cycle, and'29 of 32 (91 percent) of the former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members responded to the survey and form the population of the study; and (3) analysis of variance was computed on means of the scores of the MTAI which was administered to the OSU Fourth Cycle corps members in June and December 1969, April 1971, and April 1974. A summary of the findings from this study included; (1) both inadequate numbers of personnel trained and lack of financing once federal funds were withdrawn lessened the impact of the OSU Teacher Corps program; (2) the OSU Fourth Cycle was successful from the standpoint of subsequent success of its graduates, but did not achieve the ambiguous long-range program goals; (3) the followup in 1974 indicated $4 percent of former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members remained in education-related fields, primarily in poverty areas; (4) working with children provided most teaching satisfaction, while parent contacts continued as the most prevalent community involvement; (5) former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members considered program courses in psychology, internship, and reading as being of the most value; (6) results from an analysis of variance computed on the means of the MTAI indicated no significant difference as to change in OSU Fourth Cycle corps members' attitudes toward teaching occurred during or subsequent to the OSU Fourth Cycle; (7) in 1974, supervisors' mean rating of teaching effectiveness for former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members was 5.0 of a possible 6.0, greatest decline (1.2 points) from original Program ratings occurring in understanding cultural and economic differences; and (8) 93 percent of the former OSU Fourth Cycle corps members would repeat their Teacher Corps experience. A summary of recommendations included: (1) teacher education programs should include built-in mechanisms for evaluation in terms of the children served; (2) provisions for determining program effectiveness should include adequate descriptive techniques and organized data in complete files; (3) program goals must be stated in more specific terms to facilitate evaluative and followup procedures; (4) the Teacher Corps team leader concept should be examined, with appropriate followup study of former team leaders; (5) effects of field-based instruction on instructors from universities need to be explored; (6) selection processes should be adopted, refined and assessed for all education students; and (7) universities and school districts should cooperate in ventures identifying types of teachers needed and then educate for specific educational settings. Close

• 295. [Article] Techniques for identifying flood plains in Oregon

  Seven methods for delineating flood plains were evaluated. The methods are classified : (1) Geomorphic Technique; (2) Soils Technique; (3) Botanical Technique; (4) Hydrologic Technique; (5) Hydrologic- Hydraulic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Techniques for identifying flood plains in Oregon Author: Reckendorf, Frank Fred Seven methods for delineating flood plains were evaluated. The methods are classified : (1) Geomorphic Technique; (2) Soils Technique; (3) Botanical Technique; (4) Hydrologic Technique; (5) Hydrologic- Hydraulic Technique; (6) Historical Technique; and (7) "Combination Method". All of the methods, except the Botanical Technique and the Hydrologic-Hydraulic Technique, were compared on sample flood plain reaches throughout Oregon. Chronological sequences of natural flood plains were identified and mapped based on: (1) scarps separating two or more flood plain or terrace geomorphic surfaces and (2) the abundance and degree of photographic expression of flood plain features such as meander scrolls, point bars, oxbows, oxbow lakes, sloughs, old channels, natural levees, and sand splays. Soils were useful in delineating flood plain areas since soils cannot be older than the alluvium in which they form or older than the associated geomorphic surface. Since soils exhibit increasing development of genetic horizons with increasing age, delineation of younger bottomland soils from older soils on higher flood plains or terraces, usually results in the delineation of flood prone areas. Since floods scar bark, or prune branches or the tops of trees, botanical studies can provide information about the flood date, flood stage, and area flooded. The number of annual tree rings that have grown since scarring of the bark, or the age of sprouts that have grown since flood damage occurred, are equal to the number of growing seasons since the trees were damaged. The thickness of sediment above the base of a tree serves as a measure of the rate of sediment accumulation above the surface on which the tree was located. Historically flood plains have been recognized and delineated by (1) aerial or ground photographs taken during floods; (2) high flood marks such as float debris; and (3) locating flooded areas from field interviews. Previous hydrologic studies have related the stage of rivers at gage locations to the adjacent flood plain areas, and in this manner flood plains have been recognized and delineated. In addition, hydraulic studies have been used to determine flood stages at valley cross sections, for specific flood frequencies. Flood plain width therefore may be determined from the valley cross sections. Use of both the gaging stations and the valley cross sections results in a hydrologic-hydraulic procedure for flood plain identification. The particular flood plain mapping technique that is most applicable in any given study depends on the data available, the purpose and scale of mapping, and the field conditions. Each technique has deficiencies; therefore, the "Combination Method" is introduced to utilize the most useful information from each technique. Collective use of two or more techniques is called the "Combination Method". The relative accuracy of the Geomorphic Technique, Soils Technique, Historical Technique, Hydrologic Technique, and "Combination Method" was determined for some representative stream reaches in Oregon. Areas flooded in a 100 year average recurrence interval event were compared for all methods available in 10 study areas, which ranged from semiarid to humid environments. For the areas compared the "Combination Method" was used as the base method. The Geomorphic Technique was the method most consistently comparable with the "Combination Method". The Soils Technique was generally accurate for delimiting flood plains, with some studies showing excellent correlation. The three study areas with comparisons using the Historic Technique were generally good and most discrepancies occurred where approximate historical flood lines were drawn for inaccessible areas. The Hydrologic Technique showed by fax the poorest correlation with the "Combination Method" as well as with all other methods. The differences between the "Combination Method" and the Hydrologic Technique are explained for specific maps, but in general the major problem was the lack of field correlation of crest staff gage flood elevations, with the general flood plain area away from the river. No independent evaluations were made of the Hydraulic Technique, although the Hydrologic-Hydraulic Technique was included as part of the "Combination Method" in one study. Title: Techniques for identifying flood plains in Oregon Author: Reckendorf, Frank Fred Seven methods for delineating flood plains were evaluated. The methods are classified : (1) Geomorphic Technique; (2) Soils Technique; (3) Botanical Technique; (4) Hydrologic Technique; (5) Hydrologic- Hydraulic Technique; (6) Historical Technique; and (7) "Combination Method". All of the methods, except the Botanical Technique and the Hydrologic-Hydraulic Technique, were compared on sample flood plain reaches throughout Oregon. Chronological sequences of natural flood plains were identified and mapped based on: (1) scarps separating two or more flood plain or terrace geomorphic surfaces and (2) the abundance and degree of photographic expression of flood plain features such as meander scrolls, point bars, oxbows, oxbow lakes, sloughs, old channels, natural levees, and sand splays. Soils were useful in delineating flood plain areas since soils cannot be older than the alluvium in which they form or older than the associated geomorphic surface. Since soils exhibit increasing development of genetic horizons with increasing age, delineation of younger bottomland soils from older soils on higher flood plains or terraces, usually results in the delineation of flood prone areas. Since floods scar bark, or prune branches or the tops of trees, botanical studies can provide information about the flood date, flood stage, and area flooded. The number of annual tree rings that have grown since scarring of the bark, or the age of sprouts that have grown since flood damage occurred, are equal to the number of growing seasons since the trees were damaged. The thickness of sediment above the base of a tree serves as a measure of the rate of sediment accumulation above the surface on which the tree was located. Historically flood plains have been recognized and delineated by (1) aerial or ground photographs taken during floods; (2) high flood marks such as float debris; and (3) locating flooded areas from field interviews. Previous hydrologic studies have related the stage of rivers at gage locations to the adjacent flood plain areas, and in this manner flood plains have been recognized and delineated. In addition, hydraulic studies have been used to determine flood stages at valley cross sections, for specific flood frequencies. Flood plain width therefore may be determined from the valley cross sections. Use of both the gaging stations and the valley cross sections results in a hydrologic-hydraulic procedure for flood plain identification. The particular flood plain mapping technique that is most applicable in any given study depends on the data available, the purpose and scale of mapping, and the field conditions. Each technique has deficiencies; therefore, the "Combination Method" is introduced to utilize the most useful information from each technique. Collective use of two or more techniques is called the "Combination Method". The relative accuracy of the Geomorphic Technique, Soils Technique, Historical Technique, Hydrologic Technique, and "Combination Method" was determined for some representative stream reaches in Oregon. Areas flooded in a 100 year average recurrence interval event were compared for all methods available in 10 study areas, which ranged from semiarid to humid environments. For the areas compared the "Combination Method" was used as the base method. The Geomorphic Technique was the method most consistently comparable with the "Combination Method". The Soils Technique was generally accurate for delimiting flood plains, with some studies showing excellent correlation. The three study areas with comparisons using the Historic Technique were generally good and most discrepancies occurred where approximate historical flood lines were drawn for inaccessible areas. The Hydrologic Technique showed by fax the poorest correlation with the "Combination Method" as well as with all other methods. The differences between the "Combination Method" and the Hydrologic Technique are explained for specific maps, but in general the major problem was the lack of field correlation of crest staff gage flood elevations, with the general flood plain area away from the river. No independent evaluations were made of the Hydraulic Technique, although the Hydrologic-Hydraulic Technique was included as part of the "Combination Method" in one study. Close

• 296. [Article] Reconnecting aquatic habitats : validating historical habitat use by anadromous fishes using telemetry and stable isotope analysis above barriers

  I conducted a study to identify potential spawning habitat for anadromous salmonids above a 60-year-old hydropower dam in the headwaters of the North Umpqua River in Oregon. Like many other historical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reconnecting aquatic habitats : validating historical habitat use by anadromous fishes using telemetry and stable isotope analysis above barriers Author: Lewis, Sierra Koch I conducted a study to identify potential spawning habitat for anadromous salmonids above a 60-year-old hydropower dam in the headwaters of the North Umpqua River in Oregon. Like many other historical salmonid-bearing rivers, little documentation exists for anadromous fish presence above potential natural obstacles upstream of Soda Springs Dam. My prediction was that if migratory salmonids are allowed to move upstream of the dam using a new fish ladder they would utilize available upstream spawning habitat. I captured, radio-tagged, and transplanted wild adult summer steelhead, O. mykiss, above Soda Springs Dam and tracked daily movements for 1 year to observe habitat preferences. I also investigated evidence of historical anadromy throughout the North Umpqua River basin using stable isotope analysis of salmon-derived nitrogen (¹⁵N) in foliar samples from Douglas fir trees, P. menziesii, (>100 years old). I tested the hypothesis that I could identify undocumented, historical salmon spawning reaches above natural and anthropogenic obstacles based solely upon δ¹⁵N foliar deposition patterns. While tracking radio-tagged steelhead, I documented holding locations, the timing of spawning activities, and the outmigration of kelts. Tagged fish did not show any extensive movement in the river or tributaries above the dam. Most of the tagged adults showed incremental daily movements near the release site or downstream into the hydropower reservoir but did not travel further than 1 kilometer upstream in the main river channel. I recorded movements and localized activities that suggested some of the fish spawned and subsequently moved downstream towards the Pacific Ocean. My observations indicated that spawning behavior of tagged fish above Soda Springs Dam was delayed several weeks relative to fish spawning below the dam. There was no evidence from telemetry that any fish moved upstream in Fish Creek, the newly accessible habitat of interest in this project. My data suggest that steelhead will use restored habitat above dams, but that re-colonization activities are variable and may be affected by altered flow regimes within the restored habitat upstream of the dam and intra-specific density dependence. My stable isotope data indicated that the foliar δ¹⁵N deposition patterns were confounded with elevation. I documented potential "salmon-derived" false positives on the Umpqua National Forest above impassable waterfalls. Overall I found that foliar δ¹⁵N deposition patterns were highly variable and unexpectedly indicated a statistically significant negative correlation of foliar δ¹⁵N values with historical salmon presence. My linear mixed-effects modeling suggests that the presence of salmon is the most important indicator of foliar δ¹⁵N values, rather than the proximity of a sampled tree to stream flow above or below migratory barriers. I was not able to use the mixed effects model to identify previously undocumented salmon spawning habitat. My results from the foliar technique suggest that the method may not be universally applicable as has been previously suggested in the literature. Title: Reconnecting aquatic habitats : validating historical habitat use by anadromous fishes using telemetry and stable isotope analysis above barriers Author: Lewis, Sierra Koch I conducted a study to identify potential spawning habitat for anadromous salmonids above a 60-year-old hydropower dam in the headwaters of the North Umpqua River in Oregon. Like many other historical salmonid-bearing rivers, little documentation exists for anadromous fish presence above potential natural obstacles upstream of Soda Springs Dam. My prediction was that if migratory salmonids are allowed to move upstream of the dam using a new fish ladder they would utilize available upstream spawning habitat. I captured, radio-tagged, and transplanted wild adult summer steelhead, O. mykiss, above Soda Springs Dam and tracked daily movements for 1 year to observe habitat preferences. I also investigated evidence of historical anadromy throughout the North Umpqua River basin using stable isotope analysis of salmon-derived nitrogen (¹⁵N) in foliar samples from Douglas fir trees, P. menziesii, (>100 years old). I tested the hypothesis that I could identify undocumented, historical salmon spawning reaches above natural and anthropogenic obstacles based solely upon δ¹⁵N foliar deposition patterns. While tracking radio-tagged steelhead, I documented holding locations, the timing of spawning activities, and the outmigration of kelts. Tagged fish did not show any extensive movement in the river or tributaries above the dam. Most of the tagged adults showed incremental daily movements near the release site or downstream into the hydropower reservoir but did not travel further than 1 kilometer upstream in the main river channel. I recorded movements and localized activities that suggested some of the fish spawned and subsequently moved downstream towards the Pacific Ocean. My observations indicated that spawning behavior of tagged fish above Soda Springs Dam was delayed several weeks relative to fish spawning below the dam. There was no evidence from telemetry that any fish moved upstream in Fish Creek, the newly accessible habitat of interest in this project. My data suggest that steelhead will use restored habitat above dams, but that re-colonization activities are variable and may be affected by altered flow regimes within the restored habitat upstream of the dam and intra-specific density dependence. My stable isotope data indicated that the foliar δ¹⁵N deposition patterns were confounded with elevation. I documented potential "salmon-derived" false positives on the Umpqua National Forest above impassable waterfalls. Overall I found that foliar δ¹⁵N deposition patterns were highly variable and unexpectedly indicated a statistically significant negative correlation of foliar δ¹⁵N values with historical salmon presence. My linear mixed-effects modeling suggests that the presence of salmon is the most important indicator of foliar δ¹⁵N values, rather than the proximity of a sampled tree to stream flow above or below migratory barriers. I was not able to use the mixed effects model to identify previously undocumented salmon spawning habitat. My results from the foliar technique suggest that the method may not be universally applicable as has been previously suggested in the literature. Close

• 297. [Article] Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus : integrating traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary values into conservation planning, and stream substrate associations with larval abundance in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A.

  Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is a valuable icon and traditional food source for Indigenous people of western North America. Native Americans have utilized traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus : integrating traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary values into conservation planning, and stream substrate associations with larval abundance in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Sheoships, Gabe Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is a valuable icon and traditional food source for Indigenous people of western North America. Native Americans have utilized traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) since time immemorial to guide their ways of life, transmitting cultural values and natural history to further generational knowledge. Pacific lamprey are in decline throughout their range, and have historically been disregarded in western science. The Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A currently supports a traditional harvest location, Willamette Falls, which continues to persist, despite great losses in adjacent basins and remains a harvest stronghold amongst Columbia River Basin Tribes. To further understand Pacific lamprey, we utilized both Indigenous knowledge and western science to gain information that would aid recovery. My first goal was to determine traditional ecological knowledge and the cultural values of Pacific lamprey to provide guidance for future conservation planning. My second goal was to evaluate the fine scale habitat characteristics of larval Pacific lamprey. To determine tribal values for the purpose of informing conservation planning of Pacific lamprey, I used: 1) oral history interviews of tribal elders, and 2) questionnaires distributed across entire adult (18 years and older) tribal populations. We conducted semi-structured interviews with tribal elders to gain insights into the biology, distribution, and cultural value of lamprey. I interviewed 32 tribal elders, 11 from the Grand Ronde, 10 from the Siletz, and 11 from the Umatilla. To understand modern fishing practices and current values of lamprey, I distributed a standardized questionnaire (n = 753) to a sample of each adult (18 years and older) tribal population, and received a total of 188 responses total: 38 from the Grand Ronde, 60 from the Siletz, and 90 from the Umatilla. From my interviews, I found that each tribe has noticed a decline in Pacific lamprey populations within their ceded areas, and has witnessed traditional harvest locations lost due to population declines and/or anthropogenic damage, leaving Willamette Falls as the sole harvest site for the three tribes. Questionnaire results showed that the strongest issues relating to the traditional usage of Pacific lamprey amongst each tribe are cultural awareness, harvest accessibility, and Pacific lamprey populations. I evaluated two fine scale habitat associations of larval Pacific lamprey in the Willamette River Basin to understand the association of stream sediment and larval abundance. Study objectives were to: 1) evaluate the substrate size most closely associated with larval abundance, and 2) to evaluate the influence of organic material upon larval abundance. We used a backpack electrofisher to enumerate larval lamprey in six wadeable Willamette River tributaries, using a nested two-pass sample design at a lower, middle, and upper reach (each reach composed of ten 1-m² quadrats). Stream sediment cores were collected for subsequent determination of particle size and organic composition content. I used particle size sieve analysis to estimate dominant substrate size class per sample, from the following size classes: silt (< 0.063 mm), very fine sand (0.063–0.125 mm), fine sand (0.125-0.25 mm), medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), coarse sand (0.50-1.0 mm), very coarse sand (1.0-2.36 mm), and fine gravel (>2.36 mm). I analyzed organic content by loss of weight through combustion. Larvae were present in 17 of 18 reaches (94%) 18), but only detected in 37% of the quadrats. Larval Pacific lamprey abundance was highest in habitats with predominantly medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm) substrate. I fit negative binomial mixed models using parameters for sediment depth, percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. My top model consisted of percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. At the fine scale, substrate characteristics were associated with the abundance of larval Pacific lamprey. Appropriate conservation measures should be taken to address the restoration of Pacific lamprey, activities that promote natural river flow and distribution of sediment could be of benefit. Efforts that educate mainstream society should be implemented to reduce further species decline. With the continued decline of Pacific lamprey, there is potential for further degradation of tribal cultural values. Conservation work that promotes the restoration of Pacific lamprey is crucial to the tradition and culture of the Grand Ronde, Siletz, and Umatilla Tribes. Title: Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus : integrating traditional ecological knowledge and contemporary values into conservation planning, and stream substrate associations with larval abundance in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A. Author: Sheoships, Gabe Pacific lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus is a valuable icon and traditional food source for Indigenous people of western North America. Native Americans have utilized traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) since time immemorial to guide their ways of life, transmitting cultural values and natural history to further generational knowledge. Pacific lamprey are in decline throughout their range, and have historically been disregarded in western science. The Willamette River Basin, Oregon, U.S.A currently supports a traditional harvest location, Willamette Falls, which continues to persist, despite great losses in adjacent basins and remains a harvest stronghold amongst Columbia River Basin Tribes. To further understand Pacific lamprey, we utilized both Indigenous knowledge and western science to gain information that would aid recovery. My first goal was to determine traditional ecological knowledge and the cultural values of Pacific lamprey to provide guidance for future conservation planning. My second goal was to evaluate the fine scale habitat characteristics of larval Pacific lamprey. To determine tribal values for the purpose of informing conservation planning of Pacific lamprey, I used: 1) oral history interviews of tribal elders, and 2) questionnaires distributed across entire adult (18 years and older) tribal populations. We conducted semi-structured interviews with tribal elders to gain insights into the biology, distribution, and cultural value of lamprey. I interviewed 32 tribal elders, 11 from the Grand Ronde, 10 from the Siletz, and 11 from the Umatilla. To understand modern fishing practices and current values of lamprey, I distributed a standardized questionnaire (n = 753) to a sample of each adult (18 years and older) tribal population, and received a total of 188 responses total: 38 from the Grand Ronde, 60 from the Siletz, and 90 from the Umatilla. From my interviews, I found that each tribe has noticed a decline in Pacific lamprey populations within their ceded areas, and has witnessed traditional harvest locations lost due to population declines and/or anthropogenic damage, leaving Willamette Falls as the sole harvest site for the three tribes. Questionnaire results showed that the strongest issues relating to the traditional usage of Pacific lamprey amongst each tribe are cultural awareness, harvest accessibility, and Pacific lamprey populations. I evaluated two fine scale habitat associations of larval Pacific lamprey in the Willamette River Basin to understand the association of stream sediment and larval abundance. Study objectives were to: 1) evaluate the substrate size most closely associated with larval abundance, and 2) to evaluate the influence of organic material upon larval abundance. We used a backpack electrofisher to enumerate larval lamprey in six wadeable Willamette River tributaries, using a nested two-pass sample design at a lower, middle, and upper reach (each reach composed of ten 1-m² quadrats). Stream sediment cores were collected for subsequent determination of particle size and organic composition content. I used particle size sieve analysis to estimate dominant substrate size class per sample, from the following size classes: silt (< 0.063 mm), very fine sand (0.063–0.125 mm), fine sand (0.125-0.25 mm), medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), coarse sand (0.50-1.0 mm), very coarse sand (1.0-2.36 mm), and fine gravel (>2.36 mm). I analyzed organic content by loss of weight through combustion. Larvae were present in 17 of 18 reaches (94%) 18), but only detected in 37% of the quadrats. Larval Pacific lamprey abundance was highest in habitats with predominantly medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm) substrate. I fit negative binomial mixed models using parameters for sediment depth, percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. My top model consisted of percentage of medium fine sand (0.25-0.50 mm), organic material and a random effect for basin. At the fine scale, substrate characteristics were associated with the abundance of larval Pacific lamprey. Appropriate conservation measures should be taken to address the restoration of Pacific lamprey, activities that promote natural river flow and distribution of sediment could be of benefit. Efforts that educate mainstream society should be implemented to reduce further species decline. With the continued decline of Pacific lamprey, there is potential for further degradation of tribal cultural values. Conservation work that promotes the restoration of Pacific lamprey is crucial to the tradition and culture of the Grand Ronde, Siletz, and Umatilla Tribes. Close

• 298. [Article] Population characteristics and movement patterns of redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in the Crooked River, Oregon

  Over the last decade, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) has documented a precipitous decline in the Crooked River redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population, prompting this study to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population characteristics and movement patterns of redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in the Crooked River, Oregon Author: Nesbit, Shivonne M. Over the last decade, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) has documented a precipitous decline in the Crooked River redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population, prompting this study to address potential factors contributing to the decline. There are two main goals to this project: (1) identify potential factors contributing to the reduction of the redband trout population in the Crooked River fishery and (2) provide management recommendations to all of the agencies responsible for managing the Crooked River that might effect a change in the redband trout population trend. This thesis had three objectives: (1) evaluate the movement patterns of redband trout and mountain whitefish in the Crooked River below Bowman Dam, (2) monitor total dissolved gas levels (TDG) in the Crooked River to evaluate the incidence of supersaturated water and gas bubble disease in redband trout and mountain whitefish and (3) implement a more comprehensive population estimate survey to document both redband trout and mountain whitefish population densities. Prior to this study, limited data existed on the distribution and movement patterns of redband trout and mountain whitefish in the Crooked River below Bowman Dam. Based on the results from the 2-year telemetry study, redband trout and mountain whitefish population exhibit a resident life history strategy and stay in the Wild and Scenic Section of the Crooked River below Bowman Dam. Two potential explanations for the observed population decline were plausible: the decline was actually a decline, or the fish moved to other sections of the Crooked River downstream of Bowman Dam. The telemetery study showed that redband trout and mountain whitefish stay within this section of river, thereby providing evidence against the explanation that the observed population decline was a result of movement of fish to other sections of river. The total dissolved gas study demonstrated that gas saturation levels become elevated enough to cause gas bubble disease in the Crooked River below Bowman Dam. The gas saturation in the Crooked River is equivalent or higher than levels shown to produce gas bubble disease (GBD) in fishes. When flows exceed 600 cfs, the total dissolved gas saturation exceeds the maximum Oregon Department of Environmental Quality mandated level of 110% gas saturation in the Crooked River. Flows in excess of 600cfs are common during spring runoff events below Bowman Dam. From 1989-2009, flows exceeded 600 cfs in 13 of the 21 years and 1000 cfs in 10 of the 21 years. The past population effects of high flows and supersaturated waters on redband trout and mountain whitefish are difficult to quantify, but based on the hydrograph and the saturation curve, the years when gas bubble disease might have been present in fish can be predicted. Given the strong linear relationship between TDG and stream average daily discharge (r2 = 0.93), discharge itself can be used as a predictive tool for assessing TDG levels in the river. Based on the flow data from the USBOR gauging station and the gas saturation curve for the wild and scenic section of the Crooked River generated here, gas bubble disease was probably present in fish in 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2004. The redband trout population density has varied considerably from year to year, with a peak observed in 1994 and the lowest point observed in 2006. A large increase in the number of redband trout per km occurred between 1993 and 1994, indicating that the density of fish can increase substantially in one year. The decline in redband trout density from 1994 to 2006 appears to be more gradual than the increase in density observed from 1993 to 1994. Since 2006, the redband trout population density appears to be increasing based on qualitative patterns. One interesting finding was that in 2007, the mountain whitefish density was estimated to be 7 times greater than the redband trout population, in 2008 it was estimated to be 4 times greater, but in 2009, the mountain whitefish density was only marginally higher than the redband trout population. In the three years of this study, there appears to be a shift in the relative abundance of redband trout and mountain whitefish directly below Bowman Dam. The reduction in the mountain whitefish population density from 2007 to 2008 was not expected based on angler accounts of the increase in mountain whitefish population densities. Title: Population characteristics and movement patterns of redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in the Crooked River, Oregon Author: Nesbit, Shivonne M. Over the last decade, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) has documented a precipitous decline in the Crooked River redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population, prompting this study to address potential factors contributing to the decline. There are two main goals to this project: (1) identify potential factors contributing to the reduction of the redband trout population in the Crooked River fishery and (2) provide management recommendations to all of the agencies responsible for managing the Crooked River that might effect a change in the redband trout population trend. This thesis had three objectives: (1) evaluate the movement patterns of redband trout and mountain whitefish in the Crooked River below Bowman Dam, (2) monitor total dissolved gas levels (TDG) in the Crooked River to evaluate the incidence of supersaturated water and gas bubble disease in redband trout and mountain whitefish and (3) implement a more comprehensive population estimate survey to document both redband trout and mountain whitefish population densities. Prior to this study, limited data existed on the distribution and movement patterns of redband trout and mountain whitefish in the Crooked River below Bowman Dam. Based on the results from the 2-year telemetry study, redband trout and mountain whitefish population exhibit a resident life history strategy and stay in the Wild and Scenic Section of the Crooked River below Bowman Dam. Two potential explanations for the observed population decline were plausible: the decline was actually a decline, or the fish moved to other sections of the Crooked River downstream of Bowman Dam. The telemetery study showed that redband trout and mountain whitefish stay within this section of river, thereby providing evidence against the explanation that the observed population decline was a result of movement of fish to other sections of river. The total dissolved gas study demonstrated that gas saturation levels become elevated enough to cause gas bubble disease in the Crooked River below Bowman Dam. The gas saturation in the Crooked River is equivalent or higher than levels shown to produce gas bubble disease (GBD) in fishes. When flows exceed 600 cfs, the total dissolved gas saturation exceeds the maximum Oregon Department of Environmental Quality mandated level of 110% gas saturation in the Crooked River. Flows in excess of 600cfs are common during spring runoff events below Bowman Dam. From 1989-2009, flows exceeded 600 cfs in 13 of the 21 years and 1000 cfs in 10 of the 21 years. The past population effects of high flows and supersaturated waters on redband trout and mountain whitefish are difficult to quantify, but based on the hydrograph and the saturation curve, the years when gas bubble disease might have been present in fish can be predicted. Given the strong linear relationship between TDG and stream average daily discharge (r2 = 0.93), discharge itself can be used as a predictive tool for assessing TDG levels in the river. Based on the flow data from the USBOR gauging station and the gas saturation curve for the wild and scenic section of the Crooked River generated here, gas bubble disease was probably present in fish in 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, and 2004. The redband trout population density has varied considerably from year to year, with a peak observed in 1994 and the lowest point observed in 2006. A large increase in the number of redband trout per km occurred between 1993 and 1994, indicating that the density of fish can increase substantially in one year. The decline in redband trout density from 1994 to 2006 appears to be more gradual than the increase in density observed from 1993 to 1994. Since 2006, the redband trout population density appears to be increasing based on qualitative patterns. One interesting finding was that in 2007, the mountain whitefish density was estimated to be 7 times greater than the redband trout population, in 2008 it was estimated to be 4 times greater, but in 2009, the mountain whitefish density was only marginally higher than the redband trout population. In the three years of this study, there appears to be a shift in the relative abundance of redband trout and mountain whitefish directly below Bowman Dam. The reduction in the mountain whitefish population density from 2007 to 2008 was not expected based on angler accounts of the increase in mountain whitefish population densities. Close

• 299. [Article] Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon

  This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon Author: Minear, Paula J. This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, and explored the processes driving change in this system and the implications for aquatic habitat. The hydrologic record was analyzed, and field surveys were conducted and compared to historical habitat surveys. Riparian characteristics and channel features were digitized from aerial photographs from 1945/49 and 1986 and imported into Arcinfo GIS for analysis. Types of data digitized from the aerial photos included locations and length or area of wetted channel, active channel, tributaries, side channels, large woody debris, exposed gravel bars, roads, and dominant vegetation or land use within 200 m of the active channel. Construction of dams on the mainstem Mckenzie River and two major tributaries, Blue River and South Fork, in the 1960s has altered the flow regime and sediment supply to the mainstem Mckenzie, decreasing the frequency, mean and variation of peak flows, reducing the competence of flows to move existing bedload, and cutting off sediment from over half of the drainage area. Mean peak flows decreased 44% and competence of peak flows with a 2-yr recurrence interval declined approximately 29% after dams were constructed upriver. Adjustments to reduced sediment supply and flow alteration by dams in this system included 57% decrease in exposed gravel bars, 40% decrease in side channel length, and possible substrate coarsening (as compared to historical estimates). Channel straightening occurred in each of three instances of channel change during the study period, and sinuosity decreased one half of the amount needed to produce a straight channel in the most susceptible, unconstrained reach. Human actions prior to high flow events played a role in the direction of channel change in each case. Over the entire study area, 7% of the main channel changed position by 30 m or more and little or no change in channel position was noted in reaches constrained by valley floors. Additional channel constraint has been produced by road construction near the channel and riprapping for roads, bridges, and residences. Less large woody debris was observed in the 1986 channel than in the 1949 channel, indicating a reduction in pool-forming agents and channel roughness elements. Frequency of large pools ([greater than or equal to] 2 m depth and >40 m² area) decreased 19% over the study area. The greatest loss in pools (73%) was noted in the unconstrained reach that exhibited two areas of channel change and an increase in exposed gravel bars. Increased human use of the riparian area for roads and residential purposes has led to an increased fragmentation of the riparian landscape. Density of residential or developed patches within the riparian area has increased 215% as more and smaller areas are converted from natural vegetation to human use. Riparian area devoted to roads and residential uses has nearly doubled since the 1940s. Mean vegetation or land-use patch size has decreased from 2.2 ha to 1.6 ha as larger patches have been sub-divided, and patch and edge densities have increased. Agriculture and clearcuts for timber removal have decreased within the riparian area while continuing upslope. Riparian area in mature conifers has decreased 44% from levels in the 1940s while hardwoods have increased 45% in the riparian area. Future wood loading to the channel is reduced by a decline in mature riparian vegetation, especially mature conifers. Channel and riparian changes noted in this study have implications for fish populations. Channel straightening, reduction in side channels, and loss of pool-forming agents reduce habitat heterogeneity and off-channel refugia. Ecosystem management of watersheds requires evaluation of conditions across scales of time and space. The use of GIS in this study made it possible to detect changes in channel form and riparian conditions during four decades, along a 70-m channel and 90-m riparian area and to analyze the large data sets relevant to understanding functions and change in channels and riparian areas. Title: Historical change in channel form and riparian vegetation of the McKenzie River, Oregon Author: Minear, Paula J. This study examined channel structure and position and riparian vegetation and land use on the upper 70 km of the McKenzie River, Oregon in the 1940s, compared the 1940s conditions to present conditions, and explored the processes driving change in this system and the implications for aquatic habitat. The hydrologic record was analyzed, and field surveys were conducted and compared to historical habitat surveys. Riparian characteristics and channel features were digitized from aerial photographs from 1945/49 and 1986 and imported into Arcinfo GIS for analysis. Types of data digitized from the aerial photos included locations and length or area of wetted channel, active channel, tributaries, side channels, large woody debris, exposed gravel bars, roads, and dominant vegetation or land use within 200 m of the active channel. Construction of dams on the mainstem Mckenzie River and two major tributaries, Blue River and South Fork, in the 1960s has altered the flow regime and sediment supply to the mainstem Mckenzie, decreasing the frequency, mean and variation of peak flows, reducing the competence of flows to move existing bedload, and cutting off sediment from over half of the drainage area. Mean peak flows decreased 44% and competence of peak flows with a 2-yr recurrence interval declined approximately 29% after dams were constructed upriver. Adjustments to reduced sediment supply and flow alteration by dams in this system included 57% decrease in exposed gravel bars, 40% decrease in side channel length, and possible substrate coarsening (as compared to historical estimates). Channel straightening occurred in each of three instances of channel change during the study period, and sinuosity decreased one half of the amount needed to produce a straight channel in the most susceptible, unconstrained reach. Human actions prior to high flow events played a role in the direction of channel change in each case. Over the entire study area, 7% of the main channel changed position by 30 m or more and little or no change in channel position was noted in reaches constrained by valley floors. Additional channel constraint has been produced by road construction near the channel and riprapping for roads, bridges, and residences. Less large woody debris was observed in the 1986 channel than in the 1949 channel, indicating a reduction in pool-forming agents and channel roughness elements. Frequency of large pools ([greater than or equal to] 2 m depth and >40 m² area) decreased 19% over the study area. The greatest loss in pools (73%) was noted in the unconstrained reach that exhibited two areas of channel change and an increase in exposed gravel bars. Increased human use of the riparian area for roads and residential purposes has led to an increased fragmentation of the riparian landscape. Density of residential or developed patches within the riparian area has increased 215% as more and smaller areas are converted from natural vegetation to human use. Riparian area devoted to roads and residential uses has nearly doubled since the 1940s. Mean vegetation or land-use patch size has decreased from 2.2 ha to 1.6 ha as larger patches have been sub-divided, and patch and edge densities have increased. Agriculture and clearcuts for timber removal have decreased within the riparian area while continuing upslope. Riparian area in mature conifers has decreased 44% from levels in the 1940s while hardwoods have increased 45% in the riparian area. Future wood loading to the channel is reduced by a decline in mature riparian vegetation, especially mature conifers. Channel and riparian changes noted in this study have implications for fish populations. Channel straightening, reduction in side channels, and loss of pool-forming agents reduce habitat heterogeneity and off-channel refugia. Ecosystem management of watersheds requires evaluation of conditions across scales of time and space. The use of GIS in this study made it possible to detect changes in channel form and riparian conditions during four decades, along a 70-m channel and 90-m riparian area and to analyze the large data sets relevant to understanding functions and change in channels and riparian areas. Close

• 300. [Article] Historical evolution of the Columbia River littoral cell

  Article appears in Marine Geology (http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503350/description#description) and is copyrighted by Elsevier.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical evolution of the Columbia River littoral cell Author: Kaminsky, George M., Buijsman, Maarten, Gelfenbaum, Guy, McCandless, Diana, Ruggiero, Peter Article appears in Marine Geology (http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503350/description#description) and is copyrighted by Elsevier. Title: Historical evolution of the Columbia River littoral cell Author: Kaminsky, George M., Buijsman, Maarten, Gelfenbaum, Guy, McCandless, Diana, Ruggiero, Peter Article appears in Marine Geology (http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/503350/description#description) and is copyrighted by Elsevier. Close