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• 241. [Article] Production of the reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) and its predation on salmon fry in three Oregon streams

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production of the reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) and its predation on salmon fry in three Oregon streams Author: Krohn, David C. Title: Production of the reticulate sculpin (Cottus perplexus) and its predation on salmon fry in three Oregon streams Author: Krohn, David C. Close

• 242. [Article] Local populations and migration in relation to the conservation of Pacific salmon in the Western States and Alaska

  1. A rational conservation program for such migratory fishes as the salmon must be based on a knowledge of (a) whether or not the species consists of local, self-perpetuating populations and (b) the nature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Local populations and migration in relation to the conservation of Pacific salmon in the Western States and Alaska Author: Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 1. A rational conservation program for such migratory fishes as the salmon must be based on a knowledge of (a) whether or not the species consists of local, self-perpetuating populations and (b) the nature and extent of the oceanic migrations. 2. The conservation of a species that is broken up into local self-perpetuating populations involves the determination of the causes of mortality at all stages in the life history of each group. 3. Species that are not so broken up may be conserved by measures of more general application. 4. In the case of migrating species the routes traversed by the individuals of each population group must be known in order that the causes of mortality may be determined and that appropriate conservation measures may be applied. 5. In the case of the Pacific salmon, the evidence shows clearly the existence of local, self-perpetuating populations. 6. The evidence also shows clearly that the Pacific salmon return from their life in the sea predominantly to their home streams thus justifying acceptance of what is known as the "home stream theory." 7. It has also been shown that many of the Pacific salmon travel hundreds of miles in the ocean, by the nearest route, from places where they have been captured and tagged, before they enter streams for the purpose of spawning. 8. In the absence of any conflicting evidence it is believed that the "home stream theory" applies to these fish that travel long distances in the ocean as well as to those that may not travel so far and that the basing of practical conservation measures upon an acceptance of the "home stream theory" as of general application is justified. Title: Local populations and migration in relation to the conservation of Pacific salmon in the Western States and Alaska Author: Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 1. A rational conservation program for such migratory fishes as the salmon must be based on a knowledge of (a) whether or not the species consists of local, self-perpetuating populations and (b) the nature and extent of the oceanic migrations. 2. The conservation of a species that is broken up into local self-perpetuating populations involves the determination of the causes of mortality at all stages in the life history of each group. 3. Species that are not so broken up may be conserved by measures of more general application. 4. In the case of migrating species the routes traversed by the individuals of each population group must be known in order that the causes of mortality may be determined and that appropriate conservation measures may be applied. 5. In the case of the Pacific salmon, the evidence shows clearly the existence of local, self-perpetuating populations. 6. The evidence also shows clearly that the Pacific salmon return from their life in the sea predominantly to their home streams thus justifying acceptance of what is known as the "home stream theory." 7. It has also been shown that many of the Pacific salmon travel hundreds of miles in the ocean, by the nearest route, from places where they have been captured and tagged, before they enter streams for the purpose of spawning. 8. In the absence of any conflicting evidence it is believed that the "home stream theory" applies to these fish that travel long distances in the ocean as well as to those that may not travel so far and that the basing of practical conservation measures upon an acceptance of the "home stream theory" as of general application is justified. Close

• 243. [Article] The utilization of Netarts Bay by juvenile chum salmon, 1984

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The utilization of Netarts Bay by juvenile chum salmon, 1984 Author: Pearcy, William G., Wilson, C. D. Title: The utilization of Netarts Bay by juvenile chum salmon, 1984 Author: Pearcy, William G., Wilson, C. D. Close

• 244. [Article] Land-based polyculture of marine macroalgae and Pacific salmon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land-based polyculture of marine macroalgae and Pacific salmon Author: Levin, John-Eric M. Title: Land-based polyculture of marine macroalgae and Pacific salmon Author: Levin, John-Eric M. Close

• 245. [Article] Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout

  On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Title: Biological opinion on effects of issuance of license for McKenzie (Bigelow) Hydropower Project on Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, its proposed critical habitat, and bull trout On March 24, 1999, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) published its final decision to list the Upper Willamette River evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) of chinook salmon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The effective date for the final listing was May 24, 1999, and the ESU is defined as 'all naturally spawned populations of spring-run chinook salmon residing below impassable natural barriers' (64 FR 14308). Critical habitat for this ESU was proposed on March 9, 1998 (63 FR 11482), and this proposed designation is still pending at the time of this Biological Opinion. Upper Willamette River chinook salmon occur within the action area of this consultation. The Upper Willamette River steelhead ESU was listed as threatened under the ESA (64 FR 14517; March 25, 1999) simultaneously with Upper Willamette River chinook salmon, but its range does not include the action area for this consultation 1 , and it is not addressed in this Biological Opinion. The objective of this Biological Opinion is to address the effects of providing a license to operate the McKenzie project, as proposed by FERC, on listed UW chinook salmon and bull trout, and to determine if this federal action by FERC will jeopardize the continued existence of either species. It will also serve as a conference opinion on the effects of the proposed action on proposed UW chinook salmon critical habitat. Until FERC issues a license for the McKenzie project incorporating the reasonable and prudent measures of this Biological Opinion, the existing project has no authorization for take of listed species Close

• 246. [Article] Kocourek_Lint_Slough_Poster_FINAL.pdf

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kocourek_Lint_Slough_Poster_FINAL.pdf Author: Kocourek, Amy Title: Kocourek_Lint_Slough_Poster_FINAL.pdf Author: Kocourek, Amy Close

• 247. [Article] Kocourek_Lint_Slough_Poster_FINAL.ppt

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kocourek_Lint_Slough_Poster_FINAL.ppt Author: Kocourek, Amy Title: Kocourek_Lint_Slough_Poster_FINAL.ppt Author: Kocourek, Amy Close

• 248. [Article] The US salmon market : demand characteristics and price linkage

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The US salmon market : demand characteristics and price linkage Author: Gordon, Daniel V., Clay, Patty L. Research Paper Title: The US salmon market : demand characteristics and price linkage Author: Gordon, Daniel V., Clay, Patty L. Research Paper Close

• 249. [Article] Analysis of demand for canned pink salmon

  The purpose of the study was to estimate the parameters of the demand equation for canned pink salmon at the processor-distributor level. Opening prices for the years 1951 to 1965 were used, along with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of demand for canned pink salmon Author: Charoenkul, Vilailuck The purpose of the study was to estimate the parameters of the demand equation for canned pink salmon at the processor-distributor level. Opening prices for the years 1951 to 1965 were used, along with disposable income and tuna prices, as an independent variable in a demand equation in which quantity demanded was the dependent variable. The method of least squares was applied to estimate the coefficients of the linear equations. These coefficients for the demand equation were used to calculate price, income, and cross-elasticity figures. It was tentatively concluded that, at the processor-distributor level, the demand is price-elastic, while the computed elasticities were >1 and <1 for income and tuna prices, respectively. The effect of inventories was explored and found to have a significant impact on the demand analysis, although further work is required here. Title: Analysis of demand for canned pink salmon Author: Charoenkul, Vilailuck The purpose of the study was to estimate the parameters of the demand equation for canned pink salmon at the processor-distributor level. Opening prices for the years 1951 to 1965 were used, along with disposable income and tuna prices, as an independent variable in a demand equation in which quantity demanded was the dependent variable. The method of least squares was applied to estimate the coefficients of the linear equations. These coefficients for the demand equation were used to calculate price, income, and cross-elasticity figures. It was tentatively concluded that, at the processor-distributor level, the demand is price-elastic, while the computed elasticities were >1 and <1 for income and tuna prices, respectively. The effect of inventories was explored and found to have a significant impact on the demand analysis, although further work is required here. Close

• 250. [Article] Characterization of the Oregon sockeye salmon virus

  Characterization of a virus requires that its physical, biochemical and biological properties be determined. In this study the Oregon sockeye salmon virus was characterized. It was isolated in the fall ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of the Oregon sockeye salmon virus Author: Wingfield, William Harry Characterization of a virus requires that its physical, biochemical and biological properties be determined. In this study the Oregon sockeye salmon virus was characterized. It was isolated in the fall of 1958 from juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, being reared at the Oregon Fish Commission's Willamette River Hatchery. When inoculated into tissue cultures of sockeye embryonic cells the virus produced a definite sequence of cytopathic changes. First there was a thickening of the nuclear membrane accompanied by alteration of the nucleoli. This was followed by changes in the nuclear chromatin and in some cases fragmentation of the nuclei. Finally the cells rounded up and detached from the glass surface. "In vivo" experiments carried out to determine the host range of this virus in salmonids indicated young kokanee salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka were susceptible while juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii were resistant. Histological examination of kokanee salmon infected with the virus indicated the kidney was the only organ showing any appreciable change. Primary cultures of chinook salmon, coho salmon and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdenerli gairdnerii embryonic cells did not become infected upon exposure to this virus. Cell cultures from these species after being maintained for several months in continuous culture were again exposed to the virus. Now the chinook salmon and steelhead trout cells were susceptible to the virus while the coho salmon cultures remained resistant. This was consistent with information of other workers who found that in some cases fish cells carried in cell cultures for long periods of time became susceptible to a wide variety of animal viruses. When the Oregon sockeye salmon virus was inoculated into monolayer cultures of sockeye embryonic cells, easily discernible plaques were formed within seven days. The plaque titration method of quantitating this virus was found to be more precise than the infectivity titration used in this study. It was not used routinely for virus quantitation however because of the large number of cells required. The data from plaque titrations and infectivity titrations made it possible to determine the number of plaque forming units (pfu) per ID₅₀. Results indicated one ID₅₀ was equal to 0.55 pfu. This value was in good agreement with the hypothetical value of 0.69 pfu for one ID₅₀. Attempts to measure active intracellular virus showed the amount to be negligible when compared to the concentration of extracellular virus. This suggested the virus was readily released from infected cells and might not be completely infectious until it passed through the cell membrane. Exposure to ether at a concentration of twenty per cent by volume completely inactivated the virus. This was an indication that the virus particle contained lipid materials which were essential for infection. There was also presumptive evidence that this was an RNA virus since replication was not inhibited by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (an inhibitor of DNA viruses). Experiments carried out at various temperatures showed the virus multiplied most rapidly between 13° C and 18° C. In this temperature range a maximum titer was reached within two days after inoculation. Temperatures outside the optimum range reduced the rate of replication and in some cases the final titer was at least one log lower than in the 13° to 18° range. At a temperature of 23° C no new virus was formed. This was rather surprising since the optimum temperature for cell growth has been reported as 23°C. Before the Oregon sockeye salmon virus could be studied with the electron microscope it was necessary to concentrate and partially purify the virus. Concentration was achieved by centrifugation at 20,000 rpm for one hour. The concentrated material was then placed on a sucrose density gradient which yielded a band of virus material after centrifuging at 23,000 rpm for one hour. This band material was observed with the electron microscope and particles which exhibited evidence of cubic symmetry were observed. Measurement of these particles indicated their size range was between 92 and 145 mμ in diameter. This value was in good agreement with the particle size of the virus as determined with Millipore filters (110 mμ, to 165 mg). Based on the information obtained during this study, the Oregon sockeye salmon virus appears to be closely related to the arbovirus group. This however is only a tentative placement and more information will be needed before the virus can be definitely assigned to a particular group of viruses. Title: Characterization of the Oregon sockeye salmon virus Author: Wingfield, William Harry Characterization of a virus requires that its physical, biochemical and biological properties be determined. In this study the Oregon sockeye salmon virus was characterized. It was isolated in the fall of 1958 from juvenile sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, being reared at the Oregon Fish Commission's Willamette River Hatchery. When inoculated into tissue cultures of sockeye embryonic cells the virus produced a definite sequence of cytopathic changes. First there was a thickening of the nuclear membrane accompanied by alteration of the nucleoli. This was followed by changes in the nuclear chromatin and in some cases fragmentation of the nuclei. Finally the cells rounded up and detached from the glass surface. "In vivo" experiments carried out to determine the host range of this virus in salmonids indicated young kokanee salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka were susceptible while juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii were resistant. Histological examination of kokanee salmon infected with the virus indicated the kidney was the only organ showing any appreciable change. Primary cultures of chinook salmon, coho salmon and steelhead trout, Salmo gairdenerli gairdnerii embryonic cells did not become infected upon exposure to this virus. Cell cultures from these species after being maintained for several months in continuous culture were again exposed to the virus. Now the chinook salmon and steelhead trout cells were susceptible to the virus while the coho salmon cultures remained resistant. This was consistent with information of other workers who found that in some cases fish cells carried in cell cultures for long periods of time became susceptible to a wide variety of animal viruses. When the Oregon sockeye salmon virus was inoculated into monolayer cultures of sockeye embryonic cells, easily discernible plaques were formed within seven days. The plaque titration method of quantitating this virus was found to be more precise than the infectivity titration used in this study. It was not used routinely for virus quantitation however because of the large number of cells required. The data from plaque titrations and infectivity titrations made it possible to determine the number of plaque forming units (pfu) per ID₅₀. Results indicated one ID₅₀ was equal to 0.55 pfu. This value was in good agreement with the hypothetical value of 0.69 pfu for one ID₅₀. Attempts to measure active intracellular virus showed the amount to be negligible when compared to the concentration of extracellular virus. This suggested the virus was readily released from infected cells and might not be completely infectious until it passed through the cell membrane. Exposure to ether at a concentration of twenty per cent by volume completely inactivated the virus. This was an indication that the virus particle contained lipid materials which were essential for infection. There was also presumptive evidence that this was an RNA virus since replication was not inhibited by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (an inhibitor of DNA viruses). Experiments carried out at various temperatures showed the virus multiplied most rapidly between 13° C and 18° C. In this temperature range a maximum titer was reached within two days after inoculation. Temperatures outside the optimum range reduced the rate of replication and in some cases the final titer was at least one log lower than in the 13° to 18° range. At a temperature of 23° C no new virus was formed. This was rather surprising since the optimum temperature for cell growth has been reported as 23°C. Before the Oregon sockeye salmon virus could be studied with the electron microscope it was necessary to concentrate and partially purify the virus. Concentration was achieved by centrifugation at 20,000 rpm for one hour. The concentrated material was then placed on a sucrose density gradient which yielded a band of virus material after centrifuging at 23,000 rpm for one hour. This band material was observed with the electron microscope and particles which exhibited evidence of cubic symmetry were observed. Measurement of these particles indicated their size range was between 92 and 145 mμ in diameter. This value was in good agreement with the particle size of the virus as determined with Millipore filters (110 mμ, to 165 mg). Based on the information obtained during this study, the Oregon sockeye salmon virus appears to be closely related to the arbovirus group. This however is only a tentative placement and more information will be needed before the virus can be definitely assigned to a particular group of viruses. Close