Search

Search Results

• 101. [Article] Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project

  An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project Author: House, Carol C., Williams, William, Geissler, Paul H., Goebel, J. Jeffery, Olsen, Anthony R., Schreuder, Hans T., National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.) An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory and analysis, National forest system Region 6, and national resources inventory surveys in a six-county area in Northern Oregon, experienced teams interpreted and made measurements on aerial photographs and measured on-site a range of soil, vegetation and animal attributes. The project demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a combined FIA/NFS/NRI survey at the substate level and suggests an approach that will preserve the utility of the critical historic information from these surveys. Title: Study on integrating surveys of terrestrial natural resources : the Oregon Demonstration Project Author: House, Carol C., Williams, William, Geissler, Paul H., Goebel, J. Jeffery, Olsen, Anthony R., Schreuder, Hans T., National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.) An interagency project demonstrated the feasibility of integrating Federal surveys of terrestrial natural resources and offers a vision for that integration. At locations selected from forest inventory and analysis, National forest system Region 6, and national resources inventory surveys in a six-county area in Northern Oregon, experienced teams interpreted and made measurements on aerial photographs and measured on-site a range of soil, vegetation and animal attributes. The project demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a combined FIA/NFS/NRI survey at the substate level and suggests an approach that will preserve the utility of the critical historic information from these surveys. Close

• 102. [Article] An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon

  Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon Author: Haxton, Zane A. Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately connected with downstream reaches, serving as a source of sediment, woody debris, organic matter and nutrients. The surrounding forests can strongly influence the ecology of headwater streams by regulating microclimate, influencing nutrient and organic matter cycling process, and providing habitat for wildlife species. Central to the provision of ecosystem services by these headwater forests is their structure, the three-dimensional arrangement of trees, shrubs, snags and down wood in space. This thesis explored several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon. N-tree distance sampling, a sampling method where the nearest n trees to a sample point are measured, was compared with fixed plot and variable plot sampling for estimation of density and basal area in a simulation study using stem-mapped data taken from 8 headwater sites across western Oregon. In general, variable plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of basal area, while fixed plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of density. While n- tree distance sampling gave reasonable performance on some stem maps, the sampling method performed poorly for estimating density of populations with a clumped spatial pattern. Relative root mean square error of the best n-tree distance sampling estimator was up to 75% higher than for fixed plot sampling under these conditions. Neighborhood-based indices are a set of diversity measures that are based on the relationship between a reference tree and a certain number of nearest neighbors (i.e. trees to which it has the lowest horizontal distance). I compared the bias and relative root mean square error of several different methods of choosing reference trees for neighborhood-based index calculation, using stem-mapped data from the same 8 headwater sites. The selection of a random tree from a fixed plot gave the lowest absolute relative bias, but results with this method were quite variable, with relative root mean square error ranging from 33-67% for the species mingling index and 21-25% for the diameter differentiation index. The nearest-tree (selection of the nearest tree to the sample point) and azimuth (selection of the first tree from north in a fixed plot) methods were biased, but had lower variability, with relative root mean square error ranging from 31-64% for the species mingling index and 18-22% for the diameter differentiation index. The variable plot method gave highly variable results for all species combined, but performed well for some individual species. I close with an exploration of the use of measures of forest structure in characterizing the Trask Watershed, located in the headwaters of the northern Oregon Coast Range. The structure of the Trask Watershed is essentially even-aged, having regenerated in the aftermath of the Tillamook Burn. Douglas-fir and red alder are the most prevalent species, with western hemlock, western redcedar and noble fir locally abundant. While neighborhood-based indices were somewhat informative, they offered an impoverished picture of structural diversity in the Trask Watershed by ignoring the contribution made by tall shrubs such as vine maple and western hazelnut. Title: An examination of several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon Author: Haxton, Zane A. Headwater streams are generally small, first-order streams that can comprise up to 80% (by stream length) of the drainage network in mountainous areas of the Pacific Northwest. These streams are intimately connected with downstream reaches, serving as a source of sediment, woody debris, organic matter and nutrients. The surrounding forests can strongly influence the ecology of headwater streams by regulating microclimate, influencing nutrient and organic matter cycling process, and providing habitat for wildlife species. Central to the provision of ecosystem services by these headwater forests is their structure, the three-dimensional arrangement of trees, shrubs, snags and down wood in space. This thesis explored several methods of quantifying forest structure in headwater riparian forests of western Oregon. N-tree distance sampling, a sampling method where the nearest n trees to a sample point are measured, was compared with fixed plot and variable plot sampling for estimation of density and basal area in a simulation study using stem-mapped data taken from 8 headwater sites across western Oregon. In general, variable plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of basal area, while fixed plot sampling gave the best statistical performance for estimation of density. While n- tree distance sampling gave reasonable performance on some stem maps, the sampling method performed poorly for estimating density of populations with a clumped spatial pattern. Relative root mean square error of the best n-tree distance sampling estimator was up to 75% higher than for fixed plot sampling under these conditions. Neighborhood-based indices are a set of diversity measures that are based on the relationship between a reference tree and a certain number of nearest neighbors (i.e. trees to which it has the lowest horizontal distance). I compared the bias and relative root mean square error of several different methods of choosing reference trees for neighborhood-based index calculation, using stem-mapped data from the same 8 headwater sites. The selection of a random tree from a fixed plot gave the lowest absolute relative bias, but results with this method were quite variable, with relative root mean square error ranging from 33-67% for the species mingling index and 21-25% for the diameter differentiation index. The nearest-tree (selection of the nearest tree to the sample point) and azimuth (selection of the first tree from north in a fixed plot) methods were biased, but had lower variability, with relative root mean square error ranging from 31-64% for the species mingling index and 18-22% for the diameter differentiation index. The variable plot method gave highly variable results for all species combined, but performed well for some individual species. I close with an exploration of the use of measures of forest structure in characterizing the Trask Watershed, located in the headwaters of the northern Oregon Coast Range. The structure of the Trask Watershed is essentially even-aged, having regenerated in the aftermath of the Tillamook Burn. Douglas-fir and red alder are the most prevalent species, with western hemlock, western redcedar and noble fir locally abundant. While neighborhood-based indices were somewhat informative, they offered an impoverished picture of structural diversity in the Trask Watershed by ignoring the contribution made by tall shrubs such as vine maple and western hazelnut. Close

• 103. [Article] Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones

  Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones Author: Marquardt, Theresa Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to characterize and monitor changes in stand structure over time. This study examined sixteen alternatives for sampling live conifers and six alternatives for sampling hardwoods and snags. Each sampling alternative was replicated 500 times on a 72 meter square stem map at eight headwater stream locations in western Oregon. A variety of plot sizes and shapes were considered at two sampling intensities of 10 % and 20 % of the stand area. Applied to live conifers, the performance of the alternatives were assessed with respect to estimation of trees per hectare, basal area per hectare, and height to diameter ratio using root mean square error, average mean deviation and percent bias as criteria. Performance with respect to snags and hardwoods was similar. In general, rectangular strip designs oriented perpendicular to the stream outperformed circular, radial plots, and variable plots. Title: Accuracy and suitability of several stand sampling methods in riparian zones Author: Marquardt, Theresa Stand structure in headwater riparian areas of western Oregon is highly variable making quantification of structural attributes within these stands difficult. A reliable sampling design is important to characterize and monitor changes in stand structure over time. This study examined sixteen alternatives for sampling live conifers and six alternatives for sampling hardwoods and snags. Each sampling alternative was replicated 500 times on a 72 meter square stem map at eight headwater stream locations in western Oregon. A variety of plot sizes and shapes were considered at two sampling intensities of 10 % and 20 % of the stand area. Applied to live conifers, the performance of the alternatives were assessed with respect to estimation of trees per hectare, basal area per hectare, and height to diameter ratio using root mean square error, average mean deviation and percent bias as criteria. Performance with respect to snags and hardwoods was similar. In general, rectangular strip designs oriented perpendicular to the stream outperformed circular, radial plots, and variable plots. Close

• 104. [Article] The fish and wildlife resources of the Middle Willamette Basin, Oregon, and their water use requirements

  A field survey crew was assigned by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use requirements of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The fish and wildlife resources of the Middle Willamette Basin, Oregon, and their water use requirements Author: Basin Investigations Section, Oregon State Game Commission, A field survey crew was assigned by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use requirements of the fish and wildlife resources in several major drainage basins of Oregon. Principal goals of this study were to provide the State Water Resources Board with information concerning the status and importance of the resources to the state and to develop minimum stream flow requirements for maintenance and enhancement so that full consideration could be given these values in the beneficial water use programs formulated by the Board. This report is the second to be prepared based on these studies. A similar report concerning the South Coast Basin was completed in December 1962. Study was concurrent in both basins beginning in the fall of 1961 and extending for a full year. Information included in these investigations in the Middle Willamette Basin, existing records and other field personnel. Title: The fish and wildlife resources of the Middle Willamette Basin, Oregon, and their water use requirements Author: Basin Investigations Section, Oregon State Game Commission, A field survey crew was assigned by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use by the Oregon State Game Commission in the fall of 1961 to study water use requirements of the fish and wildlife resources in several major drainage basins of Oregon. Principal goals of this study were to provide the State Water Resources Board with information concerning the status and importance of the resources to the state and to develop minimum stream flow requirements for maintenance and enhancement so that full consideration could be given these values in the beneficial water use programs formulated by the Board. This report is the second to be prepared based on these studies. A similar report concerning the South Coast Basin was completed in December 1962. Study was concurrent in both basins beginning in the fall of 1961 and extending for a full year. Information included in these investigations in the Middle Willamette Basin, existing records and other field personnel. Close

• 105. [Article] Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon

  This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bio-Surveys, LLC, Sialis Company This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary of Devil’s Lake, a lake of natural origin that opens into the Pacific Ocean at the northern edge of Lincoln City, OR. The goal of the restoration effort has been to identify the dominant processes and habitat characteristics that currently limit the production of Coho salmon smolts in the basin, and to develop a prioritized list of actions (“prescriptions”) for removing the limitations in ways that normalize landscape and stream channel function. Restoration and assessment protocols used in developing the plan are described in “Midcoast Limiting Factors Analysis, A Method for Assessing 6th field subbasins for Restoration”, available at www.midcoastwatershedcouncil.org/GIS or by contacting the Midcoast Watersheds Council. Please refer to this document for detailed information on assessment, nomenclature, prioritization rationale and methodology. Title: Limiting factors assessment and restoration plan Rock Creek : tributary to Devil's Lake, Lincoln County, Oregon Author: Bio-Surveys, LLC, Sialis Company This document provides watershed restoration actions proposed to enhance the Coho Salmon population within the Rock Creek / Devils Lake basin in Lincoln County, Oregon. The stream is the principle tributary of Devil’s Lake, a lake of natural origin that opens into the Pacific Ocean at the northern edge of Lincoln City, OR. The goal of the restoration effort has been to identify the dominant processes and habitat characteristics that currently limit the production of Coho salmon smolts in the basin, and to develop a prioritized list of actions (“prescriptions”) for removing the limitations in ways that normalize landscape and stream channel function. Restoration and assessment protocols used in developing the plan are described in “Midcoast Limiting Factors Analysis, A Method for Assessing 6th field subbasins for Restoration”, available at www.midcoastwatershedcouncil.org/GIS or by contacting the Midcoast Watersheds Council. Please refer to this document for detailed information on assessment, nomenclature, prioritization rationale and methodology. Close

• 106. [Article] Characterizing coal and mineral mines as a regional source of stress to stream fish assemblages

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterizing coal and mineral mines as a regional source of stress to stream fish assemblages Author: Daniel, Wesley M., Hughes, Robert M., et al., Infante, Dana M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/1470160X. Title: Characterizing coal and mineral mines as a regional source of stress to stream fish assemblages Author: Daniel, Wesley M., Hughes, Robert M., et al., Infante, Dana M. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/1470160X. Close

• 107. [Article] Bedload sediment transport and channel morphology of a southeast Alaskan stream

  This study was conducted at portions of Trap Bay Creek, a medium-sized third-order stream on Chichagof Island, Southeast Alaska, to 1) quantify short-term sediment transport and channel morphology changes, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bedload sediment transport and channel morphology of a southeast Alaskan stream Author: Estep, Margaret A. This study was conducted at portions of Trap Bay Creek, a medium-sized third-order stream on Chichagof Island, Southeast Alaska, to 1) quantify short-term sediment transport and channel morphology changes, 2) relate measured sediment transport rates to the major hydrologic parameters that appeared to determine the mechanisms of sediment transport, and 3) evaluate how bedload transport can influence channel morphology. Morphologic characteristics were evaluated by means of plani-metric surveys and cross-sectional measurements made in July and August of 1980 and August of 1981. Bedload and suspended sediment data were collected during the Fall of 1980 along with data on streamflow and precipitation. Morphologic evaulations indicated that the stream is a dynamic system and that it appeared to be widening and aggrading during 1980-81. Large organic debris, especially fallen trees, are important in stream morphology, especially above the zone of tidal influence. The tides, as well as human activity, probably contributed to recent morphological changes in lower reaches of the channel. Problems involved in processing suspended sediment samples resulted in a limited amount of suspended sediment data. However, data that were collected from one point on the stream indicated that suspended sediment concentrations were low, usually less than 5 mg·1⁻¹, and did not exceed 90 mg·1⁻¹ during an approximate 2 to 5-year return interval storm event. Under average storm conditions, therefore, suspended sediment transport appears to be supply limited and constitutes a small portion of total sediment transport. Bedload sediment samples were collected from a short pool-riffle study reach during a total of ten storms with streaflow ranging from 0.01 to 1.26 m³·s⁻¹·km⁻². Bedload sediment transport ranged from 3.9 to 4400 kg·hr⁻¹, with peak transport rates occurring during peak streamflow. Regression relationships were developed between bedload transport, gravel-sized inorganic bedload transport, coarse particulate organic matter transport, two particle size diameter classes (D₅₀ and D₉₀), and stream discharge during the ten storms. This analysis revealed that total inorganic- bedload transport was more strongly related to discharge than was transport of the large size category, coarse particulate organic matter transport tended to be more strongly related to streamflow than bedload discharge, and that neither of the particle size diameters had any consistent relationship to streaflow. Bedload transport during the ten storms was further evaluated in terms of the sampling sites that were used, i.e. riffles above and below a depositional area approximately 20 m in length. Transport tended to be greater, in terms of amount transported, at the upper riffle for most of the storm events. The opposite was true during the largest storm of the season and a storm which occurred a week later. It may be that bedload sediment is transported past the upper riffle by lesser magnitude events and is temporarily stored in the pool. Transport out of the pool requires events of greater magnitude. Supply limitations also appear to determine bedload transport in Trap Bay Creek. Title: Bedload sediment transport and channel morphology of a southeast Alaskan stream Author: Estep, Margaret A. This study was conducted at portions of Trap Bay Creek, a medium-sized third-order stream on Chichagof Island, Southeast Alaska, to 1) quantify short-term sediment transport and channel morphology changes, 2) relate measured sediment transport rates to the major hydrologic parameters that appeared to determine the mechanisms of sediment transport, and 3) evaluate how bedload transport can influence channel morphology. Morphologic characteristics were evaluated by means of plani-metric surveys and cross-sectional measurements made in July and August of 1980 and August of 1981. Bedload and suspended sediment data were collected during the Fall of 1980 along with data on streamflow and precipitation. Morphologic evaulations indicated that the stream is a dynamic system and that it appeared to be widening and aggrading during 1980-81. Large organic debris, especially fallen trees, are important in stream morphology, especially above the zone of tidal influence. The tides, as well as human activity, probably contributed to recent morphological changes in lower reaches of the channel. Problems involved in processing suspended sediment samples resulted in a limited amount of suspended sediment data. However, data that were collected from one point on the stream indicated that suspended sediment concentrations were low, usually less than 5 mg·1⁻¹, and did not exceed 90 mg·1⁻¹ during an approximate 2 to 5-year return interval storm event. Under average storm conditions, therefore, suspended sediment transport appears to be supply limited and constitutes a small portion of total sediment transport. Bedload sediment samples were collected from a short pool-riffle study reach during a total of ten storms with streaflow ranging from 0.01 to 1.26 m³·s⁻¹·km⁻². Bedload sediment transport ranged from 3.9 to 4400 kg·hr⁻¹, with peak transport rates occurring during peak streamflow. Regression relationships were developed between bedload transport, gravel-sized inorganic bedload transport, coarse particulate organic matter transport, two particle size diameter classes (D₅₀ and D₉₀), and stream discharge during the ten storms. This analysis revealed that total inorganic- bedload transport was more strongly related to discharge than was transport of the large size category, coarse particulate organic matter transport tended to be more strongly related to streamflow than bedload discharge, and that neither of the particle size diameters had any consistent relationship to streaflow. Bedload transport during the ten storms was further evaluated in terms of the sampling sites that were used, i.e. riffles above and below a depositional area approximately 20 m in length. Transport tended to be greater, in terms of amount transported, at the upper riffle for most of the storm events. The opposite was true during the largest storm of the season and a storm which occurred a week later. It may be that bedload sediment is transported past the upper riffle by lesser magnitude events and is temporarily stored in the pool. Transport out of the pool requires events of greater magnitude. Supply limitations also appear to determine bedload transport in Trap Bay Creek. Close

• 108. [Article] Undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon coast range

  This study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range. Undercut streambanks and associated reach characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon coast range Author: Salminen, Edward M. This study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range. Undercut streambanks and associated reach characteristics were surveyed along 46 sample reaches (each 152 m in length) in 8 streams; all sample reaches occurred in unmanaged forested riparian areas. Drainage areas ranged from 0.3 to 16.6 km^2. At each undercut location length, surface area, volume, low-flow (summertime) volume, and maximum horizontal depth were measured. Individual undercuts had surface areas ranging from 0.3 to 27.7 m^2 with a mean value of 2.6 m^2, and lengths ranging from 1.2 to 15.2 m with a mean value of 5.0 m. The area undercut streambanks ranged from 0.0 to 27.4 m^2 / 100 m of stream, with an average value of 6.5 m^2 / 100 m. The proportion of bankfull channel area undercut ranged from 0.0 to 4.5%, with an average value of 1.1%. Reach length undercut ranged from 0.0 to 23.6%, with an average value of 6.2%. The values reported in this study are approximately mid-range in comparison to characteristics of undercut banks reported in studies from Alaska, Montana, and Wisconsin. The % of reach area covered by undercut streambanks in this study is approximately half of that provided by large woody debris. Outside channel bends had approximately 6 times more undercut streambanks than inside bends or straight sections. Streams having a sinuosity index greater than 1.15 averaged approximately twice as much % surface area undercut than streams having a sinuosity index less than 1.15. Number of undercuts and undercut characteristics were inversely correlated with channel gradient; significant differences occurring among 1%, 2-4%, and 5+% channel gradient classes. Streambanks ranging in height from 1-2 m had a higher occurrence of undercut streambanks than either lower or higher streambanks. Undercut streambanks were 4 times more common in "composite" than "non-composite" streambanks. Undercut characteristics appear to be correlated with valley segment type. Channel widths were, on average, significantly narrower at undercut sites when compared to reach average channel widths. However, it does not appear than width characteristics are a cause of undercutting. Based on field observations it appears that flow obstructions (gravel bars, boulders, large woody debris) have little impact on undercut characteristics. Both at-a-site and reach-level comparisons of undercut bank characteristics showed relatively strong correlations with streamside tree densities. Red alder (Alnus rubra) is the most prevalent species found in Coast Range riparian areas, and the most significant species in explaining reach-level differences in undercut characteristics. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is less common in riparian zones, but appears to be positively correlated with the proportion of reach area undercut. Title: Undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon coast range Author: Salminen, Edward M. This study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence and characteristics of undercut streambanks in forested headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range. Undercut streambanks and associated reach characteristics were surveyed along 46 sample reaches (each 152 m in length) in 8 streams; all sample reaches occurred in unmanaged forested riparian areas. Drainage areas ranged from 0.3 to 16.6 km^2. At each undercut location length, surface area, volume, low-flow (summertime) volume, and maximum horizontal depth were measured. Individual undercuts had surface areas ranging from 0.3 to 27.7 m^2 with a mean value of 2.6 m^2, and lengths ranging from 1.2 to 15.2 m with a mean value of 5.0 m. The area undercut streambanks ranged from 0.0 to 27.4 m^2 / 100 m of stream, with an average value of 6.5 m^2 / 100 m. The proportion of bankfull channel area undercut ranged from 0.0 to 4.5%, with an average value of 1.1%. Reach length undercut ranged from 0.0 to 23.6%, with an average value of 6.2%. The values reported in this study are approximately mid-range in comparison to characteristics of undercut banks reported in studies from Alaska, Montana, and Wisconsin. The % of reach area covered by undercut streambanks in this study is approximately half of that provided by large woody debris. Outside channel bends had approximately 6 times more undercut streambanks than inside bends or straight sections. Streams having a sinuosity index greater than 1.15 averaged approximately twice as much % surface area undercut than streams having a sinuosity index less than 1.15. Number of undercuts and undercut characteristics were inversely correlated with channel gradient; significant differences occurring among 1%, 2-4%, and 5+% channel gradient classes. Streambanks ranging in height from 1-2 m had a higher occurrence of undercut streambanks than either lower or higher streambanks. Undercut streambanks were 4 times more common in "composite" than "non-composite" streambanks. Undercut characteristics appear to be correlated with valley segment type. Channel widths were, on average, significantly narrower at undercut sites when compared to reach average channel widths. However, it does not appear than width characteristics are a cause of undercutting. Based on field observations it appears that flow obstructions (gravel bars, boulders, large woody debris) have little impact on undercut characteristics. Both at-a-site and reach-level comparisons of undercut bank characteristics showed relatively strong correlations with streamside tree densities. Red alder (Alnus rubra) is the most prevalent species found in Coast Range riparian areas, and the most significant species in explaining reach-level differences in undercut characteristics. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) is less common in riparian zones, but appears to be positively correlated with the proportion of reach area undercut. Close

• 109. [Article] Short-term relationship of timber management and Pacific giant salamander populations, and the response of larval stream amphibian to predators under differing sediment levels

  In the Pacific Northwest, multiple studies have found negative effects of timber harvest on stream amphibians, but the results have been highly variable and region-specific. In this collection of studies, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Short-term relationship of timber management and Pacific giant salamander populations, and the response of larval stream amphibian to predators under differing sediment levels Author: Leuthold, Niels C. In the Pacific Northwest, multiple studies have found negative effects of timber harvest on stream amphibians, but the results have been highly variable and region-specific. In this collection of studies, I examined the short term effect of timber harvest using a field study, and used lab work to examine a potential mechanism for timber harvest effect. Over the last 30 years forest management practices have changed substantially, yet little work examines how modern forest management relates to the abundance or density of stream amphibians. I examined the influences of contemporary forest practices on Pacific giant salamanders as part of the Hinkle Creek paired watershed study. I used a mark-recapture analysis to estimate Pacific giant salamander density at 100 1-m segments spread throughout the basin and then used extended linear models that accounted for correlation resulting from the repeated surveys at sites across years. Density was positively associated with substrate, negatively associate with upstream area drained, and had a weak positive association with fish density, but I found no evidence of an effect of harvest. A Monte Carlo analysis suggested that our results were not sensitive to missing captures at sites with no captures. Pacific Northwest stream amphibians are often negatively associated with sedimentation, but the mechanism underlying this relationship is not clear. One hypothesized mechanism is that the reduced interstitial space that results from sedimentation increases susceptibility of amphibians to predation. I used laboratory mesocosms to test this hypothesis and examine the response of larval Pacific giant salamanders and tailed frogs to cutthroat trout and adult Pacific giant salamander presence under three different levels of sediment. I found amphibian larvae were more visible as sediment level increased and some evidence that larvae were less visible in the presence of fish. Movement decreased in the presence of cutthroat trout, though for tailed frog larvae this effect was marginally significant (p = 0.066). Larvae did not respond to presence of adult Pacific giant salamanders. These patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that sediment affects larval stream amphibians by increasing vulnerability to predation. While both species of larvae actively sought cover in response to fish, I found little evidence that this behavior mitigates the effects of increasing sediment. Title: Short-term relationship of timber management and Pacific giant salamander populations, and the response of larval stream amphibian to predators under differing sediment levels Author: Leuthold, Niels C. In the Pacific Northwest, multiple studies have found negative effects of timber harvest on stream amphibians, but the results have been highly variable and region-specific. In this collection of studies, I examined the short term effect of timber harvest using a field study, and used lab work to examine a potential mechanism for timber harvest effect. Over the last 30 years forest management practices have changed substantially, yet little work examines how modern forest management relates to the abundance or density of stream amphibians. I examined the influences of contemporary forest practices on Pacific giant salamanders as part of the Hinkle Creek paired watershed study. I used a mark-recapture analysis to estimate Pacific giant salamander density at 100 1-m segments spread throughout the basin and then used extended linear models that accounted for correlation resulting from the repeated surveys at sites across years. Density was positively associated with substrate, negatively associate with upstream area drained, and had a weak positive association with fish density, but I found no evidence of an effect of harvest. A Monte Carlo analysis suggested that our results were not sensitive to missing captures at sites with no captures. Pacific Northwest stream amphibians are often negatively associated with sedimentation, but the mechanism underlying this relationship is not clear. One hypothesized mechanism is that the reduced interstitial space that results from sedimentation increases susceptibility of amphibians to predation. I used laboratory mesocosms to test this hypothesis and examine the response of larval Pacific giant salamanders and tailed frogs to cutthroat trout and adult Pacific giant salamander presence under three different levels of sediment. I found amphibian larvae were more visible as sediment level increased and some evidence that larvae were less visible in the presence of fish. Movement decreased in the presence of cutthroat trout, though for tailed frog larvae this effect was marginally significant (p = 0.066). Larvae did not respond to presence of adult Pacific giant salamanders. These patterns are consistent with the hypothesis that sediment affects larval stream amphibians by increasing vulnerability to predation. While both species of larvae actively sought cover in response to fish, I found little evidence that this behavior mitigates the effects of increasing sediment. Close

• 110. [Article] Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia

  In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia Author: Gharrett, John T., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I. In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible to isolate and analyze separately the causes of this decline, and any attempt to saddle one factor with the responsibility is an oversimplification of the facts. The salmon runs have too long been taken for granted. During the rapid development of the coastal area, the welfare of the fish was ignored. The physical character of the watersheds was changed as the timber was stripped off, and in these same operations streams were blocked by log jams, mill dams, splash dams and even the gravel from the spawning beds of the streams was removed to be used in road construction. At the same time other water uses were developed for power and irrigation. While the productive capacity of the streams was being reduced and the runs resultantly lowered, the fishermen competed with each other for the remaining fish and blamed one another for the lack of fish. Apparently, at no time until recent years was a serious program developed or even considered for the conservation of the salmon runs. To date with the possible exception of one or two instances pollution has not been a serious factor in the decline of the salmon runs. The commercial river fisheries are of considerable importance to the economy of various communities on the Oregon coast. They also provide a source of salmon to those who have no other access to this productive natural resource. The recreational salmon fishery is also an important source of income to Oregon coastal communities. It is, therefore, important to these communities and the State as a whole that the salmon runs be maintained at their maximum productive level. To accomplish this the Oregon Fish Commission has developed a long range management program for the coastal rivers. This encompasses stream clearance and improvement projects, the use of artificial propagation in introducing runs and supplementing natural runs, and the close regulation of the commercial river and offshore fisheries. This program has not been underway long enough to ascertain its success, but in several instances it appears to offer promise. However, close check is being kept on the runs in order that the results of this program can be evaluated as soon as possible. The stream surveys and other observations indicate that the coastal rivers and their salmon populations are not beyond redemption, and that under proper management can be made to yield annually several times their present production. Title: Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia Author: Gharrett, John T., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I. In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible to isolate and analyze separately the causes of this decline, and any attempt to saddle one factor with the responsibility is an oversimplification of the facts. The salmon runs have too long been taken for granted. During the rapid development of the coastal area, the welfare of the fish was ignored. The physical character of the watersheds was changed as the timber was stripped off, and in these same operations streams were blocked by log jams, mill dams, splash dams and even the gravel from the spawning beds of the streams was removed to be used in road construction. At the same time other water uses were developed for power and irrigation. While the productive capacity of the streams was being reduced and the runs resultantly lowered, the fishermen competed with each other for the remaining fish and blamed one another for the lack of fish. Apparently, at no time until recent years was a serious program developed or even considered for the conservation of the salmon runs. To date with the possible exception of one or two instances pollution has not been a serious factor in the decline of the salmon runs. The commercial river fisheries are of considerable importance to the economy of various communities on the Oregon coast. They also provide a source of salmon to those who have no other access to this productive natural resource. The recreational salmon fishery is also an important source of income to Oregon coastal communities. It is, therefore, important to these communities and the State as a whole that the salmon runs be maintained at their maximum productive level. To accomplish this the Oregon Fish Commission has developed a long range management program for the coastal rivers. This encompasses stream clearance and improvement projects, the use of artificial propagation in introducing runs and supplementing natural runs, and the close regulation of the commercial river and offshore fisheries. This program has not been underway long enough to ascertain its success, but in several instances it appears to offer promise. However, close check is being kept on the runs in order that the results of this program can be evaluated as soon as possible. The stream surveys and other observations indicate that the coastal rivers and their salmon populations are not beyond redemption, and that under proper management can be made to yield annually several times their present production. Close

• 111. [Article] Predicting glacio-hydrologic change in the headwaters of the Zongo River, Cordillera Real, Bolivia

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Predicting glacio-hydrologic change in the headwaters of the Zongo River, Cordillera Real, Bolivia Author: Clarke, Garry K. C., Naz, Bibi S., Condom, Thomas, Frans, Chris, Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Burns, Pat, Nolin, Anne W., Istanbulluoglu, Erkan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/ Title: Predicting glacio-hydrologic change in the headwaters of the Zongo River, Cordillera Real, Bolivia Author: Clarke, Garry K. C., Naz, Bibi S., Condom, Thomas, Frans, Chris, Lettenmaier, Dennis P., Burns, Pat, Nolin, Anne W., Istanbulluoglu, Erkan To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://sites.agu.org/ Close

• 112. [Article] Historic monuments

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historic monuments Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Historic monuments Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 113. [Article] Fish and invertebrate distribution at multiple scales in Thomas Creek, Oregon : a transition from conifer uplands to agricultural lowlands

  Longitudinal patterns of fish and benthic invertebrate distribution and habitat use were similar in Thomas Creek, Oregon but clarity of these patterns differed. I studied fish and aquatic invertebrates ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish and invertebrate distribution at multiple scales in Thomas Creek, Oregon : a transition from conifer uplands to agricultural lowlands Author: Langshaw, Russell B. Longitudinal patterns of fish and benthic invertebrate distribution and habitat use were similar in Thomas Creek, Oregon but clarity of these patterns differed. I studied fish and aquatic invertebrates simultaneously, at multiple scales, and used multivariate statistical techniques to compare responses to the same environmental conditions. Both types of organisms exhibited distinct longitudinal patterns along a 51 river kilometer (R km) transition from mid-elevation (ca. 365 m elevation) conifer dominated reaches to Willamette Valley agriculture dominated reaches (Ca. 73 m elevation). In summer 2000, preliminary surveys of 30 R kms suggested that longitudinal changes in benthic invertebrate assemblage structure and rainbow trout diet (Oncorhyncous mykiss) (n=53), were minor and likely driven by three sites in the upper reaches. This led me to expand the survey length to 51 R kms and modify the survey design in 2001. During 2001, I performed repeated, intensive (4 sites) and extensive (218 survey units) snorkel surveys to examine fish distribution and habitat selectivity. The intensive snorkel surveys of the upstream reaches revealed similar habitat preferences for pools with riffles directly upstream by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhyncous tshawytscha) and ages of trout (from 0 to >3 years). The extensive survey identified two distinct fish assemblages: a salmonid-dominated one in the upper 12 R kms and a second dominated by non-game fish in the lower 20 R kms. The transition between these two zones (between 20 and 39 R kms) was populated sparsely by members of both assemblages. Fish assemblages were associated with broad-scale environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and elevation) and not with local conditions (e.g. water velocity, substrate size, depth). Differences between assemblages in riffles, glides, and pools, were only detected by blocking data according to location. Benthic aquatic invertebrates were collected from each habitat type at 27 sites, in nine reaches, during May 2001. Invertebrate assemblages demonstrated strong longitudinal (broad-scale) and habitat type patterns. Fish assemblages changed abruptly but invertebrate assemblages changed gradually along distinct topographic and vegetation zones. My results demonstrate the importance of extensive surveys with continuous stream data and numerous sampling sites. Fish and invertebrates appeared to respond to environmental conditions at different spatial scales detected only by comparing the two groups of organisms simultaneously along an extended longitudinal gradient. Title: Fish and invertebrate distribution at multiple scales in Thomas Creek, Oregon : a transition from conifer uplands to agricultural lowlands Author: Langshaw, Russell B. Longitudinal patterns of fish and benthic invertebrate distribution and habitat use were similar in Thomas Creek, Oregon but clarity of these patterns differed. I studied fish and aquatic invertebrates simultaneously, at multiple scales, and used multivariate statistical techniques to compare responses to the same environmental conditions. Both types of organisms exhibited distinct longitudinal patterns along a 51 river kilometer (R km) transition from mid-elevation (ca. 365 m elevation) conifer dominated reaches to Willamette Valley agriculture dominated reaches (Ca. 73 m elevation). In summer 2000, preliminary surveys of 30 R kms suggested that longitudinal changes in benthic invertebrate assemblage structure and rainbow trout diet (Oncorhyncous mykiss) (n=53), were minor and likely driven by three sites in the upper reaches. This led me to expand the survey length to 51 R kms and modify the survey design in 2001. During 2001, I performed repeated, intensive (4 sites) and extensive (218 survey units) snorkel surveys to examine fish distribution and habitat selectivity. The intensive snorkel surveys of the upstream reaches revealed similar habitat preferences for pools with riffles directly upstream by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhyncous tshawytscha) and ages of trout (from 0 to >3 years). The extensive survey identified two distinct fish assemblages: a salmonid-dominated one in the upper 12 R kms and a second dominated by non-game fish in the lower 20 R kms. The transition between these two zones (between 20 and 39 R kms) was populated sparsely by members of both assemblages. Fish assemblages were associated with broad-scale environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and elevation) and not with local conditions (e.g. water velocity, substrate size, depth). Differences between assemblages in riffles, glides, and pools, were only detected by blocking data according to location. Benthic aquatic invertebrates were collected from each habitat type at 27 sites, in nine reaches, during May 2001. Invertebrate assemblages demonstrated strong longitudinal (broad-scale) and habitat type patterns. Fish assemblages changed abruptly but invertebrate assemblages changed gradually along distinct topographic and vegetation zones. My results demonstrate the importance of extensive surveys with continuous stream data and numerous sampling sites. Fish and invertebrates appeared to respond to environmental conditions at different spatial scales detected only by comparing the two groups of organisms simultaneously along an extended longitudinal gradient. Close

• 114. [Article] A probabilistic model for anomaly detection in remote sensor streams

  Remote sensors are becoming the standard for observing and recording ecological data in the field. Such sensors can record data at fine temporal resolutions, and they can operate under extreme conditions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A probabilistic model for anomaly detection in remote sensor streams Author: Dereszynski, Ethan W. Remote sensors are becoming the standard for observing and recording ecological data in the field. Such sensors can record data at fine temporal resolutions, and they can operate under extreme conditions prohibitive to human access. Unfortunately, sensor data streams exhibit many kinds of errors ranging from corrupt communications to partial or total sensor failures. This means that the raw data stream must be cleaned before it can be used by domain scientists. In our application environment---the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest---this data cleaning is performed manually. This thesis introduces a Dynamic Bayesian Network model for analyzing sensor observations and distinguishing sensor failures from valid data for the case of air temperature measured at a 15-minute time resolution. The model combines an accurate distribution of seasonal, long-term trends and temporally localized, short-term temperature variations with a single generalized fault model. Experiments with historical data show that the precision and recall of the method is comparable to that of the domain expert. Title: A probabilistic model for anomaly detection in remote sensor streams Author: Dereszynski, Ethan W. Remote sensors are becoming the standard for observing and recording ecological data in the field. Such sensors can record data at fine temporal resolutions, and they can operate under extreme conditions prohibitive to human access. Unfortunately, sensor data streams exhibit many kinds of errors ranging from corrupt communications to partial or total sensor failures. This means that the raw data stream must be cleaned before it can be used by domain scientists. In our application environment---the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest---this data cleaning is performed manually. This thesis introduces a Dynamic Bayesian Network model for analyzing sensor observations and distinguishing sensor failures from valid data for the case of air temperature measured at a 15-minute time resolution. The model combines an accurate distribution of seasonal, long-term trends and temporally localized, short-term temperature variations with a single generalized fault model. Experiments with historical data show that the precision and recall of the method is comparable to that of the domain expert. Close

• 115. [Article] Use of a rainfall-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in the east fork Lobster Creek Basin, Oregon

  The report describes the results of model calibration and validation, and evaluates the extent to which runoff response to timber harvesting and increased road densities in East Fork Lobster Creek Basin ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of a rainfall-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in the east fork Lobster Creek Basin, Oregon Author: Risley, John C., United States.|bBureau of Land Management., Geological Survey (U.S.), Nakama, Lenore Y. The report describes the results of model calibration and validation, and evaluates the extent to which runoff response to timber harvesting and increased road densities in East Fork Lobster Creek Basin can be simulated, using Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), a deterministic, destributed-parameter-modeling system. Title: Use of a rainfall-runoff model for simulating effects of forest management on streamflow in the east fork Lobster Creek Basin, Oregon Author: Risley, John C., United States.|bBureau of Land Management., Geological Survey (U.S.), Nakama, Lenore Y. The report describes the results of model calibration and validation, and evaluates the extent to which runoff response to timber harvesting and increased road densities in East Fork Lobster Creek Basin can be simulated, using Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), a deterministic, destributed-parameter-modeling system. Close

• 116. [Article] Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon Author: Adams, Michael J., Hayes, John P., Leuthold, Niels This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Short-term response of Dicamptodon tenebrosus larvae to timber management in southwestern Oregon Author: Adams, Michael J., Hayes, John P., Leuthold, Niels This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by The Wildlife Society and published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. It can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%291937-2817. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 117. [Article] Social interaction between juvenile coho and fall chinook salmon in Sixes River, Oregon

  The nature of the interaction between juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and fall chinook salmon, 0. tshawytscha (Walbaum), was studied in Sixes River, Oregon. Seining, snorkeling, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Social interaction between juvenile coho and fall chinook salmon in Sixes River, Oregon Author: Stein, Roy A. The nature of the interaction between juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and fall chinook salmon, 0. tshawytscha (Walbaum), was studied in Sixes River, Oregon. Seining, snorkeling, and tagging were used to determine distribution and patterns of growth of these two species in the stream environment. Experiments conducted in flowing-water observation troughs that provided volitional residence were designed to examine the outcome of agonistic behavior between these two species. Both species were distributed throughout the entire river system in early spring. During this period, underwater surveys in the main river and selected tributaries indicated that both species preferred the same habitat. As temperatures increased during the late spring, coho disappeared from the main river, but continued to occupy cool tributaries. Fall chinook, on the other hand, were found primarily in the main river until early summer, when they moved to the estuary. Relatively few individuals remained in the tributaries. Experiments conducted in the troughs revealed that agonistic behavior, including nipping, chasing, lateral display, submission, and fleeing, occurred between juvenile coho and fall chinook. When the two species were together in the troughs and in cool tributary streams, coho grew faster than chinook. When isolated in troughs, both grew at similar rates. Coho tolerated fewer individuals per unit area than did chinook, and occupied positions of dominance near the source of incoming food at the upstream end of the troughs. Coho had brighter fin and body colors, greater fin development, deeper bodies, and were heavier than fall chinook of the same length. Coloration and morphology appeared to be important factors influencing the "apparent" size and presumably the social status of both species. Juvenile coho, with extensive development of fins and coloration and intense territorial behavior, are hypothesized to be adapted to small, cool tributary streams. Fall chinook, on the other hand, with conservative development of fins and coloration and related behavior patterns, appear to be adapted to conditions in the main river and estuary. Title: Social interaction between juvenile coho and fall chinook salmon in Sixes River, Oregon Author: Stein, Roy A. The nature of the interaction between juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and fall chinook salmon, 0. tshawytscha (Walbaum), was studied in Sixes River, Oregon. Seining, snorkeling, and tagging were used to determine distribution and patterns of growth of these two species in the stream environment. Experiments conducted in flowing-water observation troughs that provided volitional residence were designed to examine the outcome of agonistic behavior between these two species. Both species were distributed throughout the entire river system in early spring. During this period, underwater surveys in the main river and selected tributaries indicated that both species preferred the same habitat. As temperatures increased during the late spring, coho disappeared from the main river, but continued to occupy cool tributaries. Fall chinook, on the other hand, were found primarily in the main river until early summer, when they moved to the estuary. Relatively few individuals remained in the tributaries. Experiments conducted in the troughs revealed that agonistic behavior, including nipping, chasing, lateral display, submission, and fleeing, occurred between juvenile coho and fall chinook. When the two species were together in the troughs and in cool tributary streams, coho grew faster than chinook. When isolated in troughs, both grew at similar rates. Coho tolerated fewer individuals per unit area than did chinook, and occupied positions of dominance near the source of incoming food at the upstream end of the troughs. Coho had brighter fin and body colors, greater fin development, deeper bodies, and were heavier than fall chinook of the same length. Coloration and morphology appeared to be important factors influencing the "apparent" size and presumably the social status of both species. Juvenile coho, with extensive development of fins and coloration and intense territorial behavior, are hypothesized to be adapted to small, cool tributary streams. Fall chinook, on the other hand, with conservative development of fins and coloration and related behavior patterns, appear to be adapted to conditions in the main river and estuary. Close

• 118. [Article] The application of spatial data analysis and visualization in the development of landscape indicators to assess stream conditions

  The main theme of this research is the application of geographic techniques in a study involving environmental monitoring and analysis of the associations between landscape and in-stream characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The application of spatial data analysis and visualization in the development of landscape indicators to assess stream conditions Author: Buckley, Aileen R. The main theme of this research is the application of geographic techniques in a study involving environmental monitoring and analysis of the associations between landscape and in-stream characteristics in the Pacific Northwest. The geographic techniques used in this study include (1) geographic information systems (GIS) coupled with statistical analysis and (2) geographic visualization. The study area comprised 44 stream sampling sites and their respective watersheds in the Willamette River Basin of western Oregon. The first paper in this dissertation is a literature review of scientific visualization relative to the field of geography. Integrating more traditional techniques of cartographic lineage with new methods of geographic visualization, this chapter introduces terminology related to geographic visualization as well as a variety of methods for the visualization of multivariate spatial data. The second paper describes the use of scientific visualization to generate a composite indicator of landscape stress (i.e., a robust metric that represents multiple integrated characteristics of landscape disturbance). Through a unique approach, the power of the human visual system was used to synthesize multiple attributes of the landscape in mean ranks of watershed stress. Participants in this study were consistently able to distinguish between sites, and they were generally in agreement on how to rank sites. The final paper describes the more traditional "lumped landscape" approach to indicator development and examines inherent scale properties of spatial data that may affect the generation of landscape indicators as well as the outcomes of statistical and GIS analyses in which they are used. In this study, grain (the finest level of resolution), extent (the area under consideration), and level of generalization in classification were systematically manipulated to determine effects of varying spatial scale properties on the generation of landscape metrics. Resolution of the data sets and differences between sites accounted for most of the variation in the landscape indicators generated. Together these three papers describe and demonstrate the important role that geographic techniques, in particular GIS coupled with statistical analysis and visualization can play in better understanding our environment. Title: The application of spatial data analysis and visualization in the development of landscape indicators to assess stream conditions Author: Buckley, Aileen R. The main theme of this research is the application of geographic techniques in a study involving environmental monitoring and analysis of the associations between landscape and in-stream characteristics in the Pacific Northwest. The geographic techniques used in this study include (1) geographic information systems (GIS) coupled with statistical analysis and (2) geographic visualization. The study area comprised 44 stream sampling sites and their respective watersheds in the Willamette River Basin of western Oregon. The first paper in this dissertation is a literature review of scientific visualization relative to the field of geography. Integrating more traditional techniques of cartographic lineage with new methods of geographic visualization, this chapter introduces terminology related to geographic visualization as well as a variety of methods for the visualization of multivariate spatial data. The second paper describes the use of scientific visualization to generate a composite indicator of landscape stress (i.e., a robust metric that represents multiple integrated characteristics of landscape disturbance). Through a unique approach, the power of the human visual system was used to synthesize multiple attributes of the landscape in mean ranks of watershed stress. Participants in this study were consistently able to distinguish between sites, and they were generally in agreement on how to rank sites. The final paper describes the more traditional "lumped landscape" approach to indicator development and examines inherent scale properties of spatial data that may affect the generation of landscape indicators as well as the outcomes of statistical and GIS analyses in which they are used. In this study, grain (the finest level of resolution), extent (the area under consideration), and level of generalization in classification were systematically manipulated to determine effects of varying spatial scale properties on the generation of landscape metrics. Resolution of the data sets and differences between sites accounted for most of the variation in the landscape indicators generated. Together these three papers describe and demonstrate the important role that geographic techniques, in particular GIS coupled with statistical analysis and visualization can play in better understanding our environment. Close

• 119. [Article] A Hydroecology Investigation of Two Incised Riparian Wet Meadows Relating Change in Vegetation Communities with Headcut Incision and Soil Properties, Ochoco Mountains, OR

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Hydroecology Investigation of Two Incised Riparian Wet Meadows Relating Change in Vegetation Communities with Headcut Incision and Soil Properties, Ochoco Mountains, OR Author: Sheahan, Jamie Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: A Hydroecology Investigation of Two Incised Riparian Wet Meadows Relating Change in Vegetation Communities with Headcut Incision and Soil Properties, Ochoco Mountains, OR Author: Sheahan, Jamie Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 120. [Article] Oregon's Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program : likely participation and recommendations for implementation

  This study used contingent valuation techniques to model the probability of participation in Oregon's CREP as a function of the incentive payment and a vector of socio-economic variables. Possible reasons ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon's Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program : likely participation and recommendations for implementation Author: Kingsbury, Leigh This study used contingent valuation techniques to model the probability of participation in Oregon's CREP as a function of the incentive payment and a vector of socio-economic variables. Possible reasons for non-participation were evaluated and landowner preferences for various program components were assessed. Recommendations for program improvement and implementation were made. A population of riparian landowners along 5 streams in Union County and 6 streams in Washington County was surveyed with a mail questionnaire. The overall response rate was 63.7% and data was analyzed from a total of 290 respondents who identified eligible land for Oregon's CREP. Separate willingness to participate models were estimated for irrigators and dry land operators. Statistical results indicate that although annual payment positively influences the participation decision in most instances, it is not a driving factor. Perception of an environmental issue appears to be the most significant factor contributing to participation for irrigators; the relationship is the same for non-irrigators but not significant. The cost-share available and concerns regarding neighboring landowner acceptance are factors contributing to participation decision of non-irrigators. Estimated mean willingness to accept for both of the counties appears to be at the high end of (or exceeds) the values currently being offered by the Farm Service Agency for dry land participants in Oregon's CREP. Estimates from an alternative model excluding "protest no's" appear to more closely reflect the annual payments currently being offered to the dry land riparian landowners. The non-participation decision is largely a matter of concern over restrictions at the end of the contract, flexibility to change land use as economic conditions warrant and a belief that riparian ecosystems can be restored with proper management. Results indicate that landowners are interested in special signing bonuses and moderately interested in leasing irrigation water to the State to increase in-stream flow. Recommendations for improving the program include increasing the flexibility, expanding the program to other land uses, clarifying the "end of contract" obligations, and changing the way the program is "sold" to potential landowners. Title: Oregon's Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program : likely participation and recommendations for implementation Author: Kingsbury, Leigh This study used contingent valuation techniques to model the probability of participation in Oregon's CREP as a function of the incentive payment and a vector of socio-economic variables. Possible reasons for non-participation were evaluated and landowner preferences for various program components were assessed. Recommendations for program improvement and implementation were made. A population of riparian landowners along 5 streams in Union County and 6 streams in Washington County was surveyed with a mail questionnaire. The overall response rate was 63.7% and data was analyzed from a total of 290 respondents who identified eligible land for Oregon's CREP. Separate willingness to participate models were estimated for irrigators and dry land operators. Statistical results indicate that although annual payment positively influences the participation decision in most instances, it is not a driving factor. Perception of an environmental issue appears to be the most significant factor contributing to participation for irrigators; the relationship is the same for non-irrigators but not significant. The cost-share available and concerns regarding neighboring landowner acceptance are factors contributing to participation decision of non-irrigators. Estimated mean willingness to accept for both of the counties appears to be at the high end of (or exceeds) the values currently being offered by the Farm Service Agency for dry land participants in Oregon's CREP. Estimates from an alternative model excluding "protest no's" appear to more closely reflect the annual payments currently being offered to the dry land riparian landowners. The non-participation decision is largely a matter of concern over restrictions at the end of the contract, flexibility to change land use as economic conditions warrant and a belief that riparian ecosystems can be restored with proper management. Results indicate that landowners are interested in special signing bonuses and moderately interested in leasing irrigation water to the State to increase in-stream flow. Recommendations for improving the program include increasing the flexibility, expanding the program to other land uses, clarifying the "end of contract" obligations, and changing the way the program is "sold" to potential landowners. Close

• 121. [Article] Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, report on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina, with report upon any proposition for cooperation by local interests

  An earlier request for dredging a channel in the Yaquina River from Yaquina to Toledo having been rejected by Congress, the citizens of the area formed a port district and raised funds to support dredging. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, report on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina, with report upon any proposition for cooperation by local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors An earlier request for dredging a channel in the Yaquina River from Yaquina to Toledo having been rejected by Congress, the citizens of the area formed a port district and raised funds to support dredging. In response to this effort, the Army Corps of Engineers recommended the project be undertaken, with most funding coming from the local community. Includes descriptions of the river, the communities and industries on its banks, an estimate of expenses, and outlines a proposed method for the dredging. Title: Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, report on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina River, Oreg., from Toledo to Yaquina, with report upon any proposition for cooperation by local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors An earlier request for dredging a channel in the Yaquina River from Yaquina to Toledo having been rejected by Congress, the citizens of the area formed a port district and raised funds to support dredging. In response to this effort, the Army Corps of Engineers recommended the project be undertaken, with most funding coming from the local community. Includes descriptions of the river, the communities and industries on its banks, an estimate of expenses, and outlines a proposed method for the dredging. Close

• 122. [Article] Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, reports on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg., including consideration of any proposition for cooperation of local interests

  The United States' declaration of war on Germany on April 6, 1917 imparted some urgency to harbor improvements. This document describes proposed projects at Yaquina Bay: to extend the south jetty, repair ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, reports on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg., including consideration of any proposition for cooperation of local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors The United States' declaration of war on Germany on April 6, 1917 imparted some urgency to harbor improvements. This document describes proposed projects at Yaquina Bay: to extend the south jetty, repair and extend the north jetty, construct a spur jetty and dredge the channel. The justification for these improvements is to provide access to area timber. Title: Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting, with a letter from the Chief of Engineers, reports on preliminary examination and survey of Yaquina Bar, Bay, and Harbor, Oreg., including consideration of any proposition for cooperation of local interests Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Rivers and Harbors The United States' declaration of war on Germany on April 6, 1917 imparted some urgency to harbor improvements. This document describes proposed projects at Yaquina Bay: to extend the south jetty, repair and extend the north jetty, construct a spur jetty and dredge the channel. The justification for these improvements is to provide access to area timber. Close

• 123. [Article] Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982

  Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Division, McGie, Alan M. Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted in response to concerns by fisheries managers and the public on the possible long-term effects of interbreeding wild and stray hatchery stocks in district streams." (p.2) Title: Spawning salmon surveys and straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Yaquina Bay in coastal watersheds of Oregon, 1982 Author: Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife. Fish Division, McGie, Alan M. Gives standard spawning data for salmon in Oregon and adds information "to document straying of private hatchery coho salmon from Oregon Aqua-Foods'(OAF) facility at Yaquina Bay. . . The program was conducted in response to concerns by fisheries managers and the public on the possible long-term effects of interbreeding wild and stray hatchery stocks in district streams." (p.2) Close

• 124. [Article] A Review of Fishery Management at Siltcoos Lake

  F-29-R-3 The intent of this report was to assemble widely scattered information relevant to the effective management of Siltcoos Lake fisheries. 2nd half of document consists of Physical/Biological stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Review of Fishery Management at Siltcoos Lake Author: Oregon State Game Commission, Saltzman, William O. F-29-R-3 The intent of this report was to assemble widely scattered information relevant to the effective management of Siltcoos Lake fisheries. 2nd half of document consists of Physical/Biological stream surveys conducted by the Oregon State Game Commission. Physical data consists of descriptions of the drainage basin, land use, climate, and limnology as well as other physical characteristics relevant to the lake. Biological data consists of fish collection records and growth studies, including numerous tables. Title: A Review of Fishery Management at Siltcoos Lake Author: Oregon State Game Commission, Saltzman, William O. F-29-R-3 The intent of this report was to assemble widely scattered information relevant to the effective management of Siltcoos Lake fisheries. 2nd half of document consists of Physical/Biological stream surveys conducted by the Oregon State Game Commission. Physical data consists of descriptions of the drainage basin, land use, climate, and limnology as well as other physical characteristics relevant to the lake. Biological data consists of fish collection records and growth studies, including numerous tables. Close

• 125. [Article] Sediment transport in streams in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon

  Prepared in cooperation with Douglas County

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sediment transport in streams in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon Author: Onions, C. A., Douglas County (Or.) Prepared in cooperation with Douglas County Title: Sediment transport in streams in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon Author: Onions, C. A., Douglas County (Or.) Prepared in cooperation with Douglas County Close

• 126. [Article] Response to Water Protection Rule changes in the Oregon Forest Practices Act : landowner/operator opinions and streamside conditions

  This study assessed implementation of the 1994 Water Protection Rules in the Oregon Forest Practices Act from the perspective of Rule users and post-harvest riparian conditions. A 1993 evaluation found ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Response to Water Protection Rule changes in the Oregon Forest Practices Act : landowner/operator opinions and streamside conditions Author: Hairston, Anne B. This study assessed implementation of the 1994 Water Protection Rules in the Oregon Forest Practices Act from the perspective of Rule users and post-harvest riparian conditions. A 1993 evaluation found that under the previous rules over half of riparian conifers were removed during harvest, prompting concerns about future sources of desirable instream woody debris. Twenty-four harvest sites throughout Oregon were assessed for riparian conditions after harvest, focusing on potential contribution of future large woody debris to streams relative to conditions at similar sites under prior rules. Industry foresters, logging operators, and nonindustrial private forest owners who had filed harvest notifications in Fall 1994 were sent questionnaires to determine the level of support for the Rules and related concerns. Return rate was 67 percent of 848 sent, yielding 403 usable surveys from people who had harvested. Personal interviews during visits to harvested sites supplemented the survey results. Most (61%) generally or strongly supported the Water Protection Rules, while 26 percent generally or strongly opposed the Rules. Of choices listed in the survey, those factors that most affected support, or lack of it, were: 1) flexibility of rules, 2) whether rules were backed by good science, and 3) lack of compensation or incentives. For nonindustrial owners, whether the rules take better care of the land (stewardship) was also an important factor. The policy options considered most effective for influencing private forest management were more favorable tax policies and compensation. Riparian condition measurements were compared to results from the 1993 Oregon Department of Forestry Riparian Rule Effectiveness Study. Significantly more conifers were left under the 1994 Rules than previously: 75% of preharvest conifers/l000 feet of stream was left in 1995 versus 35% in 1993 (p<0.01), and 68% of initial conifer basal acre (ft²/acre) was left in 1995 versus 27% in 1993 (p<0.01). For the 1995 data, an average of 50 percent of trees could fall directly into the stream, contributing debris over 8 inches diameter and 5 feet long. The number of snags left in the riparian areas in Western Oregon was higher in 1995 (p<0.01), but not east of the Cascade Mountains. Title: Response to Water Protection Rule changes in the Oregon Forest Practices Act : landowner/operator opinions and streamside conditions Author: Hairston, Anne B. This study assessed implementation of the 1994 Water Protection Rules in the Oregon Forest Practices Act from the perspective of Rule users and post-harvest riparian conditions. A 1993 evaluation found that under the previous rules over half of riparian conifers were removed during harvest, prompting concerns about future sources of desirable instream woody debris. Twenty-four harvest sites throughout Oregon were assessed for riparian conditions after harvest, focusing on potential contribution of future large woody debris to streams relative to conditions at similar sites under prior rules. Industry foresters, logging operators, and nonindustrial private forest owners who had filed harvest notifications in Fall 1994 were sent questionnaires to determine the level of support for the Rules and related concerns. Return rate was 67 percent of 848 sent, yielding 403 usable surveys from people who had harvested. Personal interviews during visits to harvested sites supplemented the survey results. Most (61%) generally or strongly supported the Water Protection Rules, while 26 percent generally or strongly opposed the Rules. Of choices listed in the survey, those factors that most affected support, or lack of it, were: 1) flexibility of rules, 2) whether rules were backed by good science, and 3) lack of compensation or incentives. For nonindustrial owners, whether the rules take better care of the land (stewardship) was also an important factor. The policy options considered most effective for influencing private forest management were more favorable tax policies and compensation. Riparian condition measurements were compared to results from the 1993 Oregon Department of Forestry Riparian Rule Effectiveness Study. Significantly more conifers were left under the 1994 Rules than previously: 75% of preharvest conifers/l000 feet of stream was left in 1995 versus 35% in 1993 (p<0.01), and 68% of initial conifer basal acre (ft²/acre) was left in 1995 versus 27% in 1993 (p<0.01). For the 1995 data, an average of 50 percent of trees could fall directly into the stream, contributing debris over 8 inches diameter and 5 feet long. The number of snags left in the riparian areas in Western Oregon was higher in 1995 (p<0.01), but not east of the Cascade Mountains. Close

• 127. [Article] Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District

  Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Author: Hickman, O. Eugene, Christy, John A., The Institute for Natural Resources Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon Title: Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Author: Hickman, O. Eugene, Christy, John A., The Institute for Natural Resources Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon Close

• 128. [Article] 60 years of avian community change in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Birds perform valuable ecological functions and are useful environmental indicators. Avian distributions and diversity are predicted to change over the next 50 years. Little information exists on the role ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 60 years of avian community change in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Curtis, Jenna Birds perform valuable ecological functions and are useful environmental indicators. Avian distributions and diversity are predicted to change over the next 50 years. Little information exists on the role of local and regional conditions in fluctuations of avian communities over time. Historic datasets present a legacy of information that helps to understand changes in avian community composition. This study utilizes a rare, highly detailed avian survey of sites in the Willamette Valley, Oregon from 1952 (Eddy 1953). Because they include counts for all species detected on each survey, these data are uniquely valuable to understanding how avian species assemblages in the Willamette Valley changed. I resurveyed sites in 2013 to quantify the nature and extent of avian community compositional change. I used aerial photographs and satellite imagery to quantify changes in land use and habitat cover between periods. I compared metrics of avian alpha, beta, and gamma diversity between survey periods on multiple spatial extents. I also tested for shifts in categorical species abundances. Data was ordinated along environmental gradients to determine important axes of change between historic and modern species assemblages. Nonparametric procedures identified indicator species for each survey era. Observed differences between historic and modern communities suggested substantial turnover; nearly 50% of species were replaced over 60 years. Species richness increased on both local and regional spatial extents. Modern avian communities tended towards bimodal, less even distributions of abundances. Ordination of survey sites in species space confirmed modern avian communities were different from their historic counterparts. However, sites underwent relatively little change in vegetation and land use cover between survey eras. Indicator species characterized changes in regional abundances as well as differences in survey methodologies between eras. I took additional steps to confirm discrepancies in site location, survey effort, and detection probabilities did not influence analyses. These results suggest avian species assemblages are naturally dynamic. Complex processes outside of local habitat characteristics may influence community composition. Additional factors, such as vegetation structure and composition should be considered when modeling future shifts in species assemblage. Despite uncertainties in methodology, the historic data in this research provided unique, valuable insight into long-term changes in avian communities. Title: 60 years of avian community change in the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Curtis, Jenna Birds perform valuable ecological functions and are useful environmental indicators. Avian distributions and diversity are predicted to change over the next 50 years. Little information exists on the role of local and regional conditions in fluctuations of avian communities over time. Historic datasets present a legacy of information that helps to understand changes in avian community composition. This study utilizes a rare, highly detailed avian survey of sites in the Willamette Valley, Oregon from 1952 (Eddy 1953). Because they include counts for all species detected on each survey, these data are uniquely valuable to understanding how avian species assemblages in the Willamette Valley changed. I resurveyed sites in 2013 to quantify the nature and extent of avian community compositional change. I used aerial photographs and satellite imagery to quantify changes in land use and habitat cover between periods. I compared metrics of avian alpha, beta, and gamma diversity between survey periods on multiple spatial extents. I also tested for shifts in categorical species abundances. Data was ordinated along environmental gradients to determine important axes of change between historic and modern species assemblages. Nonparametric procedures identified indicator species for each survey era. Observed differences between historic and modern communities suggested substantial turnover; nearly 50% of species were replaced over 60 years. Species richness increased on both local and regional spatial extents. Modern avian communities tended towards bimodal, less even distributions of abundances. Ordination of survey sites in species space confirmed modern avian communities were different from their historic counterparts. However, sites underwent relatively little change in vegetation and land use cover between survey eras. Indicator species characterized changes in regional abundances as well as differences in survey methodologies between eras. I took additional steps to confirm discrepancies in site location, survey effort, and detection probabilities did not influence analyses. These results suggest avian species assemblages are naturally dynamic. Complex processes outside of local habitat characteristics may influence community composition. Additional factors, such as vegetation structure and composition should be considered when modeling future shifts in species assemblage. Despite uncertainties in methodology, the historic data in this research provided unique, valuable insight into long-term changes in avian communities. Close

• 129. [Article] Comparison of methods to estimate population density of Pacific giant salamanders in small streams of the southern Oregon Cascades

  I compared hand sampling, two-pass multiple removal sampling, mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) at 22 sites in 11 streams ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparison of methods to estimate population density of Pacific giant salamanders in small streams of the southern Oregon Cascades Author: Leuthold, Niels C. I compared hand sampling, two-pass multiple removal sampling, mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) at 22 sites in 11 streams of Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates were not significantly different (p 0.86). Hand sampling and two-pass multiple removal population estimates were not significantly different (p = 0.57). However, mark-recapture and catchability-based estimates were significantly greater than two-pass multiple removal and hand sampling estimates. Hand sampling and multiple removal population estimates were frequently lower than the number of individual Pacific giant salamanders captured by all methods at a site. The catchability of each method differed between streams and within consecutive sites on the same stream. Unacknowledged differences in catchabilities among sites are a potential source of error when using hand-sampling index counts to estimate and compare populations without correcting the estimates for the differences in Pacific giant salamander catchability. Catchability decreased significantly between the first pass of electroshocking and the subsequent recapture pass of electroshocking. This decrease was observed even though the recapture passes were performed the day after the multiple removal electroshocking. A decrease in catchability violates the assumptions of constant catchability for multiple removal population estimates and potentially explains the weaker performance of removal estimates. Hand sampling estimates did not adjust for the proportion of the population captured at each site, and this is probably the cause of their poor performance. The presumption of constant catchability in hand sampling produced biases in the population estimates, because the catchabilities were not constant. In future studies of stream amphibian abundance, catchability needs to be included in population estimation procedures to produce accurate estimates and to allow valid comparisons of population sizes between sites. Catchability models can be used to calibrate less intensive survey methods, such as hand sampling or a single pass of electroshocking, with the results from more intensive mark-recapture methods. Intensive work would be needed to do the calibrations, but afterwards a standard, more convenient method, such as electroshocking or hand sampling, can be used within the ranges of habitat values for which the calibration model is valid. Title: Comparison of methods to estimate population density of Pacific giant salamanders in small streams of the southern Oregon Cascades Author: Leuthold, Niels C. I compared hand sampling, two-pass multiple removal sampling, mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates for the Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) at 22 sites in 11 streams of Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Mark-recapture and catchability-based population estimates were not significantly different (p 0.86). Hand sampling and two-pass multiple removal population estimates were not significantly different (p = 0.57). However, mark-recapture and catchability-based estimates were significantly greater than two-pass multiple removal and hand sampling estimates. Hand sampling and multiple removal population estimates were frequently lower than the number of individual Pacific giant salamanders captured by all methods at a site. The catchability of each method differed between streams and within consecutive sites on the same stream. Unacknowledged differences in catchabilities among sites are a potential source of error when using hand-sampling index counts to estimate and compare populations without correcting the estimates for the differences in Pacific giant salamander catchability. Catchability decreased significantly between the first pass of electroshocking and the subsequent recapture pass of electroshocking. This decrease was observed even though the recapture passes were performed the day after the multiple removal electroshocking. A decrease in catchability violates the assumptions of constant catchability for multiple removal population estimates and potentially explains the weaker performance of removal estimates. Hand sampling estimates did not adjust for the proportion of the population captured at each site, and this is probably the cause of their poor performance. The presumption of constant catchability in hand sampling produced biases in the population estimates, because the catchabilities were not constant. In future studies of stream amphibian abundance, catchability needs to be included in population estimation procedures to produce accurate estimates and to allow valid comparisons of population sizes between sites. Catchability models can be used to calibrate less intensive survey methods, such as hand sampling or a single pass of electroshocking, with the results from more intensive mark-recapture methods. Intensive work would be needed to do the calibrations, but afterwards a standard, more convenient method, such as electroshocking or hand sampling, can be used within the ranges of habitat values for which the calibration model is valid. Close

• 130. [Article] Interactions of cattle and chinook salmon

  Spring chinook salmon spawning occurs in late summer when it is common for cattle to be present in pastures that have streams where fish spawning occurs. This two-year study addressed three main objectives ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interactions of cattle and chinook salmon Author: Ballard, Teena M. Spring chinook salmon spawning occurs in late summer when it is common for cattle to be present in pastures that have streams where fish spawning occurs. This two-year study addressed three main objectives relative to behavioral interactions between cattle and spring chinook salmon during the spawning life history stage. These objectives were 1) to determine cattle distribution and behavior within the riparian pasture, 2) to determine if cattle disrupt the spawning behavior of salmon by their presence near the redd and 3) to determine the likelihood of a cow coming into direct contact with a redd. This study did not measure the changes in redd structure or egg survival if contacted by the cattle. The study area was a 41 hectare riparian pasture along an Eastern Oregon stream with cattle stocked at a rate of 0.82 ha/aum and spring chinook salmon spawning at densities of 4.6 redds per kilometer in 1996 and 6.1 redds per kilometer in 1997 in areas accessible to cattle. The pasture contained 2.6 kilometers of stream with approximately 50% of the 2.6 kilometers of stream excluded from cattle since 1978. From mid-August through early-September in each of the two years, cattle and salmon distribution and behavior were recorded every minute for two out of three four-hour periods per day. Cattle preferred the terrestrial habitats by spending 94% of their time in those habitats, approximately 5% in the gravel bar habitats, and <1.0% of their time in direct contact with the aquatic habitat. During the observations of active salmon redds, cattle were visible from the redd location an average of 12% of the time. While visible, cattle spent 96% of the time out of the stream and 84% of the time greater than 3 meters from the redds. There were no encounters of cattle contacting redds during the cattle distribution and behavior observations. However, during the 2 years of observations of the redds, out of 50 cows over the 56 days in the pasture a redd was contacted two different times. This calculates into <0.01% of the time that cattle contacted redds. Spawning activities were not equally distributed, resting in the redd was the dominant activity and spawning was one of the least frequent activities. The majority (83%) of the time spent by salmon spawning, constructing the redd and burying the eggs laid in the redd occurred within the first 2 days of occupying each redd. Salmon continued preexisting patterns of behavior while cattle were within visible range of a redd. When cattle were present, salmon spent 64% of their time resting in the redd and 26% of their time under cover. This pattern of salmon behavior was consistent with spawning season averages where 45% of the time was spent resting in the redd and 30% of the time was spent under cover. The salmon carcasses surveyed in the study area were 100% spawned in both 1996 and 1997 indicating egg loss from retention due to harassment by cattle was not a problem. Cattle were rarely close to a redd so consequently, there was very little opportunity for cattle to interact with salmon or step on redds. Likewise, there was little chance for salmon to change their behavior in response to the presence of cattle. Title: Interactions of cattle and chinook salmon Author: Ballard, Teena M. Spring chinook salmon spawning occurs in late summer when it is common for cattle to be present in pastures that have streams where fish spawning occurs. This two-year study addressed three main objectives relative to behavioral interactions between cattle and spring chinook salmon during the spawning life history stage. These objectives were 1) to determine cattle distribution and behavior within the riparian pasture, 2) to determine if cattle disrupt the spawning behavior of salmon by their presence near the redd and 3) to determine the likelihood of a cow coming into direct contact with a redd. This study did not measure the changes in redd structure or egg survival if contacted by the cattle. The study area was a 41 hectare riparian pasture along an Eastern Oregon stream with cattle stocked at a rate of 0.82 ha/aum and spring chinook salmon spawning at densities of 4.6 redds per kilometer in 1996 and 6.1 redds per kilometer in 1997 in areas accessible to cattle. The pasture contained 2.6 kilometers of stream with approximately 50% of the 2.6 kilometers of stream excluded from cattle since 1978. From mid-August through early-September in each of the two years, cattle and salmon distribution and behavior were recorded every minute for two out of three four-hour periods per day. Cattle preferred the terrestrial habitats by spending 94% of their time in those habitats, approximately 5% in the gravel bar habitats, and <1.0% of their time in direct contact with the aquatic habitat. During the observations of active salmon redds, cattle were visible from the redd location an average of 12% of the time. While visible, cattle spent 96% of the time out of the stream and 84% of the time greater than 3 meters from the redds. There were no encounters of cattle contacting redds during the cattle distribution and behavior observations. However, during the 2 years of observations of the redds, out of 50 cows over the 56 days in the pasture a redd was contacted two different times. This calculates into <0.01% of the time that cattle contacted redds. Spawning activities were not equally distributed, resting in the redd was the dominant activity and spawning was one of the least frequent activities. The majority (83%) of the time spent by salmon spawning, constructing the redd and burying the eggs laid in the redd occurred within the first 2 days of occupying each redd. Salmon continued preexisting patterns of behavior while cattle were within visible range of a redd. When cattle were present, salmon spent 64% of their time resting in the redd and 26% of their time under cover. This pattern of salmon behavior was consistent with spawning season averages where 45% of the time was spent resting in the redd and 30% of the time was spent under cover. The salmon carcasses surveyed in the study area were 100% spawned in both 1996 and 1997 indicating egg loss from retention due to harassment by cattle was not a problem. Cattle were rarely close to a redd so consequently, there was very little opportunity for cattle to interact with salmon or step on redds. Likewise, there was little chance for salmon to change their behavior in response to the presence of cattle. Close

• 131. [Article] Ecological study of aquatic myxobacteria in a woodland stream

  Most studies of bacteria in water have concerned public health; little attention has been given to organisms which are indigenous to the aquatic environment. Myxobacteria are known to occur in soil, in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecological study of aquatic myxobacteria in a woodland stream Author: Carlson, René Virginia Most studies of bacteria in water have concerned public health; little attention has been given to organisms which are indigenous to the aquatic environment. Myxobacteria are known to occur in soil, in the marine environment, and several have been studied in relation to diseases of salmonid fishes. However, little information is available regarding the role of myxobacteria in the freshwater environment. The major purpose of this research was to obtain data on the occurrence, distribution, and activities of aquatic myxobacteria in a woodland stream. As a preliminary step for studying the ecology of myxobacteria in the freshwater stream, a culture medium and procedure were developed to provide a means for isolation and enumeration of these organisms. Enumeration of myxobacteria was based on the morphology of the colonies growing on the dilute nutrient medium, cytophaga peptonized milk agar (CPM). The low nutrient concentration of this medium favored spreading of the myxobacterial colony and the production of rhizoid edge patterns which are typical of myxobacteria and distinguishable from eubacterial colonies. The enumeration method was used to obtain data on the occurrence and distribution of myxobacteria as compared to the total bacteria population in Berry Creek. Results of the ecological study conducted over a two and a half year period indicate that myxobacteria are present in this aquatic environment all during the year with highest levels obtained in the fall (October and November) and lowest levels during the summer (July and August). Seasonal variations also occurred in the types of myxobacteria comprising the population of the stream. It is interesting to note that peaks in the myxobacterial and the total bacterial populations occurred in advance of the peak in flow rate. Water temperature and flow rate did not seem to influence the population levels as might be expected if the myxobacteria were transient members of the microbial flora. Additional surveys have shown that the myxobacteria are widespread in fresh water; they have been found in abundance in bottom sediments and surface films as well as in the flowing waters. Myxobacteria also appear to be well adapted to the aquatic environment. It was shown that they are able to utilize the dilute nutrients present in water for their growth. In an attempt to determine the possible role myxobacteria play in the aquatic environment, the predominant myxobacterial types were isolated and studied morphologically and biochemically. All the organisms studied corresponded to the classical definition of myxobacterial cells: gram negative, slender, weakly refractile rodshaped bacteria which exhibit gliding motility. Colony morphology of these myxobacteria plated on CPM has been studied in detail and found to be a constant characteristic of the particular type of myxobacteria isolate. Photographs of several of the predominant forms present in the stream samples illustrate the distinguishable morphology of the myxobacterial colonies. Six morphological groups have been arbitrarily designated on the basis of colony morphology; these morphological groups also show similarities in their biochemical capabilities. Biochemical studies on the myxobacterial isolates indicated that most of the strains were able to utilize simple carbohydrates. All of the isolates were capable of degrading various macromolecules, such as chitin, starch, aesculin, caesin, gelatin, and carboxy methyl cellulose. One of the isolates obtained was strictly proteolytic. The ability to hydrolyze macromolecules appears to be characteristic of aquatic isolates as well as of other myxobacteria. One myxobacterium isolated was believed to be intimately associated with the sheathed bacterium, Sphaerotilus natans. The latter organism was abundant in the sucrose and urea enriched section of Berry Creek. This myxobacterium could not utilize sucrose or urea and occurred only in the enriched section of the stream when Sphaerotilus was present. The fish pathogen, Chondrococcus columnaris was also isolated from Berry Creek water. This myxobacterium can be distinguished from the other aquatic myxobacteria on the basis of its unique colony morphology. This strain of C. columnaris proved to be one of the common serological types found in the Pacific Northwest. Based on the results obtained thus far, it is possible to speculate on the role of myxobacteria in the freshwater environment. All of the myxobacteria isolated in this study are capable of decomposing complex materials, it seems likely therefore, that these organisms may be active in the decomposition of such complex organic compounds, including the remains of other bacterial cells, which are present in the aquatic habitat. Since the isolates studied are also able to utilize the nutrients present at low levels in the stream water, these myxobacteria are not dependent on macromolecular substrates. Myxobacteria with these abilities are apparently well adapted to the aquatic environment. Title: Ecological study of aquatic myxobacteria in a woodland stream Author: Carlson, René Virginia Most studies of bacteria in water have concerned public health; little attention has been given to organisms which are indigenous to the aquatic environment. Myxobacteria are known to occur in soil, in the marine environment, and several have been studied in relation to diseases of salmonid fishes. However, little information is available regarding the role of myxobacteria in the freshwater environment. The major purpose of this research was to obtain data on the occurrence, distribution, and activities of aquatic myxobacteria in a woodland stream. As a preliminary step for studying the ecology of myxobacteria in the freshwater stream, a culture medium and procedure were developed to provide a means for isolation and enumeration of these organisms. Enumeration of myxobacteria was based on the morphology of the colonies growing on the dilute nutrient medium, cytophaga peptonized milk agar (CPM). The low nutrient concentration of this medium favored spreading of the myxobacterial colony and the production of rhizoid edge patterns which are typical of myxobacteria and distinguishable from eubacterial colonies. The enumeration method was used to obtain data on the occurrence and distribution of myxobacteria as compared to the total bacteria population in Berry Creek. Results of the ecological study conducted over a two and a half year period indicate that myxobacteria are present in this aquatic environment all during the year with highest levels obtained in the fall (October and November) and lowest levels during the summer (July and August). Seasonal variations also occurred in the types of myxobacteria comprising the population of the stream. It is interesting to note that peaks in the myxobacterial and the total bacterial populations occurred in advance of the peak in flow rate. Water temperature and flow rate did not seem to influence the population levels as might be expected if the myxobacteria were transient members of the microbial flora. Additional surveys have shown that the myxobacteria are widespread in fresh water; they have been found in abundance in bottom sediments and surface films as well as in the flowing waters. Myxobacteria also appear to be well adapted to the aquatic environment. It was shown that they are able to utilize the dilute nutrients present in water for their growth. In an attempt to determine the possible role myxobacteria play in the aquatic environment, the predominant myxobacterial types were isolated and studied morphologically and biochemically. All the organisms studied corresponded to the classical definition of myxobacterial cells: gram negative, slender, weakly refractile rodshaped bacteria which exhibit gliding motility. Colony morphology of these myxobacteria plated on CPM has been studied in detail and found to be a constant characteristic of the particular type of myxobacteria isolate. Photographs of several of the predominant forms present in the stream samples illustrate the distinguishable morphology of the myxobacterial colonies. Six morphological groups have been arbitrarily designated on the basis of colony morphology; these morphological groups also show similarities in their biochemical capabilities. Biochemical studies on the myxobacterial isolates indicated that most of the strains were able to utilize simple carbohydrates. All of the isolates were capable of degrading various macromolecules, such as chitin, starch, aesculin, caesin, gelatin, and carboxy methyl cellulose. One of the isolates obtained was strictly proteolytic. The ability to hydrolyze macromolecules appears to be characteristic of aquatic isolates as well as of other myxobacteria. One myxobacterium isolated was believed to be intimately associated with the sheathed bacterium, Sphaerotilus natans. The latter organism was abundant in the sucrose and urea enriched section of Berry Creek. This myxobacterium could not utilize sucrose or urea and occurred only in the enriched section of the stream when Sphaerotilus was present. The fish pathogen, Chondrococcus columnaris was also isolated from Berry Creek water. This myxobacterium can be distinguished from the other aquatic myxobacteria on the basis of its unique colony morphology. This strain of C. columnaris proved to be one of the common serological types found in the Pacific Northwest. Based on the results obtained thus far, it is possible to speculate on the role of myxobacteria in the freshwater environment. All of the myxobacteria isolated in this study are capable of decomposing complex materials, it seems likely therefore, that these organisms may be active in the decomposition of such complex organic compounds, including the remains of other bacterial cells, which are present in the aquatic habitat. Since the isolates studied are also able to utilize the nutrients present at low levels in the stream water, these myxobacteria are not dependent on macromolecular substrates. Myxobacteria with these abilities are apparently well adapted to the aquatic environment. Close

• 132. [Article] Thermal controls of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and invasive fishes under climate change

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http:...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermal controls of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and invasive fishes under climate change Author: Hostetler, Steven, Gresswell, Robert, Alder, Jay R., Shepard, Bradley, Al-Chokhachy, Robert To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Title: Thermal controls of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and invasive fishes under climate change Author: Hostetler, Steven, Gresswell, Robert, Alder, Jay R., Shepard, Bradley, Al-Chokhachy, Robert To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. The published article is copyrighted by Wiley-Blackwell and can be found at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/. Close

• 133. [Article] Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon

  The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon Author: Sims, Laura L. The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch's Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis. In the initial systematic survey of Phytophthora species, 1190 individual Phytophthora isolates were recovered but were of many different species. In the survey of alder roots, P. alni subsp. uniformis was one of the species recovered from necrotic red alder roots, but overall incidence was low; it was isolated four times. From the evaluation of Koch's postulates, Phytophthora canker of alder in the western United States was described, and is a bole canker caused by Phytophthora. Phytophthora canker of alder was only found caused by P. siskiyouensis in nature, and it was isolated 74 times. Isolation was mainly from bole cankers and diseased roots on red and white alder, and from water and alder leaf debris floating in the stream. The most abundant Phytophthora species associated with red alder is an informally described species P. taxon Oaksoil, which appears to be a relatively benign aquatic saprotroph of alder leaf debris. Canopy dieback was more prevalent in riparian alder trees from transects with P. siskiyouensis than from transects with P. taxon Oaksoil but without P. siskiyouensis (70% and 35%, respectively). The informally described P. taxon Oaksoil from western Oregon is formally described here as P. obrutafolium sp. nov., closely related to P. bilorbang from western Australia, and P. taxon Oaksoil ss from an oak forest in France. In summary, other agents besides Phytophthora can damage alder trees in western Oregon. Many Phytophthora species associate with alder in western Oregon but not all of them are important damaging agents of alder. However, Phytophthora canker of alder is widespread in western Oregon. In the United States, Phytophthora canker of alder has only been found to be caused by P. siskiyouensis. Title: Phytophthora species and riparian alder tree damage in western Oregon Author: Sims, Laura L. The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch's Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis. In the initial systematic survey of Phytophthora species, 1190 individual Phytophthora isolates were recovered but were of many different species. In the survey of alder roots, P. alni subsp. uniformis was one of the species recovered from necrotic red alder roots, but overall incidence was low; it was isolated four times. From the evaluation of Koch's postulates, Phytophthora canker of alder in the western United States was described, and is a bole canker caused by Phytophthora. Phytophthora canker of alder was only found caused by P. siskiyouensis in nature, and it was isolated 74 times. Isolation was mainly from bole cankers and diseased roots on red and white alder, and from water and alder leaf debris floating in the stream. The most abundant Phytophthora species associated with red alder is an informally described species P. taxon Oaksoil, which appears to be a relatively benign aquatic saprotroph of alder leaf debris. Canopy dieback was more prevalent in riparian alder trees from transects with P. siskiyouensis than from transects with P. taxon Oaksoil but without P. siskiyouensis (70% and 35%, respectively). The informally described P. taxon Oaksoil from western Oregon is formally described here as P. obrutafolium sp. nov., closely related to P. bilorbang from western Australia, and P. taxon Oaksoil ss from an oak forest in France. In summary, other agents besides Phytophthora can damage alder trees in western Oregon. Many Phytophthora species associate with alder in western Oregon but not all of them are important damaging agents of alder. However, Phytophthora canker of alder is widespread in western Oregon. In the United States, Phytophthora canker of alder has only been found to be caused by P. siskiyouensis. Close

• 134. [Article] Jake Place Spring Symposium Presentation - Danielle Reynolds

  Many western river systems have become degraded or incised over time due to grazing, agriculture, impoundments, and extermination of beaver. Restoration efforts are looking to more natural solutions aimed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jake Place Spring Symposium Presentation - Danielle Reynolds Author: Reynolds, Danielle Many western river systems have become degraded or incised over time due to grazing, agriculture, impoundments, and extermination of beaver. Restoration efforts are looking to more natural solutions aimed at reconnecting streams to their original floodplain. Beavers were the original ecosystem engineers in Northwest America. They built dams, which held back water and sediment forcing stream channels in various directions, thus providing a mechanism for heterogeneity of fluvial processes and fish habitat. Restoration ecologists are looking to the beaver dam as a multifunctional tool aimed at reversing the anthropogenic effects of stream degradation. Baseline research was conducted at the Jake Place to provide important data and determine locations for beaver dam analogues. Important fluvial parameters such as pool to riffle ratios, historic floodplain areas and stream gradients were gathered for comparison after beaver dams were constructed. Five artificially installed beaver dam analogues were constructed in 2016 on the South Fork of the Crooked River. Dam porosity diminished in the weeks following installation, likely due to holes filling with aquatic vegetation, meaning fish passage may have to occur over or around the structures or during high flows. Following the 2017 spring flood event, two of the five beaver dam analogues had withstood the high flows and are functioning well, the other three dams did not withstand the event. Future work will include measuring sediment aggradation, success of riparian plantings, beaver activity, geomorphology, and fish passage. Title: Jake Place Spring Symposium Presentation - Danielle Reynolds Author: Reynolds, Danielle Many western river systems have become degraded or incised over time due to grazing, agriculture, impoundments, and extermination of beaver. Restoration efforts are looking to more natural solutions aimed at reconnecting streams to their original floodplain. Beavers were the original ecosystem engineers in Northwest America. They built dams, which held back water and sediment forcing stream channels in various directions, thus providing a mechanism for heterogeneity of fluvial processes and fish habitat. Restoration ecologists are looking to the beaver dam as a multifunctional tool aimed at reversing the anthropogenic effects of stream degradation. Baseline research was conducted at the Jake Place to provide important data and determine locations for beaver dam analogues. Important fluvial parameters such as pool to riffle ratios, historic floodplain areas and stream gradients were gathered for comparison after beaver dams were constructed. Five artificially installed beaver dam analogues were constructed in 2016 on the South Fork of the Crooked River. Dam porosity diminished in the weeks following installation, likely due to holes filling with aquatic vegetation, meaning fish passage may have to occur over or around the structures or during high flows. Following the 2017 spring flood event, two of the five beaver dam analogues had withstood the high flows and are functioning well, the other three dams did not withstand the event. Future work will include measuring sediment aggradation, success of riparian plantings, beaver activity, geomorphology, and fish passage. Close

• 135. [Article] Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data

  To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data Author: Dunham, J. B., Arismendi, I., Johnson, S. L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/index.html. Title: Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data Author: Dunham, J. B., Arismendi, I., Johnson, S. L. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The published article can be found at: http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/index.html. Close

• 136. [Article] Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1974

  Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1974 Author: Berry, Richard L., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts. Title: Spawning fish surveys in coastal watersheds, 1974 Author: Berry, Richard L., Oregon. Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Spawning fall Chinook and coho salmon were counted. Statistics give historic counts. Close

• 137. [Article] Homeowner Association Resident’s Perceptions on Stormwater Retention Ponds and Clean Drinking Water: (Montgomery West Homeowners Association (MWHOA) Gaithersburg, Maryland).

  Graduation date: 2015

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Homeowner Association Resident’s Perceptions on Stormwater Retention Ponds and Clean Drinking Water: (Montgomery West Homeowners Association (MWHOA) Gaithersburg, Maryland). Author: Roberts, William Hadyn Jr Graduation date: 2015 Title: Homeowner Association Resident’s Perceptions on Stormwater Retention Ponds and Clean Drinking Water: (Montgomery West Homeowners Association (MWHOA) Gaithersburg, Maryland). Author: Roberts, William Hadyn Jr Graduation date: 2015 Close

• 138. [Article] Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon

  Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon Author: Burnett, Kelly M. Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population persistence is likely to derive from longer-term, multi-scale studies. Relationships were examined among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics throughout the Elk River, Oregon over 7 years at multiple spatial scales. Ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), coastal cutthroat trout (0. clarki) and winter-run steelhead (0. mykiss) comprised the salmonid assemblage. Habitat selection was quantified at stream system, valley segment, and channel unit scales by selection ratios estimated with bootstrapping methods. Unconstrained valleys in tributaries and pools in the mainstem were typically selected by each species except steelhead, which often avoided these. Valley segment types generally did not differ for characteristics routinely assessed in stream surveys. Thus, fish probably perceived other biotic or abiotic differences among valley segment types. Evidence suggested competition may have influenced selection by coho and chinook salmon. Discriminant analysis indicated that level of use by juvenile chinook salmon appeared related to valley segment type and spatial position. Unconstrained valleys, nearby valley segments, and valley segments with larger, deeper pools, containing more wood were most highly used by chinook salmon. Mean volume and maximum depth of pools were each directly related to catchment area, which explained more variation than landscape characteristics summarized at any of five spatial scales. At each scale except the most spatially extensive, wood density in valley segments was negatively related to the percent area in resistant rock types and positively related to the percent area in mature to old forests. The most variation was explained with these landscape variables summarized at an intermediate spatial scale (i.e., sub-catchment). Although spatial scales appeared similar in processes affecting wood density, finer scales omitted key source areas for wood delivery, and coarser scales included source areas less tightly coupled to wood dynamics in surveyed channels. If only 1 or 2 years of data or one spatial scale had been examined, as commonly occurs, conclusions may have differed substantially from those in this study. Title: Relationships among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics over multiple years and spatial scales in the Elk River, Oregon Author: Burnett, Kelly M. Research on the distribution of juvenile salmonids in streams has been dominated by studies examining small areas over short periods. However, information relevant to freshwater influences on population persistence is likely to derive from longer-term, multi-scale studies. Relationships were examined among juvenile anadromous salmonids, their freshwater habitat, and landscape characteristics throughout the Elk River, Oregon over 7 years at multiple spatial scales. Ocean-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), coastal cutthroat trout (0. clarki) and winter-run steelhead (0. mykiss) comprised the salmonid assemblage. Habitat selection was quantified at stream system, valley segment, and channel unit scales by selection ratios estimated with bootstrapping methods. Unconstrained valleys in tributaries and pools in the mainstem were typically selected by each species except steelhead, which often avoided these. Valley segment types generally did not differ for characteristics routinely assessed in stream surveys. Thus, fish probably perceived other biotic or abiotic differences among valley segment types. Evidence suggested competition may have influenced selection by coho and chinook salmon. Discriminant analysis indicated that level of use by juvenile chinook salmon appeared related to valley segment type and spatial position. Unconstrained valleys, nearby valley segments, and valley segments with larger, deeper pools, containing more wood were most highly used by chinook salmon. Mean volume and maximum depth of pools were each directly related to catchment area, which explained more variation than landscape characteristics summarized at any of five spatial scales. At each scale except the most spatially extensive, wood density in valley segments was negatively related to the percent area in resistant rock types and positively related to the percent area in mature to old forests. The most variation was explained with these landscape variables summarized at an intermediate spatial scale (i.e., sub-catchment). Although spatial scales appeared similar in processes affecting wood density, finer scales omitted key source areas for wood delivery, and coarser scales included source areas less tightly coupled to wood dynamics in surveyed channels. If only 1 or 2 years of data or one spatial scale had been examined, as commonly occurs, conclusions may have differed substantially from those in this study. Close

• 139. [Article] Native Oregon plants

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native Oregon plants Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Native Oregon plants Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 140. [Article] Farm life

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm life Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Farm life Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 141. [Article] Miscellaneous

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Miscellaneous Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Miscellaneous Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 142. [Article] Oregon firsts

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon firsts Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon firsts Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 143. [Article] Oregon marine history : number 1

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon marine history : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon marine history : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 144. [Article] Oregon marine history : number two

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon marine history : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon marine history : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 145. [Article] Beaver state money : number two

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver state money : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Beaver state money : number two Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 146. [Article] Questions and answers

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Questions and answers Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Questions and answers Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 147. [Article] Trees -- Oregana

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trees -- Oregana Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Trees -- Oregana Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 148. [Article] Freak Laws

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Freak Laws Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Freak Laws Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 149. [Article] About prehistoric Oregon

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: About prehistoric Oregon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: About prehistoric Oregon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 150. [Article] Odd place names & their origin

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Odd place names & their origin Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Odd place names & their origin Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 151. [Article] Transportation

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transportation Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Transportation Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 152. [Article] Stock brands

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stock brands Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Stock brands Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 153. [Article] Oregon oddities radio series

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon oddities radio series Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Oregon oddities radio series Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 154. [Article] Pioneer days and ways

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pioneer days and ways Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Pioneer days and ways Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 155. [Article] Mining legends

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mining legends Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Mining legends Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 156. [Article] Cowboy talk

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cowboy talk Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Cowboy talk Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 157. [Article] Beaver state money : number 1

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver state money : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Beaver state money : number 1 Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 158. [Article] Loggers' jargon

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Loggers' jargon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Loggers' jargon Author: Oregon Historical Records Survey, Oregon Federal Writers' Project Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 159. [Article] Old times with Lane county pioneers

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Old times with Lane county pioneers Author: Historical Records Survey (Or.) Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Old times with Lane county pioneers Author: Historical Records Survey (Or.) Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 160. [Article] Tsunami Digital Library Needs Assessment: Final Report to Oregon State University Libraries and the Northwest Alliance for Computational Science & Engineering

  This report was part of Lehman's work towards a MLIS degree at the Information School, University of Washington.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tsunami Digital Library Needs Assessment: Final Report to Oregon State University Libraries and the Northwest Alliance for Computational Science & Engineering Author: Webster, Janet G., Lehman, Heather This report was part of Lehman's work towards a MLIS degree at the Information School, University of Washington. Title: Tsunami Digital Library Needs Assessment: Final Report to Oregon State University Libraries and the Northwest Alliance for Computational Science & Engineering Author: Webster, Janet G., Lehman, Heather This report was part of Lehman's work towards a MLIS degree at the Information School, University of Washington. Close

• 161. [Article] Detection of burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery, Oregon : a comparison of ground-based remote sensing methods

  This project hypothesizes that the use of multiple ground-based remote sensing methods can collectively characterize the geophysical signatures of four marked human burials at the Confederated Tribes of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Detection of burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery, Oregon : a comparison of ground-based remote sensing methods Author: Rogers, Michael This project hypothesizes that the use of multiple ground-based remote sensing methods can collectively characterize the geophysical signatures of four marked human burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery. If the geophysical signatures of the marked burials can be characterized, these signatures may be used to located unmarked burials within the Siletz cemetery. To investigate this hypothesis, several research questions focused on the results from topographic, cesium gradiometer, and ground-penetrating radar surveys. A 15m x 15m region of the cemetery containing four marked burials defines the survey region. The results of each survey were individually and collectively examined to identify the characteristic geophysical signatures of the four marked burials. The topographic and magnetic surveys identified geophysical anomalies spatially associated with the some of the marked burials. The ground-penetrating radar survey was the most productive by identifying geophysical anomalies spatially associated with all four marked burials. Even though signals from the burials appeared with mixed results, it proved difficult to characterize the geophysical signatures of the burials in the individual and collective geophysical data. Without a characterization of the geophysical signature of the marked burials, it is difficult to identify unmarked burials at the Siletz cemetery. Due to the success of the radar at "seeing" all four marked burials it may be possible to identify areas free of unmarked burials. Title: Detection of burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery, Oregon : a comparison of ground-based remote sensing methods Author: Rogers, Michael This project hypothesizes that the use of multiple ground-based remote sensing methods can collectively characterize the geophysical signatures of four marked human burials at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians historic period cemetery. If the geophysical signatures of the marked burials can be characterized, these signatures may be used to located unmarked burials within the Siletz cemetery. To investigate this hypothesis, several research questions focused on the results from topographic, cesium gradiometer, and ground-penetrating radar surveys. A 15m x 15m region of the cemetery containing four marked burials defines the survey region. The results of each survey were individually and collectively examined to identify the characteristic geophysical signatures of the four marked burials. The topographic and magnetic surveys identified geophysical anomalies spatially associated with the some of the marked burials. The ground-penetrating radar survey was the most productive by identifying geophysical anomalies spatially associated with all four marked burials. Even though signals from the burials appeared with mixed results, it proved difficult to characterize the geophysical signatures of the burials in the individual and collective geophysical data. Without a characterization of the geophysical signature of the marked burials, it is difficult to identify unmarked burials at the Siletz cemetery. Due to the success of the radar at "seeing" all four marked burials it may be possible to identify areas free of unmarked burials. Close

• 162. [Article] Abundance, habitat association, and foraging ecology of American dippers and other riparian-associated wildlife in the Oregon Coast Range

  To quantify the distribution and abundance of the riparian-associated vertebrate community, I surveyed streams in four basins in the Oregon Coast Range, 1992-1994. I observed mostly birds with fewer observations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Abundance, habitat association, and foraging ecology of American dippers and other riparian-associated wildlife in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Loegering, John P., 1964- To quantify the distribution and abundance of the riparian-associated vertebrate community, I surveyed streams in four basins in the Oregon Coast Range, 1992-1994. I observed mostly birds with fewer observations of mammals. Belted Kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon), American Dippers (Cinclus mexicanus), Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias), and Mallards (Anus plalyrhynchos) comprised >85% of these observations, but no one species was abundant. Abundance of each species was affected by stream order, basin, and season, but to varying degrees. Dippers and kingfishers selected channel unit habitats disproportionately to their availability. Key habitat components that were predictive of use were species specific. Riparian forests and streamside trees were important predictors of use by the three most abundant species; dippers, kingfishers, and herons. Second, I studied nest-site selection of dippers. Dippers selected nest sites based primarily on micro-habitat characteristics. Reproductive success was high and not associated with any habitat or parental foraging behavior. Suitable nest sites provided a physical space to place the nest, were above the upper flood line and inaccessible to ground predators, and were very near or extended over the stream's edge. Within the context of mountain streams, dippers exhibited flexibility in their nest-site selection. Dippers used experimentally-created nest sites, doubling the population on a 10-km reach. Dipper populations appeared to be limited by the availability of suitable nest sites. Third, I studied foraging ecology of dippers by observing prey delivered to nestlings. Dippers fed nestlings a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate prey. Prey was mostly aquatic and composed primarily of mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, fish, and adult insects. Younger chicks were fed smaller prey and more mayflies than older chicks. Older chicks were fed larger prey and more caddisflies and fish than younger chicks. Mayflies, stoneflies, and fish were fed more often to nestlings during the first than the second brood-rearing seasons. The caloric content of prey delivered by males and females was similar. However, males delivered more, smaller prey items than females, and this was most pronounced when the females were brooding young chicks. Title: Abundance, habitat association, and foraging ecology of American dippers and other riparian-associated wildlife in the Oregon Coast Range Author: Loegering, John P., 1964- To quantify the distribution and abundance of the riparian-associated vertebrate community, I surveyed streams in four basins in the Oregon Coast Range, 1992-1994. I observed mostly birds with fewer observations of mammals. Belted Kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon), American Dippers (Cinclus mexicanus), Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias), and Mallards (Anus plalyrhynchos) comprised >85% of these observations, but no one species was abundant. Abundance of each species was affected by stream order, basin, and season, but to varying degrees. Dippers and kingfishers selected channel unit habitats disproportionately to their availability. Key habitat components that were predictive of use were species specific. Riparian forests and streamside trees were important predictors of use by the three most abundant species; dippers, kingfishers, and herons. Second, I studied nest-site selection of dippers. Dippers selected nest sites based primarily on micro-habitat characteristics. Reproductive success was high and not associated with any habitat or parental foraging behavior. Suitable nest sites provided a physical space to place the nest, were above the upper flood line and inaccessible to ground predators, and were very near or extended over the stream's edge. Within the context of mountain streams, dippers exhibited flexibility in their nest-site selection. Dippers used experimentally-created nest sites, doubling the population on a 10-km reach. Dipper populations appeared to be limited by the availability of suitable nest sites. Third, I studied foraging ecology of dippers by observing prey delivered to nestlings. Dippers fed nestlings a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate prey. Prey was mostly aquatic and composed primarily of mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, fish, and adult insects. Younger chicks were fed smaller prey and more mayflies than older chicks. Older chicks were fed larger prey and more caddisflies and fish than younger chicks. Mayflies, stoneflies, and fish were fed more often to nestlings during the first than the second brood-rearing seasons. The caloric content of prey delivered by males and females was similar. However, males delivered more, smaller prey items than females, and this was most pronounced when the females were brooding young chicks. Close

• 163. [Article] The association of epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes with riparian stand types along a valley continuum, Oregon Coast Range

  I surveyed epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes in six stands in each of seven riparian stand types in the Oregon Coast Range. This study (Chapter 2) describes the association of epiphytes with stand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The association of epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes with riparian stand types along a valley continuum, Oregon Coast Range Author: Ruchty, Andrea M. I surveyed epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes in six stands in each of seven riparian stand types in the Oregon Coast Range. This study (Chapter 2) describes the association of epiphytes with stand types and the corresponding potential of forest canopy conversions to affect epiphyte communities. Species composition, diversity, and representation of functional groups differed among stand types. Epiphyte communities changed along a valley continuum, from higher elevation, older, conifer-dominated stands along constrained stream reaches bounded closely by slopes, to lower elevation, hardwood-dominated stands on broad floodplains along unconstrained rivers or streams. Epiphyte communities also appear to be affected by bark pH. We conclude that riparian canopy conversions in the Oregon Coast Range have great potential to affect epiphyte communities. A transplant study (Chapter 3) examined whether canopy environment is important in determining associations between lichen species and canopy type in Oregon Coast Range riparian forests. The growth of four lichen species was compared beneath three canopy types. If canopy environment is important in determining the distribution of individual transplant species, then transplant species should show growth response patterns under the different canopy treatments that correspond to their known habitat preferences. We found that the survival, health and growth of individual transplant species did not differ by canopy type, though, as a group, lichen transplants were less healthy and did not survive as often under bigleaf maple canopies. Hypogymnia inactiva grew less well and was less healthy than the other three lichen species, though its survival rate was similar to that of the other transplant species. Chapter 4 supplements data presented in Chapter 2 by, (1) describing where and with what abundance ROD-listed epiphyte species were found, (2) reporting species found to be rare and, (3) reporting absent species that we had expected to find. Of the nine ROD-listed "riparian" lichens, five were encountered in our surveys. Sixteen additional ROD-listed lichen and 2 bryophyte species were encountered during surveys. Of all the ROD-listed riparian species that were encountered more than once, none were restricted to a specific stand type. Many rare species (present in less than 5% of sampled stands) are more common on other substrates or in nearby habitats. Though suitable habitat was available, we found some lichen and bryophyte species less often than expected; these species may be more rare than has been previously recognized. This information improves our understanding of the habitat requirements of riparian epiphyte species and allows us to assess their rarity within the Oregon Coast Range. Title: The association of epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes with riparian stand types along a valley continuum, Oregon Coast Range Author: Ruchty, Andrea M. I surveyed epiphytic macrolichens and bryophytes in six stands in each of seven riparian stand types in the Oregon Coast Range. This study (Chapter 2) describes the association of epiphytes with stand types and the corresponding potential of forest canopy conversions to affect epiphyte communities. Species composition, diversity, and representation of functional groups differed among stand types. Epiphyte communities changed along a valley continuum, from higher elevation, older, conifer-dominated stands along constrained stream reaches bounded closely by slopes, to lower elevation, hardwood-dominated stands on broad floodplains along unconstrained rivers or streams. Epiphyte communities also appear to be affected by bark pH. We conclude that riparian canopy conversions in the Oregon Coast Range have great potential to affect epiphyte communities. A transplant study (Chapter 3) examined whether canopy environment is important in determining associations between lichen species and canopy type in Oregon Coast Range riparian forests. The growth of four lichen species was compared beneath three canopy types. If canopy environment is important in determining the distribution of individual transplant species, then transplant species should show growth response patterns under the different canopy treatments that correspond to their known habitat preferences. We found that the survival, health and growth of individual transplant species did not differ by canopy type, though, as a group, lichen transplants were less healthy and did not survive as often under bigleaf maple canopies. Hypogymnia inactiva grew less well and was less healthy than the other three lichen species, though its survival rate was similar to that of the other transplant species. Chapter 4 supplements data presented in Chapter 2 by, (1) describing where and with what abundance ROD-listed epiphyte species were found, (2) reporting species found to be rare and, (3) reporting absent species that we had expected to find. Of the nine ROD-listed "riparian" lichens, five were encountered in our surveys. Sixteen additional ROD-listed lichen and 2 bryophyte species were encountered during surveys. Of all the ROD-listed riparian species that were encountered more than once, none were restricted to a specific stand type. Many rare species (present in less than 5% of sampled stands) are more common on other substrates or in nearby habitats. Though suitable habitat was available, we found some lichen and bryophyte species less often than expected; these species may be more rare than has been previously recognized. This information improves our understanding of the habitat requirements of riparian epiphyte species and allows us to assess their rarity within the Oregon Coast Range. Close

• 164. [Article] Using Structural Equation Modeling to Understand Prescription Stimulant Misuse: A Test of the Theory of Triadic Influence

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/drug-and-alcohol...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Structural Equation Modeling to Understand Prescription Stimulant Misuse: A Test of the Theory of Triadic Influence Author: Flay, Brian R., Martin, Melissa, Kodama, Cathy, Ketcham, Patricia L., Smit, Ellen, Saltz, Robert F., Bavarian, Niloofar This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/drug-and-alcohol-dependence/. Title: Using Structural Equation Modeling to Understand Prescription Stimulant Misuse: A Test of the Theory of Triadic Influence Author: Flay, Brian R., Martin, Melissa, Kodama, Cathy, Ketcham, Patricia L., Smit, Ellen, Saltz, Robert F., Bavarian, Niloofar This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/drug-and-alcohol-dependence/. Close

• 165. [Article] Spatial Ecological Processes and Local Factors Predict the Distribution and Abundance of Spawning by Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across a Complex Riverscape

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial Ecological Processes and Local Factors Predict the Distribution and Abundance of Spawning by Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across a Complex Riverscape Author: Falke, Jeffrey A., Reeves, Gordon H., Jordan, Christopher E., McNyset, Kristina M., Dunham, Jason B. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. Title: Spatial Ecological Processes and Local Factors Predict the Distribution and Abundance of Spawning by Steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across a Complex Riverscape Author: Falke, Jeffrey A., Reeves, Gordon H., Jordan, Christopher E., McNyset, Kristina M., Dunham, Jason B. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The article was published by the Public Library of Science and is in the public domain. Close

• 166. [Article] Physical and chemical characteristics of riparian soils two third order streams in the western Cascades of Oregon

  Study objectives were to survey and compare physical and chemical characteristics of soils within two thirdorder montane riparian ecosystems: a 500-year old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menzlesii) forest at ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physical and chemical characteristics of riparian soils two third order streams in the western Cascades of Oregon Author: Gillham, Marla L. Study objectives were to survey and compare physical and chemical characteristics of soils within two thirdorder montane riparian ecosystems: a 500-year old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menzlesii) forest at Mack Creek, and a mature red alder (Alnus rubra) forest occupying a 35-year old clearcut at Quartz Creek, both near Blue River, Oregon, USA. Geomorphic surfaces and plant communities were mapped within each area. Principal components analysis and discriminant analysis served to group observations and reveal structure within the data. The first two principal components represented organic content and particle size characteristics at both sites. Discriminant analysis verified that virtually all sampling points were correctly classified. Dominant variables accounting for separation among sampling points were sodium fluoride pH and mineralizable anunonium at 15-30 cm depth at Mack Creek, and geomorphic surface at Quartz Creek. The vigor of the multivariate statistics indicated that plausible soil types were identified in a highly heterogeneous riparian area despite a small sample size. Sampling points plotted on the first two principal components and labeled by geoluorphic surface or plant community were clearly clustered. Higher values of mean total carbon, nitrogen, CEC, and fine-earth content (Mack Creek only) were associated generally with soil types derived from older and/or aggrading geomorphic surfaces. Nitrate levels were higher in the alluvial samples at Quartz Creek than at Mack Creek, as indicated by both KC1-extraction and ion-exchange resin. Stream water nitrate concentrations, however, were 5.7 times greater in Mack Creek than in Quartz Creek. The Quartz Creek alluvial soils may have been influenced strongly by alder-associated nitrogen fixation. The Mack Creek alluvial soils contained more organic matter, perhaps reflecting more time for soil development since disturbance. Site differences may reflect differences in soil development associated with geomorphic surface (and variation in parent material as determined by geomorphic processes), with plant community, and with time since disturbance. Title: Physical and chemical characteristics of riparian soils two third order streams in the western Cascades of Oregon Author: Gillham, Marla L. Study objectives were to survey and compare physical and chemical characteristics of soils within two thirdorder montane riparian ecosystems: a 500-year old Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menzlesii) forest at Mack Creek, and a mature red alder (Alnus rubra) forest occupying a 35-year old clearcut at Quartz Creek, both near Blue River, Oregon, USA. Geomorphic surfaces and plant communities were mapped within each area. Principal components analysis and discriminant analysis served to group observations and reveal structure within the data. The first two principal components represented organic content and particle size characteristics at both sites. Discriminant analysis verified that virtually all sampling points were correctly classified. Dominant variables accounting for separation among sampling points were sodium fluoride pH and mineralizable anunonium at 15-30 cm depth at Mack Creek, and geomorphic surface at Quartz Creek. The vigor of the multivariate statistics indicated that plausible soil types were identified in a highly heterogeneous riparian area despite a small sample size. Sampling points plotted on the first two principal components and labeled by geoluorphic surface or plant community were clearly clustered. Higher values of mean total carbon, nitrogen, CEC, and fine-earth content (Mack Creek only) were associated generally with soil types derived from older and/or aggrading geomorphic surfaces. Nitrate levels were higher in the alluvial samples at Quartz Creek than at Mack Creek, as indicated by both KC1-extraction and ion-exchange resin. Stream water nitrate concentrations, however, were 5.7 times greater in Mack Creek than in Quartz Creek. The Quartz Creek alluvial soils may have been influenced strongly by alder-associated nitrogen fixation. The Mack Creek alluvial soils contained more organic matter, perhaps reflecting more time for soil development since disturbance. Site differences may reflect differences in soil development associated with geomorphic surface (and variation in parent material as determined by geomorphic processes), with plant community, and with time since disturbance. Close

• 167. [Article] Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS)

  Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) Author: Chen, Huaisheng Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., area, slope, soil type, etc.). A cell is defined as the linkages of edges and their attributes (e.g., length, slope, etc.) and an edge is defined as the linkage of nodes and their attributes (e.g., depth of soil, elevation). The watershed hydrologic components such as water depth, surface flow, etc., are features associated with the cells, edges and nodes of a watershed. Simulation of hydrologic processes across a watershed involves the calculation of flows and water balances for these cells, edges, and nodes and their linkages. Therefore, the OWLS model is a three-dimensional, object-linked, vector-based model. OWLS includes four sub-models that focus on (1) Data Processing, (2) Geomorphology, (3) Hydrology and (4) Visualization. The Data Processing Model handles conversions of raw data from watershed surveys into OWLS format. It also handles missing data interpolation and extrapolation for air temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. The Geomorphologic Model handles the automatic watershed delineation for flowpaths, streams, and boundaries, as well as stream geometry and macropore geometry. The Hydrologic Model handles water balance, flow calculation and flow routing for the canopy, surface, subsurface and macropore system associated with each cell. The Visualization Model handles 3-D watershed projection, 2-D watershed projection, hydrograph presentation, and 3-D dynamic watershed animation for simulated flows and other hydrologic components of the Hydrologic Model. The OWLS model was tested with data from the Bear Brook Watershed of Maine (BBWM). Results from parameter calibration and validation indicate that the model generally provided good estimation of streamflows for rain-based flood events and unstable estimations for rain-on-snow events or snowmelt-based events when air temperature was high. Title: Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) Author: Chen, Huaisheng Object Watershed Link Simulation (OWLS) is a physically based watershed model. In the OWLS model, a watershed is defined as a three-dimensional object with linkages between cells and their attributes (e.g., area, slope, soil type, etc.). A cell is defined as the linkages of edges and their attributes (e.g., length, slope, etc.) and an edge is defined as the linkage of nodes and their attributes (e.g., depth of soil, elevation). The watershed hydrologic components such as water depth, surface flow, etc., are features associated with the cells, edges and nodes of a watershed. Simulation of hydrologic processes across a watershed involves the calculation of flows and water balances for these cells, edges, and nodes and their linkages. Therefore, the OWLS model is a three-dimensional, object-linked, vector-based model. OWLS includes four sub-models that focus on (1) Data Processing, (2) Geomorphology, (3) Hydrology and (4) Visualization. The Data Processing Model handles conversions of raw data from watershed surveys into OWLS format. It also handles missing data interpolation and extrapolation for air temperature, precipitation, and streamflow. The Geomorphologic Model handles the automatic watershed delineation for flowpaths, streams, and boundaries, as well as stream geometry and macropore geometry. The Hydrologic Model handles water balance, flow calculation and flow routing for the canopy, surface, subsurface and macropore system associated with each cell. The Visualization Model handles 3-D watershed projection, 2-D watershed projection, hydrograph presentation, and 3-D dynamic watershed animation for simulated flows and other hydrologic components of the Hydrologic Model. The OWLS model was tested with data from the Bear Brook Watershed of Maine (BBWM). Results from parameter calibration and validation indicate that the model generally provided good estimation of streamflows for rain-based flood events and unstable estimations for rain-on-snow events or snowmelt-based events when air temperature was high. Close

• 168. [Article] The historical Tualatin River Basin

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The historical Tualatin River Basin Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Cass, Penny L., Miner, J. Ronald Title: The historical Tualatin River Basin Author: Oregon State University. Water Resources Research Institute, Cass, Penny L., Miner, J. Ronald Close

• 169. [Article] The Michigan Recreational Angling Demand Model

  The paper reports on a large-scale demand model for recreational fishing in Michigan. The model is based on the travel cost method and is specified as a four-level nested-logit. Seasonal participation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Michigan Recreational Angling Demand Model Author: Chen, Heng Zhang, Tomasi, Theodore D., Hoehn, John P., Lupi, Frank Year: 2001 The paper reports on a large-scale demand model for recreational fishing in Michigan. The model is based on the travel cost method and is specified as a four-level nested-logit. Seasonal participation is modeled by repeating the site choice logit over the course of a season. Data on anglers’ trips and site choices were collected using a year-long telephone panel survey of over 1,900 Michigan residents. The model distinguishes among a broad range of fishing trip types including trips of different lengths; trips for different species; and trips to Great Lake, inland lake, and inland stream sites. For Great Lakes fishing, anglers’ site choices are related to catch rates which vary spatially and temporally (i.e., time-varying site quality characteristics). Title: The Michigan Recreational Angling Demand Model Author: Chen, Heng Zhang, Tomasi, Theodore D., Hoehn, John P., Lupi, Frank Year: 2001 The paper reports on a large-scale demand model for recreational fishing in Michigan. The model is based on the travel cost method and is specified as a four-level nested-logit. Seasonal participation is modeled by repeating the site choice logit over the course of a season. Data on anglers’ trips and site choices were collected using a year-long telephone panel survey of over 1,900 Michigan residents. The model distinguishes among a broad range of fishing trip types including trips of different lengths; trips for different species; and trips to Great Lake, inland lake, and inland stream sites. For Great Lakes fishing, anglers’ site choices are related to catch rates which vary spatially and temporally (i.e., time-varying site quality characteristics). Close

• 170. [Article] Habitat Improvement Project, No. 25

  In earlier years, the lower Owyhee River provided excellent trout angling. In recent years, the fishery had declined to one maintained with the annual stocking of legal size hatchery trout on a put and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat Improvement Project, No. 25 Author: Oregon. State Game Commission. Fishery Division, Bisbee, Lawrence E. In earlier years, the lower Owyhee River provided excellent trout angling. In recent years, the fishery had declined to one maintained with the annual stocking of legal size hatchery trout on a put and take basis. Stream surveys completed in 1966 indicated the 16 1/2-mile section of the lower river lying between the Owyhee Reservoir dam and the old Owyhee diversion dam in Malheur County, Oregon, would lend itself to periodic rehabilitation and restocking annually with rainbow fingerling. Chemical treatment of this section of river was completed on March 18, 1967. A large population of bridgelip and coarsescale suckers, squawfish, chiselmouth, redside shiner, and carp were reduced. A kill estimated to be in excess of 63,000 fish resulted from the aerial application of 225 gallons of liquid pronox-fish by helicopter. Test fish confined in live boxes along with net sampling indicated an incomplete kill. Failure of the chemical to penetrate the deeper water and rapid detoxification were the primary causes for the incomplete kill. Detoxification at the old diversion dam was necessary to prevent destruction of warm-water game fish below. Rainbow fingerling totaling 97,642 were restocked in mid-April and 5,072 legal size rainbow were planted in late May 1967. Fingerling began entering the catch in August. Angler success was excellent. Title: Habitat Improvement Project, No. 25 Author: Oregon. State Game Commission. Fishery Division, Bisbee, Lawrence E. In earlier years, the lower Owyhee River provided excellent trout angling. In recent years, the fishery had declined to one maintained with the annual stocking of legal size hatchery trout on a put and take basis. Stream surveys completed in 1966 indicated the 16 1/2-mile section of the lower river lying between the Owyhee Reservoir dam and the old Owyhee diversion dam in Malheur County, Oregon, would lend itself to periodic rehabilitation and restocking annually with rainbow fingerling. Chemical treatment of this section of river was completed on March 18, 1967. A large population of bridgelip and coarsescale suckers, squawfish, chiselmouth, redside shiner, and carp were reduced. A kill estimated to be in excess of 63,000 fish resulted from the aerial application of 225 gallons of liquid pronox-fish by helicopter. Test fish confined in live boxes along with net sampling indicated an incomplete kill. Failure of the chemical to penetrate the deeper water and rapid detoxification were the primary causes for the incomplete kill. Detoxification at the old diversion dam was necessary to prevent destruction of warm-water game fish below. Rainbow fingerling totaling 97,642 were restocked in mid-April and 5,072 legal size rainbow were planted in late May 1967. Fingerling began entering the catch in August. Angler success was excellent. Close

• 171. [Article] An Exploratory Multilevel Analysis of Non-Prescription Stimulant Use in a Sample of College Students

  This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the authors and published by Sage Publications in association with Florida State ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Exploratory Multilevel Analysis of Non-Prescription Stimulant Use in a Sample of College Students Author: Flay, Brian R., Bavarian, Niloofar, Smit, Ellen This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the authors and published by Sage Publications in association with Florida State University, The College of Criminology & Criminal Justice. It can be found at: http://jod.sagepub.com/. Title: An Exploratory Multilevel Analysis of Non-Prescription Stimulant Use in a Sample of College Students Author: Flay, Brian R., Bavarian, Niloofar, Smit, Ellen This is an author's peer-reviewed final manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published article is copyrighted by the authors and published by Sage Publications in association with Florida State University, The College of Criminology & Criminal Justice. It can be found at: http://jod.sagepub.com/. Close

• 172. [Article] Municipal Water Impacts on Steelhead Trout in the Gales Creek Watershed

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Municipal Water Impacts on Steelhead Trout in the Gales Creek Watershed Author: Smith, Haley B. Graduation date: 2016 Title: Municipal Water Impacts on Steelhead Trout in the Gales Creek Watershed Author: Smith, Haley B. Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 173. [Article] Road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot infestations of Port-Orford-­cedar in southwest Oregon

  Phytophthora lateralis is the causal agent of cedar root rot, a fatal forest pathogen whose principal host is Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar), a predominantly riparian-restricted endemic tree ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot infestations of Port-Orford-­cedar in southwest Oregon Author: Clark, William C. Phytophthora lateralis is the causal agent of cedar root rot, a fatal forest pathogen whose principal host is Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar), a predominantly riparian-restricted endemic tree species of ecological, economical, and cultural importance to coastal Oregon and California. Local scale distribution of P. lateralis is thought to be associated with timber harvest and road-building disturbances. However, knowledge of the landscape-scale factors that contribute to successful invasions of P. lateralis is also important for effective land management of Port-Orford-cedar. P. lateralis is able to infest in wet conditions via stream networks (zoospore) and dry conditions via road networks (resting spore). This study tested the hypothesis that vehicles spread P. lateralis by relating its distribution to traffic intensive, anthropogenic disturbances (i.e. a road network, timber harvest) over a 31-yr period in a 3,910-km² portion of the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. Indices of road disturbance (presence/absence, configuration, length, density, road-stream network connectivity) and timber harvest (presence/absence, area, density, frequency) were related to locations of infested cedar populations from a USFS survey dataset using a geographic information system (GIS). About 40% of 934 7th-field catchments were infested with the pathogen. Total road length of the study site was 5,070 km; maximum road density was 8.2 km/km2 and averaged 1.6 km/km² in roaded catchments (n = 766). Timber activities extracted 17,370 ha (2,338 cutting units) of forest across 509 catchments; 345 catchments were cut ≥ twice. Maximum harvest density was 0.92 km²/km² ([mean] = 0.04). Both road networks and timber harvest patchworks were significantly related to cedar root rot heterogeneity. Chi-squared contingency tables showed that infestation rates were 2.2 times higher in catchments with roads compared to roadless catchments and 1.4 times higher in catchments with road-stream intersections compared to those that were unconnected. Infestation was twice as likely in catchments with both harvest and road presence than road presence alone. Single-variable logistic regression showed that a one percent increase in harvest density increased infestation odds 25% and a one-unit (km/km²) increase in road density increased infestation odds 80%. Road and stream network configuration was also important to pathogen distribution: 1) uninfested catchments are most likely to be spatially removed from infested, roaded catchments, 2) only 11% of 287 roaded catchments downstream of infested, roaded catchments were uninfested, and 3) only 12% of 319 catchments downstream of infested catchments were uninfested. Road networks and timber harvest patchworks appear to reduce landscape heterogeneity by providing up-catchment and down-catchment access to host populations by linking pathogenic materials to the stream network. Timber harvest data suggest that while infestation risk to Port-Orford-cedar populations remains high, management policies may have curbed infestation risk in timber-harvested catchments; if this is a result of specific P. lateralis mitigation policies adopted in the late 1980's or broader, region-wide conservation policies (i.e. the Northwest Forest Plan) is yet unclear. Title: Road networks, timber harvest, and the spread of Phytophthora root rot infestations of Port-Orford-­cedar in southwest Oregon Author: Clark, William C. Phytophthora lateralis is the causal agent of cedar root rot, a fatal forest pathogen whose principal host is Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar), a predominantly riparian-restricted endemic tree species of ecological, economical, and cultural importance to coastal Oregon and California. Local scale distribution of P. lateralis is thought to be associated with timber harvest and road-building disturbances. However, knowledge of the landscape-scale factors that contribute to successful invasions of P. lateralis is also important for effective land management of Port-Orford-cedar. P. lateralis is able to infest in wet conditions via stream networks (zoospore) and dry conditions via road networks (resting spore). This study tested the hypothesis that vehicles spread P. lateralis by relating its distribution to traffic intensive, anthropogenic disturbances (i.e. a road network, timber harvest) over a 31-yr period in a 3,910-km² portion of the Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest in the Siskiyou Mountains of Oregon. Indices of road disturbance (presence/absence, configuration, length, density, road-stream network connectivity) and timber harvest (presence/absence, area, density, frequency) were related to locations of infested cedar populations from a USFS survey dataset using a geographic information system (GIS). About 40% of 934 7th-field catchments were infested with the pathogen. Total road length of the study site was 5,070 km; maximum road density was 8.2 km/km2 and averaged 1.6 km/km² in roaded catchments (n = 766). Timber activities extracted 17,370 ha (2,338 cutting units) of forest across 509 catchments; 345 catchments were cut ≥ twice. Maximum harvest density was 0.92 km²/km² ([mean] = 0.04). Both road networks and timber harvest patchworks were significantly related to cedar root rot heterogeneity. Chi-squared contingency tables showed that infestation rates were 2.2 times higher in catchments with roads compared to roadless catchments and 1.4 times higher in catchments with road-stream intersections compared to those that were unconnected. Infestation was twice as likely in catchments with both harvest and road presence than road presence alone. Single-variable logistic regression showed that a one percent increase in harvest density increased infestation odds 25% and a one-unit (km/km²) increase in road density increased infestation odds 80%. Road and stream network configuration was also important to pathogen distribution: 1) uninfested catchments are most likely to be spatially removed from infested, roaded catchments, 2) only 11% of 287 roaded catchments downstream of infested, roaded catchments were uninfested, and 3) only 12% of 319 catchments downstream of infested catchments were uninfested. Road networks and timber harvest patchworks appear to reduce landscape heterogeneity by providing up-catchment and down-catchment access to host populations by linking pathogenic materials to the stream network. Timber harvest data suggest that while infestation risk to Port-Orford-cedar populations remains high, management policies may have curbed infestation risk in timber-harvested catchments; if this is a result of specific P. lateralis mitigation policies adopted in the late 1980's or broader, region-wide conservation policies (i.e. the Northwest Forest Plan) is yet unclear. Close

• 174. [Article] The economic feasibility of off-stream water and salt to reduce grazing pressure in riparian areas

  Properly functioning riparian systems are vital to the health of watersheds and provide an important forage and habitat resource for livestock and wildlife. Riparian grazing management strategies that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economic feasibility of off-stream water and salt to reduce grazing pressure in riparian areas Author: Stillings, Amy M. Properly functioning riparian systems are vital to the health of watersheds and provide an important forage and habitat resource for livestock and wildlife. Riparian grazing management strategies that are economically feasible and achieve environmental goals are needed by resource managers and livestock producers. The objective of this thesis was to examine the economic impacts of providing off-stream water and salt in pastures to influence cattle distribution between riparian and upland areas. A field test of the project was conducted at Oregon State University's Hall Ranch in Union, Oregon during mid July through August of 1996 and 1997. A bioeconomic nonlinear programming model using collected data was constructed to test the economic feasibility of the project for a 300 cow-calf operation in northeastern Oregon over sixty years. Nine states of nature were created from historical data to account for the uncertainty of precipitation and cattle market prices. When an environmental management objective of restricting riparian vegetation utilization to thirty-five percent was strictly enforced, permitted animal unit months from summer pastures on public lands were reduced from traditional levels. This reduction resulted in a long run equilibrium herd size that was ten percent lower than current levels. However, when the dispersion project was employed, cattle were distributed more evenly across pastures and consumed more upland forage before desired ripanan levels were reached. Consumption of more upland forage allowed the long run equilibrium herd size to remain at traditional numbers. This result combined with improved animal performance yielded positive net returns for the project. The off-stream water and salt dispersion project has an annual expected net return of $4,517, $7,358 and $11,054 at low, median and high cattle prices, respectively, for a 300 cow operation in northeast Oregon. Title: The economic feasibility of off-stream water and salt to reduce grazing pressure in riparian areas Author: Stillings, Amy M. Properly functioning riparian systems are vital to the health of watersheds and provide an important forage and habitat resource for livestock and wildlife. Riparian grazing management strategies that are economically feasible and achieve environmental goals are needed by resource managers and livestock producers. The objective of this thesis was to examine the economic impacts of providing off-stream water and salt in pastures to influence cattle distribution between riparian and upland areas. A field test of the project was conducted at Oregon State University's Hall Ranch in Union, Oregon during mid July through August of 1996 and 1997. A bioeconomic nonlinear programming model using collected data was constructed to test the economic feasibility of the project for a 300 cow-calf operation in northeastern Oregon over sixty years. Nine states of nature were created from historical data to account for the uncertainty of precipitation and cattle market prices. When an environmental management objective of restricting riparian vegetation utilization to thirty-five percent was strictly enforced, permitted animal unit months from summer pastures on public lands were reduced from traditional levels. This reduction resulted in a long run equilibrium herd size that was ten percent lower than current levels. However, when the dispersion project was employed, cattle were distributed more evenly across pastures and consumed more upland forage before desired ripanan levels were reached. Consumption of more upland forage allowed the long run equilibrium herd size to remain at traditional numbers. This result combined with improved animal performance yielded positive net returns for the project. The off-stream water and salt dispersion project has an annual expected net return of $4,517, $7,358 and $11,054 at low, median and high cattle prices, respectively, for a 300 cow operation in northeast Oregon. Close

• 175. [Article] Prediction of monthly streamflows for Oregon coastal basins using physiographic and meteorological parameters

  Prediction equations were developed for estimating the flow regime at ungaged stream locations in the Oregon coastal range. Principal components analysis was used to screen the initial data set of physiographic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prediction of monthly streamflows for Oregon coastal basins using physiographic and meteorological parameters Author: Orwig, Charles Edwin Prediction equations were developed for estimating the flow regime at ungaged stream locations in the Oregon coastal range. Principal components analysis was used to screen the initial data set of physiographic and meteorological parameters. The final regression equations for predicting mean monthly flow had standard errors of estimate ranging from 3 to 42 percent, with an average standard error of 13.5 percent. A linear prediction equation was found to give the best results for drainage basins larger than 150 square miles, while a logarithmic equation gave best results for basins of less than 150 square miles in area. A simple linear relationship was also established between mean monthly flow and the standard deviation of monthly flow. A test on an independent sample indicated that the monthly estimates of standard deviation made using the simple linear relations were comparable to those reported by others using equations containing physiographic and meteorological parameters. Equations were also developed to forecast monthly streamflow for Oregon coastal streams. When observed rainfall for the current month was used, the average standard error of the forecast equations was 18 percent. The use of the National Weather Service's 30-day precipitation outlooks in forecasting monthly streamflow was also investigated. The results showed that the forecasts based upon the 30-day outlook precipitation were worse than those based upon median historical precipitation. It was suggested that the monthly streamflow forecast equations could best be applied on a probability basis. Title: Prediction of monthly streamflows for Oregon coastal basins using physiographic and meteorological parameters Author: Orwig, Charles Edwin Prediction equations were developed for estimating the flow regime at ungaged stream locations in the Oregon coastal range. Principal components analysis was used to screen the initial data set of physiographic and meteorological parameters. The final regression equations for predicting mean monthly flow had standard errors of estimate ranging from 3 to 42 percent, with an average standard error of 13.5 percent. A linear prediction equation was found to give the best results for drainage basins larger than 150 square miles, while a logarithmic equation gave best results for basins of less than 150 square miles in area. A simple linear relationship was also established between mean monthly flow and the standard deviation of monthly flow. A test on an independent sample indicated that the monthly estimates of standard deviation made using the simple linear relations were comparable to those reported by others using equations containing physiographic and meteorological parameters. Equations were also developed to forecast monthly streamflow for Oregon coastal streams. When observed rainfall for the current month was used, the average standard error of the forecast equations was 18 percent. The use of the National Weather Service's 30-day precipitation outlooks in forecasting monthly streamflow was also investigated. The results showed that the forecasts based upon the 30-day outlook precipitation were worse than those based upon median historical precipitation. It was suggested that the monthly streamflow forecast equations could best be applied on a probability basis. Close

• 176. [Article] Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange

  Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange Author: Collier, Michael W. Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water inflows to be located during warm summer months. These cool water inflows can then be differentiated between ground water and hyporheic exchange. The cool water inflows are important to many species that inhabit the rivers of the Western United States. As temperatures increase due to climate change the importance of cool water inflows will grow. This study used fiber optic cable and the DTS system to measure the temperature in 2km of the Walla Walla River, near Milton-Freewater, Oregon. The temperature data was split into nighttime and daytime averages. The correlation between these two data sets was calculated to reveal when the daytime and nighttime data followed the same cooling pattern (evidence of ground water inflow) or when the nighttime temperature increased, but the daytime temperature decreased (evidence of hyporheic exchange). Nine areas of apparent ground water inflow and nine areas of expected hyporheic exchange were identified. The average quantity of inflow at each ground water site was calculated as 0.04 m3/s. The computed average hyporheic exchange depth along the 2000 m channel was 0.32 m. The located cold water inflows were compared to salmon and trout location from a US Fish and Wildlife Survey. This comparison showed that the cool mid-day inflows (either ground water or hyporheic exchange locations) made up 1/3 of the study reach length and had approximately 60% of the cold water fish. Half of the cool water inflow sites did not have fish present during the survey which suggests that while influent cool water is a major factor for fish congregation, it is not the sole factor. Title: Demonstration of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing to differentiate cold water refuge between ground water inflows and hyporheic exchange Author: Collier, Michael W. Recent developments in Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) have allowed new insight into the surface-to-ground water interaction. The continuous temperature measurement by the DTS allows for cool water inflows to be located during warm summer months. These cool water inflows can then be differentiated between ground water and hyporheic exchange. The cool water inflows are important to many species that inhabit the rivers of the Western United States. As temperatures increase due to climate change the importance of cool water inflows will grow. This study used fiber optic cable and the DTS system to measure the temperature in 2km of the Walla Walla River, near Milton-Freewater, Oregon. The temperature data was split into nighttime and daytime averages. The correlation between these two data sets was calculated to reveal when the daytime and nighttime data followed the same cooling pattern (evidence of ground water inflow) or when the nighttime temperature increased, but the daytime temperature decreased (evidence of hyporheic exchange). Nine areas of apparent ground water inflow and nine areas of expected hyporheic exchange were identified. The average quantity of inflow at each ground water site was calculated as 0.04 m3/s. The computed average hyporheic exchange depth along the 2000 m channel was 0.32 m. The located cold water inflows were compared to salmon and trout location from a US Fish and Wildlife Survey. This comparison showed that the cool mid-day inflows (either ground water or hyporheic exchange locations) made up 1/3 of the study reach length and had approximately 60% of the cold water fish. Half of the cool water inflow sites did not have fish present during the survey which suggests that while influent cool water is a major factor for fish congregation, it is not the sole factor. Close

• 177. [Article] Riparian lichens of northern Idaho

  Riparian forests in the Idaho Panhandle, north of Whitebird, were surveyed for rare riparian lichen species. The region was stratified into nine geographic units and by stream size. Eighty-one plots were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian lichens of northern Idaho Author: Hutchinson, Jenifer L. Riparian forests in the Idaho Panhandle, north of Whitebird, were surveyed for rare riparian lichen species. The region was stratified into nine geographic units and by stream size. Eighty-one plots were surveyed for lichen community, stand and river characteristics. Variables important to lichen community composition included regional differences, elevation, climatic affinity, floodplain cross-section type, and the amount of basal area in hardwoods. Seventeen species were reported to be rare or uncommon in northern Idaho by lichenologists familiar with eastern Washington, northern Idaho and northwestern Montana. Of the seventeen target species, Cetraria sepincola, Pseudocyphellaria anomala, Ramalina pollinaria and Ramalina subleptocarpha were determined to be rare, with less than 25 occurrences each in northern Idaho. Lobaria hallii, Physconia americana, and Ramalina thrausta were determined to be locally abundant when found, but should continue to be species of concern in northern Idaho because of their limited distribution and narrow habitat requirements. Collema curtisporum is more common in the riparian forests of northern Idaho than previously thought, but appears to be restricted to old Populus balsamfera ssp. trichocarpa (black cottonwood) stands that receive seasonal inundation. Collema occultatum, Nephroma laevigatum, Leptogium cellulosum, Phaeophyscia hirtella, and P. ciliata are all new records for northern Idaho. Management recommendations include maintaining or restoring natural flood cycles in riparian forests and protecting mature black cottonwood stands on floodplains. Title: Riparian lichens of northern Idaho Author: Hutchinson, Jenifer L. Riparian forests in the Idaho Panhandle, north of Whitebird, were surveyed for rare riparian lichen species. The region was stratified into nine geographic units and by stream size. Eighty-one plots were surveyed for lichen community, stand and river characteristics. Variables important to lichen community composition included regional differences, elevation, climatic affinity, floodplain cross-section type, and the amount of basal area in hardwoods. Seventeen species were reported to be rare or uncommon in northern Idaho by lichenologists familiar with eastern Washington, northern Idaho and northwestern Montana. Of the seventeen target species, Cetraria sepincola, Pseudocyphellaria anomala, Ramalina pollinaria and Ramalina subleptocarpha were determined to be rare, with less than 25 occurrences each in northern Idaho. Lobaria hallii, Physconia americana, and Ramalina thrausta were determined to be locally abundant when found, but should continue to be species of concern in northern Idaho because of their limited distribution and narrow habitat requirements. Collema curtisporum is more common in the riparian forests of northern Idaho than previously thought, but appears to be restricted to old Populus balsamfera ssp. trichocarpa (black cottonwood) stands that receive seasonal inundation. Collema occultatum, Nephroma laevigatum, Leptogium cellulosum, Phaeophyscia hirtella, and P. ciliata are all new records for northern Idaho. Management recommendations include maintaining or restoring natural flood cycles in riparian forests and protecting mature black cottonwood stands on floodplains. Close

• 178. [Article] Preliminary survey of the history and physical structure of Fort Vancouver

  Gerald W. Williams Collection

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary survey of the history and physical structure of Fort Vancouver Author: United States. National Park Service. Region Four Office, Hussey, John A. Gerald W. Williams Collection Title: Preliminary survey of the history and physical structure of Fort Vancouver Author: United States. National Park Service. Region Four Office, Hussey, John A. Gerald W. Williams Collection Close

• 179. [Article] The status and life history traits of endemic, native and introduced species in Lake Lanao, Philippines

  The endemic cyprinids of Lake Lanao, Philippines have been described as a species flock and are thought to be an example of explosive evolution. However, based on historical surveys, 16 of the 18 cyprinid ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The status and life history traits of endemic, native and introduced species in Lake Lanao, Philippines Author: Ismail, Gladys B. The endemic cyprinids of Lake Lanao, Philippines have been described as a species flock and are thought to be an example of explosive evolution. However, based on historical surveys, 16 of the 18 cyprinid species endemic to Lake Lanao are now believed to be extinct. Furthermore, non-native species have been introduced in Lake Lanao and some have proliferated. Three of the world‟s one hundred worst invasive species are currently found in the Lake. This study focused on the status of the fish species in Lake Lanao and examined six life history traits thought to be associated with invasiveness. In Chapter 2, results of landing and market surveys conducted from July to October 2008 were compared with similar information from historical surveys. Field sampling and fishermen interview were also conducted to collect additional information on the status of fish species in Lake Lanao. The survey recorded a total of two endemic, one native and ten introduced species. Although the endemic Puntius lindog used to be the most important fish in the lake in terms of fishery landings, it only comprised 0.01% of the total weight of the fish species surveyed during 2008. The introduced Hypseleotris agilis have proliferated in the lake, comprising 66.6% of the total weight of fish caught. Chapter 3 examines six life history traits of the endemic, native and introduced species found in the 2008 survey and of three other species reported in previous surveys. A comparative analysis showed that most of the introduced species in Lake Lanao have the characteristics generally related to invasion success. However, not all of the introduced species were successful. The analysis showed that the six life history traits are not entirely successful at predicting invasiveness in Lake Lanao. The discovery by the field study that two endemic cyprinids remain in Lake Lanao was surprising and significant as the Lake during the past few decades has been imperiled by human disturbances, exploitation and introduced species. The thesis focused on the role of introduced species on the demise of the endemic species. Other factors also need to be investigated. Protecting and conserving the endemic species are highly recommended. Title: The status and life history traits of endemic, native and introduced species in Lake Lanao, Philippines Author: Ismail, Gladys B. The endemic cyprinids of Lake Lanao, Philippines have been described as a species flock and are thought to be an example of explosive evolution. However, based on historical surveys, 16 of the 18 cyprinid species endemic to Lake Lanao are now believed to be extinct. Furthermore, non-native species have been introduced in Lake Lanao and some have proliferated. Three of the world‟s one hundred worst invasive species are currently found in the Lake. This study focused on the status of the fish species in Lake Lanao and examined six life history traits thought to be associated with invasiveness. In Chapter 2, results of landing and market surveys conducted from July to October 2008 were compared with similar information from historical surveys. Field sampling and fishermen interview were also conducted to collect additional information on the status of fish species in Lake Lanao. The survey recorded a total of two endemic, one native and ten introduced species. Although the endemic Puntius lindog used to be the most important fish in the lake in terms of fishery landings, it only comprised 0.01% of the total weight of the fish species surveyed during 2008. The introduced Hypseleotris agilis have proliferated in the lake, comprising 66.6% of the total weight of fish caught. Chapter 3 examines six life history traits of the endemic, native and introduced species found in the 2008 survey and of three other species reported in previous surveys. A comparative analysis showed that most of the introduced species in Lake Lanao have the characteristics generally related to invasion success. However, not all of the introduced species were successful. The analysis showed that the six life history traits are not entirely successful at predicting invasiveness in Lake Lanao. The discovery by the field study that two endemic cyprinids remain in Lake Lanao was surprising and significant as the Lake during the past few decades has been imperiled by human disturbances, exploitation and introduced species. The thesis focused on the role of introduced species on the demise of the endemic species. Other factors also need to be investigated. Protecting and conserving the endemic species are highly recommended. Close

• 180. [Article] Variation in the position of the upwelling front on the Oregon shelf

  copyrighted by American Geophysical Union

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in the position of the upwelling front on the Oregon shelf Author: Austin, Jay A., Barth, John A. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Title: Variation in the position of the upwelling front on the Oregon shelf Author: Austin, Jay A., Barth, John A. copyrighted by American Geophysical Union Close

• 181. [Article] The Economic Value of New Zealand Marine Recreational Fishing and its Use as a Policy Tool

  This paper presents the results of a 1999 survey to determine the economic value of the recreational fishery in New Zealand for five species, snapper (Chrysphrys autratus), kingfish (Seriola lalandi lalandi), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Economic Value of New Zealand Marine Recreational Fishing and its Use as a Policy Tool Author: Williamson, Scott Year: 2001 This paper presents the results of a 1999 survey to determine the economic value of the recreational fishery in New Zealand for five species, snapper (Chrysphrys autratus), kingfish (Seriola lalandi lalandi), kahawai (Arripis trutta), blue cod (Parapercis colias) and rock lobster (Jasus edwadsii and Jasus verreauxi). Contingent valuation methods were used to establish estimates of the marginal willingness to pay and average willingness to pay per fish and per kilogram as well as the value of recurrent expenditure by recreational fishers. In addition, the legislative and historical context of this survey are discussed and initial views are presented on of the use of this type of survey in four areas of policy development where this type of information may be used. 1) The use economic value in the process of defining recreational fishing and management rights. 2) The characterisation of the recreational fishing sector. 3) Establishing costs and benefits when allocating commercial property rights for new species. 4) Allocations between stakeholders when setting a total allowable commercial catch. 5) Interpreting the legislative definition of utilisation in allowing for people to provide for their “social, economic and cultural well being”. Title: The Economic Value of New Zealand Marine Recreational Fishing and its Use as a Policy Tool Author: Williamson, Scott Year: 2001 This paper presents the results of a 1999 survey to determine the economic value of the recreational fishery in New Zealand for five species, snapper (Chrysphrys autratus), kingfish (Seriola lalandi lalandi), kahawai (Arripis trutta), blue cod (Parapercis colias) and rock lobster (Jasus edwadsii and Jasus verreauxi). Contingent valuation methods were used to establish estimates of the marginal willingness to pay and average willingness to pay per fish and per kilogram as well as the value of recurrent expenditure by recreational fishers. In addition, the legislative and historical context of this survey are discussed and initial views are presented on of the use of this type of survey in four areas of policy development where this type of information may be used. 1) The use economic value in the process of defining recreational fishing and management rights. 2) The characterisation of the recreational fishing sector. 3) Establishing costs and benefits when allocating commercial property rights for new species. 4) Allocations between stakeholders when setting a total allowable commercial catch. 5) Interpreting the legislative definition of utilisation in allowing for people to provide for their “social, economic and cultural well being”. Close

• 182. [Article] Distribution, habitat use, and growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon

  Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been absent from their historic spawning and rearing grounds in the Metolius River Basin in central Oregon since 1968, when fish passage was terminated at ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution, habitat use, and growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon Author: Lovtang, Jens C. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been absent from their historic spawning and rearing grounds in the Metolius River Basin in central Oregon since 1968, when fish passage was terminated at the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project on the Deschutes River. Plans have been developed to reestablish passage of anadromous fish through the Project. However, only anecdotal evidence exists on the historic distribution of spring Chinook juveniles in the Basin. A recent approach to characterizing habitat quality for anadromous fishes in the Basin was the development of HabRate (Burke et al. In Press), which presented a relative quality rating of habitat based upon published fish-habitat relationships at the stream reach spatial scale. The present study was initiated to test the predictions of HabRate for summer rearing juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius Basin. Chinook salmon fry were released in the winters of 2002 and 2003, and their densities and sizes were quantified via snorkeling and fish collection in six unique study reaches in the upper Metolius River Basin. Each of these stream reaches varied in terms of temperature, habitat availability, invertebrate drift availability, and fish community composition. My observations were not consistent with the qualitative predictions of HabRate. Moreover, habitat utilization was not consistent among study reaches. Similar to other qualitative habitat rating models (e.g. Habitat Suitability Indices (Raleigh et al. 1986) and Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (Bovee 1982)), HabRate's predictions rely solely on physical habitat characteristics, with the assumption that habitat will be used consistently among stream reaches (i.e. a pool in one reach is of equal importance as a pool in another reach). My results suggest that the unique ecological setting of each study reach provides the context for understanding the patterns of growth, habitat use, and diurnal activity of juvenile Chinook salmon. The inclusion of ecological components, such as food availability, the bioenergetic constraints of temperature, and the risk of predation can make these models more biologically realistic. Growth of juvenile Chinook salmon among study reaches had a curvilinear relationship to water temperature, and was also positively related to the drift density of invertebrate biomass. In three collection seasons (fall 2002, spring 2003 and fall 2003) 41 to 69% of the variations in fork lengths were explained by a multiple regression model including temperature and invertebrate drift. Based on these findings, I present a conceptual growth capacity model based on the tenets of bioenergetics as a basis for understanding the relative quality of the habitat among stream reaches for juvenile Chinook salmon. Fish community composition can help to explain observed patterns in habitat utilization and diel activity patterns. In the study reaches that had a greater presence of adult trout (potential predators), observations of juvenile Chinook salmon in mid-channel habitat were infrequent to non-existent during the day and abundances were higher in all habitat types at night. In the study reaches with colder water temperatures, observed juvenile Chinook salmon densities were higher at night. I suggest that habitat selection and diurnal activity patterns in some study reaches are reflective of strategies taken by the fish to minimize risks of predation. Title: Distribution, habitat use, and growth of juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius River Basin, Oregon Author: Lovtang, Jens C. Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have been absent from their historic spawning and rearing grounds in the Metolius River Basin in central Oregon since 1968, when fish passage was terminated at the Pelton Round Butte Hydroelectric Project on the Deschutes River. Plans have been developed to reestablish passage of anadromous fish through the Project. However, only anecdotal evidence exists on the historic distribution of spring Chinook juveniles in the Basin. A recent approach to characterizing habitat quality for anadromous fishes in the Basin was the development of HabRate (Burke et al. In Press), which presented a relative quality rating of habitat based upon published fish-habitat relationships at the stream reach spatial scale. The present study was initiated to test the predictions of HabRate for summer rearing juvenile Chinook salmon in the Metolius Basin. Chinook salmon fry were released in the winters of 2002 and 2003, and their densities and sizes were quantified via snorkeling and fish collection in six unique study reaches in the upper Metolius River Basin. Each of these stream reaches varied in terms of temperature, habitat availability, invertebrate drift availability, and fish community composition. My observations were not consistent with the qualitative predictions of HabRate. Moreover, habitat utilization was not consistent among study reaches. Similar to other qualitative habitat rating models (e.g. Habitat Suitability Indices (Raleigh et al. 1986) and Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (Bovee 1982)), HabRate's predictions rely solely on physical habitat characteristics, with the assumption that habitat will be used consistently among stream reaches (i.e. a pool in one reach is of equal importance as a pool in another reach). My results suggest that the unique ecological setting of each study reach provides the context for understanding the patterns of growth, habitat use, and diurnal activity of juvenile Chinook salmon. The inclusion of ecological components, such as food availability, the bioenergetic constraints of temperature, and the risk of predation can make these models more biologically realistic. Growth of juvenile Chinook salmon among study reaches had a curvilinear relationship to water temperature, and was also positively related to the drift density of invertebrate biomass. In three collection seasons (fall 2002, spring 2003 and fall 2003) 41 to 69% of the variations in fork lengths were explained by a multiple regression model including temperature and invertebrate drift. Based on these findings, I present a conceptual growth capacity model based on the tenets of bioenergetics as a basis for understanding the relative quality of the habitat among stream reaches for juvenile Chinook salmon. Fish community composition can help to explain observed patterns in habitat utilization and diel activity patterns. In the study reaches that had a greater presence of adult trout (potential predators), observations of juvenile Chinook salmon in mid-channel habitat were infrequent to non-existent during the day and abundances were higher in all habitat types at night. In the study reaches with colder water temperatures, observed juvenile Chinook salmon densities were higher at night. I suggest that habitat selection and diurnal activity patterns in some study reaches are reflective of strategies taken by the fish to minimize risks of predation. Close

• 183. [Article] Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead Author: Schreck, Carl B., Olson, Douglas E., Schaller, Howard A., Brignon, William R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Title: Factors influencing density, distribution, and mesohabitat selection of juvenile wild salmonids and residual hatchery winter steelhead Author: Schreck, Carl B., Olson, Douglas E., Schaller, Howard A., Brignon, William R. This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by Elsevier and can be found at: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/aquaculture/. To the best of our knowledge, one or more authors of this paper were federal employees when contributing to this work. Close

• 184. [Article] The epidemiology of sudden oak death in Oregon forests

  The phytopathogen Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, DeCock & Man in't Veld), causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) of oaks (Quercus spp.) and tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus), ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The epidemiology of sudden oak death in Oregon forests Author: Peterson, Ebba K. The phytopathogen Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, DeCock & Man in't Veld), causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) of oaks (Quercus spp.) and tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus), is established in coastal forests of the western United States. Since the discovery of SOD in the Douglas-fir / tanoak forests of southwest Oregon in 2001, a multiagency effort has ensued with the goal of fully eliminating P. ramorum from this originally small and isolated area. In this study we investigated the epidemiology of SOD in Oregon, particularly as it affects the success of the eradication program. Two approaches were taken to discern the mechanism of long distance dispersal: first, a landscape analysis of the spatial relationship between SOD sites and roads or streams, features associated with movement of infested soils, and, second, a local analysis to discern if understory infection is originating from soil or stream-borne inoculum. Using a restricted randomization test we concluded that SOD sites were no closer to roads than expected by chance, which is inconsistent with soil dispersal by people. While we found evidence that SOD sites were preferentially closer to waterways, inoculum had not moved away from streams into adjacent understory foliage. The local distribution of understory infection around SOD positive trees indicated that primary inoculum is infecting overstory canopies first, suggesting that P. ramorum is dispersing in air currents. Regression modeling indicated that weather conditions two years before detection could explain variation in the maximum distance inoculum moved each year of the epidemic between 2001 and 2010. This two year delay between infection and detection has allowed ample time for infested sites to contribute to further spread. Model results were consistent with observations made the summer of 2011, when trees likely infected by secondary inoculum at non-eradicated sites developed symptoms but were still undetectable by aerial surveys. Due to the prevalence of infection on tanoak, opportunities for sporulation and infection occur more often in Oregon than in California. These data can explain the failure to eliminate P. ramorum. Nevertheless, we did find evidence that the eradication program has significantly reduced the potential size of the SOD epidemic in Oregon. Title: The epidemiology of sudden oak death in Oregon forests Author: Peterson, Ebba K. The phytopathogen Phytophthora ramorum (Werres, DeCock & Man in't Veld), causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) of oaks (Quercus spp.) and tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus syn. Lithocarpus densiflorus), is established in coastal forests of the western United States. Since the discovery of SOD in the Douglas-fir / tanoak forests of southwest Oregon in 2001, a multiagency effort has ensued with the goal of fully eliminating P. ramorum from this originally small and isolated area. In this study we investigated the epidemiology of SOD in Oregon, particularly as it affects the success of the eradication program. Two approaches were taken to discern the mechanism of long distance dispersal: first, a landscape analysis of the spatial relationship between SOD sites and roads or streams, features associated with movement of infested soils, and, second, a local analysis to discern if understory infection is originating from soil or stream-borne inoculum. Using a restricted randomization test we concluded that SOD sites were no closer to roads than expected by chance, which is inconsistent with soil dispersal by people. While we found evidence that SOD sites were preferentially closer to waterways, inoculum had not moved away from streams into adjacent understory foliage. The local distribution of understory infection around SOD positive trees indicated that primary inoculum is infecting overstory canopies first, suggesting that P. ramorum is dispersing in air currents. Regression modeling indicated that weather conditions two years before detection could explain variation in the maximum distance inoculum moved each year of the epidemic between 2001 and 2010. This two year delay between infection and detection has allowed ample time for infested sites to contribute to further spread. Model results were consistent with observations made the summer of 2011, when trees likely infected by secondary inoculum at non-eradicated sites developed symptoms but were still undetectable by aerial surveys. Due to the prevalence of infection on tanoak, opportunities for sporulation and infection occur more often in Oregon than in California. These data can explain the failure to eliminate P. ramorum. Nevertheless, we did find evidence that the eradication program has significantly reduced the potential size of the SOD epidemic in Oregon. Close

• 185. [Article] Spatial patterns of invasion by exotic plants in a forested landscape

  Few landscapes are immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The forested landscape in the western Cascade Range of Oregon appears to have some barriers to invasion, but the extensive road network provides ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial patterns of invasion by exotic plants in a forested landscape Author: Parendes, Laurie Anne, 1958- Few landscapes are immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The forested landscape in the western Cascade Range of Oregon appears to have some barriers to invasion, but the extensive road network provides a corridor and habitat for a suite of exotic species to enter and become established. This study examined how biological factors and physical factors interact to produce the observed spatial pattern of invasion in the forested landscape, particularly along roads and streams. Results from a seed bank study indicated that dispersal barriers may be preventing movement of some exotics from the road into mature forest. Exotics that were found in the seed bank within mature forest have a high potential for dispersal, especially by wind. However, no exotic plants were found in the existing vegetation within the mature stands, suggesting that environmental barriers were preventing their establishment. Surveys at 1-km and 100-km scales showed that the most frequent species also had a high potential for dispersal. However, dispersal potential did not explain all of the observed spatial patterns. Confounding factors such as time since introduction, length of the "lag phase" after introduction, and various biological factors may have a strong influence on the spatial patterns of invasion. Exotic plant distribution at the 1-km scale varied among four habitat types that represent different levels of disturbance. The number and frequency of exotic species were much higher along high-use and low-use roads than along abandoned roads or streams. This pattern may reflect the more favorable light conditions along currently used roads, and the lower light levels along abandoned roads and streams may be barriers to invasion for many exotics. However, confounding factors such as competitive exclusion by natives and opportunities for dispersal may also be operating. Spatial patterns of exotics along the 100-km road network provide additional evidence that environmental barriers influence the pattern of invasion. Spatial analysis results provided evidence of patchiness and spatial gradients for some target species along some roads. The heterogeneous arrangement of patches on the landscape suggests that the process of invasion is generating multiple, discrete "foci" from which further invasion can occur. Title: Spatial patterns of invasion by exotic plants in a forested landscape Author: Parendes, Laurie Anne, 1958- Few landscapes are immune to invasion by exotic plant species. The forested landscape in the western Cascade Range of Oregon appears to have some barriers to invasion, but the extensive road network provides a corridor and habitat for a suite of exotic species to enter and become established. This study examined how biological factors and physical factors interact to produce the observed spatial pattern of invasion in the forested landscape, particularly along roads and streams. Results from a seed bank study indicated that dispersal barriers may be preventing movement of some exotics from the road into mature forest. Exotics that were found in the seed bank within mature forest have a high potential for dispersal, especially by wind. However, no exotic plants were found in the existing vegetation within the mature stands, suggesting that environmental barriers were preventing their establishment. Surveys at 1-km and 100-km scales showed that the most frequent species also had a high potential for dispersal. However, dispersal potential did not explain all of the observed spatial patterns. Confounding factors such as time since introduction, length of the "lag phase" after introduction, and various biological factors may have a strong influence on the spatial patterns of invasion. Exotic plant distribution at the 1-km scale varied among four habitat types that represent different levels of disturbance. The number and frequency of exotic species were much higher along high-use and low-use roads than along abandoned roads or streams. This pattern may reflect the more favorable light conditions along currently used roads, and the lower light levels along abandoned roads and streams may be barriers to invasion for many exotics. However, confounding factors such as competitive exclusion by natives and opportunities for dispersal may also be operating. Spatial patterns of exotics along the 100-km road network provide additional evidence that environmental barriers influence the pattern of invasion. Spatial analysis results provided evidence of patchiness and spatial gradients for some target species along some roads. The heterogeneous arrangement of patches on the landscape suggests that the process of invasion is generating multiple, discrete "foci" from which further invasion can occur. Close

• 186. [Article] Hydrologic Monitoring and Trends in the Upper Klamath Basin over the Last Decade

  Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrologic Monitoring and Trends in the Upper Klamath Basin over the Last Decade Author: Gates, Edward B., Lite Jr., Kenneth E., La Marche, Jonathan L. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Title: Hydrologic Monitoring and Trends in the Upper Klamath Basin over the Last Decade Author: Gates, Edward B., Lite Jr., Kenneth E., La Marche, Jonathan L. Year: 2011 Presented at The Oregon Water Conference, May 24-25, 2011, Corvallis, OR. Close

• 187. [Article] Storage dynamics of fine woody debris for two low-order streams in southeast Alaska

  The characteristics and associated storage dynamics of approximately 2000 pieces of fine woody debris (FWD; 2.5 cm <diameter<10 cm and 0.3 m<length<10 m) was evaluated over a three-year period in two undisturbed salmonid ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Storage dynamics of fine woody debris for two low-order streams in southeast Alaska Author: Gillilan, Scott E. The characteristics and associated storage dynamics of approximately 2000 pieces of fine woody debris (FWD; 2.5 cm <diameter<10 cm and 0.3 m<length<10 m) was evaluated over a three-year period in two undisturbed salmonid nursery streams in Southeast Alaska. To index a given reaches propensity to capture and store FWD over time, 100 survey stakes (diameter=2.9 cm, length=44 cm) were introduced at one-year intervals to the head of four reaches with distinct coarse woody debris (CWD; diameter>10 cm, length>1 m) loadings, and their downstream dispersal monitored. Between 1987 and 1989, storage of FWD was temporally and spatially variable and not suggestive of steady-state conditions. In the 1987-1988 stormflow period, the total resident FWD volume (cm³ per meter of reach) declined 43%. This was followed by a resident volume increase of 9% in the 1988-1989 period. These changes in FWD storage occurred despite maximum peak flows which differed between periods by only 10%. These annual changes in FWD storage indicate that factors and processes in addition to magnitude of peak flow were important in FWD storage dynamics. Factors important in describing the observed storage fluctuations might include the effects of an unusually low peak flow regime (20% of nine-year average) in the year prior to the study's commencement, as well as variable rates of FWD recruitment from the riparian environment. The majority of FWD was shorter (66-102 cm) than bankfull width (3.8-5.6 in), approximately 4.7 cm in diameter, geometrically simple in form, and in moderate to advanced states of decay. Shorter pieces were generally entrained more frequently than longer pieces, resulting in selective retention of longer pieces through time. The data strongly suggest FWD loadings are positively correlated with the amount of CWD in the reach. Retention of stakes was generally highest in a reach with high CWD loading (0.47 m³/m), intermediate in two reaches with moderate CWD loading (0.13 m³/m and 0.11 m³/m), and lowest in a reach with low CWD loading (0. 0082 m³/m). Distinct spatial and temporal stake dispersal patterns were noted between reaches. The retention of stakes declined most dramatically during the first stormflow (1.31 m³/s) following their introduction, while succeeding storms of equal or greater magnitude had less of an effect. Title: Storage dynamics of fine woody debris for two low-order streams in southeast Alaska Author: Gillilan, Scott E. The characteristics and associated storage dynamics of approximately 2000 pieces of fine woody debris (FWD; 2.5 cm <diameter<10 cm and 0.3 m<length<10 m) was evaluated over a three-year period in two undisturbed salmonid nursery streams in Southeast Alaska. To index a given reaches propensity to capture and store FWD over time, 100 survey stakes (diameter=2.9 cm, length=44 cm) were introduced at one-year intervals to the head of four reaches with distinct coarse woody debris (CWD; diameter>10 cm, length>1 m) loadings, and their downstream dispersal monitored. Between 1987 and 1989, storage of FWD was temporally and spatially variable and not suggestive of steady-state conditions. In the 1987-1988 stormflow period, the total resident FWD volume (cm³ per meter of reach) declined 43%. This was followed by a resident volume increase of 9% in the 1988-1989 period. These changes in FWD storage occurred despite maximum peak flows which differed between periods by only 10%. These annual changes in FWD storage indicate that factors and processes in addition to magnitude of peak flow were important in FWD storage dynamics. Factors important in describing the observed storage fluctuations might include the effects of an unusually low peak flow regime (20% of nine-year average) in the year prior to the study's commencement, as well as variable rates of FWD recruitment from the riparian environment. The majority of FWD was shorter (66-102 cm) than bankfull width (3.8-5.6 in), approximately 4.7 cm in diameter, geometrically simple in form, and in moderate to advanced states of decay. Shorter pieces were generally entrained more frequently than longer pieces, resulting in selective retention of longer pieces through time. The data strongly suggest FWD loadings are positively correlated with the amount of CWD in the reach. Retention of stakes was generally highest in a reach with high CWD loading (0.47 m³/m), intermediate in two reaches with moderate CWD loading (0.13 m³/m and 0.11 m³/m), and lowest in a reach with low CWD loading (0. 0082 m³/m). Distinct spatial and temporal stake dispersal patterns were noted between reaches. The retention of stakes declined most dramatically during the first stormflow (1.31 m³/s) following their introduction, while succeeding storms of equal or greater magnitude had less of an effect. Close

• 188. [Article] Susceptibility of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) to Phytophthora lateralis

  In 1991 Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) was reported as a new host for Phytophthora lateralis Tucker and Milbrath which is an aggressive root rot pathogen thought previously to be specific to Port-Orford-cedar. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Susceptibility of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) to Phytophthora lateralis Author: Murray, Marion S. In 1991 Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) was reported as a new host for Phytophthora lateralis Tucker and Milbrath which is an aggressive root rot pathogen thought previously to be specific to Port-Orford-cedar. This study was designed to compare the pathogenicity of P. lateralis on the two hosts, and to characterize sites where Pacific yew mortality occurs. The specific objectives were: 1) compare root colonization and mortality of Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar seedlings and rooted cuttings; 2) compare lesion length on inoculated Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar branches and stems; 3) compare zoospore attraction to freshly cut Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar rootlets; 4) compare amount of mortality of Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar in infested drainages and determine extent of yew mortality; and 5) characterize sites where P. lateralis causes Pacific yew mortality. Root colonization of P. lateralis was significantly greater in cedar than in yew. Seedling mortality averaged 58% for cedar and 4% for yew. Lesion length on the cedar seedling stems was twice the lesion length on yew stems, and cedar branches had lesions four times longer than yew branches. Abundant zoospore aggregation occurred on cedar rootlets along the zone of elongation and the region of maturation. In comparison, far fewer zoospores encysted along the yew rootlets, and were concentrated on the root hairs. The stream survey of three infested drainages in southwest Oregon and northwest California revealed a total of 1199 dead Port-Orford-cedar (46% mortality), and 86 dead Pacific yew (10% mortality). At sites where P. lateralis-induced mortality occurred, the interaction of slope and distance from the stream was negatively correlated with tree death. Based on results of this study, we conclude that Pacific yew is less susceptible to P. lateralis than Port-Orford-cedar, but that mortality of Pacific yew in the field is greater than previously reported. In addition, Pacific yew mortality was observed most often on level to nearly-level sites close to the stream's edge where root exposure to P. lateralis-infested water was frequent in scope and duration. Title: Susceptibility of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) to Phytophthora lateralis Author: Murray, Marion S. In 1991 Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) was reported as a new host for Phytophthora lateralis Tucker and Milbrath which is an aggressive root rot pathogen thought previously to be specific to Port-Orford-cedar. This study was designed to compare the pathogenicity of P. lateralis on the two hosts, and to characterize sites where Pacific yew mortality occurs. The specific objectives were: 1) compare root colonization and mortality of Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar seedlings and rooted cuttings; 2) compare lesion length on inoculated Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar branches and stems; 3) compare zoospore attraction to freshly cut Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar rootlets; 4) compare amount of mortality of Pacific yew and Port-Orford-cedar in infested drainages and determine extent of yew mortality; and 5) characterize sites where P. lateralis causes Pacific yew mortality. Root colonization of P. lateralis was significantly greater in cedar than in yew. Seedling mortality averaged 58% for cedar and 4% for yew. Lesion length on the cedar seedling stems was twice the lesion length on yew stems, and cedar branches had lesions four times longer than yew branches. Abundant zoospore aggregation occurred on cedar rootlets along the zone of elongation and the region of maturation. In comparison, far fewer zoospores encysted along the yew rootlets, and were concentrated on the root hairs. The stream survey of three infested drainages in southwest Oregon and northwest California revealed a total of 1199 dead Port-Orford-cedar (46% mortality), and 86 dead Pacific yew (10% mortality). At sites where P. lateralis-induced mortality occurred, the interaction of slope and distance from the stream was negatively correlated with tree death. Based on results of this study, we conclude that Pacific yew is less susceptible to P. lateralis than Port-Orford-cedar, but that mortality of Pacific yew in the field is greater than previously reported. In addition, Pacific yew mortality was observed most often on level to nearly-level sites close to the stream's edge where root exposure to P. lateralis-infested water was frequent in scope and duration. Close

• 189. [Article] Riparian bird communities in Portland, Oregon : habitat, urbanization, and spatial scale patterns

  Urban ecosystems are characterized by human disturbance and changes in the amount, types, and spatial arrangement of wildlife habitat. The relative importance of habitat and human associated variables ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Riparian bird communities in Portland, Oregon : habitat, urbanization, and spatial scale patterns Author: Hennings, Lori A. Urban ecosystems are characterized by human disturbance and changes in the amount, types, and spatial arrangement of wildlife habitat. The relative importance of habitat and human associated variables to urban birds is unknown. In 1999, I surveyed spring bird and plant communities along 54 perennial streams in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region. My objectives were to determine (1) what habitat and human-associated variables were related to avian community measures, (2) how far from riparian areas did relationships between avifauna and canopy cover and development extend, and (3) habitat characteristics associated with individual bird species. I used Principal Components Analysis to cluster and reduce the number of explanatory variables, and regressed bird community variables against the resulting principal components. Total and nonnative bird abundance were negatively related to the first principal component, PC 1 (high-scoring PC 1 sites had wide, structurally complex native forests) (r2 = 0.38, P < 0.0001 and r2 = 0.63, P < 0.0001, respectively). Several weak (r2 = 0.17-0.31, P < 0.003) curvilinear relationships emerged between overall and native species richness and diversity versus PC 1. Neotropical migratory bird (NMB) species richness and diversity were negatively related to human development variables, and positively related to native shrubs (adjusted r2 = 0.21 and 0.18, respectively; P < 0.003). I regressed bird community variables against canopy cover and street density for each of ten 50-m buffers around sites, then plotted the model fit (r) against buffer width. Native and nonnative abundance measures were negatively related to canopy cover. Total abundance was best predicted by canopy cover 300-350 m from the stream whereas normative abundance was predicted nearly equally by canopy cover in each buffer. The relationships between total species richness, native species richness, total diversity and native diversity were curvilinearly related to canopy cover, with canopy in the first 50 m appearing most important. Neotropical migratory bird species richness, diversity and abundance were negatively related to street density within 150 m of the stream. Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) abundance was increasingly, negatively related to canopy cover as spatial scale increased. I used logistic regression to identify habitat and/or human-associated variables that predicted the occurrence of 32 species. The occurrence of four species (American Crow [Corvus brachyrhynchos], House Finch [Carpodacus mexicanus], Red-breasted Nuthatch [Sitta canadensis], and Vaux's Swift [Chaetura vauxi]) was positively, and five species (Black-headed Grosbeak [Pheucticus melanocephalus], Common Yellowthroat [Geothlypis trichas], Rufous Hummingbird [Selasphorus rufus], Steller's Jay [Cyanocitta setlleri], and Swainson's Thrush [Catharus ustulatus]) negatively related to human-associated variables. My results suggest that increasing urban canopy cover is the most valuable land management action for many breeding bird species. Preserving large undeveloped habitats and controlling urban sprawl may help prevent regional declines of NMB species. Title: Riparian bird communities in Portland, Oregon : habitat, urbanization, and spatial scale patterns Author: Hennings, Lori A. Urban ecosystems are characterized by human disturbance and changes in the amount, types, and spatial arrangement of wildlife habitat. The relative importance of habitat and human associated variables to urban birds is unknown. In 1999, I surveyed spring bird and plant communities along 54 perennial streams in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region. My objectives were to determine (1) what habitat and human-associated variables were related to avian community measures, (2) how far from riparian areas did relationships between avifauna and canopy cover and development extend, and (3) habitat characteristics associated with individual bird species. I used Principal Components Analysis to cluster and reduce the number of explanatory variables, and regressed bird community variables against the resulting principal components. Total and nonnative bird abundance were negatively related to the first principal component, PC 1 (high-scoring PC 1 sites had wide, structurally complex native forests) (r2 = 0.38, P < 0.0001 and r2 = 0.63, P < 0.0001, respectively). Several weak (r2 = 0.17-0.31, P < 0.003) curvilinear relationships emerged between overall and native species richness and diversity versus PC 1. Neotropical migratory bird (NMB) species richness and diversity were negatively related to human development variables, and positively related to native shrubs (adjusted r2 = 0.21 and 0.18, respectively; P < 0.003). I regressed bird community variables against canopy cover and street density for each of ten 50-m buffers around sites, then plotted the model fit (r) against buffer width. Native and nonnative abundance measures were negatively related to canopy cover. Total abundance was best predicted by canopy cover 300-350 m from the stream whereas normative abundance was predicted nearly equally by canopy cover in each buffer. The relationships between total species richness, native species richness, total diversity and native diversity were curvilinearly related to canopy cover, with canopy in the first 50 m appearing most important. Neotropical migratory bird species richness, diversity and abundance were negatively related to street density within 150 m of the stream. Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) abundance was increasingly, negatively related to canopy cover as spatial scale increased. I used logistic regression to identify habitat and/or human-associated variables that predicted the occurrence of 32 species. The occurrence of four species (American Crow [Corvus brachyrhynchos], House Finch [Carpodacus mexicanus], Red-breasted Nuthatch [Sitta canadensis], and Vaux's Swift [Chaetura vauxi]) was positively, and five species (Black-headed Grosbeak [Pheucticus melanocephalus], Common Yellowthroat [Geothlypis trichas], Rufous Hummingbird [Selasphorus rufus], Steller's Jay [Cyanocitta setlleri], and Swainson's Thrush [Catharus ustulatus]) negatively related to human-associated variables. My results suggest that increasing urban canopy cover is the most valuable land management action for many breeding bird species. Preserving large undeveloped habitats and controlling urban sprawl may help prevent regional declines of NMB species. Close

• 190. [Article] Population and production ecology of Lipsothrix spp. (Diptera:Tipulidae)

  Craneflies of the genus Lipsothrix inhabit decomposing wood in streams. The life cycles and ecological relationships of L. nigrilinea (Doane) and L. fenderi Alexander were investigated to determine how ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population and production ecology of Lipsothrix spp. (Diptera:Tipulidae) Author: Dudley, Thomas L. Craneflies of the genus Lipsothrix inhabit decomposing wood in streams. The life cycles and ecological relationships of L. nigrilinea (Doane) and L. fenderi Alexander were investigated to determine how they exploit and respond to the wood habitat and their role in degradation of woody debris in western Oregon. Surveys of the western states and provinces provided data on geographical distribution of the four western species, and a key is given to the five species known from America north of Mexico. The non-adult stages are spent within single logs, primarily red alder (Alnus rubra), in headwater streams where disturbance by abrasion is minimized. The two species are sympatric in soft logs in constant contact with water. L. fenderi larvae are found in a wider variety of wood types, including harder wood, other species of wood, and in marginal habitats in which they are more susceptible to desiccation and interactions with the semi-terrestrial community. Habitat selection may relate to the specificity of ovipositing females. Biological and behavioral characteristics of the life stages are described. Both species have a basic biennial life cycle with an ephemeral (1-8 days) adult stage. This long cycle may be possible because because the habitat is relatively predictable and constant. L. fenderi is smaller than L. nigrilinea, and some individuals emerge as annuals, probably in response to an indirect thermal cue in the fall. L. nigrilinea uses combined cues of temperature and descending water level, which more directly preclict suitable conditions for emergence in spring and summer. Some L. nigrilinea take three years or longer if they do not receive the water level cue in a portion of the log. A large degree of variability exists in size of both species, and especially L. nigrilinea, within a single log. Though growth rate differences are correlated with temperature and food quality, variability in timing of oviposition probably accounts for the majority of the difference. The life history traits of L. fenderi are more conducive to increasing reproductive quantity when compared to L. nigrilinea, which may be related to the association of L. fenderi with relatively less predictable habitats. The mean biomass of L. nigrilinea was near 12.0 mg/100 cm², with low variation, while L. fenderi had low biomass in the fall (1.40 mg/100 cm²) and peaked prior to emergence (12.65 mg/100 cm²). Wood hardness was the major determinant of larval densities and feeding rates of both species. Egestion rates were estimated at 88% of dry weight per day in firm wood and 223% per day in highly decayed material. Egestion is increased by a factor of two between low (3°C) and high (15°C) temperatures encountered in the field. The total ecological impact will be the greatest where the highest abundance of the most suitable habitat is found, as in small streams during the middle stages of forest succession. Title: Population and production ecology of Lipsothrix spp. (Diptera:Tipulidae) Author: Dudley, Thomas L. Craneflies of the genus Lipsothrix inhabit decomposing wood in streams. The life cycles and ecological relationships of L. nigrilinea (Doane) and L. fenderi Alexander were investigated to determine how they exploit and respond to the wood habitat and their role in degradation of woody debris in western Oregon. Surveys of the western states and provinces provided data on geographical distribution of the four western species, and a key is given to the five species known from America north of Mexico. The non-adult stages are spent within single logs, primarily red alder (Alnus rubra), in headwater streams where disturbance by abrasion is minimized. The two species are sympatric in soft logs in constant contact with water. L. fenderi larvae are found in a wider variety of wood types, including harder wood, other species of wood, and in marginal habitats in which they are more susceptible to desiccation and interactions with the semi-terrestrial community. Habitat selection may relate to the specificity of ovipositing females. Biological and behavioral characteristics of the life stages are described. Both species have a basic biennial life cycle with an ephemeral (1-8 days) adult stage. This long cycle may be possible because because the habitat is relatively predictable and constant. L. fenderi is smaller than L. nigrilinea, and some individuals emerge as annuals, probably in response to an indirect thermal cue in the fall. L. nigrilinea uses combined cues of temperature and descending water level, which more directly preclict suitable conditions for emergence in spring and summer. Some L. nigrilinea take three years or longer if they do not receive the water level cue in a portion of the log. A large degree of variability exists in size of both species, and especially L. nigrilinea, within a single log. Though growth rate differences are correlated with temperature and food quality, variability in timing of oviposition probably accounts for the majority of the difference. The life history traits of L. fenderi are more conducive to increasing reproductive quantity when compared to L. nigrilinea, which may be related to the association of L. fenderi with relatively less predictable habitats. The mean biomass of L. nigrilinea was near 12.0 mg/100 cm², with low variation, while L. fenderi had low biomass in the fall (1.40 mg/100 cm²) and peaked prior to emergence (12.65 mg/100 cm²). Wood hardness was the major determinant of larval densities and feeding rates of both species. Egestion rates were estimated at 88% of dry weight per day in firm wood and 223% per day in highly decayed material. Egestion is increased by a factor of two between low (3°C) and high (15°C) temperatures encountered in the field. The total ecological impact will be the greatest where the highest abundance of the most suitable habitat is found, as in small streams during the middle stages of forest succession. Close

• 191. [Article] Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in the Walla Walla River, Northeast Oregon, USA : A Multi-Method Field-Based Approach

  Surface water and groundwater interactions are a key component in the functioning of stream ecosystems. Exchange of water between the stream and the hyporheic zone creates habitat for aquatic organisms ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in the Walla Walla River, Northeast Oregon, USA : A Multi-Method Field-Based Approach Author: Gryczkowski, Landon Surface water and groundwater interactions are a key component in the functioning of stream ecosystems. Exchange of water between the stream and the hyporheic zone creates habitat for aquatic organisms and serves as a control for stream biogeochemical, thermal, and flow processes. This study takes a multi-method field-based approach to gain a better understanding of exchange processes in the Walla Walla River, Northeast Oregon, USA, with focus on advancing methodologies, spatial and temporal exchange dynamics, fish ecology and habitat, and geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange. Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) was used to identify, quantify, and map cold-water inflows at the meter scale. Analysis of the maximum and minimum daily temperature traces separated each cold-water inflow into either hyporheic or groundwater-derived. DTS identified a very active hyporheic zone in this system, with a near-equal importance of hyporheic and groundwater inflows. Approximately one-third of the 2-km study reach was influence by cold-water inflows, providing significant cooling in certain areas. Using piezometers in conjunction with DTS provided validation and supplementation of DTS results, increased the reliability of conclusions, and helped to identify and understand specific exchange processes. Piezometer data showed downwelling conditions (negative head differential) except immediately downstream of riffles, with head differentials becoming increasingly negative farther downstream from a riffle. Furthermore, head differentials increased in the negative direction from left bank to right bank, indicating lateral movement of groundwater and more loss of river water from the right bank. Nearest to riffles and river bends, head differentials remained more stable over time, which may indicate that geomorphic structures influence head variations locally, while aquifer levels and dynamics have an increasing influence farther from these structures. Seasonally, head differentials became increasingly negative through the summer into fall as aquifer levels decreased, and areas of the river that lost the most water to the subsurface tended to lose more water at a faster rate as the summer progressed. However, the seasonal trend of head differentials may be counteracted by decreasing bed permeability, yielding little or no temporal change in vertical flux of water through the streambed. During high-flow events, river losses to the subsurface decreased overall; in particular, areas with the greatest water loss at low flows showed reduced losses during high flows. High variability and lack of patterns in the response to high flow events suggests complexity in this process. Temperature-related variables from DTS data were combined with habitat-related variables to determine which variables best explain pool-scale salmonid abundance. Two snorkel surveys of 23 pools within the study reach were performed. The change in temperature across the pool showed the strongest overall relationship to salmonid abundance, particularly Chinook salmon. Chinook salmon showed a stronger preference for specific pools compared to steelhead/rainbow trout. The magnitude of cold-water inflows appears more important than the presence or proportion of the pool receiving cold-water inflows, and salmonid abundance was more strongly explained by hyporheic inflows compared to groundwater. Temperature variables increased in importance relative to habitat variables in the second snorkel sample compared to sample one. The highest river temperatures of the summer occurred between the two sample dates, and this may suggest that salmonids’ affinity for cold-water refuge was enhanced through behavioral adaptation following periods of high temperature approaching the lethal threshold. The combined use of DTS, continuous electrical resistivity/induced polarization profiling, LiDAR, aerial imagery analysis, and field surveys allowed for the quantification of many geomorphic and hydraulic variables known or hypothesized to contribute to surface water and groundwater exchange processes. Regression analysis was used to determine which of these variables best explain the presence and magnitude of both groundwater and hyporheic inflows. For the first time, the cross-sectional area of the hyporheic zone was estimated at high resolution at the reach scale, and decreasing hyporheic cross-sectional area best explained both the presence and magnitude of cold-water inflows of either type. Higher water surface slope and sinuosity/curvature were next in order of importance. The presence of hyporheic inflows was also explained by higher water surface slope, sinuosity, and Reynolds number, while the magnitude of hyporheic inflows was best explained by higher sinuosity. Groundwater inflows were also explained by higher width-to-depth ratio, higher water surface slope, decreasing distance from a stream bank to the bankfull or floodplain extent, and decreasing flow velocity. Lateral processes (e.g. sinuosity) and vertical processes (e.g. water surface slope) were found to be of comparable importance, but lateral processes better explained larger decreases in stream temperature, possibly because lateral subsurface flow paths are longer in distance and duration. Hydraulic conductivity variables did not show up among the most important variables likely because of the difficulty in estimating hydraulic conductivity at the meter scale using electrical geophysical tools. Title: Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in the Walla Walla River, Northeast Oregon, USA : A Multi-Method Field-Based Approach Author: Gryczkowski, Landon Surface water and groundwater interactions are a key component in the functioning of stream ecosystems. Exchange of water between the stream and the hyporheic zone creates habitat for aquatic organisms and serves as a control for stream biogeochemical, thermal, and flow processes. This study takes a multi-method field-based approach to gain a better understanding of exchange processes in the Walla Walla River, Northeast Oregon, USA, with focus on advancing methodologies, spatial and temporal exchange dynamics, fish ecology and habitat, and geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange. Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) was used to identify, quantify, and map cold-water inflows at the meter scale. Analysis of the maximum and minimum daily temperature traces separated each cold-water inflow into either hyporheic or groundwater-derived. DTS identified a very active hyporheic zone in this system, with a near-equal importance of hyporheic and groundwater inflows. Approximately one-third of the 2-km study reach was influence by cold-water inflows, providing significant cooling in certain areas. Using piezometers in conjunction with DTS provided validation and supplementation of DTS results, increased the reliability of conclusions, and helped to identify and understand specific exchange processes. Piezometer data showed downwelling conditions (negative head differential) except immediately downstream of riffles, with head differentials becoming increasingly negative farther downstream from a riffle. Furthermore, head differentials increased in the negative direction from left bank to right bank, indicating lateral movement of groundwater and more loss of river water from the right bank. Nearest to riffles and river bends, head differentials remained more stable over time, which may indicate that geomorphic structures influence head variations locally, while aquifer levels and dynamics have an increasing influence farther from these structures. Seasonally, head differentials became increasingly negative through the summer into fall as aquifer levels decreased, and areas of the river that lost the most water to the subsurface tended to lose more water at a faster rate as the summer progressed. However, the seasonal trend of head differentials may be counteracted by decreasing bed permeability, yielding little or no temporal change in vertical flux of water through the streambed. During high-flow events, river losses to the subsurface decreased overall; in particular, areas with the greatest water loss at low flows showed reduced losses during high flows. High variability and lack of patterns in the response to high flow events suggests complexity in this process. Temperature-related variables from DTS data were combined with habitat-related variables to determine which variables best explain pool-scale salmonid abundance. Two snorkel surveys of 23 pools within the study reach were performed. The change in temperature across the pool showed the strongest overall relationship to salmonid abundance, particularly Chinook salmon. Chinook salmon showed a stronger preference for specific pools compared to steelhead/rainbow trout. The magnitude of cold-water inflows appears more important than the presence or proportion of the pool receiving cold-water inflows, and salmonid abundance was more strongly explained by hyporheic inflows compared to groundwater. Temperature variables increased in importance relative to habitat variables in the second snorkel sample compared to sample one. The highest river temperatures of the summer occurred between the two sample dates, and this may suggest that salmonids’ affinity for cold-water refuge was enhanced through behavioral adaptation following periods of high temperature approaching the lethal threshold. The combined use of DTS, continuous electrical resistivity/induced polarization profiling, LiDAR, aerial imagery analysis, and field surveys allowed for the quantification of many geomorphic and hydraulic variables known or hypothesized to contribute to surface water and groundwater exchange processes. Regression analysis was used to determine which of these variables best explain the presence and magnitude of both groundwater and hyporheic inflows. For the first time, the cross-sectional area of the hyporheic zone was estimated at high resolution at the reach scale, and decreasing hyporheic cross-sectional area best explained both the presence and magnitude of cold-water inflows of either type. Higher water surface slope and sinuosity/curvature were next in order of importance. The presence of hyporheic inflows was also explained by higher water surface slope, sinuosity, and Reynolds number, while the magnitude of hyporheic inflows was best explained by higher sinuosity. Groundwater inflows were also explained by higher width-to-depth ratio, higher water surface slope, decreasing distance from a stream bank to the bankfull or floodplain extent, and decreasing flow velocity. Lateral processes (e.g. sinuosity) and vertical processes (e.g. water surface slope) were found to be of comparable importance, but lateral processes better explained larger decreases in stream temperature, possibly because lateral subsurface flow paths are longer in distance and duration. Hydraulic conductivity variables did not show up among the most important variables likely because of the difficulty in estimating hydraulic conductivity at the meter scale using electrical geophysical tools. Close

• 192. [Article] Beaver ecology in Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River

  The American beaver (Castor canadensis) was nearly extirpated by the late 1800's due to the fur trade. Due to reintroduction efforts, it now occupies much of its former range. Beavers are a keystone species ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver ecology in Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River Author: Maenhout, Julie L. The American beaver (Castor canadensis) was nearly extirpated by the late 1800's due to the fur trade. Due to reintroduction efforts, it now occupies much of its former range. Beavers are a keystone species and ecosystem engineers, greatly influencing riparian and instream habitats through selective harvesting of plant materials and dam building. Beaver dams can accelerate the recovery of stream and riparian habitats. These habitats are beneficial to a variety of wildlife, including some fish species. Relocating nuisance beavers to areas where their damming activity will benefit fish habitat by helping restore degraded streams is gaining interest as a restoration and management tool in Oregon. However, little is known about the extant beaver populations in Oregon, including in the areas of restoration interest. We used genetic and radio telemetry approaches together to investigate the ecology of beavers in Bridge Creek; the site of a project partnering with beaver to aid in restoration efforts. Radio telemetry was used to estimate the home range size, habitat use, and survival rates for beavers in Bridge Creek and mitochondrial DNA was used to investigate the genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek. In order to put the genetic diversity of this watershed in the historical context of beaver management in Oregon, we used samples from the John Day River upstream of the Bridge Creek confluence and samples from another study being conducted in western Oregon. These samples together would represent a broader context of the western and eastern parts of Oregon, on both sides of the Cascade Range. We tracked 24 radio tagged beavers in the summer of 2011 and 22 beavers in the spring of 2012 to estimate home ranges. The mean linear home range length was 1.56 ± 0.71 km. Home ranges did not differ by sex or age except for spring 2012; female home ranges were longer than males. Home ranges encompassed nearly the entire study area of Bridge Creek and in some cases overlapped. Habitat use showed that beavers used areas of grasses and herbaceous vegetation in greater proportion to its availability for spring 2012 but did not deviate from random in summer 2011. The survival rate was estimated to be 0.92 ± 0.05 for the entire 18 month study period. While radio tagging captured beavers, a tissue sample was taken for mitochondrial DNA genetic analysis. Genetic diversity was very low for the samples from Bridge Creek beavers, and therefore we were unable to discern any genetic structuring. Eastern Oregon samples overall (Bridge Creek and John Day samples) had a low nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.001 ± 0.001, 0.441 ± 0.056 respectively) while western Oregon samples had a higher nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.003 ± 0.002, 0.546 ± 0.098 respectively). The two subpopulations were significantly differentiated from each other (P < 0.001, pairwise F[subscript ST] = 0.499). The information gained on the survival, home range, habitat use, and genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek is important in assisting managers; partnering with beaver to meet their stream restoration goals. Although beaver relocation is an attractive tool for alleviating nuisance beaver issues while potentially restoring fish habitat, our results indicate that Bridge Creek may not be able to support more beavers in its current condition. Additional research on the social structure, through the use of microsatellites, and continued year-round monitoring of beavers within Bridge Creek and the greater John Day basin will further inform managers on the feasibility of the use of beavers as a stream restoration tool. Title: Beaver ecology in Bridge Creek, a tributary to the John Day River Author: Maenhout, Julie L. The American beaver (Castor canadensis) was nearly extirpated by the late 1800's due to the fur trade. Due to reintroduction efforts, it now occupies much of its former range. Beavers are a keystone species and ecosystem engineers, greatly influencing riparian and instream habitats through selective harvesting of plant materials and dam building. Beaver dams can accelerate the recovery of stream and riparian habitats. These habitats are beneficial to a variety of wildlife, including some fish species. Relocating nuisance beavers to areas where their damming activity will benefit fish habitat by helping restore degraded streams is gaining interest as a restoration and management tool in Oregon. However, little is known about the extant beaver populations in Oregon, including in the areas of restoration interest. We used genetic and radio telemetry approaches together to investigate the ecology of beavers in Bridge Creek; the site of a project partnering with beaver to aid in restoration efforts. Radio telemetry was used to estimate the home range size, habitat use, and survival rates for beavers in Bridge Creek and mitochondrial DNA was used to investigate the genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek. In order to put the genetic diversity of this watershed in the historical context of beaver management in Oregon, we used samples from the John Day River upstream of the Bridge Creek confluence and samples from another study being conducted in western Oregon. These samples together would represent a broader context of the western and eastern parts of Oregon, on both sides of the Cascade Range. We tracked 24 radio tagged beavers in the summer of 2011 and 22 beavers in the spring of 2012 to estimate home ranges. The mean linear home range length was 1.56 ± 0.71 km. Home ranges did not differ by sex or age except for spring 2012; female home ranges were longer than males. Home ranges encompassed nearly the entire study area of Bridge Creek and in some cases overlapped. Habitat use showed that beavers used areas of grasses and herbaceous vegetation in greater proportion to its availability for spring 2012 but did not deviate from random in summer 2011. The survival rate was estimated to be 0.92 ± 0.05 for the entire 18 month study period. While radio tagging captured beavers, a tissue sample was taken for mitochondrial DNA genetic analysis. Genetic diversity was very low for the samples from Bridge Creek beavers, and therefore we were unable to discern any genetic structuring. Eastern Oregon samples overall (Bridge Creek and John Day samples) had a low nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.001 ± 0.001, 0.441 ± 0.056 respectively) while western Oregon samples had a higher nucleotide and haplotype diversity (0.003 ± 0.002, 0.546 ± 0.098 respectively). The two subpopulations were significantly differentiated from each other (P < 0.001, pairwise F[subscript ST] = 0.499). The information gained on the survival, home range, habitat use, and genetic diversity of beavers in Bridge Creek is important in assisting managers; partnering with beaver to meet their stream restoration goals. Although beaver relocation is an attractive tool for alleviating nuisance beaver issues while potentially restoring fish habitat, our results indicate that Bridge Creek may not be able to support more beavers in its current condition. Additional research on the social structure, through the use of microsatellites, and continued year-round monitoring of beavers within Bridge Creek and the greater John Day basin will further inform managers on the feasibility of the use of beavers as a stream restoration tool. Close

• 193. [Article] John Wesley Powell : science and reform in a positive context

  John Wesley Powell worked actively for public land system reform while a director of geographical and geological surveys in the West from 1869 to 1894. Although this has won him acclaim as a conservationist, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: John Wesley Powell : science and reform in a positive context Author: Zernel, John Joseph, 1945- John Wesley Powell worked actively for public land system reform while a director of geographical and geological surveys in the West from 1869 to 1894. Although this has won him acclaim as a conservationist, the basis of Powell's linkage of reform with scientific work is poorly understood. A study of the intellectual aspects of Powell's survey work to about 1884 shows his linkage of science and reform had both practical and philosophical foundations. While working in the West Powell found applications of his geological and ethnological studies useful in treating problems that had arisen for settlement in the region. Powell's study of Indian culture reflected ethnologist Lewis Henry Morgan's emphasis on social organization. It taught Powell that the government's approach to Indian problems was ineffective because it misunderstood their social organization and their institutions. Powell emphasized physical aspects of the geological problems he studied. He focused on structure, on processes of upheaval and erosion, and on the historical record those agencies left in topography. Powell found this work provided geographical and other physical information useful in planning the large-scale irrigation systems that he believed were necessary for continued growth in the West. He also found his survey's work valuable for administrative and policy-making needs in the General Land Office. Powell's Report on the Lands of the Arid Region in 1878 reflected his advocacy of better and more systematic methods in classifying and surveying the public lands. It also keynoted his involvement in efforts to abolish the government's contract land survey system and replace it with a permanent system of geographical and geological surveys. Philosophical foundations for Powell's involvement in reform are revealed in his ideas on evolution. These combined L. H. Morgan's appreciation of cooperative social institutions with Herbert Spencer's view of evolution as an increasing differentiation and integration of matter. Human evolution for Powell was multidimensional and included intellectual, industrial, and institutional elements. Powell believed his survey's work for science and for land system reform was consistent with his evolutionary scheme. His intellectual heritage shows that he was acting out the commitment of nineteenth-century positivism to the empirical methods of science and to their use in achieving social progress. Title: John Wesley Powell : science and reform in a positive context Author: Zernel, John Joseph, 1945- John Wesley Powell worked actively for public land system reform while a director of geographical and geological surveys in the West from 1869 to 1894. Although this has won him acclaim as a conservationist, the basis of Powell's linkage of reform with scientific work is poorly understood. A study of the intellectual aspects of Powell's survey work to about 1884 shows his linkage of science and reform had both practical and philosophical foundations. While working in the West Powell found applications of his geological and ethnological studies useful in treating problems that had arisen for settlement in the region. Powell's study of Indian culture reflected ethnologist Lewis Henry Morgan's emphasis on social organization. It taught Powell that the government's approach to Indian problems was ineffective because it misunderstood their social organization and their institutions. Powell emphasized physical aspects of the geological problems he studied. He focused on structure, on processes of upheaval and erosion, and on the historical record those agencies left in topography. Powell found this work provided geographical and other physical information useful in planning the large-scale irrigation systems that he believed were necessary for continued growth in the West. He also found his survey's work valuable for administrative and policy-making needs in the General Land Office. Powell's Report on the Lands of the Arid Region in 1878 reflected his advocacy of better and more systematic methods in classifying and surveying the public lands. It also keynoted his involvement in efforts to abolish the government's contract land survey system and replace it with a permanent system of geographical and geological surveys. Philosophical foundations for Powell's involvement in reform are revealed in his ideas on evolution. These combined L. H. Morgan's appreciation of cooperative social institutions with Herbert Spencer's view of evolution as an increasing differentiation and integration of matter. Human evolution for Powell was multidimensional and included intellectual, industrial, and institutional elements. Powell believed his survey's work for science and for land system reform was consistent with his evolutionary scheme. His intellectual heritage shows that he was acting out the commitment of nineteenth-century positivism to the empirical methods of science and to their use in achieving social progress. Close

• 194. [Article] Cultural resource protectors : a survey of federal archaeologists and cultural resource specialists in the Pacific Northwest

  There is a widespread problem with looting and vandalism of cultural resources in the Pacific Northwest. To combat this problem law enforcement must have the assistance of the archaeological community. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural resource protectors : a survey of federal archaeologists and cultural resource specialists in the Pacific Northwest Author: Schmidt, Chester Allan There is a widespread problem with looting and vandalism of cultural resources in the Pacific Northwest. To combat this problem law enforcement must have the assistance of the archaeological community. To be able to assist law enforcement, archaeologists and cultural resource specialists must have the proper training in cultural resource law and crime prevention. The focus of this study is to investigate the preparedness of archaeologists and cultural resource specialists within the federal government, specifically the United State Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, to assist in the investigation and prevention of cultural resource crime. To answer this question a survey was sent out to all of the aforementioned subjects within the Pacific Northwest. This survey asked for data concerning types of cultural resources affected by crime, prevention methods, training, opinions on quality of training, and demographic information. The respondent was also asked to reply to various fictitious scenarios concerning cultural resource crime, and the answers compared to a control group made up of law enforcement personnel. Information obtained from this survey showed that there is a lack of training among both of these agencies. A large percentage of the respondents feel that their training was either nonexistent or was lacking in depth and quality. The ability of the subject group to make decisions concerning the fictitious scenarios was closely analogous to those made by the law enforcement group. However, from information obtained from the respondents and from analysis of other data these scenarios may not have been a good indicator of the preparedness of the subject group. To improve their abilities at preventing and assisting in the investigation of cultural resource crimes, all archaeologists and cultural resource specialists need to have the opportunity to have access to quality training. These persons must also take it upon themselves to protect the resource using methods that are allowed by their respective agencies. Title: Cultural resource protectors : a survey of federal archaeologists and cultural resource specialists in the Pacific Northwest Author: Schmidt, Chester Allan There is a widespread problem with looting and vandalism of cultural resources in the Pacific Northwest. To combat this problem law enforcement must have the assistance of the archaeological community. To be able to assist law enforcement, archaeologists and cultural resource specialists must have the proper training in cultural resource law and crime prevention. The focus of this study is to investigate the preparedness of archaeologists and cultural resource specialists within the federal government, specifically the United State Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, to assist in the investigation and prevention of cultural resource crime. To answer this question a survey was sent out to all of the aforementioned subjects within the Pacific Northwest. This survey asked for data concerning types of cultural resources affected by crime, prevention methods, training, opinions on quality of training, and demographic information. The respondent was also asked to reply to various fictitious scenarios concerning cultural resource crime, and the answers compared to a control group made up of law enforcement personnel. Information obtained from this survey showed that there is a lack of training among both of these agencies. A large percentage of the respondents feel that their training was either nonexistent or was lacking in depth and quality. The ability of the subject group to make decisions concerning the fictitious scenarios was closely analogous to those made by the law enforcement group. However, from information obtained from the respondents and from analysis of other data these scenarios may not have been a good indicator of the preparedness of the subject group. To improve their abilities at preventing and assisting in the investigation of cultural resource crimes, all archaeologists and cultural resource specialists need to have the opportunity to have access to quality training. These persons must also take it upon themselves to protect the resource using methods that are allowed by their respective agencies. Close

• 195. [Article] The isolation, comparison, and attenuation of several viruses infecting Oregon salmonids

  The Oregon strain of the agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) was isolated from fingerling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by J. L. Fryer in 1958. Before the study reported herein no other ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The isolation, comparison, and attenuation of several viruses infecting Oregon salmonids Author: McMichael, John Seiple The Oregon strain of the agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) was isolated from fingerling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by J. L. Fryer in 1958. Before the study reported herein no other virus had been recovered from any fish population in Oregon. Therefore, in July, 1971 a survey was initiated to determine the status of viral infections in various populations of Oregon salmonids. Stocks tested represented several of the state's major watersheds, coastal streams, brood fish from selected hatcheries, and private lakes and ponds. Three viruses were isolated during the survey. IHN virus was recovered from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) displaying typical symptoms of that disease and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus was isolated from asymptomatic cutthroat trout (S. clarki) and coho salmon (O. kisutch). Serum neutralization tests indicated that fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) had been exposed to IPN virus although they were not infected at the time of examination. Host range studies were performed with the three agents by adding them to aquaria water containing fry of several species. IHN virus caused fatal infection in both kokanee salmon (landlocked 0. nerka) and rainbow trout at 49 and 54°F although kokanee appeared more susceptible than rainbow trout. The coho IPN isolate (Coho- IPN) was lethal only for coho fry and only at 59°F while the cutthroat trout isolate (CTT-IPN) was not virulent for any of the species tested including cutthroat trout. None of the three viruses were capable of infecting any of several species of non-salmonids under prevailing test conditions. Coho-IPN and CTT-IPN were compared to each other and to VR-299, a reference strain of IPN virus, with respect to their antigenic compositions. No antigens unique to only one of the three strains were detected by immunodiffusion or immunoelectrophoretic methods although three separate viral antigens were identified for each agent. Cross-plaque neutralization and comparisons of susceptibility to freezing and thawing showed that the two western isolates were much more closely related to one another than to VR-299. Attempts were made to attenuate the IHN and both IPN strains recovered during the survey as an initial step towards developing live virus vaccines against those agents. Those viruses were serially passaged on turtle heart, human epidermoid larynx carcinoma, and steelhead trout embryo cell lines at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37°C. Comparisons of virulence for susceptible fry were made between passaged and wild type viruses. IHN virus passed 41 times on a steelhead trout cell line (STE-137) at 18°C showed a reduction in virulence for kokanee salmon of at least 4 x 107-fold when added to aquaria water. That attenuated strain protected 15 of 18 vaccinated fry against an intraperitoneally injected challenge equivalent to 42 x LD₅₀ for the wild type agent. A 38-fold reduction in virulence of CTT-IPN for coho salmon fry was achieved by passing that virus 93 times at 18°C on STE-137 cells. Eleven of 13 of those fish vaccinated with an ip injection of 13 plaque forming units of the attenuated strain survived a challenge dose of the wild type virus equivalent to 860 x LD₅₀. The results obtained by propagating the three isolated agents on other cell lines, at other temperatures, and subjecting them to varying numbers of passages are reported. Title: The isolation, comparison, and attenuation of several viruses infecting Oregon salmonids Author: McMichael, John Seiple The Oregon strain of the agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN) was isolated from fingerling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by J. L. Fryer in 1958. Before the study reported herein no other virus had been recovered from any fish population in Oregon. Therefore, in July, 1971 a survey was initiated to determine the status of viral infections in various populations of Oregon salmonids. Stocks tested represented several of the state's major watersheds, coastal streams, brood fish from selected hatcheries, and private lakes and ponds. Three viruses were isolated during the survey. IHN virus was recovered from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) displaying typical symptoms of that disease and infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus was isolated from asymptomatic cutthroat trout (S. clarki) and coho salmon (O. kisutch). Serum neutralization tests indicated that fall chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) had been exposed to IPN virus although they were not infected at the time of examination. Host range studies were performed with the three agents by adding them to aquaria water containing fry of several species. IHN virus caused fatal infection in both kokanee salmon (landlocked 0. nerka) and rainbow trout at 49 and 54°F although kokanee appeared more susceptible than rainbow trout. The coho IPN isolate (Coho- IPN) was lethal only for coho fry and only at 59°F while the cutthroat trout isolate (CTT-IPN) was not virulent for any of the species tested including cutthroat trout. None of the three viruses were capable of infecting any of several species of non-salmonids under prevailing test conditions. Coho-IPN and CTT-IPN were compared to each other and to VR-299, a reference strain of IPN virus, with respect to their antigenic compositions. No antigens unique to only one of the three strains were detected by immunodiffusion or immunoelectrophoretic methods although three separate viral antigens were identified for each agent. Cross-plaque neutralization and comparisons of susceptibility to freezing and thawing showed that the two western isolates were much more closely related to one another than to VR-299. Attempts were made to attenuate the IHN and both IPN strains recovered during the survey as an initial step towards developing live virus vaccines against those agents. Those viruses were serially passaged on turtle heart, human epidermoid larynx carcinoma, and steelhead trout embryo cell lines at temperatures ranging from 4 to 37°C. Comparisons of virulence for susceptible fry were made between passaged and wild type viruses. IHN virus passed 41 times on a steelhead trout cell line (STE-137) at 18°C showed a reduction in virulence for kokanee salmon of at least 4 x 107-fold when added to aquaria water. That attenuated strain protected 15 of 18 vaccinated fry against an intraperitoneally injected challenge equivalent to 42 x LD₅₀ for the wild type agent. A 38-fold reduction in virulence of CTT-IPN for coho salmon fry was achieved by passing that virus 93 times at 18°C on STE-137 cells. Eleven of 13 of those fish vaccinated with an ip injection of 13 plaque forming units of the attenuated strain survived a challenge dose of the wild type virus equivalent to 860 x LD₅₀. The results obtained by propagating the three isolated agents on other cell lines, at other temperatures, and subjecting them to varying numbers of passages are reported. Close

• 196. [Article] Central Desert Studies : Archaeological Survey and Excavation in Baja California, Mexico

  This dissertation serves as a contribution to the study of the prehistory of the Central Desert region of Baja California, Mexico. Between 2007 and 2011, a trans-peninsular archaeological survey and excavation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Central Desert Studies : Archaeological Survey and Excavation in Baja California, Mexico Author: Willis, Samuel C. This dissertation serves as a contribution to the study of the prehistory of the Central Desert region of Baja California, Mexico. Between 2007 and 2011, a trans-peninsular archaeological survey and excavation program--the Central Desert Early Prehistory Project (CDEPP)--was completed for a portion of the Baja California peninsula extending from the Gulf of California to the Pacific Coast. The goal of the CDEPP was designed to construct a reliable cultural-historical model for the Central Desert. Methods used to build the model included a trans-peninsular pedestrian survey, sub-surface excavation at select locations, locating and documenting the distribution of surficial cultural deposits, and where possible, associating these findings to absolute or relative age estimates. Soil geomorphology methods were applied to the archaeological data to further clarify the depositional context of cultural deposits. Findings from the CDEPP suggest past foragers, through much of prehistory, consistently followed a pattern defined by a high residential mobility consisting of one to two nuclear families. Periodically, these small foraging groups would aggregate in centralized locations and shift to a more logistical or semi-sedentary residential pattern--a mobile ranchería residential strategy. Artifact analysis of the CDEPP dataset supports this interpretation. Forager technological organization throughout the Central Desert was dominated by patterns of a generalized toolkit design supplemented with specialized, less portable traits. That early foragers, notably late Holocene populations, used both technological strategies is revealing of a land use pattern conditioned to fluctuating resources due to regional environmental and climatic shifts. Varying use of highly mobile and logistical residential patterns is evident in the distribution and types of archaeological materials, diversity of artifact assemblages, and the technological organization used at specific locations. The cultural-historical model established for the Central Desert reveals past forager land use and technological organization were diachronically and synchronically consistent, and likely established during the late Pleistocene-early Holocene transition. Title: Central Desert Studies : Archaeological Survey and Excavation in Baja California, Mexico Author: Willis, Samuel C. This dissertation serves as a contribution to the study of the prehistory of the Central Desert region of Baja California, Mexico. Between 2007 and 2011, a trans-peninsular archaeological survey and excavation program--the Central Desert Early Prehistory Project (CDEPP)--was completed for a portion of the Baja California peninsula extending from the Gulf of California to the Pacific Coast. The goal of the CDEPP was designed to construct a reliable cultural-historical model for the Central Desert. Methods used to build the model included a trans-peninsular pedestrian survey, sub-surface excavation at select locations, locating and documenting the distribution of surficial cultural deposits, and where possible, associating these findings to absolute or relative age estimates. Soil geomorphology methods were applied to the archaeological data to further clarify the depositional context of cultural deposits. Findings from the CDEPP suggest past foragers, through much of prehistory, consistently followed a pattern defined by a high residential mobility consisting of one to two nuclear families. Periodically, these small foraging groups would aggregate in centralized locations and shift to a more logistical or semi-sedentary residential pattern--a mobile ranchería residential strategy. Artifact analysis of the CDEPP dataset supports this interpretation. Forager technological organization throughout the Central Desert was dominated by patterns of a generalized toolkit design supplemented with specialized, less portable traits. That early foragers, notably late Holocene populations, used both technological strategies is revealing of a land use pattern conditioned to fluctuating resources due to regional environmental and climatic shifts. Varying use of highly mobile and logistical residential patterns is evident in the distribution and types of archaeological materials, diversity of artifact assemblages, and the technological organization used at specific locations. The cultural-historical model established for the Central Desert reveals past forager land use and technological organization were diachronically and synchronically consistent, and likely established during the late Pleistocene-early Holocene transition. Close

• 197. [Article] Mason’s Run brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): history, management challenges, and recommendations

  Graduation date: 2016

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mason’s Run brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): history, management challenges, and recommendations Author: Russell, Joseph D. III Graduation date: 2016 Title: Mason’s Run brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): history, management challenges, and recommendations Author: Russell, Joseph D. III Graduation date: 2016 Close

• 198. [Article] Teacher argumentation in the secondary science classroom : images of two modes of scientific inquiry

  The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine scientific arguments constructed by secondary science teachers during instruction. The analysis focused on how arguments constructed by teachers differed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Teacher argumentation in the secondary science classroom : images of two modes of scientific inquiry Author: Gray, Ron E. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine scientific arguments constructed by secondary science teachers during instruction. The analysis focused on how arguments constructed by teachers differed based on the mode of inquiry underlying the topic. Specifically, how did the structure and content of arguments differ between experimentally and historically based topics? In addition, what factors mediate these differences? Four highly experienced high school science teachers were observed daily during instructional units for both experimental and historical science topics. Data sources include classroom observations, field notes, reflective memos, classroom artifacts, a nature of science survey, and teacher interviews. The arguments were analyzed for structure and content using Toulmin’s argumentation pattern and Walton’s schemes for presumptive reasoning revealing specific patterns of use between the two modes of inquiry. Interview data was analyzed to determine possible factors mediating these patterns. The results of this study reveal that highly experienced teachers present arguments to their students that, while simple in structure, reveal authentic images of science based on experimental and historical modes of inquiry. Structural analysis of the data revealed a common trend toward a greater amount of scientific data used to evidence knowledge claims in the historical science units. The presumptive reasoning analysis revealed that, while some presumptive reasoning schemes remained stable across the two units (e.g. ‘causal inferences’ and ‘sign’ schemes), others revealed different patterns of use including the ‘analogy’, ‘evidence to hypothesis’, ‘example’, and ‘expert opinion’ schemes. Finally, examination of the interview and survey data revealed five specific factors mediating the arguments constructed by the teachers: view of the nature of science, nature of the topic, teacher personal factors, view of students, and pedagogical decisions. These factors influenced both the structure and use of presumptive reasoning in the arguments. The results have implications for classroom practice, teacher education, and further research. Title: Teacher argumentation in the secondary science classroom : images of two modes of scientific inquiry Author: Gray, Ron E. The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine scientific arguments constructed by secondary science teachers during instruction. The analysis focused on how arguments constructed by teachers differed based on the mode of inquiry underlying the topic. Specifically, how did the structure and content of arguments differ between experimentally and historically based topics? In addition, what factors mediate these differences? Four highly experienced high school science teachers were observed daily during instructional units for both experimental and historical science topics. Data sources include classroom observations, field notes, reflective memos, classroom artifacts, a nature of science survey, and teacher interviews. The arguments were analyzed for structure and content using Toulmin’s argumentation pattern and Walton’s schemes for presumptive reasoning revealing specific patterns of use between the two modes of inquiry. Interview data was analyzed to determine possible factors mediating these patterns. The results of this study reveal that highly experienced teachers present arguments to their students that, while simple in structure, reveal authentic images of science based on experimental and historical modes of inquiry. Structural analysis of the data revealed a common trend toward a greater amount of scientific data used to evidence knowledge claims in the historical science units. The presumptive reasoning analysis revealed that, while some presumptive reasoning schemes remained stable across the two units (e.g. ‘causal inferences’ and ‘sign’ schemes), others revealed different patterns of use including the ‘analogy’, ‘evidence to hypothesis’, ‘example’, and ‘expert opinion’ schemes. Finally, examination of the interview and survey data revealed five specific factors mediating the arguments constructed by the teachers: view of the nature of science, nature of the topic, teacher personal factors, view of students, and pedagogical decisions. These factors influenced both the structure and use of presumptive reasoning in the arguments. The results have implications for classroom practice, teacher education, and further research. Close

• 199. [Article] An evaluation of the archaeological potential of Riverfront Park in Corvallis, Oregon

  The archaeological resources contained in Corvallis Riverfront Commemorative Park (RCP) have a great potential to add to the historical record of the warehouse district of the original town of Marysville ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An evaluation of the archaeological potential of Riverfront Park in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Littlefield, Steven W. The archaeological resources contained in Corvallis Riverfront Commemorative Park (RCP) have a great potential to add to the historical record of the warehouse district of the original town of Marysville (Corvallis). The City of Corvallis' proposed Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) project and proposed changes to Riverfront Commemorative Park threaten to destroy archaeological resources within the research area. The purpose of this research was to assess the archaeological potential of the research area between VanBuren and Jefferson Avenues along the Willamette River. The assessment was based on an archaeological survey and historical documents. Historical records and maps were used to create a chronology of the developments which occurred within the research area. By knowing who occupied the riverfront and when, archaeologists can design a plan for the excavation of these resources. The archaeological survey was conducted to locate remains that may be related to structures that once occupied the riverfront. Maps of the City's proposed construction were used to determine the potential resources that will be impacted. The historical record indicated that there is a great potential for the research area to yield archaeological remains which can add to our knowledge about the formation of Marysville (Corvallis). These archaeological remains if properly excavated could be used for public interpretation and as a common theme within Riverfront Commemorative Park. An assessment of construction project maps for the CSO project and proposed changes to Riverfront Commemorative Park indicate that a majority of the archaeological resources contained within the research area will be destroyed. Based on these assessments it is recommended that the City of Corvallis conduct subsurface archaeological testing to recover as much information related to the settlement of the research area as possible. Title: An evaluation of the archaeological potential of Riverfront Park in Corvallis, Oregon Author: Littlefield, Steven W. The archaeological resources contained in Corvallis Riverfront Commemorative Park (RCP) have a great potential to add to the historical record of the warehouse district of the original town of Marysville (Corvallis). The City of Corvallis' proposed Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) project and proposed changes to Riverfront Commemorative Park threaten to destroy archaeological resources within the research area. The purpose of this research was to assess the archaeological potential of the research area between VanBuren and Jefferson Avenues along the Willamette River. The assessment was based on an archaeological survey and historical documents. Historical records and maps were used to create a chronology of the developments which occurred within the research area. By knowing who occupied the riverfront and when, archaeologists can design a plan for the excavation of these resources. The archaeological survey was conducted to locate remains that may be related to structures that once occupied the riverfront. Maps of the City's proposed construction were used to determine the potential resources that will be impacted. The historical record indicated that there is a great potential for the research area to yield archaeological remains which can add to our knowledge about the formation of Marysville (Corvallis). These archaeological remains if properly excavated could be used for public interpretation and as a common theme within Riverfront Commemorative Park. An assessment of construction project maps for the CSO project and proposed changes to Riverfront Commemorative Park indicate that a majority of the archaeological resources contained within the research area will be destroyed. Based on these assessments it is recommended that the City of Corvallis conduct subsurface archaeological testing to recover as much information related to the settlement of the research area as possible. Close

• 200. [Article] Five Stages in the Evolution of the Market-Oriented Fishery

  This historical survey sweeps across a thousand years, divided into five very unequal stages. Over most of the stages property in tide-water fisheries was lost. Fishers lost control of the fishstock and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Five Stages in the Evolution of the Market-Oriented Fishery Author: Scott, Anthony Year: 2001 This historical survey sweeps across a thousand years, divided into five very unequal stages. Over most of the stages property in tide-water fisheries was lost. Fishers lost control of the fishstock and of the markets they served. Governments responded with fishing regulations, which have served as a basis for regaining property rights. These reforms have been allowing fishermen once again to take control of their own fishstocks and to tailor management to the demands of the market. Title: Five Stages in the Evolution of the Market-Oriented Fishery Author: Scott, Anthony Year: 2001 This historical survey sweeps across a thousand years, divided into five very unequal stages. Over most of the stages property in tide-water fisheries was lost. Fishers lost control of the fishstock and of the markets they served. Governments responded with fishing regulations, which have served as a basis for regaining property rights. These reforms have been allowing fishermen once again to take control of their own fishstocks and to tailor management to the demands of the market. Close