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• 11. [Article] Response of family businesses to a natural disaster : a case study approach

  Throughout the world, weather-related and other natural phenomena claim thousands of lives and devour billions of dollars annually in recovery efforts. Destruction of life and property in the wake of disasters ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response of family businesses to a natural disaster : a case study approach Author: Hammond, Clark H. Throughout the world, weather-related and other natural phenomena claim thousands of lives and devour billions of dollars annually in recovery efforts. Destruction of life and property in the wake of disasters is devastating, and can have a dramatic impact on families and businesses around the globe. Yet, published works specifically in the field of Family Resource Management (FRM) reveal a limited understanding of how families respond when these critical events strike with little or no warning, particularly for business-owning families. This paper explores family business responses to a particular natural disaster through case study research from the FRM perspective. Essentially, its purpose is to ascertain whether the FRM description of management is useful for family business systems in the wake of a natural disaster. A review of the FRM and family business literature is offered, followed by a broad description of qualitative methods and a justification for the case study methodology for this project. In-depth information about the successful management of a natural disaster was gathered through face-to-face and phone interviews with five leaders of family-owned businesses. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed, followed by member checks and peer reviews to strengthen the trustworthiness of the findings. Based on the experiences of the five CEOs that participated in this study, it appears that the FRM conceptualization of management generally captured their experience and can perhaps be a useful tool in conceptualizing the preparation for, and recovery from, critical events. It was also found, as anticipated, that access to tangible resources (money, materials, equipment) and intangible resources (communication processes, family unity, adaptability, relationships) was a key to successful management. What was somewhat surprising, however, was the emphasis placed on the power of relationships in the management process. A discussion on how this study relates to previous work on family stress and coping models is offered, and implications for researchers, practitioners, and government agencies that interface with families in business are provided. Title: Response of family businesses to a natural disaster : a case study approach Author: Hammond, Clark H. Throughout the world, weather-related and other natural phenomena claim thousands of lives and devour billions of dollars annually in recovery efforts. Destruction of life and property in the wake of disasters is devastating, and can have a dramatic impact on families and businesses around the globe. Yet, published works specifically in the field of Family Resource Management (FRM) reveal a limited understanding of how families respond when these critical events strike with little or no warning, particularly for business-owning families. This paper explores family business responses to a particular natural disaster through case study research from the FRM perspective. Essentially, its purpose is to ascertain whether the FRM description of management is useful for family business systems in the wake of a natural disaster. A review of the FRM and family business literature is offered, followed by a broad description of qualitative methods and a justification for the case study methodology for this project. In-depth information about the successful management of a natural disaster was gathered through face-to-face and phone interviews with five leaders of family-owned businesses. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed, followed by member checks and peer reviews to strengthen the trustworthiness of the findings. Based on the experiences of the five CEOs that participated in this study, it appears that the FRM conceptualization of management generally captured their experience and can perhaps be a useful tool in conceptualizing the preparation for, and recovery from, critical events. It was also found, as anticipated, that access to tangible resources (money, materials, equipment) and intangible resources (communication processes, family unity, adaptability, relationships) was a key to successful management. What was somewhat surprising, however, was the emphasis placed on the power of relationships in the management process. A discussion on how this study relates to previous work on family stress and coping models is offered, and implications for researchers, practitioners, and government agencies that interface with families in business are provided. Close

• 12. [Article] Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls

  The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls Author: Cook, Nancy Louise The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby Union High School senior girls to discover information about their families, to find what they believed was important to learn in their instruction in a unit on family clothing, and to find how they would like to be taught family clothing. Sixty-three out of 82, or 77 percent, of the Canby Union High School senior girls answered the interview-questionnaire. From the results of the family clothing interview, a composite of a Canby Union High School senior girl was formulated. Her father's occupation was that of an operative and kindred worker. Her mother was a full-time homemaker. No one but the immediate family lived in her home. Two children lived at home. The family lived on a farm. The senior high school girl did no work other than her school or home responsibilities. She made five garments a year. The father was more likely to purchase all of his clothing than any other member of the family. At least 50 percent of the respondents said it was most important to them to know about the following areas of family clothing: types of stores and their services, sales, attitudes about family clothing, the clothing needs of the individual; the effects of income of the family on clothing, climate, costs, and fashion trends; and suitable or adequate clothing for infants, children, teen-agers, young women, young men, expectant mothers, and people in middle adulthood. Teen-agers, young women, and young men were the age levels of family members chosen most frequently in which the respondents believed topics of family clothing should be studied. The composite girl regarded the following teaching methods very valuable when she was learning about family clothing: 1. The students and the teacher should plan cooperatively what they need to learn. 2. The class should interview clothing authorities. 3. The class should make observations of clothing for different ages. 4. The students should plan and carry out a family clothing project, such as comparing homemade children's clothing, comparing men's shirts of different qualities, or planning a wardrobe for a boy. 5. The class should examine articles of clothing. 6. The class needs to take field trips to clothing stores. The concepts developed in the family clothing resource unit were concerned with: 1. The influences which the history of clothing, the clothing industry, and the legislation related to clothing have on the clothing available to the family today. 2. The characteristics of families, family activities, and family locations which influence clothing decisions. 3. The factors which affect clothing selection. 4. The factors which affect the clothing needs of individual family members. A variety of learning experiences and references were provided to help the high school seniors understand the needs and problems of clothing the family today. Twenty-one high school and university home economics teachers and home economics education graduate students criticized the behavioral goals, behavioral objectives, concepts, generalizations, and learning experiences in order to perfect the family clothing resource unit. Title: Development of a family clothing resource unit for high school senior girls Author: Cook, Nancy Louise The major purpose of this study was to develop a guide to teach family clothing at the twelfth grade level stressing decision-making in family concerns. An interview-questionnaire was administered to Canby Union High School senior girls to discover information about their families, to find what they believed was important to learn in their instruction in a unit on family clothing, and to find how they would like to be taught family clothing. Sixty-three out of 82, or 77 percent, of the Canby Union High School senior girls answered the interview-questionnaire. From the results of the family clothing interview, a composite of a Canby Union High School senior girl was formulated. Her father's occupation was that of an operative and kindred worker. Her mother was a full-time homemaker. No one but the immediate family lived in her home. Two children lived at home. The family lived on a farm. The senior high school girl did no work other than her school or home responsibilities. She made five garments a year. The father was more likely to purchase all of his clothing than any other member of the family. At least 50 percent of the respondents said it was most important to them to know about the following areas of family clothing: types of stores and their services, sales, attitudes about family clothing, the clothing needs of the individual; the effects of income of the family on clothing, climate, costs, and fashion trends; and suitable or adequate clothing for infants, children, teen-agers, young women, young men, expectant mothers, and people in middle adulthood. Teen-agers, young women, and young men were the age levels of family members chosen most frequently in which the respondents believed topics of family clothing should be studied. The composite girl regarded the following teaching methods very valuable when she was learning about family clothing: 1. The students and the teacher should plan cooperatively what they need to learn. 2. The class should interview clothing authorities. 3. The class should make observations of clothing for different ages. 4. The students should plan and carry out a family clothing project, such as comparing homemade children's clothing, comparing men's shirts of different qualities, or planning a wardrobe for a boy. 5. The class should examine articles of clothing. 6. The class needs to take field trips to clothing stores. The concepts developed in the family clothing resource unit were concerned with: 1. The influences which the history of clothing, the clothing industry, and the legislation related to clothing have on the clothing available to the family today. 2. The characteristics of families, family activities, and family locations which influence clothing decisions. 3. The factors which affect clothing selection. 4. The factors which affect the clothing needs of individual family members. A variety of learning experiences and references were provided to help the high school seniors understand the needs and problems of clothing the family today. Twenty-one high school and university home economics teachers and home economics education graduate students criticized the behavioral goals, behavioral objectives, concepts, generalizations, and learning experiences in order to perfect the family clothing resource unit. Close

• 13. [Article] Family Communication Patterns and Adolescent Emotional Well-being : Cross Classification of Mother-child and Father-child Interactions

  The family as a social unit is the earliest and most fundamental socialization influence and is an important contributor to children's development. Studies of family communication patterns (FCP) have emphasized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Family Communication Patterns and Adolescent Emotional Well-being : Cross Classification of Mother-child and Father-child Interactions Author: Clark, Adam M., 1983- The family as a social unit is the earliest and most fundamental socialization influence and is an important contributor to children's development. Studies of family communication patterns (FCP) have emphasized two particular dimensions--a family's conversation orientation and their conformity orientation. However, many studies of FCP and its related outcomes have relied on self-report measures and deductive methods to classify families. The current study uses an empirical, inductive approach in an attempt to identify FCP in a community-based sample of two-parent families with a target child (N = 262 families). Data from video recorded family interactions were coded using the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (IFIRS) and analyzed using latent cross-classification, an extension of latent profile analysis. Four FCP groups were identified including two parent-matching groups and two parent-mismatched groups. FCP group was unrelated to adolescent depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Implications for future FCP research as discussed. Title: Family Communication Patterns and Adolescent Emotional Well-being : Cross Classification of Mother-child and Father-child Interactions Author: Clark, Adam M., 1983- The family as a social unit is the earliest and most fundamental socialization influence and is an important contributor to children's development. Studies of family communication patterns (FCP) have emphasized two particular dimensions--a family's conversation orientation and their conformity orientation. However, many studies of FCP and its related outcomes have relied on self-report measures and deductive methods to classify families. The current study uses an empirical, inductive approach in an attempt to identify FCP in a community-based sample of two-parent families with a target child (N = 262 families). Data from video recorded family interactions were coded using the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales (IFIRS) and analyzed using latent cross-classification, an extension of latent profile analysis. Four FCP groups were identified including two parent-matching groups and two parent-mismatched groups. FCP group was unrelated to adolescent depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Implications for future FCP research as discussed. Close

• 14. [Article] Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks

  Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks Author: Barrett-Rivera, Brenda C. Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban Institute, n.d.; U.S. Census, 2015). Low-income families struggle to keep a roof overhead within the context of rising housing costs, limited affordable housing options, and decreased public investment in affordable housing (Housing Assistance Council, 2012b). Working within these constraints, low-income families develop strategies to find and keep a roof overhead. Low-income families turn to their social networks for housing support or rely in their own knowledge and ability to navigate housing systems. Such strategies are shaped and constrained by contexts and personal circumstances, and are not without costs. In a political climate that is increasingly focused on individual rather than collective solutions to social issues, a better understanding of how low-income families navigate housing issues is critical. The purpose of this study is to better understand the housing strategies of low-income families. While previous work has identified low-income families’ strategies around parenting, family formation, and employment, housing strategies remain a rich and underexplored area. The few studies that have examined low-income families’ housing strategies are focused on the strategies of minority, single mothers in urban settings (Clark et al., 2011; Heflin, London & Scott, 2011; Hernandez, 2016). To better understand the ways that low-income families deal with housing issues, it is important to look at housing strategies in variety of family types and residential settings. This study seeks to address a gap in the literature by examining the housing strategies of White, married, low-income families in a rural context, a group largely missing from the survival strategies literature. Building on the survival strategies literature and guided by the life course theoretical perspective, this study maintains a focus on both process and structure in asking the following questions: 1. What strategies do low-income, rural families use to keep a roof overhead? 2. How do contexts and personal circumstances shape housing strategies? This study makes use of existing ethnographic data from the Growing Up Mobile in a Rural Trailer Park study to examine the housing strategies of 12 low-income families living in three rural trailer parks. Field notes from interviews and observations provided detailed information about family and residential histories across early adulthood through midlife. The families in this study provided examples not only of strategic efforts to keep a roof overhead, but also of the benefits and consequences of those strategies. The findings from this study highlight the important roles that relationships and planning play in low-income, rural families housing strategies. This research provides rich examples of the ways that context and personal circumstances shape low-income, rural families’ housing situations, and serves as a valuable guide for future research. Title: Keeping a Roof Overhead : An Examination of Housing Strategies Among Low-Income White Families in Rural Trailer Parks Author: Barrett-Rivera, Brenda C. Housing is a critical component of family life, however, keeping a safe and stable roof overhead is increasingly difficult for the approximately 21 million low-income families in the United States (Urban Institute, n.d.; U.S. Census, 2015). Low-income families struggle to keep a roof overhead within the context of rising housing costs, limited affordable housing options, and decreased public investment in affordable housing (Housing Assistance Council, 2012b). Working within these constraints, low-income families develop strategies to find and keep a roof overhead. Low-income families turn to their social networks for housing support or rely in their own knowledge and ability to navigate housing systems. Such strategies are shaped and constrained by contexts and personal circumstances, and are not without costs. In a political climate that is increasingly focused on individual rather than collective solutions to social issues, a better understanding of how low-income families navigate housing issues is critical. The purpose of this study is to better understand the housing strategies of low-income families. While previous work has identified low-income families’ strategies around parenting, family formation, and employment, housing strategies remain a rich and underexplored area. The few studies that have examined low-income families’ housing strategies are focused on the strategies of minority, single mothers in urban settings (Clark et al., 2011; Heflin, London & Scott, 2011; Hernandez, 2016). To better understand the ways that low-income families deal with housing issues, it is important to look at housing strategies in variety of family types and residential settings. This study seeks to address a gap in the literature by examining the housing strategies of White, married, low-income families in a rural context, a group largely missing from the survival strategies literature. Building on the survival strategies literature and guided by the life course theoretical perspective, this study maintains a focus on both process and structure in asking the following questions: 1. What strategies do low-income, rural families use to keep a roof overhead? 2. How do contexts and personal circumstances shape housing strategies? This study makes use of existing ethnographic data from the Growing Up Mobile in a Rural Trailer Park study to examine the housing strategies of 12 low-income families living in three rural trailer parks. Field notes from interviews and observations provided detailed information about family and residential histories across early adulthood through midlife. The families in this study provided examples not only of strategic efforts to keep a roof overhead, but also of the benefits and consequences of those strategies. The findings from this study highlight the important roles that relationships and planning play in low-income, rural families housing strategies. This research provides rich examples of the ways that context and personal circumstances shape low-income, rural families’ housing situations, and serves as a valuable guide for future research. Close

• 15. [Article] The military occupational subculture : work and family role conflict for families of military personnel

  The focus of this study is the American military family. The primary purpose is to examine the family from the paradigm of a distinct occupational subculture and, substantiating that existence, to understand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The military occupational subculture : work and family role conflict for families of military personnel Author: Gilbert, Thomas B. The focus of this study is the American military family. The primary purpose is to examine the family from the paradigm of a distinct occupational subculture and, substantiating that existence, to understand the implications of work-family role conflict of the military family. The objectives are to substantiate the military as an occupational subculture and explore military work and family conflict through participative observation techniques and, to a lesser extent, thematic analysis. The research questions are "Is the military an occupational subculture?", and "How does the work-role of the service member affect the family?" A pilot survey instrument based on the seven tenets of an occupational subculture (Trice, 1993) was developed to ascertain the level of subcultural affiliation of the respondents. In total, 78 members of the military (Army) were interviewed using the instrument. Examination of thematic responses from spousal surveys complement the overall analysis. The findings indicate a strong affiliation within the Army that would support the supposition that the Army is an occupational subculture. Respondents exhibited affiliation with all seven tenets above the 75% level that had been established as a benchmark. Taken together, thematic analysis of spouse perceptions viewed through a subcultural paradigm, and service members interviews, converged to demonstrate the probability of the military as a distinct occupational subculture. As such, the military has the capability to influence members and their families through infrastructure (both formal and informal), social, and perceptive requirements. Subcultural forces may provide powerful conformance tools for the membership. Obvious implications for acknowledging the uniqueness of the military family as a distinct subculture within American society are important. To retain a viable fighting force, Army family policy must be responsive and understanding of the military family entity. Preliminary results indicate that further exploration of the military with a subcultural perspective could enhance soldier readiness. Further studies should focus on the military family as the primary support mechanism for soldiers serving in the modern military. Additional study on families leaving the military to a civilian environment would provide insight into the mechanics of subcultural transitions. Title: The military occupational subculture : work and family role conflict for families of military personnel Author: Gilbert, Thomas B. The focus of this study is the American military family. The primary purpose is to examine the family from the paradigm of a distinct occupational subculture and, substantiating that existence, to understand the implications of work-family role conflict of the military family. The objectives are to substantiate the military as an occupational subculture and explore military work and family conflict through participative observation techniques and, to a lesser extent, thematic analysis. The research questions are "Is the military an occupational subculture?", and "How does the work-role of the service member affect the family?" A pilot survey instrument based on the seven tenets of an occupational subculture (Trice, 1993) was developed to ascertain the level of subcultural affiliation of the respondents. In total, 78 members of the military (Army) were interviewed using the instrument. Examination of thematic responses from spousal surveys complement the overall analysis. The findings indicate a strong affiliation within the Army that would support the supposition that the Army is an occupational subculture. Respondents exhibited affiliation with all seven tenets above the 75% level that had been established as a benchmark. Taken together, thematic analysis of spouse perceptions viewed through a subcultural paradigm, and service members interviews, converged to demonstrate the probability of the military as a distinct occupational subculture. As such, the military has the capability to influence members and their families through infrastructure (both formal and informal), social, and perceptive requirements. Subcultural forces may provide powerful conformance tools for the membership. Obvious implications for acknowledging the uniqueness of the military family as a distinct subculture within American society are important. To retain a viable fighting force, Army family policy must be responsive and understanding of the military family entity. Preliminary results indicate that further exploration of the military with a subcultural perspective could enhance soldier readiness. Further studies should focus on the military family as the primary support mechanism for soldiers serving in the modern military. Additional study on families leaving the military to a civilian environment would provide insight into the mechanics of subcultural transitions. Close

• 16. [Article] Comparison of the uses of living and family rooms in houses built from two floorplans in Corvallis, Oregon

  The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of social position and stage in the family life cycle on the use of living and family rooms in houses with and without a family room. Homes built ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparison of the uses of living and family rooms in houses built from two floorplans in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Wagner, Jeanette Ann The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of social position and stage in the family life cycle on the use of living and family rooms in houses with and without a family room. Homes built from two floorplans were selected for the sample. These two floorplans were similar in square footage and room layout with the exception one plan included a family room. The 76 addresses of the population to be studied were obtained from Harman Homes. The addresses of 34 Laura houses and 42 Judy houses were received, The occupants living at these addresses were contacted to request an interview. The families selected met the criterion that both the husband and wife were presently living in the house. Of the 76 occupants contacted, 61 -- 27 Laura occupants and 34 Judy occupants -- met the criteria and consented to be interviewed. Of the 61 occupants interviewed, 37 occupants completed and returned diary records, 15 Judy and 22 Laura interviewees, Hollingshead's "Two Factor Index of Social Position" was used to classify interviewees into low, middle, or high social position. Interviewees were placed into one of these three stages of the family life cycle: beginning stage, expanding stage, or contracting stage. Three types of room use were studied: (1) time use, (2) activity use, and (3) activity time use. Time use was the actual amount of time in minutes or hours the room was occupied in a 24 hour day. Activity use was the number of activities pursued in the room regardless of the number of people involved or amount of time spent in the activity, The highest number of activities any one category could have for one day was 24 or 144 for the six activity categories: interaction activities, home operations, audio-visual activities, sleep/ rest/relaxation, job or school operations, and simultaneous multiple activities. Activity time use was the number of man hours involved in specific activity in a given room and was computed by multiplying the number of people involved in activity by amount of time spent in it. Interview schedules and diary records were tabulated and analyzed to describe the sample and report room use. The living room in the house without a family room was used an average of 7.9 hours per day. However, in the house with the family room, the living room was used an average of 4.6 hours per day and the family room was used 5. 9 hours per day. The combined use of these two rooms averaged 10.5 hours. Of the 10.5 hours, 43 percent was spent in the living room and 57 percent was spent in the family room. The living room in houses without a family room was used an average of 75 percent of the combined room use of living and family rooms in houses with a family room. However, the living room in houses without a family room was used 42 percent more than the living room was used and 25 percent more than the family room was used in houses with both living and family rooms. Audio-visual and interaction activities occurred with the greatest frequency in the living and family rooms studied while job or school operations occurred least frequently. When reported, sleep/ rest/relaxation occurred most in the family rooms. Generally, as stage in the family life cycle changed, the time use, activity use, and activity time use of the living and family rooms increased. However, as social position became higher, the time use, activity use, and activity time use of the living and family rooms decreased Title: Comparison of the uses of living and family rooms in houses built from two floorplans in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Wagner, Jeanette Ann The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of social position and stage in the family life cycle on the use of living and family rooms in houses with and without a family room. Homes built from two floorplans were selected for the sample. These two floorplans were similar in square footage and room layout with the exception one plan included a family room. The 76 addresses of the population to be studied were obtained from Harman Homes. The addresses of 34 Laura houses and 42 Judy houses were received, The occupants living at these addresses were contacted to request an interview. The families selected met the criterion that both the husband and wife were presently living in the house. Of the 76 occupants contacted, 61 -- 27 Laura occupants and 34 Judy occupants -- met the criteria and consented to be interviewed. Of the 61 occupants interviewed, 37 occupants completed and returned diary records, 15 Judy and 22 Laura interviewees, Hollingshead's "Two Factor Index of Social Position" was used to classify interviewees into low, middle, or high social position. Interviewees were placed into one of these three stages of the family life cycle: beginning stage, expanding stage, or contracting stage. Three types of room use were studied: (1) time use, (2) activity use, and (3) activity time use. Time use was the actual amount of time in minutes or hours the room was occupied in a 24 hour day. Activity use was the number of activities pursued in the room regardless of the number of people involved or amount of time spent in the activity, The highest number of activities any one category could have for one day was 24 or 144 for the six activity categories: interaction activities, home operations, audio-visual activities, sleep/ rest/relaxation, job or school operations, and simultaneous multiple activities. Activity time use was the number of man hours involved in specific activity in a given room and was computed by multiplying the number of people involved in activity by amount of time spent in it. Interview schedules and diary records were tabulated and analyzed to describe the sample and report room use. The living room in the house without a family room was used an average of 7.9 hours per day. However, in the house with the family room, the living room was used an average of 4.6 hours per day and the family room was used 5. 9 hours per day. The combined use of these two rooms averaged 10.5 hours. Of the 10.5 hours, 43 percent was spent in the living room and 57 percent was spent in the family room. The living room in houses without a family room was used an average of 75 percent of the combined room use of living and family rooms in houses with a family room. However, the living room in houses without a family room was used 42 percent more than the living room was used and 25 percent more than the family room was used in houses with both living and family rooms. Audio-visual and interaction activities occurred with the greatest frequency in the living and family rooms studied while job or school operations occurred least frequently. When reported, sleep/ rest/relaxation occurred most in the family rooms. Generally, as stage in the family life cycle changed, the time use, activity use, and activity time use of the living and family rooms increased. However, as social position became higher, the time use, activity use, and activity time use of the living and family rooms decreased Close

• 17. [Article] Increasing Access to Quality Child Care for Children from Low-Income Families: Families’ Experiences

  This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/children-and-yo...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Increasing Access to Quality Child Care for Children from Low-Income Families: Families’ Experiences Author: Lipscomb, Shannon T. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/children-and-youth-services-review/. Title: Increasing Access to Quality Child Care for Children from Low-Income Families: Families’ Experiences Author: Lipscomb, Shannon T. This is the author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/children-and-youth-services-review/. Close

• 18. [Article] Behavioral changes of participants in family group consultation

  The study investigated the effect of family group consultation. Specific hypotheses to be examined were: 1. Family group consultation is productive in helping individuals move toward more effective behavior ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Behavioral changes of participants in family group consultation Author: Irish, Grace The study investigated the effect of family group consultation. Specific hypotheses to be examined were: 1. Family group consultation is productive in helping individuals move toward more effective behavior as measured by the increase in correlation between self sort and the ideal sort at the end of consultation. 2. An individual will have accomplished greater congruence between self and ideal self indicating the likelihood of more effective behavior after eight weeks of participation than after twelve weeks in family group consultation. 3. As family group consultation progresses the goals of the individual family members become more congruent with the goals of the counselors. The subjects included two groups, one of which was made up of families who had been referred to the counseling staff at Portland Center. Families who were having difficulties because of faulty communication were accepted. In all cases the identified reason for referral was an adolescent in the family who was having difficulty in school. Twenty persons participated in the experimental group. The comparison group was made up of family members who had sought help at two other agencies in the Portland metropolitan area. There were sixteen persons in this group. The counselors who were involved with the experimental group subjects were of similar academic background, with the emphasis in psychology and education. The staff members of the agencies where the comparison group was located, had had academic emphasis in psychology and had had clinical training. Family group consultation was described to the family members who participated in the experimental group as a way of consulting with each other and with professional counselors. They were told that two or three families would meet together once a week for two hours. It was explained to them that they would be given an opportunity to relate to one another during the session and the counselor tried to prepare them for the openness and involvement expected of them. The first session was used to get acquainted and to gathering information. During the first hour, parents and children were seen together. The second hour the parents were seen in one group while the children were seen in another. During the second session the members were encouraged to describe family events. By the third session the individual family members were evaluating their own behavior, and the consultative process was engaged in by other families' members. The fourth session found the counselor involved in events in the group. The fifth session was devoted to encouraging the members to use the skills learned, to look at their individual behavior and to examine what messages were sent and received. The sessions from the fifth to the twelfth were a reiteration of what went before: information gathering, identification of issues, description of events, continuation of the consultative process, and discussion of alternative ways of behaving. The last session was used by the group to summarize the process of consultation. Data gathering involved the administration of an 80-item Q-sort designed to measure self-concept. Rogers' definition of the self-concept was used. The family is seen to have profound effect on the self-concept of its members. Therefore, it was in the family that change was sought through family group consultation. The data were gathered to find out if family group consultation results in change. The instrument was administered three times and comparisons were made between self-sorts, ideal sorts, and the experts' sorts. Since the experimental and the comparison groups were not taken from the same population a nonparametric statistic had to be used. A contingency table and a test of probabilities were computed directly. There was no significant change in the experimental group. The limitations of the study were a consequence of the error in research design. The study should be replicated using a larger sample from the same population. The need for evaluating family group consultation has not been met by this study. However, the methodology described represents a departure from that which has been used and may be considered a worthy contribution to the literature. Title: Behavioral changes of participants in family group consultation Author: Irish, Grace The study investigated the effect of family group consultation. Specific hypotheses to be examined were: 1. Family group consultation is productive in helping individuals move toward more effective behavior as measured by the increase in correlation between self sort and the ideal sort at the end of consultation. 2. An individual will have accomplished greater congruence between self and ideal self indicating the likelihood of more effective behavior after eight weeks of participation than after twelve weeks in family group consultation. 3. As family group consultation progresses the goals of the individual family members become more congruent with the goals of the counselors. The subjects included two groups, one of which was made up of families who had been referred to the counseling staff at Portland Center. Families who were having difficulties because of faulty communication were accepted. In all cases the identified reason for referral was an adolescent in the family who was having difficulty in school. Twenty persons participated in the experimental group. The comparison group was made up of family members who had sought help at two other agencies in the Portland metropolitan area. There were sixteen persons in this group. The counselors who were involved with the experimental group subjects were of similar academic background, with the emphasis in psychology and education. The staff members of the agencies where the comparison group was located, had had academic emphasis in psychology and had had clinical training. Family group consultation was described to the family members who participated in the experimental group as a way of consulting with each other and with professional counselors. They were told that two or three families would meet together once a week for two hours. It was explained to them that they would be given an opportunity to relate to one another during the session and the counselor tried to prepare them for the openness and involvement expected of them. The first session was used to get acquainted and to gathering information. During the first hour, parents and children were seen together. The second hour the parents were seen in one group while the children were seen in another. During the second session the members were encouraged to describe family events. By the third session the individual family members were evaluating their own behavior, and the consultative process was engaged in by other families' members. The fourth session found the counselor involved in events in the group. The fifth session was devoted to encouraging the members to use the skills learned, to look at their individual behavior and to examine what messages were sent and received. The sessions from the fifth to the twelfth were a reiteration of what went before: information gathering, identification of issues, description of events, continuation of the consultative process, and discussion of alternative ways of behaving. The last session was used by the group to summarize the process of consultation. Data gathering involved the administration of an 80-item Q-sort designed to measure self-concept. Rogers' definition of the self-concept was used. The family is seen to have profound effect on the self-concept of its members. Therefore, it was in the family that change was sought through family group consultation. The data were gathered to find out if family group consultation results in change. The instrument was administered three times and comparisons were made between self-sorts, ideal sorts, and the experts' sorts. Since the experimental and the comparison groups were not taken from the same population a nonparametric statistic had to be used. A contingency table and a test of probabilities were computed directly. There was no significant change in the experimental group. The limitations of the study were a consequence of the error in research design. The study should be replicated using a larger sample from the same population. The need for evaluating family group consultation has not been met by this study. However, the methodology described represents a departure from that which has been used and may be considered a worthy contribution to the literature. Close

• 19. [Article] Risk of food insecurity and readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors in rural families

  Purpose: This study examines the relationship between food insecurity (FI) risk and families’ readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors within rural home-environments. Methods: Families (n=144) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk of food insecurity and readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors in rural families Author: Booth, Carolyn Jean Purpose: This study examines the relationship between food insecurity (FI) risk and families’ readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors within rural home-environments. Methods: Families (n=144) were recruited through six elementary schools (K-5/6) in low-income, rural, Oregon communities. Families completed surveys including a FI risk screener and the Family Stage of Change Survey (FSOC), a measure of readiness to change behaviors that influence child-level nutrition and physical activity (PA) behaviors at home. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between FSOC scores and FI risk. Results: Families with FI risk (40.2%) were more likely to be non-White (p=0.036), eligible for school meal programs (p<0.001), and have lower adult education levels (p=0.015). Regarding FSOC scores, families who scored higher on family support for children to play actively and do organized PA were 55% less likely to be at-risk for FI. (OR=0.45; p=0.003), after adjusting for demographic variables. Conclusion: FI risk is associated with rural families’ readiness to change PA behaviors. Specifically, lower odds of FI were associated with family support for children to play actively and do organized PA. Family-based efforts for improving child health among under-resourced, rural families may benefit by focusing on realistically accessible and affordable PA opportunities. Title: Risk of food insecurity and readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors in rural families Author: Booth, Carolyn Jean Purpose: This study examines the relationship between food insecurity (FI) risk and families’ readiness to change obesity-preventing behaviors within rural home-environments. Methods: Families (n=144) were recruited through six elementary schools (K-5/6) in low-income, rural, Oregon communities. Families completed surveys including a FI risk screener and the Family Stage of Change Survey (FSOC), a measure of readiness to change behaviors that influence child-level nutrition and physical activity (PA) behaviors at home. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between FSOC scores and FI risk. Results: Families with FI risk (40.2%) were more likely to be non-White (p=0.036), eligible for school meal programs (p<0.001), and have lower adult education levels (p=0.015). Regarding FSOC scores, families who scored higher on family support for children to play actively and do organized PA were 55% less likely to be at-risk for FI. (OR=0.45; p=0.003), after adjusting for demographic variables. Conclusion: FI risk is associated with rural families’ readiness to change PA behaviors. Specifically, lower odds of FI were associated with family support for children to play actively and do organized PA. Family-based efforts for improving child health among under-resourced, rural families may benefit by focusing on realistically accessible and affordable PA opportunities. Close

• 20. [Article] Parenting styles and children's outcomes mediated by family problem solving

  Contemporary parenting strategies tend to involve parent-child interactions in which the parent neither repressively dominates the child nor follows a permissive laissez-faire course but respects the child's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parenting styles and children's outcomes mediated by family problem solving Author: Hadlock, Terry G. Contemporary parenting strategies tend to involve parent-child interactions in which the parent neither repressively dominates the child nor follows a permissive laissez-faire course but respects the child's dignity as a person. This paper integrates several current theories of parenting and parent education into the construct of "respectful parenting," which is a new construct developed in this study. Family research suggests that such parenting is associated with the well-being of the child, including prosocial behavior, positive academic behavior, and physical, social, and emotional development. This study tests two hypotheses: (a) that respectful parenting facilitates effective family problem-solving practices, and (b) that family problem-solving skills learned in the family facilitate a child's success outside the family in school and with peers. In addressing these hypotheses key variables were measured, using instruments developed both in previous research and as part of this project. The study controlled for relevant background variables, including family income, education of parents, gender of child, and family size. Eighty-two families with two biological-parents, of which Forty-two had male target children and forty female target children, were subjects in this study. Each target child also had at least one sibling. Data was collected through questionnaires and observations of video-recorded family problem-solving sessions. The results strongly confirmed the first hypothesis: respectful parenting positively affected family problem solving. Respectful parenting and family problem solving were positively associated with children's well-being outside the home through behavior with their peers. Evidence for effects on performance at school was marginal. Also important to this study was the finding that family problem solving has mediating effects between respectful parenting and outcome in children's behavior in terms of peer relationships. Title: Parenting styles and children's outcomes mediated by family problem solving Author: Hadlock, Terry G. Contemporary parenting strategies tend to involve parent-child interactions in which the parent neither repressively dominates the child nor follows a permissive laissez-faire course but respects the child's dignity as a person. This paper integrates several current theories of parenting and parent education into the construct of "respectful parenting," which is a new construct developed in this study. Family research suggests that such parenting is associated with the well-being of the child, including prosocial behavior, positive academic behavior, and physical, social, and emotional development. This study tests two hypotheses: (a) that respectful parenting facilitates effective family problem-solving practices, and (b) that family problem-solving skills learned in the family facilitate a child's success outside the family in school and with peers. In addressing these hypotheses key variables were measured, using instruments developed both in previous research and as part of this project. The study controlled for relevant background variables, including family income, education of parents, gender of child, and family size. Eighty-two families with two biological-parents, of which Forty-two had male target children and forty female target children, were subjects in this study. Each target child also had at least one sibling. Data was collected through questionnaires and observations of video-recorded family problem-solving sessions. The results strongly confirmed the first hypothesis: respectful parenting positively affected family problem solving. Respectful parenting and family problem solving were positively associated with children's well-being outside the home through behavior with their peers. Evidence for effects on performance at school was marginal. Also important to this study was the finding that family problem solving has mediating effects between respectful parenting and outcome in children's behavior in terms of peer relationships. Close