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• 221. [Article] Value assessment of Jackson-Frazier Wetland, Benton County, Oregon : a case study

  A growing realization that wetlands are potentially valuable resources has recently stimulated efforts towards their protection. While a foundation for wetland management exists, decision makers still ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Value assessment of Jackson-Frazier Wetland, Benton County, Oregon : a case study Author: Marshall, John L. (John Lee), 1952- A growing realization that wetlands are potentially valuable resources has recently stimulated efforts towards their protection. While a foundation for wetland management exists, decision makers still lack adequate tools for addressing issues of wetland preservation vs. development. Wetland preservation values are often neglected in traditional market analyses and in the decision making process. This research uses a wetlands assessment methodology that addresses non-market wetland values in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. The Jackson-Frazier Wetland, north of the Corvallis city limits, is used as a case study for assessment. The Larson Model, a tested assessment model for eastern Massachusetts wetlands, is applied to the Jackson-Frazier Wetland. The model is modified to increase its reproducibility in wetlands classification, accommodate regional differences in the study area, and account for recent information on wetland classification and value assessment. The Jackson-Frazier Wetland qualifies as a high priority site for further assessment under four of eleven criteria: 1. rare plants, 2. visually prominent plants, 3. availability of information, and 4. rare habitat types. The wetland received an adjusted wildlife habitat score of 89 percent (good to excellent) and an adjusted visual-cultural score of 66 percent (moderately good). The wildlife habitat score reflects a complex habitat mosaic spread over a sizable area supporting a diverse and relatively abundant fauna. The visual-cultural score reflects a visually complex landscape dominated by vegetation. The diversity of wetland types, the complex interspersion of wetland classes and subclasses, and the proximity of the wetland to educational institutions combine to offer a variety of visual, educational, and passive recreational opportunities. However, the lack of navigable water bodies, the lack of nearby visually prominent landforms, urban noise, and urban encroachment limit the number and quality of visual-cultural opportunities. The wetland was assessed for its downstream flood mitigation capability under two models with two respective adjusted flood mitigation scores of 967 and 69%. The second score is judged to be more consistent with findings of the Corvallis Drainage Master Plan suggesting the Jackson- Frazier site mitigates floods associated with "common" storm events (e.g., 12% return frequency). Neither flood assessment addresses flooding from the Willamette River during a 100 yearflood. In a separate economic analysis, publicly acquired nonwetland wildlife habitat and visual-cultural areas are used as gauge sites to provide a minimum monetary estimate of preservation values of the Jackson-Frazier Wetland. The derived figure of $ 2,022/acre is compared with several appraised market values of the wetland using preservation value/alternative use value ratios. Ratios greater than one indicate preservation values are greater than alternative use values. Borderline ratios are weighted towards preservation values due to the non-wetland character of the gauge sites. The greatest utility of the applied model is to display traditionally intangible wetland preservation values. This display of values should be considered by resource managers and decision makers in conjunction with a variety of other decision making tools. The validity of a given assessment is directly related to the assumptions and subsequent criteria used. Perceptions of validity are highly influenced by the degree of societal acceptance and use. Title: Value assessment of Jackson-Frazier Wetland, Benton County, Oregon : a case study Author: Marshall, John L. (John Lee), 1952- A growing realization that wetlands are potentially valuable resources has recently stimulated efforts towards their protection. While a foundation for wetland management exists, decision makers still lack adequate tools for addressing issues of wetland preservation vs. development. Wetland preservation values are often neglected in traditional market analyses and in the decision making process. This research uses a wetlands assessment methodology that addresses non-market wetland values in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. The Jackson-Frazier Wetland, north of the Corvallis city limits, is used as a case study for assessment. The Larson Model, a tested assessment model for eastern Massachusetts wetlands, is applied to the Jackson-Frazier Wetland. The model is modified to increase its reproducibility in wetlands classification, accommodate regional differences in the study area, and account for recent information on wetland classification and value assessment. The Jackson-Frazier Wetland qualifies as a high priority site for further assessment under four of eleven criteria: 1. rare plants, 2. visually prominent plants, 3. availability of information, and 4. rare habitat types. The wetland received an adjusted wildlife habitat score of 89 percent (good to excellent) and an adjusted visual-cultural score of 66 percent (moderately good). The wildlife habitat score reflects a complex habitat mosaic spread over a sizable area supporting a diverse and relatively abundant fauna. The visual-cultural score reflects a visually complex landscape dominated by vegetation. The diversity of wetland types, the complex interspersion of wetland classes and subclasses, and the proximity of the wetland to educational institutions combine to offer a variety of visual, educational, and passive recreational opportunities. However, the lack of navigable water bodies, the lack of nearby visually prominent landforms, urban noise, and urban encroachment limit the number and quality of visual-cultural opportunities. The wetland was assessed for its downstream flood mitigation capability under two models with two respective adjusted flood mitigation scores of 967 and 69%. The second score is judged to be more consistent with findings of the Corvallis Drainage Master Plan suggesting the Jackson- Frazier site mitigates floods associated with "common" storm events (e.g., 12% return frequency). Neither flood assessment addresses flooding from the Willamette River during a 100 yearflood. In a separate economic analysis, publicly acquired nonwetland wildlife habitat and visual-cultural areas are used as gauge sites to provide a minimum monetary estimate of preservation values of the Jackson-Frazier Wetland. The derived figure of $ 2,022/acre is compared with several appraised market values of the wetland using preservation value/alternative use value ratios. Ratios greater than one indicate preservation values are greater than alternative use values. Borderline ratios are weighted towards preservation values due to the non-wetland character of the gauge sites. The greatest utility of the applied model is to display traditionally intangible wetland preservation values. This display of values should be considered by resource managers and decision makers in conjunction with a variety of other decision making tools. The validity of a given assessment is directly related to the assumptions and subsequent criteria used. Perceptions of validity are highly influenced by the degree of societal acceptance and use. Close

• 222. [Article] Comparative Economics of Traditional vs. Scientific Shrimp Farming Systems: A Study of Smallholders Shrimp Culture in West Bengal

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative Economics of Traditional vs. Scientific Shrimp Farming Systems: A Study of Smallholders Shrimp Culture in West Bengal Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi Research Paper Title: Comparative Economics of Traditional vs. Scientific Shrimp Farming Systems: A Study of Smallholders Shrimp Culture in West Bengal Author: Bhattacharya, Poulomi Research Paper Close

• 223. [Article] The economic feasibility of soybean production in Oregon

  Commercial production of soybeans in Oregon has been limited. In 1977, less than 1,500 acres were grown, primarily in the Columbia Basin area. However, interest in soybeans as a possible "new crop" for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economic feasibility of soybean production in Oregon Author: Holst, David Commercial production of soybeans in Oregon has been limited. In 1977, less than 1,500 acres were grown, primarily in the Columbia Basin area. However, interest in soybeans as a possible "new crop" for Oregon has arisen because of the (1) recent strong soybean price, (2) the high cost of transporting soybean meal and oil to the Pacific Northwest, (3) Oriental demand for soybeans, and (4) search for another crop alternative for newly irrigated cropland. The Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station has determined that soybean production in Oregon is technically feasible. However, information is lacking as to the economic feasibility of soybean production in Oregon. The agronomic feasibility of soybean production in Oregon was first reviewed. General agronomic requirements for soybean production were compared with typical weather conditions and soils found in the major agricultural centers of Oregon. It was concluded that the Ontario, Columbia Basin, and Willamette Valley areas possess the greatest agronomic potential for soybean production in Oregon. The irrigated crops considered to be soybeans' primary competitors were identified in each of the three regions. Typical costs and returns were estimated for the competing crops based on 1976 costs of production and normal yields and prices. Cultural operations and input requirements for soybean production in Oregon were based on what typically has been done in the major soybean producing areas of the United States. Costs of producing soybeans were then estimated based on the same assumptions used for the competing crops. Soybean yields were based on Agricultural Experiment Station variety trials and the experience of the limited number of commercial growers in Oregon. The yield, price, and cost data along with agronomically sound crop rotations were analyzed using linear programming models for a typical farm in each region. An estimate of the minimum price necessary for soybeans to compete with the other crop alternatives was determined. The results indicated that for the successful introduction of, soybeans the price per bushel could be no lower than $11.22, $10.15, and $8.25 in the Willamette Valley, Columbia Basin, and Ontario areas, respectively. Four potential marketing alternatives which may exist for Oregon-grown soybeans were identified: (1) exporting raw soybeans to Japan; (2) exporting raw soybeans to other regions of the United States; (3) processing soybeans at Portland to meet the Pacific Northwest demand for meal and oil; and (4) processing soybeans at Portland and exporting meal and oil to other regions of the United States. The alternatives were evaluated using the Decatur base-point pricing scheme to determine the maximum Portland soybean price that could be offered. The results indicate that the variability in the maximum Portland price may range from $2.69 to $10.07 per bushel based on data for the past six years. The lack of data and current experience limited the evaluation of two other potential marketing alternatives: (1) on-farm use of raw soybeans and (2) processing soybeans at Portland and exporting meal and oil to Japan. The economic feasibility of soybean production was analyzed by (1) subtracting the average transportation costs to Portland from each of the three areas from the maximum Portland soybean prices and (2) comparing the results with the minimum price required for soybeans to successfully compete with the alternate crops in each of the areas derived from the linear programming analyses. Based on the assumptions and data used in this study, it was concluded that soybean production in Oregon is not economically feasible at this time. The minimum prices required by farmers to grow soybeans ranged from $0.65 to $3.36 per bushel higher than the average prices which would have been offered over the past six years. Changes in energy costs for transportation, irrigation pumping, and fertilizer production, as well as the development of new, higher-yielding varieties suited to Oregon could improve the outlook for soybean production. Title: The economic feasibility of soybean production in Oregon Author: Holst, David Commercial production of soybeans in Oregon has been limited. In 1977, less than 1,500 acres were grown, primarily in the Columbia Basin area. However, interest in soybeans as a possible "new crop" for Oregon has arisen because of the (1) recent strong soybean price, (2) the high cost of transporting soybean meal and oil to the Pacific Northwest, (3) Oriental demand for soybeans, and (4) search for another crop alternative for newly irrigated cropland. The Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station has determined that soybean production in Oregon is technically feasible. However, information is lacking as to the economic feasibility of soybean production in Oregon. The agronomic feasibility of soybean production in Oregon was first reviewed. General agronomic requirements for soybean production were compared with typical weather conditions and soils found in the major agricultural centers of Oregon. It was concluded that the Ontario, Columbia Basin, and Willamette Valley areas possess the greatest agronomic potential for soybean production in Oregon. The irrigated crops considered to be soybeans' primary competitors were identified in each of the three regions. Typical costs and returns were estimated for the competing crops based on 1976 costs of production and normal yields and prices. Cultural operations and input requirements for soybean production in Oregon were based on what typically has been done in the major soybean producing areas of the United States. Costs of producing soybeans were then estimated based on the same assumptions used for the competing crops. Soybean yields were based on Agricultural Experiment Station variety trials and the experience of the limited number of commercial growers in Oregon. The yield, price, and cost data along with agronomically sound crop rotations were analyzed using linear programming models for a typical farm in each region. An estimate of the minimum price necessary for soybeans to compete with the other crop alternatives was determined. The results indicated that for the successful introduction of, soybeans the price per bushel could be no lower than $11.22, $10.15, and $8.25 in the Willamette Valley, Columbia Basin, and Ontario areas, respectively. Four potential marketing alternatives which may exist for Oregon-grown soybeans were identified: (1) exporting raw soybeans to Japan; (2) exporting raw soybeans to other regions of the United States; (3) processing soybeans at Portland to meet the Pacific Northwest demand for meal and oil; and (4) processing soybeans at Portland and exporting meal and oil to other regions of the United States. The alternatives were evaluated using the Decatur base-point pricing scheme to determine the maximum Portland soybean price that could be offered. The results indicate that the variability in the maximum Portland price may range from $2.69 to $10.07 per bushel based on data for the past six years. The lack of data and current experience limited the evaluation of two other potential marketing alternatives: (1) on-farm use of raw soybeans and (2) processing soybeans at Portland and exporting meal and oil to Japan. The economic feasibility of soybean production was analyzed by (1) subtracting the average transportation costs to Portland from each of the three areas from the maximum Portland soybean prices and (2) comparing the results with the minimum price required for soybeans to successfully compete with the alternate crops in each of the areas derived from the linear programming analyses. Based on the assumptions and data used in this study, it was concluded that soybean production in Oregon is not economically feasible at this time. The minimum prices required by farmers to grow soybeans ranged from $0.65 to $3.36 per bushel higher than the average prices which would have been offered over the past six years. Changes in energy costs for transportation, irrigation pumping, and fertilizer production, as well as the development of new, higher-yielding varieties suited to Oregon could improve the outlook for soybean production. Close

• 224. [Article] Marking, movement, and management of Drosophila suzukii in Oregon berry crops

  Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are small invasive flies that in the past five years (2009-2014) invaded berry and stone fruit production regions in Europe and the Americas. Evolutionary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marking, movement, and management of Drosophila suzukii in Oregon berry crops Author: Klick, Jimmy Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are small invasive flies that in the past five years (2009-2014) invaded berry and stone fruit production regions in Europe and the Americas. Evolutionary adaptations, biological traits, and anthropogenic factors have contributed to its current status as a global pest. Females oviposit eggs into ripe fruit. Eggs develop into larvae that feed on fruit interiors, rendering fruit unmarketable. Growers currently prevent infestation by targeting adult D. suzukii with broad-spectrum insecticides multiple times during the harvest season. Aside from environmental and non-target impacts of this intensive management strategy, growers are faced with other challenges, such as fruit knockdown from sprayers, abiding by insecticide restricted entry and preharvest intervals, disrupting current integrated pest management (Southwood and Way 1970) programs, and increased input costs. Pest activity levels and movement were tested in a field mark-capture study with previously evaluated and inexpensive protein markers. Results confirmed high adult D. suzukii activity and movement from surrounding non-crop hosts such as 'Himalaya' blackberry into nearby susceptible raspberry. Systemic markers are another method to test pest ecology hypotheses that protein markers cannot help answer. Albeit more expensive than protein marking, markers such as the trace element, rubidium, and stable isotope, ¹⁵N, are readily absorbed by plants. In a greenhouse study, both markers were detected in adults, from larvae that fed on enriched strawberry fruits; however, ¹⁵N was highly persistent in adults after 14 days compared to the rapidly decaying rubidium. Given D. suzukii's highly mobile nature and propensity to use non-crop areas surrounding susceptible crop as overwintering sites or refugia, reduced insecticide application strategies were tested from 2011-2013. Only the border of crop areas was treated with insecticides while leaving the center untreated. Multiple border sprays during two blueberry harvest seasons were made to create a 'wall of insecticides' and prevent invasion of D. suzukii from surrounding non-crop areas. In addition, alternate row (middle) sprays was tested, where one side of two rows was treated with each sprayer pass. The untreated side of each row is thought to provide a refuge for natural enemies. Subsequent sprays were applied on the previously untreated rows. Multiple raspberry sites were treated with this method during three harvest seasons. These reduced insecticide application methods managed D. suzukii adults and larvae as well as complete field applications (border sprays in a low pressure situation), mitigated grower insecticide application challenges (e.g., application time, fruit knockdown in border sprays depending on grower practice), conserved post-harvest natural enemy populations, and reduced input costs. These methods could be easily integrated into a pest management program if associated risks (e.g., pest pressure) are accounted for. Title: Marking, movement, and management of Drosophila suzukii in Oregon berry crops Author: Klick, Jimmy Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are small invasive flies that in the past five years (2009-2014) invaded berry and stone fruit production regions in Europe and the Americas. Evolutionary adaptations, biological traits, and anthropogenic factors have contributed to its current status as a global pest. Females oviposit eggs into ripe fruit. Eggs develop into larvae that feed on fruit interiors, rendering fruit unmarketable. Growers currently prevent infestation by targeting adult D. suzukii with broad-spectrum insecticides multiple times during the harvest season. Aside from environmental and non-target impacts of this intensive management strategy, growers are faced with other challenges, such as fruit knockdown from sprayers, abiding by insecticide restricted entry and preharvest intervals, disrupting current integrated pest management (Southwood and Way 1970) programs, and increased input costs. Pest activity levels and movement were tested in a field mark-capture study with previously evaluated and inexpensive protein markers. Results confirmed high adult D. suzukii activity and movement from surrounding non-crop hosts such as 'Himalaya' blackberry into nearby susceptible raspberry. Systemic markers are another method to test pest ecology hypotheses that protein markers cannot help answer. Albeit more expensive than protein marking, markers such as the trace element, rubidium, and stable isotope, ¹⁵N, are readily absorbed by plants. In a greenhouse study, both markers were detected in adults, from larvae that fed on enriched strawberry fruits; however, ¹⁵N was highly persistent in adults after 14 days compared to the rapidly decaying rubidium. Given D. suzukii's highly mobile nature and propensity to use non-crop areas surrounding susceptible crop as overwintering sites or refugia, reduced insecticide application strategies were tested from 2011-2013. Only the border of crop areas was treated with insecticides while leaving the center untreated. Multiple border sprays during two blueberry harvest seasons were made to create a 'wall of insecticides' and prevent invasion of D. suzukii from surrounding non-crop areas. In addition, alternate row (middle) sprays was tested, where one side of two rows was treated with each sprayer pass. The untreated side of each row is thought to provide a refuge for natural enemies. Subsequent sprays were applied on the previously untreated rows. Multiple raspberry sites were treated with this method during three harvest seasons. These reduced insecticide application methods managed D. suzukii adults and larvae as well as complete field applications (border sprays in a low pressure situation), mitigated grower insecticide application challenges (e.g., application time, fruit knockdown in border sprays depending on grower practice), conserved post-harvest natural enemy populations, and reduced input costs. These methods could be easily integrated into a pest management program if associated risks (e.g., pest pressure) are accounted for. Close

• 225. [Article] Population dynamics of coastal cutthroat trout in an experimental stream

  Population dynamics of coastal cutthroat trout were studied in a controlled-flow section of Berry Creek, Oregon, from August 1972 to August 1973. All trout except the underyearlings were tagged to allow ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population dynamics of coastal cutthroat trout in an experimental stream Author: Nickelson, Thomas E. Population dynamics of coastal cutthroat trout were studied in a controlled-flow section of Berry Creek, Oregon, from August 1972 to August 1973. All trout except the underyearlings were tagged to allow movement, survival and weight change of individual trout to be monitored. Fifty-eight percent of the tagged trout which were present in the study area for at least one month after the beginning of the study moved from one stream location to another. In general, the trend in movement was upstream during periods of low flow and downstream during periods of high flow. Monthly mortality ranged from 1.0 to 17.5 percent of the population. High mortality during summer and fall was probably related to starvation and low stream flow. The annual expectation of death ranged from 0.57 for the 1972 year class to 1.00 for the 1967 year class. Growth rate and production values for the population were positive only from December 1972 through May 1973 and were negative during other months of the year. Total annual production for the population was 0.491 g/m². Annual production values were positive for the 1971 through 1973 year classes and negative for the 1967 through 1970 year classes. Annual production values were positive for those members of the 1969 and 1970 year classes which survived the entire year within the study area. Mean monthly trout biomasses ranged from 2.92 to 8.55 g/m² for the total study area and from 0.23 to 76.41 g/m² in specific stream locations. During most of the year positive values of production were recorded only for locations where the biomass was less than 4 g/m². During spring, high values of production were recorded for locations with trout biomasses as high as 14 g/m². Stream flow was probably a major factor affecting trout growth and production. Title: Population dynamics of coastal cutthroat trout in an experimental stream Author: Nickelson, Thomas E. Population dynamics of coastal cutthroat trout were studied in a controlled-flow section of Berry Creek, Oregon, from August 1972 to August 1973. All trout except the underyearlings were tagged to allow movement, survival and weight change of individual trout to be monitored. Fifty-eight percent of the tagged trout which were present in the study area for at least one month after the beginning of the study moved from one stream location to another. In general, the trend in movement was upstream during periods of low flow and downstream during periods of high flow. Monthly mortality ranged from 1.0 to 17.5 percent of the population. High mortality during summer and fall was probably related to starvation and low stream flow. The annual expectation of death ranged from 0.57 for the 1972 year class to 1.00 for the 1967 year class. Growth rate and production values for the population were positive only from December 1972 through May 1973 and were negative during other months of the year. Total annual production for the population was 0.491 g/m². Annual production values were positive for the 1971 through 1973 year classes and negative for the 1967 through 1970 year classes. Annual production values were positive for those members of the 1969 and 1970 year classes which survived the entire year within the study area. Mean monthly trout biomasses ranged from 2.92 to 8.55 g/m² for the total study area and from 0.23 to 76.41 g/m² in specific stream locations. During most of the year positive values of production were recorded only for locations where the biomass was less than 4 g/m². During spring, high values of production were recorded for locations with trout biomasses as high as 14 g/m². Stream flow was probably a major factor affecting trout growth and production. Close

• 226. [Article] The relationship of time orientation to selected clothing variables measured among tenth and twelfth grade high school girls

  The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships among time orientation, clothing influentials, importance of selected garment characteristics, sources of clothing information, and clothing values. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship of time orientation to selected clothing variables measured among tenth and twelfth grade high school girls Author: Dersch, Fay Avis The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships among time orientation, clothing influentials, importance of selected garment characteristics, sources of clothing information, and clothing values. The measures developed for the study were a clothing influential measure, a garment characteristic measure, and a source of clothing information measure. Two measures which had been developed for previous studies were selected; these were a time orientation measure developed by Davis (1962), and a clothing value measure developed by Lapitsky (1961). The participants consisted of 56 tenth grade and 56 twelfth grade girls in a Western Canadian high school who were registered in fifth and seventh period physical education and English classes. Statistical analysis of the data included the t-test as a measure of the significance of the observed difference between two means, and the correlation coefficient as a measure of the degree of the relationship between two variables, with .05 as the level of significance. The study showed that the tenth and twelfth grade girls differed on the importance of price when selecting garments, with the tenth grade girls being more concerned. Positive correlations were found between the aesthetic value and importance of color (. 222), between the political value and importance of line and silhouette (. 198), between the social concern value and importance of durability (.325), and between the social approval value and importance of color (.192). A predicted negative correlation (-. 165) was found between future time orientation and the social concern value. Tenth and twelfth grade girls showed no statistical difference on future time orientation. Independent judgment placed highest for the adolescent in making clothing decisions, with peers showing a secondary, but strong influence. Fit and price were deemed the most important factors to consider in garment characteristics, and peers and pattern catalogues provided the most information about clothing for these adolescent girls. Title: The relationship of time orientation to selected clothing variables measured among tenth and twelfth grade high school girls Author: Dersch, Fay Avis The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships among time orientation, clothing influentials, importance of selected garment characteristics, sources of clothing information, and clothing values. The measures developed for the study were a clothing influential measure, a garment characteristic measure, and a source of clothing information measure. Two measures which had been developed for previous studies were selected; these were a time orientation measure developed by Davis (1962), and a clothing value measure developed by Lapitsky (1961). The participants consisted of 56 tenth grade and 56 twelfth grade girls in a Western Canadian high school who were registered in fifth and seventh period physical education and English classes. Statistical analysis of the data included the t-test as a measure of the significance of the observed difference between two means, and the correlation coefficient as a measure of the degree of the relationship between two variables, with .05 as the level of significance. The study showed that the tenth and twelfth grade girls differed on the importance of price when selecting garments, with the tenth grade girls being more concerned. Positive correlations were found between the aesthetic value and importance of color (. 222), between the political value and importance of line and silhouette (. 198), between the social concern value and importance of durability (.325), and between the social approval value and importance of color (.192). A predicted negative correlation (-. 165) was found between future time orientation and the social concern value. Tenth and twelfth grade girls showed no statistical difference on future time orientation. Independent judgment placed highest for the adolescent in making clothing decisions, with peers showing a secondary, but strong influence. Fit and price were deemed the most important factors to consider in garment characteristics, and peers and pattern catalogues provided the most information about clothing for these adolescent girls. Close

• 227. [Article] Establishing Design Values for Potential Utilization of Western Juniper as a Building Material

  Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a conifer that is native to Oregon, California, Washington, Nevada, and Idaho. Juniper is known to have highly decay resistant heartwood and is a popular choice ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Establishing Design Values for Potential Utilization of Western Juniper as a Building Material Author: Miyamoto, Byrne Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a conifer that is native to Oregon, California, Washington, Nevada, and Idaho. Juniper is known to have highly decay resistant heartwood and is a popular choice for finished furniture. With recent forest management practices over the past 100 years have resulted in an immense population increase in western juniper stands, transforming the grasslands/sagebrush into juniper forests. Landowners have been encouraged to cutback western juniper to restore grassland habitat, but there is no major market associated with juniper. This study assessed the strength and durability properties of western juniper in order to develop design values in collaboration with the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB). The data will be presented to American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC) for inclusion in the National Design Specification. Design values assigned to western juniper will allow contractors to use this species in structural and non-structural applications, especially for State funded projects. Samples were harvested from three locations in eastern Oregon, one location in northeast California, and one location in southwest Idaho. Tests were performed according to procedures described in ASTM Standard D143 small-clear specimens for compression, bending, and shear. Average strength values were calculated and compared to similar wood species. Most properties were similar to those of other species, but modulus of elasticity was significantly lower. The differences between species might be attributed to cell wall structure and distribution of lignin in the cells. Design values for western juniper were calculated using the strength values following the ASTM Standard D245 procedure for establishing structural grades and related allowable properties for visually graded lumber. Durability of western juniper was assessed using laboratory decay tests, marine tests, and ground contact exposure. The long term marine durability and ground contact tests are still on going. The laboratory decay test indicated that western juniper heartwood was highly resistant to attack by brown and white rot fungi. Title: Establishing Design Values for Potential Utilization of Western Juniper as a Building Material Author: Miyamoto, Byrne Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is a conifer that is native to Oregon, California, Washington, Nevada, and Idaho. Juniper is known to have highly decay resistant heartwood and is a popular choice for finished furniture. With recent forest management practices over the past 100 years have resulted in an immense population increase in western juniper stands, transforming the grasslands/sagebrush into juniper forests. Landowners have been encouraged to cutback western juniper to restore grassland habitat, but there is no major market associated with juniper. This study assessed the strength and durability properties of western juniper in order to develop design values in collaboration with the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB). The data will be presented to American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC) for inclusion in the National Design Specification. Design values assigned to western juniper will allow contractors to use this species in structural and non-structural applications, especially for State funded projects. Samples were harvested from three locations in eastern Oregon, one location in northeast California, and one location in southwest Idaho. Tests were performed according to procedures described in ASTM Standard D143 small-clear specimens for compression, bending, and shear. Average strength values were calculated and compared to similar wood species. Most properties were similar to those of other species, but modulus of elasticity was significantly lower. The differences between species might be attributed to cell wall structure and distribution of lignin in the cells. Design values for western juniper were calculated using the strength values following the ASTM Standard D245 procedure for establishing structural grades and related allowable properties for visually graded lumber. Durability of western juniper was assessed using laboratory decay tests, marine tests, and ground contact exposure. The long term marine durability and ground contact tests are still on going. The laboratory decay test indicated that western juniper heartwood was highly resistant to attack by brown and white rot fungi. Close

• 228. [Article] Exploring Vitamin B9 Diversity for the Nutritional Improvement of Potato

  The cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum L., has been one of the world’s most important food crops for more than 190 years and may become even more important to global food security in the coming 20 - ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring Vitamin B9 Diversity for the Nutritional Improvement of Potato Author: Robinson, Bruce R. (Bruce Reid) The cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum L., has been one of the world’s most important food crops for more than 190 years and may become even more important to global food security in the coming 20 - 30 years. One of the world's largest growing health concerns is not just the availability of food in the coming years but also food’s nutritional quality. Micronutrient malnutrition is a serious global health concern linked to life threatening illness and may affect as many as two billion people. Staple crops that are poor sources of vitamins and minerals must be improved to provide a reasonable quality of life for populations that suffer micronutrient deficiencies. Folate (a.k.a. vitamin B9) is essential in the human diet and without adequate folate intake several serious health concerns such as congenital birth defects and an increased risk of stroke and heart disease can occur. Folate intake of the majority of the population remains sub-optimal even in countries that have implemented folic acid food fortification. Potato represents an appropriate crop for biofortification because of its high consumption worldwide and also because modern potatoes contain low amounts of folate. The purpose of this research is to further explore folates' natural diversity within potato germplasm, better understand the regulation of folate levels, and to begin the development of molecular tools to assist breeding efforts that aim at increased folate content in the commercial potato cultivars. These efforts will help to alleviate folate deficiency in the United States and abroad. Two hundred and fifty individual plants from 77 accessions and 10 Solanum species were screened for their folate content using a tri-enzyme extraction and microbial assay. The screening focused on species that had been previously shown to have individuals with high folate content. These species were Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum, Solanum vernei and Solanum boliviense. Other species that had never been analyzed for folate content before, S. stipuloideum, S. chacoense subsp. chacoense, S. candolleanum, S. acaule, S. demissum, S. microdontum, and S. okadae, were also evaluated. There was a 10-fold range of folate concentrations among individuals tested. Certain individuals within the species Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum, Solanum vernei and Solanum boliviense have the potential to produce more than double the folate concentrations of commercial cultivars such as Russet Burbank. These results show that exploring the genetic diversity of potato identified potential high folate sources for further introgression into modern day cultivars. In order to better understand the regulatory mechanisms that control folate accumulation in potato tubers, the expression of genes involved in folate metabolism was determined in high and low folate tuber samples using RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and real time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) analyses. RNA-Seq analysis showed that, among folate biosynthesis and salvage genes, γ-glutamyl hydrolase 1 (GGH1) was consistently expressed at higher levels in high folate compared to low folate segregants of a Solanum boliviense accession. qPCR analysis was used to determine GGH1 expression in eight additional pairs of folate segregants. Results showed that GGH1 transcripts levels were higher in high folate compared to low folate segregants for seven out of eight pairs of folate segregants analyzed. These results suggest that GGH1 gene expression may be a determinant of folate content in potato tubers and may be considered as a target for folate engineering. An F2 population of 94 individuals from a cross between a high and a low folate genotype was evaluated for folate content and genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. More than 3,000 high quality SNPs were used to construct linkage maps. SNP-trait association analysis and QTL single marker analysis was performed to identify SNPs and genomic regions associated with high folate content. SNPs associated with folate content were located on chromosomes 3, 6, and 7. Future research should focus on validating these SNP markers. Title: Exploring Vitamin B9 Diversity for the Nutritional Improvement of Potato Author: Robinson, Bruce R. (Bruce Reid) The cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum L., has been one of the world’s most important food crops for more than 190 years and may become even more important to global food security in the coming 20 - 30 years. One of the world's largest growing health concerns is not just the availability of food in the coming years but also food’s nutritional quality. Micronutrient malnutrition is a serious global health concern linked to life threatening illness and may affect as many as two billion people. Staple crops that are poor sources of vitamins and minerals must be improved to provide a reasonable quality of life for populations that suffer micronutrient deficiencies. Folate (a.k.a. vitamin B9) is essential in the human diet and without adequate folate intake several serious health concerns such as congenital birth defects and an increased risk of stroke and heart disease can occur. Folate intake of the majority of the population remains sub-optimal even in countries that have implemented folic acid food fortification. Potato represents an appropriate crop for biofortification because of its high consumption worldwide and also because modern potatoes contain low amounts of folate. The purpose of this research is to further explore folates' natural diversity within potato germplasm, better understand the regulation of folate levels, and to begin the development of molecular tools to assist breeding efforts that aim at increased folate content in the commercial potato cultivars. These efforts will help to alleviate folate deficiency in the United States and abroad. Two hundred and fifty individual plants from 77 accessions and 10 Solanum species were screened for their folate content using a tri-enzyme extraction and microbial assay. The screening focused on species that had been previously shown to have individuals with high folate content. These species were Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum, Solanum vernei and Solanum boliviense. Other species that had never been analyzed for folate content before, S. stipuloideum, S. chacoense subsp. chacoense, S. candolleanum, S. acaule, S. demissum, S. microdontum, and S. okadae, were also evaluated. There was a 10-fold range of folate concentrations among individuals tested. Certain individuals within the species Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum, Solanum vernei and Solanum boliviense have the potential to produce more than double the folate concentrations of commercial cultivars such as Russet Burbank. These results show that exploring the genetic diversity of potato identified potential high folate sources for further introgression into modern day cultivars. In order to better understand the regulatory mechanisms that control folate accumulation in potato tubers, the expression of genes involved in folate metabolism was determined in high and low folate tuber samples using RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) and real time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) analyses. RNA-Seq analysis showed that, among folate biosynthesis and salvage genes, γ-glutamyl hydrolase 1 (GGH1) was consistently expressed at higher levels in high folate compared to low folate segregants of a Solanum boliviense accession. qPCR analysis was used to determine GGH1 expression in eight additional pairs of folate segregants. Results showed that GGH1 transcripts levels were higher in high folate compared to low folate segregants for seven out of eight pairs of folate segregants analyzed. These results suggest that GGH1 gene expression may be a determinant of folate content in potato tubers and may be considered as a target for folate engineering. An F2 population of 94 individuals from a cross between a high and a low folate genotype was evaluated for folate content and genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. More than 3,000 high quality SNPs were used to construct linkage maps. SNP-trait association analysis and QTL single marker analysis was performed to identify SNPs and genomic regions associated with high folate content. SNPs associated with folate content were located on chromosomes 3, 6, and 7. Future research should focus on validating these SNP markers. Close

• 229. [Article] Pollen contamination trends in a maturing Douglas-fir seed orchard

  Pollen contamination was investigated in one block (block 4) of a 10-block Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed orchard complex in western Oregon. Blocks (25 clones each) represent different ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pollen contamination trends in a maturing Douglas-fir seed orchard Author: Adams, W. T., Hipkins, Valerie D., Burczyk, J., Randall, W. K. Pollen contamination was investigated in one block (block 4) of a 10-block Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed orchard complex in western Oregon. Blocks (25 clones each) represent different breeding zones; thus, contaminant pollen sources not only included the adjacent natural stand of Douglas-fir, but also other blocks within the orchard complex. Stored seed lots from five crop years (i.e., 1982, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1990) were sampled (200 seeds each) and assayed at 11 allozyme loci. One seed lot (1982) was found to have a high proportion of seed contaminants and was discarded, leaving five crop years for comparison (including 1980 from a previous study). Despite large increases (up to 6-fold) in pollen production from the first commercial crop in 1980, levels of pollen contamination (m) in block 4 remained high and did not differ significantly among years (mean m^ = 0.489, range 0.421-0.606). On average, 79% of the contaminants since 1985 came from the natural stand; 21% from other orchard blocks. Without spatial isolation from nonorchard pollen sources or intensive pollen management to limit contamination (e.g., bloom delay and supplemental mass pollination), levels of pollen contamination can be quite high, even in mature Douglas-fir seed orchards. Title: Pollen contamination trends in a maturing Douglas-fir seed orchard Author: Adams, W. T., Hipkins, Valerie D., Burczyk, J., Randall, W. K. Pollen contamination was investigated in one block (block 4) of a 10-block Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed orchard complex in western Oregon. Blocks (25 clones each) represent different breeding zones; thus, contaminant pollen sources not only included the adjacent natural stand of Douglas-fir, but also other blocks within the orchard complex. Stored seed lots from five crop years (i.e., 1982, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1990) were sampled (200 seeds each) and assayed at 11 allozyme loci. One seed lot (1982) was found to have a high proportion of seed contaminants and was discarded, leaving five crop years for comparison (including 1980 from a previous study). Despite large increases (up to 6-fold) in pollen production from the first commercial crop in 1980, levels of pollen contamination (m) in block 4 remained high and did not differ significantly among years (mean m^ = 0.489, range 0.421-0.606). On average, 79% of the contaminants since 1985 came from the natural stand; 21% from other orchard blocks. Without spatial isolation from nonorchard pollen sources or intensive pollen management to limit contamination (e.g., bloom delay and supplemental mass pollination), levels of pollen contamination can be quite high, even in mature Douglas-fir seed orchards. Close

• 230. [Article] Pollen contamination trends in a maturing Douglas-fir seed orchard

  Abstract: Pollen contamination was investigated in one block (block 4) of a 10-block Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed orchard complex in western Oregon. Blocks (25 clones each) represent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pollen contamination trends in a maturing Douglas-fir seed orchard Author: Adams, W. T., Hipkins, Valerie D., Burczyk, J., Randall, W. K. Abstract: Pollen contamination was investigated in one block (block 4) of a 10-block Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed orchard complex in western Oregon. Blocks (25 clones each) represent different breeding zones; thus, contaminant pollen sources not only included the adjacent natural stand of Douglas-fir, but also other blocks within the orchard complex. Stored seed lots from five crop years (i.e., 1982, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1990) were sampled (200 seeds each) and assayed at 11 allozyme loci. One seed lot (1982) was found to have a high proportion of seed contaminants and was discarded, leaving five crop years for comparison (including 1980 from a previous study). Despite large increases (up to 6-fold) in pollen production from the first commercial crop in 1980, levels of pollen contamination (m) in block 4 remained high and did not differ significantly among years (mean m ^ = 0.489, range 0.421 0.606). On average, 79% of the contaminants since 1985 came from the natural stand; 21% from other orchard blocks. Without spatial isolation from nonorchard pollen sources or intensive pollen management to limit contamination (e.g., bloom delay and supplemental mass pollination), levels of pollen contamination can be quite high, even in mature Douglas-fir seed orchards. Title: Pollen contamination trends in a maturing Douglas-fir seed orchard Author: Adams, W. T., Hipkins, Valerie D., Burczyk, J., Randall, W. K. Abstract: Pollen contamination was investigated in one block (block 4) of a 10-block Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seed orchard complex in western Oregon. Blocks (25 clones each) represent different breeding zones; thus, contaminant pollen sources not only included the adjacent natural stand of Douglas-fir, but also other blocks within the orchard complex. Stored seed lots from five crop years (i.e., 1982, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1990) were sampled (200 seeds each) and assayed at 11 allozyme loci. One seed lot (1982) was found to have a high proportion of seed contaminants and was discarded, leaving five crop years for comparison (including 1980 from a previous study). Despite large increases (up to 6-fold) in pollen production from the first commercial crop in 1980, levels of pollen contamination (m) in block 4 remained high and did not differ significantly among years (mean m ^ = 0.489, range 0.421 0.606). On average, 79% of the contaminants since 1985 came from the natural stand; 21% from other orchard blocks. Without spatial isolation from nonorchard pollen sources or intensive pollen management to limit contamination (e.g., bloom delay and supplemental mass pollination), levels of pollen contamination can be quite high, even in mature Douglas-fir seed orchards. Close