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• 191. [Article] Retention of adult second language learners : Hispanic learners in Washington State communicty and technical colleges

  This study was designed to investigate a phenomenon, retention of Hispanic adult second language learners in Washington State's community colleges, from a qualitative paradigm and phenomenological approach. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Retention of adult second language learners : Hispanic learners in Washington State communicty and technical colleges Author: Jones, Gary E. This study was designed to investigate a phenomenon, retention of Hispanic adult second language learners in Washington State's community colleges, from a qualitative paradigm and phenomenological approach. The focus of this study was to capture eight foreign-born Hispanic ESL non-continuators' voices and experiences, in their native language of Spanish, who dropped out of Washington State's community colleges and unveil the phenomenon behind the factors leading to their retention barriers. The following questions guided the research: (1) What are the retention barriers of Hispanic English as a Second Language population in Washington State Community Colleges? (2) What is the profile of the foreign-born Hispanic ESL learner in Washington State's Community Colleges? (3) Why do Hispanic ESL participants drop out? (4) What services are needed and provided to increase retention patterns of Hispanic ESL learners? (5) What services could make a difference in retention of Hispanic's English as a Second Language participants? A qualitative methodology and phenomenological approach of in-depth interviews was the research paradigm utilized for data collection. Participants were recruited from a survey implemented at various community colleges' and communitybased organizations' ESL programs in Washington State. Criteria for inclusion as a potential participant in this research required adult participants to be: (1) foreign-born Hispanic, (2) a resident of Washington state, (3) in the age range of eighteen to thirty years of age, (4) a prior drop out student from one of Washington State's community colleges adult basic education ESL programs, and (5) a volunteer to participate in the study. This study unveiled factors that caused retention barriers for eight foreign-born Hispanic ESL adult learners that dropped out of Washington State's community colleges Adult Basic Education ESL programs. In many Adult Basic Education ESL programs in Washington State, foreign-born Hispanic adults are largely voluntary candidates, and the role of student is just one of the countless roles competing for their time and attention. From the eight foreign-born Hispanic non-continuators' voices and experiences, the findings indicate that retention is a complex phenomenon involving various institutional, situational, and dispositional factors. This study's findings also unveiled structural issues for the eight foreign-born Hispanic participants, creating systemic structural barriers to their socioeconomic and education development in the United States. This means no one factor could provide an explanation for the retention phenomenon. The eight foreign-born Hispanic adult non-continuators' situational and dispositional factors overwhelmed their zeal for ESL instruction, ESL level completion, and/or ESL program completion. The interview question guide unveiled reasons often voiced as the causes for non-continuation: (1) family struggles and hardships, (2) lack of childcare, healthcare, and transportation, and (3) long work hours. At the same time, the eight foreign-born Hispanics adult non-continuators had pragmatic reasons for engaging in ESL, and felt that the programs would provide meaningful contextual learning for immediate or long-term goals for the home, workplace, or community. Title: Retention of adult second language learners : Hispanic learners in Washington State communicty and technical colleges Author: Jones, Gary E. This study was designed to investigate a phenomenon, retention of Hispanic adult second language learners in Washington State's community colleges, from a qualitative paradigm and phenomenological approach. The focus of this study was to capture eight foreign-born Hispanic ESL non-continuators' voices and experiences, in their native language of Spanish, who dropped out of Washington State's community colleges and unveil the phenomenon behind the factors leading to their retention barriers. The following questions guided the research: (1) What are the retention barriers of Hispanic English as a Second Language population in Washington State Community Colleges? (2) What is the profile of the foreign-born Hispanic ESL learner in Washington State's Community Colleges? (3) Why do Hispanic ESL participants drop out? (4) What services are needed and provided to increase retention patterns of Hispanic ESL learners? (5) What services could make a difference in retention of Hispanic's English as a Second Language participants? A qualitative methodology and phenomenological approach of in-depth interviews was the research paradigm utilized for data collection. Participants were recruited from a survey implemented at various community colleges' and communitybased organizations' ESL programs in Washington State. Criteria for inclusion as a potential participant in this research required adult participants to be: (1) foreign-born Hispanic, (2) a resident of Washington state, (3) in the age range of eighteen to thirty years of age, (4) a prior drop out student from one of Washington State's community colleges adult basic education ESL programs, and (5) a volunteer to participate in the study. This study unveiled factors that caused retention barriers for eight foreign-born Hispanic ESL adult learners that dropped out of Washington State's community colleges Adult Basic Education ESL programs. In many Adult Basic Education ESL programs in Washington State, foreign-born Hispanic adults are largely voluntary candidates, and the role of student is just one of the countless roles competing for their time and attention. From the eight foreign-born Hispanic non-continuators' voices and experiences, the findings indicate that retention is a complex phenomenon involving various institutional, situational, and dispositional factors. This study's findings also unveiled structural issues for the eight foreign-born Hispanic participants, creating systemic structural barriers to their socioeconomic and education development in the United States. This means no one factor could provide an explanation for the retention phenomenon. The eight foreign-born Hispanic adult non-continuators' situational and dispositional factors overwhelmed their zeal for ESL instruction, ESL level completion, and/or ESL program completion. The interview question guide unveiled reasons often voiced as the causes for non-continuation: (1) family struggles and hardships, (2) lack of childcare, healthcare, and transportation, and (3) long work hours. At the same time, the eight foreign-born Hispanics adult non-continuators had pragmatic reasons for engaging in ESL, and felt that the programs would provide meaningful contextual learning for immediate or long-term goals for the home, workplace, or community. Close

• 192. [Article] Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment

  Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment Author: Tuitele-Lewis, Jeannette D. Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically dependent on U.S monies and other external resources during the past century. Dependency has caused a shift in the carrying capacity of the islands and has changed cultural attitudes regarding land use. This attitude is expressed on the landscape of changing agricultural and communal lands. Preserving traditional agroforestry practices and improving these systems may be important factors contributing to the future ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability of the territory. The goal of this study was to document and describe agroforestry farming in American Samoa in order to provide base-line information regarding the utilization of agroforestry species, agroforestry farming incentives and constraints, and current practices and systems. Thirty-eight farmers were randomly selected and farmer interviews and field surveys were conducted between the months of May-August 2003. Formal survey questions for the interview were divided into five major sections: woody species usage, livestock, inputs and soil, land tenure, and farmer demographics. Site selection corresponded with the participant farmers. Basic topographical information was collected for each site. Agroforestry practices mentioned during the interview process that were observed on site were documented. Each agroforestry site was placed into an initial classification type based on a visual assessment of plot size, species diversity, and vertical vegetative structure. Subplot data regarding species composition and vertical canopy structure was measured for each site. Data collection was divided into five vertical layers primarily by height: 1) low crop (<1.5m), 2) shrub/sapling (1.5-4m), 3) small tree (4-l0m), 4) large tree (10+m) and 5) climbing vines. For each subplot all ethnobotanically useful plant species were identified. Percent cover of useful species in each stratum layer was estimated and assigned one of seven percent cover classes. Subplot cover classes were averaged to obtain a single site estimate for each species in each stratum. Results from the farmer interviews suggest that agroforestry systems continue to be an important cultural and product resource in American Samoa. Although there is no longer the same level of dependency on these systems for meeting basic needs, agroforestry products continue to supplement household diets and are utilized for a variety of non-timber forest products and ecological services. Several agroforestry practices were observed among the farms in the study. However, the effectiveness of some of the practices including windbreaks, fallow, and erosion control was not optimal. This indicated that farmers could greatly benefit from institutionalized agroforestry practices such as appropriate spacing for wind filtration, improved fallow, and contour farming. Incentives and constraints for practicing agroforestry farming were identified. Some incentives included product variety, tradition, and a growing need for land-use efficiency. Identified constraints included time investment for production and poor labor resources, decreased profit when compared to mono-cultural farming, and the lack of planning prior to agroforestry implementation. The communal land tenure system acted as both an incentive and a disincentive for practicing agroforestry. The initial classification of agroforestry systems included home tree gardens, mixed crop plantations, transitional systems, and open canopy with dispersed tree systems. Agroforestry systems existed along an ecological complexity continuum, where complexity was measured by species diversity and vertical structure. A quantitative assessment of species composition and structure was used as a more objective approach to classifying local agroforestry systems. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate sites along a gradient based on species composition and structure. Several environmental and socio-economic variables were investigated to determine whether any of them demonstrated relationships with vegetative patterns. Species diversity, average number of canopy stratum layers, and elevation were three variables correlated with vegetative patterns. Sites that had high species diversity and were multi-structured were placed at the upper end of the gradient, while sites that had lower diversity with simple structure were generally placed at the lower end of the gradient. This supported the ecological complexity continuum. Less complex sites were associated with high elevations indicating that systems on the heavily populated lowland regions were more species rich and structurally diverse. The classification based on the cluster analysis indicated that distinct groups did not exist, as there was significant overlap. In general, groups derived from the cluster analysis were similar to those based on the visual assessment. One difference was that in the cluster analysis taro and gatae (Erythrina spp.) dominated sites emerged as a separate group. In addition, the cluster analysis was able to distinguish several subgroups within the mixed crop plantation type. No single socio-economic variable was correlated with vegetative patterns. This suggests that socio-economic variables do not determine vegetation in agroforestry systems and that human preference may be more of a driving factor than initially expected. It is likely that the availability of external resources allows for the selection of species within agroforestry systems to be based on choice rather than need. This trend is likely to increase as people become less dependent upon agroforestry systems to supplement needs. Traditional and institutionalized agroforestry systems have the potential to contribute to increasing self-sufficiency among American Samoan households. Because the importance of these systems is often not realized, the active promotion and education of agroforestry practices is essential. The classification of agroforestry systems provides an organizational framework for future research to build upon. The concept of the ecological complexity continuum where agroforestry systems fall along major points may be useful for answering socio-economic and ecological questions related to local agroforestry production. Title: Agroforestry farming in American Samoa : a classification and assessment Author: Tuitele-Lewis, Jeannette D. Agroforestry is a traditional farming practice in American Samoa that has helped to sustain the livelihood of the native population for centuries. These once self-sufficient islands have become economically dependent on U.S monies and other external resources during the past century. Dependency has caused a shift in the carrying capacity of the islands and has changed cultural attitudes regarding land use. This attitude is expressed on the landscape of changing agricultural and communal lands. Preserving traditional agroforestry practices and improving these systems may be important factors contributing to the future ecological, economic, and cultural sustainability of the territory. The goal of this study was to document and describe agroforestry farming in American Samoa in order to provide base-line information regarding the utilization of agroforestry species, agroforestry farming incentives and constraints, and current practices and systems. Thirty-eight farmers were randomly selected and farmer interviews and field surveys were conducted between the months of May-August 2003. Formal survey questions for the interview were divided into five major sections: woody species usage, livestock, inputs and soil, land tenure, and farmer demographics. Site selection corresponded with the participant farmers. Basic topographical information was collected for each site. Agroforestry practices mentioned during the interview process that were observed on site were documented. Each agroforestry site was placed into an initial classification type based on a visual assessment of plot size, species diversity, and vertical vegetative structure. Subplot data regarding species composition and vertical canopy structure was measured for each site. Data collection was divided into five vertical layers primarily by height: 1) low crop (<1.5m), 2) shrub/sapling (1.5-4m), 3) small tree (4-l0m), 4) large tree (10+m) and 5) climbing vines. For each subplot all ethnobotanically useful plant species were identified. Percent cover of useful species in each stratum layer was estimated and assigned one of seven percent cover classes. Subplot cover classes were averaged to obtain a single site estimate for each species in each stratum. Results from the farmer interviews suggest that agroforestry systems continue to be an important cultural and product resource in American Samoa. Although there is no longer the same level of dependency on these systems for meeting basic needs, agroforestry products continue to supplement household diets and are utilized for a variety of non-timber forest products and ecological services. Several agroforestry practices were observed among the farms in the study. However, the effectiveness of some of the practices including windbreaks, fallow, and erosion control was not optimal. This indicated that farmers could greatly benefit from institutionalized agroforestry practices such as appropriate spacing for wind filtration, improved fallow, and contour farming. Incentives and constraints for practicing agroforestry farming were identified. Some incentives included product variety, tradition, and a growing need for land-use efficiency. Identified constraints included time investment for production and poor labor resources, decreased profit when compared to mono-cultural farming, and the lack of planning prior to agroforestry implementation. The communal land tenure system acted as both an incentive and a disincentive for practicing agroforestry. The initial classification of agroforestry systems included home tree gardens, mixed crop plantations, transitional systems, and open canopy with dispersed tree systems. Agroforestry systems existed along an ecological complexity continuum, where complexity was measured by species diversity and vertical structure. A quantitative assessment of species composition and structure was used as a more objective approach to classifying local agroforestry systems. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate sites along a gradient based on species composition and structure. Several environmental and socio-economic variables were investigated to determine whether any of them demonstrated relationships with vegetative patterns. Species diversity, average number of canopy stratum layers, and elevation were three variables correlated with vegetative patterns. Sites that had high species diversity and were multi-structured were placed at the upper end of the gradient, while sites that had lower diversity with simple structure were generally placed at the lower end of the gradient. This supported the ecological complexity continuum. Less complex sites were associated with high elevations indicating that systems on the heavily populated lowland regions were more species rich and structurally diverse. The classification based on the cluster analysis indicated that distinct groups did not exist, as there was significant overlap. In general, groups derived from the cluster analysis were similar to those based on the visual assessment. One difference was that in the cluster analysis taro and gatae (Erythrina spp.) dominated sites emerged as a separate group. In addition, the cluster analysis was able to distinguish several subgroups within the mixed crop plantation type. No single socio-economic variable was correlated with vegetative patterns. This suggests that socio-economic variables do not determine vegetation in agroforestry systems and that human preference may be more of a driving factor than initially expected. It is likely that the availability of external resources allows for the selection of species within agroforestry systems to be based on choice rather than need. This trend is likely to increase as people become less dependent upon agroforestry systems to supplement needs. Traditional and institutionalized agroforestry systems have the potential to contribute to increasing self-sufficiency among American Samoan households. Because the importance of these systems is often not realized, the active promotion and education of agroforestry practices is essential. The classification of agroforestry systems provides an organizational framework for future research to build upon. The concept of the ecological complexity continuum where agroforestry systems fall along major points may be useful for answering socio-economic and ecological questions related to local agroforestry production. Close

• 193. [Article] Cross-cultural comparison of college students' physical activity behaviors in the US and ROC using transtheoretical model constructs

  This was a cross-cultural comparative study that examined college students' physical activity behavior in both the United States and the Republic of China on the basis of the full Transtheoretical Model ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cross-cultural comparison of college students' physical activity behaviors in the US and ROC using transtheoretical model constructs Author: Flath, Sharon Chai This was a cross-cultural comparative study that examined college students' physical activity behavior in both the United States and the Republic of China on the basis of the full Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change. Although current investigations do support TTM as a powerful model of physical activity behavior change, there remains a need for examining other variables and constructs relative to those proposed in TTM. From a health promotion planning or intervention perspective, the integration of some of the PRECEDE and PROCEED (PRE) constructs might provide unique insight into physical activity behavior. A total of 1,132 participants were recruited into this study, with 531 coming from Taiwan and 601 coming from the U.S. In spite of similar recruitment techniques, demographical data indicated that the participants from Taiwan were older and had lower BMIs than those in the United States. They also spent more time sifting in comparison to their American counterparts. The scales and subscales used in this study were completed in the participants' native language (i.e., Chinese or English). Prior to their use in this study, all of the questionnaires were translated into Chinese using a multiple-step methodology, including back translation, and they were found to have reasonable internal consistency. Results showed that the best predictive model for the stages of physical activity behavior change was based on concomitants coming from both TTM and PRE together. Specifically, the variables that contributed the most to the participants' stage of change for physical activity classification in a stepwise analysis, in order of entry, were the behavioral processes of change, predisposing, nationality, cognitive processes of change, and gender. The overall classification accuracy was 49%. Other than the maintenance stage (66%-68% classification accuracy), this study found that the preparation stage (65.5%- 70.4% classification accuracy) was especially reliably predicted, which suggests that preparation stage might be less transitory than previous thought. Furthermore, the concurrent validity of the stage of change measure used in this study was significantly related to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). This is the first application of IPAQ in Taiwan and the results of the present study support its continued use as a physical activity measure within a new country. As nationality was a key concomitant of stage of change classification, the present study suggests there may be a need for more non-Eurocentric research with TTM before concluding that behavior change strategies and techniques hypothesized in the model (e.g., behavioral and cognitive processes of change decisional balance, and self-efficacy) are fully generalizable in physical activity behavior change interventions using mixed culture samples. Likewise, there may be some unique contributions to such interventions by incorporating constructs from a broader health promotion planning or intervention model. Title: Cross-cultural comparison of college students' physical activity behaviors in the US and ROC using transtheoretical model constructs Author: Flath, Sharon Chai This was a cross-cultural comparative study that examined college students' physical activity behavior in both the United States and the Republic of China on the basis of the full Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change. Although current investigations do support TTM as a powerful model of physical activity behavior change, there remains a need for examining other variables and constructs relative to those proposed in TTM. From a health promotion planning or intervention perspective, the integration of some of the PRECEDE and PROCEED (PRE) constructs might provide unique insight into physical activity behavior. A total of 1,132 participants were recruited into this study, with 531 coming from Taiwan and 601 coming from the U.S. In spite of similar recruitment techniques, demographical data indicated that the participants from Taiwan were older and had lower BMIs than those in the United States. They also spent more time sifting in comparison to their American counterparts. The scales and subscales used in this study were completed in the participants' native language (i.e., Chinese or English). Prior to their use in this study, all of the questionnaires were translated into Chinese using a multiple-step methodology, including back translation, and they were found to have reasonable internal consistency. Results showed that the best predictive model for the stages of physical activity behavior change was based on concomitants coming from both TTM and PRE together. Specifically, the variables that contributed the most to the participants' stage of change for physical activity classification in a stepwise analysis, in order of entry, were the behavioral processes of change, predisposing, nationality, cognitive processes of change, and gender. The overall classification accuracy was 49%. Other than the maintenance stage (66%-68% classification accuracy), this study found that the preparation stage (65.5%- 70.4% classification accuracy) was especially reliably predicted, which suggests that preparation stage might be less transitory than previous thought. Furthermore, the concurrent validity of the stage of change measure used in this study was significantly related to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). This is the first application of IPAQ in Taiwan and the results of the present study support its continued use as a physical activity measure within a new country. As nationality was a key concomitant of stage of change classification, the present study suggests there may be a need for more non-Eurocentric research with TTM before concluding that behavior change strategies and techniques hypothesized in the model (e.g., behavioral and cognitive processes of change decisional balance, and self-efficacy) are fully generalizable in physical activity behavior change interventions using mixed culture samples. Likewise, there may be some unique contributions to such interventions by incorporating constructs from a broader health promotion planning or intervention model. Close

• 194. [Article] An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States

  Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Author: Augerot, Xanthippe Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. Title: An environmental history of the salmon management philosophies of the North Pacific : Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the Pacific Northwest United States Author: Augerot, Xanthippe Salmon management philosophies of the five salmon jurisdictions of the North Pacific (Japan, Russia, Canada, Alaska and the American Northwest) are examined in a historical and geographic context. The first objective is to provide a synthesis of salmon management experience across the North Pacific, to serve as a context for the professionals and private citizens involved in day-to-day salmon management. The second objective is to elucidate the relative role of geography versus deliberate management action in shaping contemporary salmon management philosophies, on the basis of salmon management experience. Harvest trends, species composition, regulatory actions, property rights, technological innovation, climate variability, habitat alteration, markets, international agreements, and science are reviewed for each jurisdiction over time. The source material is drawn from a variety of scholarly and popular published sources, in Russian and English. The inferred salmon management philosophies of the five jurisdictions vary in their emphasis on three primary salmon management objectives: maximizing biomass production, preserving salmon harvest communities, and conserving salmonid genetic and life history diversity. All initially heavily emphasized biomass production, except for Canada. Only Japan, and Alaska after statehood, have given moderate or great emphasis to community preservation. Among the five jurisdictions, the only two to emphasize biodiversity conservation are the Pacific Northwest United States and British Columbia, Canada. The initial species endowment of each jurisdiction, the landscape, climate variability and the cultural heritage of the dominant salmon harvesters are more critical at shaping salmon management philosophies than are incremental regulatory decisions over time. For instance, Japan's salmon ranching philosophy accrued from the availability of species without freshwater life history stages and the need to support a large human population. Favorable climate conditions in the 1970s facilitated the Japanese emphasis on hatchery chums and an engineering approach to contend with flooding and the demand for energy and water supplies. Change in salmon management philosophies, such as the shift to an emphasis on biodiversity conservation in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest, occurs when the legal harvest rights of salmon harvester subgroups changes during a period of harvest decline. In the case of the latter two jurisdictions, the increased legal rights of native peoples have catalyzed a shift from an emphasis on biomass production to biodiversity conservation. Close

• 195. [Article] Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl

  The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl Author: Evans-Peters, Graham, R. The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and values. Few studies have evaluated the WRP, which limits our understanding of its impact on wildlife populations. I assessed the biological value of seasonal wetlands on WRP easements in the Willamette Valley (WV) and Lower Columbia River Valley (LCRV) of western Oregon and southwest Washington by comparing plant communities and waterfowl food production (i.e. seed biomass) to publicly managed wetlands that served as reference conditions. Estimating waterfowl food resources is used to evaluate habitat quality, restoration, management, and developing habitat specific conservation plans for wintering waterfowl. The most common technique to estimate the portion of seed in wetland soils is to collect and process soil cores, yet there is variability in the depth of cores collected because it is unknown how deep dabbling ducks can extract food from the substrate. Furthermore, recent food abundance studies have not partitioned food estimates by location within wetlands (i.e. above or below ground), which has implications for understanding food availability for ducks. I sampled 23 wetlands for each wetland type in fall 2008 and 2009. I determined the proportion of seeds above versus below ground and the vertical distribution of seed biomass within the soil profile by partitioning samples in 26 wetlands in 2008. There was significantly more seed biomass above ground (72%, 362 ± 50.8 kg/ha) than below (28%, 141 ± 18.5 kg/ha). Seed biomass also varied by soil depth layer with greater biomass in 0-2 cm than both 2-5 and 5-10 cm layers. The majority of seed biomass within the soil was in was in the top 5 cm of the soil profile (75%). I detected 113 plant genera/species and the total mean percent cover of all plant species was 49% native, 38% introduced, 13% bare ground, and 3% unknown. Plant communities differed between study regions but not by wetland type. Twenty-nine species differed by region with more annuals being indicative of the WV and perennial species in the LCRV. Overall, the mean seed biomass estimate was 505 ± 59 kg/ha. Seed biomass was similar between wetland type and study region; however, WRP wetlands in the WV produced more seed (560 ± 114 kg/ha) than those in the LCRV (188 ± 43 kg/ha). Lower seed production in the LCRV WRP sites was attributed to a dominance of perennial species, predominantly Phalaris arundinacea that produced low seed yields relative to annual plants. My results indicate most seed was near the soil surface with only 36 kg/ha in the 5-10 cm layer, providing evidence that most seed is available to foraging dabbling ducks. Reference sites and WV WRP seasonal wetlands produced seed biomass that was similar to managed wetlands in other major waterfowl wintering areas in the United States. Therefore, WRP is capable of mitigating wetland loss and contributing to the regional goals of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. However, WRP and reference seasonal wetlands are only providing 10% and 3.5% of dabbling ducks energetic demands in the WV and LCRV respectively due to a lack of habitat. Depending on whether the current landscape is meeting current dabbling duck energetic demands, this suggests either a need for more habitat, which is most feasible through restoration on private lands, or protecting other existing wetland habitats. Title: Assessing biological values of Wetland Reserve Program wetlands for wintering waterfowl Author: Evans-Peters, Graham, R. The Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) is one conservation tool that mitigates national wetland loss and a primary goal for the program includes optimizing wildlife habitat by restoring wetland functions and values. Few studies have evaluated the WRP, which limits our understanding of its impact on wildlife populations. I assessed the biological value of seasonal wetlands on WRP easements in the Willamette Valley (WV) and Lower Columbia River Valley (LCRV) of western Oregon and southwest Washington by comparing plant communities and waterfowl food production (i.e. seed biomass) to publicly managed wetlands that served as reference conditions. Estimating waterfowl food resources is used to evaluate habitat quality, restoration, management, and developing habitat specific conservation plans for wintering waterfowl. The most common technique to estimate the portion of seed in wetland soils is to collect and process soil cores, yet there is variability in the depth of cores collected because it is unknown how deep dabbling ducks can extract food from the substrate. Furthermore, recent food abundance studies have not partitioned food estimates by location within wetlands (i.e. above or below ground), which has implications for understanding food availability for ducks. I sampled 23 wetlands for each wetland type in fall 2008 and 2009. I determined the proportion of seeds above versus below ground and the vertical distribution of seed biomass within the soil profile by partitioning samples in 26 wetlands in 2008. There was significantly more seed biomass above ground (72%, 362 ± 50.8 kg/ha) than below (28%, 141 ± 18.5 kg/ha). Seed biomass also varied by soil depth layer with greater biomass in 0-2 cm than both 2-5 and 5-10 cm layers. The majority of seed biomass within the soil was in was in the top 5 cm of the soil profile (75%). I detected 113 plant genera/species and the total mean percent cover of all plant species was 49% native, 38% introduced, 13% bare ground, and 3% unknown. Plant communities differed between study regions but not by wetland type. Twenty-nine species differed by region with more annuals being indicative of the WV and perennial species in the LCRV. Overall, the mean seed biomass estimate was 505 ± 59 kg/ha. Seed biomass was similar between wetland type and study region; however, WRP wetlands in the WV produced more seed (560 ± 114 kg/ha) than those in the LCRV (188 ± 43 kg/ha). Lower seed production in the LCRV WRP sites was attributed to a dominance of perennial species, predominantly Phalaris arundinacea that produced low seed yields relative to annual plants. My results indicate most seed was near the soil surface with only 36 kg/ha in the 5-10 cm layer, providing evidence that most seed is available to foraging dabbling ducks. Reference sites and WV WRP seasonal wetlands produced seed biomass that was similar to managed wetlands in other major waterfowl wintering areas in the United States. Therefore, WRP is capable of mitigating wetland loss and contributing to the regional goals of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. However, WRP and reference seasonal wetlands are only providing 10% and 3.5% of dabbling ducks energetic demands in the WV and LCRV respectively due to a lack of habitat. Depending on whether the current landscape is meeting current dabbling duck energetic demands, this suggests either a need for more habitat, which is most feasible through restoration on private lands, or protecting other existing wetland habitats. Close

• 196. [Article] Biosystematic studies of Phacelia capitata (Hydrophyllaceae), a species endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon

  Phacelia capitata Rruckeberg is a member of the Phacelia magellanica polyploid complex (species group Magellanicae), a group of wide-ranging, polymorphic perennials in western North America related to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biosystematic studies of Phacelia capitata (Hydrophyllaceae), a species endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon Author: Shelly, J. Stephen Phacelia capitata Rruckeberg is a member of the Phacelia magellanica polyploid complex (species group Magellanicae), a group of wide-ranging, polymorphic perennials in western North America related to the South American P. secunda (= P. magellanica). The purpose of this project was to determine, to the extent possible, the interrelationships of P. capitata within the Magellanicae, using studies of its distribution, cytology, morphology, reproductive biology, and population ecology. Phacelia capitata is endemic to ultramafic (serpentine and peridotite) outcrops, or similar metamorphic substrates, in Coos, Douglas, and Jackson Counties, southwestern Oregon. Field surveys revealed 22 extant populations. The species occurs on open serpentine slopes, outcrops, and roadbanks or similarly disturbed sites, generally in areas with a south to southeast exposure. The native plant community with which P. capitata is frequently associated is a Pinus ieffreyi/grass savanna. Soils from five P. capitata sites and two E. corvmbosa sites were chemically analyzed. At six of these locations the soils were derived from fully serpentinized parent materials, and were found to possess low levels of phosphorus and very low calcium/magnesium ratios when compared to an eighth sample from a non-serpentine soil. A soil sample from one P. capitata site, derived from a metamorphic rock similar in appearance to serpentine, had chemical characteristics intermediate between those of serpentine and non-serpentine soils. Chromosome counts from 20 P. capitata populations revealed the existence of diploids (n=11) at 19 of them; tetraploid (n=22) counts were obtained from two populations, one of these populations also containing diploids. Taximetric studies of living plants from 26 Phacelia populations verify the morphological distinctiveness of P. capitata when compared to P. corvmbosa, P. hastata, and P. heterophylla ssp. virgata. Phacelia capitata is most readily distinguished from the other species by its narrow, mostly entire, silvery-pubescent rosette leaves, its often capitate or sub-capitate cyme branches, and its sparse, obscure glandulosity. Significant seed set in P. capitata does not occur in the absence of insect visitors. When natural pollinators collect nectar from the congested flowers, it is likely that self-pollination between adjacent flowers of an inflorescence is predominant (geitonogamy). However, cross-pollination occurs to some extent in members of the Magellanicae, as evidenced by hybridization and introgression at the tetraploid level. The origin of the polyploids of P. capitata is problematic. It is possible that P. capitata may have interbred in the past with P. Jeterophvlla ssp. virciata, or with a more southerly member of the complex, P. egena. There is also some morphological evidence that P. capitata may have occasionally hybridized with P. hastata. However, no plants have been found that suggest any hybrid contact between E. capitata and Z. corymbosa. At many locations there has been an increase in numbers of P. capitata following habitat disturbance, and this appears to have "released" the species from any paucity that formerly characterized its populations. The species evidently possesses poor competitive ability in the more closed vegetation which exists on non-serpentine soils, and also appears to be a poor competitor even in some undisturbed serpentine communities. Owing to its favorable response to disturbance, P. capitata is not endangered with extinction. However, it should be maintained on a monitoring list, because of its very narrow geographic distribution and restriction to serpentine or sub-serpentine soils. Title: Biosystematic studies of Phacelia capitata (Hydrophyllaceae), a species endemic to serpentine soils in southwestern Oregon Author: Shelly, J. Stephen Phacelia capitata Rruckeberg is a member of the Phacelia magellanica polyploid complex (species group Magellanicae), a group of wide-ranging, polymorphic perennials in western North America related to the South American P. secunda (= P. magellanica). The purpose of this project was to determine, to the extent possible, the interrelationships of P. capitata within the Magellanicae, using studies of its distribution, cytology, morphology, reproductive biology, and population ecology. Phacelia capitata is endemic to ultramafic (serpentine and peridotite) outcrops, or similar metamorphic substrates, in Coos, Douglas, and Jackson Counties, southwestern Oregon. Field surveys revealed 22 extant populations. The species occurs on open serpentine slopes, outcrops, and roadbanks or similarly disturbed sites, generally in areas with a south to southeast exposure. The native plant community with which P. capitata is frequently associated is a Pinus ieffreyi/grass savanna. Soils from five P. capitata sites and two E. corvmbosa sites were chemically analyzed. At six of these locations the soils were derived from fully serpentinized parent materials, and were found to possess low levels of phosphorus and very low calcium/magnesium ratios when compared to an eighth sample from a non-serpentine soil. A soil sample from one P. capitata site, derived from a metamorphic rock similar in appearance to serpentine, had chemical characteristics intermediate between those of serpentine and non-serpentine soils. Chromosome counts from 20 P. capitata populations revealed the existence of diploids (n=11) at 19 of them; tetraploid (n=22) counts were obtained from two populations, one of these populations also containing diploids. Taximetric studies of living plants from 26 Phacelia populations verify the morphological distinctiveness of P. capitata when compared to P. corvmbosa, P. hastata, and P. heterophylla ssp. virgata. Phacelia capitata is most readily distinguished from the other species by its narrow, mostly entire, silvery-pubescent rosette leaves, its often capitate or sub-capitate cyme branches, and its sparse, obscure glandulosity. Significant seed set in P. capitata does not occur in the absence of insect visitors. When natural pollinators collect nectar from the congested flowers, it is likely that self-pollination between adjacent flowers of an inflorescence is predominant (geitonogamy). However, cross-pollination occurs to some extent in members of the Magellanicae, as evidenced by hybridization and introgression at the tetraploid level. The origin of the polyploids of P. capitata is problematic. It is possible that P. capitata may have interbred in the past with P. Jeterophvlla ssp. virciata, or with a more southerly member of the complex, P. egena. There is also some morphological evidence that P. capitata may have occasionally hybridized with P. hastata. However, no plants have been found that suggest any hybrid contact between E. capitata and Z. corymbosa. At many locations there has been an increase in numbers of P. capitata following habitat disturbance, and this appears to have "released" the species from any paucity that formerly characterized its populations. The species evidently possesses poor competitive ability in the more closed vegetation which exists on non-serpentine soils, and also appears to be a poor competitor even in some undisturbed serpentine communities. Owing to its favorable response to disturbance, P. capitata is not endangered with extinction. However, it should be maintained on a monitoring list, because of its very narrow geographic distribution and restriction to serpentine or sub-serpentine soils. Close

• 197. [Article] Use of decision trees in analysis of the potential gain from approved zone status under the ETJ shellfish health regime

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of decision trees in analysis of the potential gain from approved zone status under the ETJ shellfish health regime Author: Sutherland, Roy, Revell, Brian Research Paper Title: Use of decision trees in analysis of the potential gain from approved zone status under the ETJ shellfish health regime Author: Sutherland, Roy, Revell, Brian Research Paper Close

• 198. [Article] A comparative study of work values between selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand

  Purpose This study was designed to determine and compare the work values held by tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand, in order to lay the groundwork for a more systematic approach ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A comparative study of work values between selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand Author: Sitthiphong, Bularat Suvarnabriksha Purpose This study was designed to determine and compare the work values held by tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand, in order to lay the groundwork for a more systematic approach to career counseling and curriculum planning in the Thai school system. Procedures D. E. Super's work values inventory (WVI) was selected as the research instrument and was translated into Thai for this study. A personal questionnaire was designed and developed by the investigator. During January and February 1980, the WVI and the personal questionnaire were administered to 381 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok, and to 390 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai. The demographic data was analyzed and one-way analysis of variance was used in testing null hypotheses in the items of the WVI. The F statistic and t-test, with a 0.05 level of significance, were used to examine differences among the mean scores and to determine the confidence intervals. Findings The following findings were drawn from this study: 1. There were statistically significant differences in the work values identified as "management", "achievement", "altruism", and "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and those in Chiangmai. 2. The comparative demographic data showed the following similarities in total sample of the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai: 97.41% were Buddhists, 86.25% were native Thai, and 75.10% were from families whose income was higher than the average per capita income in Thailand. 3. The range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for the scale "security" had the highest variation, whereas the range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for scale "independence" had the lowest variation, among the 15 scales in the WVI. Recommendations 1. A questionnaire designed to test work values of Thai students should be developed in Thai for Thai students. A questionnaire designed for American students which is translated from English into the Thai language may not adequately test the work values of Thai students. 2. A follow-up study to determine the influences of age, sex, family socioeconomic background, scholastic ability, race or ethnic background, and religion on work values among Thai students should be conducted. 3. The work values of each student should be considered by the high school counselors in order to better help the student plan future study and career possibilities. 4. An examination of differences in career development and career decision-making should be made between those students tested for work values and those students who are not tested. 5. A longitudinal study should be conducted to determine the stability of work values of students between elementary school and college. 6. Additional research should be developed to compare and determine work values of students in other parts of Thailand, including the South and Northeast. 7. Replication of this study with other grade levels of students should be conducted. 8. Further studies about the change which occurs among Thai women, such as the change in values, attitudes, lifestyle and employment status, should be done. 9. Additional investigation also should be conducted to determine reasons why the result of the work value "management" conflicts with the result of the work value "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai in the present study. 10. Further investigation should be conducted to determine how and why Bangkok tenth-grade girls are more intangible in orientation to work than are Chiangmai's girls. Title: A comparative study of work values between selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand Author: Sitthiphong, Bularat Suvarnabriksha Purpose This study was designed to determine and compare the work values held by tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai, Thailand, in order to lay the groundwork for a more systematic approach to career counseling and curriculum planning in the Thai school system. Procedures D. E. Super's work values inventory (WVI) was selected as the research instrument and was translated into Thai for this study. A personal questionnaire was designed and developed by the investigator. During January and February 1980, the WVI and the personal questionnaire were administered to 381 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok, and to 390 selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai. The demographic data was analyzed and one-way analysis of variance was used in testing null hypotheses in the items of the WVI. The F statistic and t-test, with a 0.05 level of significance, were used to examine differences among the mean scores and to determine the confidence intervals. Findings The following findings were drawn from this study: 1. There were statistically significant differences in the work values identified as "management", "achievement", "altruism", and "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and those in Chiangmai. 2. The comparative demographic data showed the following similarities in total sample of the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai: 97.41% were Buddhists, 86.25% were native Thai, and 75.10% were from families whose income was higher than the average per capita income in Thailand. 3. The range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for the scale "security" had the highest variation, whereas the range of estimated work value mean scores of all tenth-grade Thai girls in Chiangmai for scale "independence" had the lowest variation, among the 15 scales in the WVI. Recommendations 1. A questionnaire designed to test work values of Thai students should be developed in Thai for Thai students. A questionnaire designed for American students which is translated from English into the Thai language may not adequately test the work values of Thai students. 2. A follow-up study to determine the influences of age, sex, family socioeconomic background, scholastic ability, race or ethnic background, and religion on work values among Thai students should be conducted. 3. The work values of each student should be considered by the high school counselors in order to better help the student plan future study and career possibilities. 4. An examination of differences in career development and career decision-making should be made between those students tested for work values and those students who are not tested. 5. A longitudinal study should be conducted to determine the stability of work values of students between elementary school and college. 6. Additional research should be developed to compare and determine work values of students in other parts of Thailand, including the South and Northeast. 7. Replication of this study with other grade levels of students should be conducted. 8. Further studies about the change which occurs among Thai women, such as the change in values, attitudes, lifestyle and employment status, should be done. 9. Additional investigation also should be conducted to determine reasons why the result of the work value "management" conflicts with the result of the work value "intellectual stimulation" between the selected tenth-grade Thai girls in Bangkok and Chiangmai in the present study. 10. Further investigation should be conducted to determine how and why Bangkok tenth-grade girls are more intangible in orientation to work than are Chiangmai's girls. Close

• 199. [Article] The Relationship Between Immigrant Status and Secondary and Postsecondary Attainment in Secondary Students

  The American School Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics states that counselors and counselor trainees must be competent providers of multicultural counseling, able to practice effectively with clients ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Relationship Between Immigrant Status and Secondary and Postsecondary Attainment in Secondary Students Author: Haviland, Samantha L. The American School Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics states that counselors and counselor trainees must be competent providers of multicultural counseling, able to practice effectively with clients whose identities differ from their own. Pre-service school counselors receive very little training around immigration status and how to work with clients who migrate from different countries and cultures. School counselors, counselor educators and pre-service counselors are also asked to seek out current, relevant research to provide a basis for the interventions and treatment offered to clients. Recent literature in school counseling has identified educational gaps among individuals who identify as, or are identified as, ethnic minorities. Higher rates of high school dropout and lower rates of postsecondary education matriculation have been found in immigrant samples as compared to nonimmigrant samples. However, existing articles are limited by: (a) sample sizes, (b) access to secondary student data, and (c) limited school counselor interventions. Additionally, school counselors and counselor educators have not researched these differences in immigration and graduation or postsecondary aspirations. To address this gap three research questions were explored. The first question asked what was the relationship between certain resiliency skills and immigrant status of middle school students. Results indicated a small but significant relationship between immigrant status and the skills of wellbeing and understanding the importance of education. The second research question queried as to whether a relationship exists between immigrant student contact with a school counselor and college as a post-secondary plan in high school. The results indicated a significant but small negative relationship between immigrant students meeting with a school counselor on career and college planning and college as a postsecondary plan. The third research question inquired as to whether a relationship exists between immigrant status and utilization of a school counselor for career and college planning in high school. The results indicated a small but significant positive relationship between immigrant status and utilization of a school counselor for career and college planning. The primary implication that emerged from the aforementioned research was that school counselors should be especially in tuned to the needs of immigrant students as their skills and needs may differ from native born students. Additionally, students who immigrate should be given an opportunity to meet individually with their school counselor for both wellbeing and career and college related topics. Title: The Relationship Between Immigrant Status and Secondary and Postsecondary Attainment in Secondary Students Author: Haviland, Samantha L. The American School Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics states that counselors and counselor trainees must be competent providers of multicultural counseling, able to practice effectively with clients whose identities differ from their own. Pre-service school counselors receive very little training around immigration status and how to work with clients who migrate from different countries and cultures. School counselors, counselor educators and pre-service counselors are also asked to seek out current, relevant research to provide a basis for the interventions and treatment offered to clients. Recent literature in school counseling has identified educational gaps among individuals who identify as, or are identified as, ethnic minorities. Higher rates of high school dropout and lower rates of postsecondary education matriculation have been found in immigrant samples as compared to nonimmigrant samples. However, existing articles are limited by: (a) sample sizes, (b) access to secondary student data, and (c) limited school counselor interventions. Additionally, school counselors and counselor educators have not researched these differences in immigration and graduation or postsecondary aspirations. To address this gap three research questions were explored. The first question asked what was the relationship between certain resiliency skills and immigrant status of middle school students. Results indicated a small but significant relationship between immigrant status and the skills of wellbeing and understanding the importance of education. The second research question queried as to whether a relationship exists between immigrant student contact with a school counselor and college as a post-secondary plan in high school. The results indicated a significant but small negative relationship between immigrant students meeting with a school counselor on career and college planning and college as a postsecondary plan. The third research question inquired as to whether a relationship exists between immigrant status and utilization of a school counselor for career and college planning in high school. The results indicated a small but significant positive relationship between immigrant status and utilization of a school counselor for career and college planning. The primary implication that emerged from the aforementioned research was that school counselors should be especially in tuned to the needs of immigrant students as their skills and needs may differ from native born students. Additionally, students who immigrate should be given an opportunity to meet individually with their school counselor for both wellbeing and career and college related topics. Close

• 200. [Article] First Report of Phytophthora occultans Causing Root and Collar Rot on Ceanothus, Boxwood, Rhododendron, and Other Hosts in Horticultural Nurseries in Oregon, USA

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published news item is copyrighted by American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: First Report of Phytophthora occultans Causing Root and Collar Rot on Ceanothus, Boxwood, Rhododendron, and Other Hosts in Horticultural Nurseries in Oregon, USA Author: Goheen, E. M., Grünwald, N. J., Fieland, V. J., Sutton, W., Reeser, P. W., Hansen, E. M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published news item is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis Title: First Report of Phytophthora occultans Causing Root and Collar Rot on Ceanothus, Boxwood, Rhododendron, and Other Hosts in Horticultural Nurseries in Oregon, USA Author: Goheen, E. M., Grünwald, N. J., Fieland, V. J., Sutton, W., Reeser, P. W., Hansen, E. M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published news item is copyrighted by American Phytopathological Society and can be found at: http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis Close