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• 141. [Article] International river basin management in the face of change : Syr Darya Basin case study

  The conflict over water resources exploitation and sharing in the Aral Sea Basin is one of the most pressing environmental issues yet to be resolved in Central Asia. The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International river basin management in the face of change : Syr Darya Basin case study Author: Pak, Mariya The conflict over water resources exploitation and sharing in the Aral Sea Basin is one of the most pressing environmental issues yet to be resolved in Central Asia. The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 and establishment of the New Independent States (NIS) within the Aral Sea Bain led to conflicting interests vested in water resources with no mediator to solve these water issues. Presently, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya upstream states of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan desire to employ water resources for hydropower; while downstream Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan wish to continue practicing irrigated agriculture. This scarce and over-allocated resource, facing the needs of a growing population and climate change uncertainties, should be managed collaboratively and sustainably to be able to meet and withstand the upcoming challenges. This dissertation examines water management practices in the face of government regime change both in large and small river basins within Central Asia by analyzing international water agreements, correspondence between water managers, official reports, maps, and other archival documents. The analysis shows the inter-republican dynamics in water sector starting from 1950s up to early 2000s. The analysis of water relations within the Syr Darya Basin shows that there are different approaches to the change in political regime in both large and small basins. The results reveal that conflict over water resources in Central Asia existed long before the fall of the Soviet Union both in the large Syr Darya Basin, as well as within its small tributaries. The Soviet planned economy, along with the basin planning framework, set competition for water between the riparian states. Analysis of the infrastructure construction negotiations in these small shared tributaries showed that the former Soviet Republics used non-cooperative negotiation strategies to outcompete their rivals. This dissertation calls for regional cooperation in water management as it is shown that hydro-political competition in the basin may lead only to short term benefits, on the long run however, it is proven lead to heavy economic, social, political, and environmental costs. Title: International river basin management in the face of change : Syr Darya Basin case study Author: Pak, Mariya The conflict over water resources exploitation and sharing in the Aral Sea Basin is one of the most pressing environmental issues yet to be resolved in Central Asia. The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 and establishment of the New Independent States (NIS) within the Aral Sea Bain led to conflicting interests vested in water resources with no mediator to solve these water issues. Presently, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya upstream states of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan desire to employ water resources for hydropower; while downstream Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan wish to continue practicing irrigated agriculture. This scarce and over-allocated resource, facing the needs of a growing population and climate change uncertainties, should be managed collaboratively and sustainably to be able to meet and withstand the upcoming challenges. This dissertation examines water management practices in the face of government regime change both in large and small river basins within Central Asia by analyzing international water agreements, correspondence between water managers, official reports, maps, and other archival documents. The analysis shows the inter-republican dynamics in water sector starting from 1950s up to early 2000s. The analysis of water relations within the Syr Darya Basin shows that there are different approaches to the change in political regime in both large and small basins. The results reveal that conflict over water resources in Central Asia existed long before the fall of the Soviet Union both in the large Syr Darya Basin, as well as within its small tributaries. The Soviet planned economy, along with the basin planning framework, set competition for water between the riparian states. Analysis of the infrastructure construction negotiations in these small shared tributaries showed that the former Soviet Republics used non-cooperative negotiation strategies to outcompete their rivals. This dissertation calls for regional cooperation in water management as it is shown that hydro-political competition in the basin may lead only to short term benefits, on the long run however, it is proven lead to heavy economic, social, political, and environmental costs. Close

• 142. [Article] Grant County, Oregon : impacts of changes in log flows on a timber-dependent community

  Competitive bid sales of U.S. Forest Service in the Pacific Northwest timber resources have significant effects on the economies of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. These sales contribute to the economic vitality ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Grant County, Oregon : impacts of changes in log flows on a timber-dependent community Author: Miller, Lester F. Competitive bid sales of U.S. Forest Service in the Pacific Northwest timber resources have significant effects on the economies of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. These sales contribute to the economic vitality of small regions or communities dependent upon timber as a primary resource input. Any changes in the price or quantity of these timber resources can, therefore, have effects on not only economic output of forest products firms, but the entire region as well. Grant County, Oregon, and the Malheur National Forest were selected as study areas for this analysis. This thesis attempts to show the impact on the region of selected price and quantity changes in local timber resources. During the summer months of 1978, sample data was collected on the gross sales and purchases of 109 Grant County businesses in 22 economic sectors. This information was used to construct a Leontief type input-output model for Grant County. Additional detailed information obtained from the U.S. Forest Service and local lumber and wood products processing firms was used in constructing a linear programming model. This modified transportation-type model optimizes the distribution of timber resources among wood products firms in Grant County based on each firm's total revenues and variable costs. These Costs apply to hauling, harvesting, processing, and inventory activities. In order to evaluate the effects of changes in price and quantity relationships at the local level, outputs from the linear program were entered into the input-output model as exogenous sales (exports). Three examples of changes in the price and quantity of local timber resources were evaluated: (1) a 20 percent increase in stumpage values; (2) a 20 percent decrease in 1977 stumpage quantities; and (3) a combination of both. The examples demonstrate business income, wage income, and employment impacts on the community from changes in both stumpage prices and quantities that exceed the direct impacts on forest products firms. Furthermore, the effects of changes in stumpage prices had a greater relative impact (measured by these indicators) than changes in available stumpage. In general, changes in both stumpage prices and quantities produced output, wage, and employment effects four times as large as changes in stumpage quantities and three times as large as changes in stumpage price alone. Title: Grant County, Oregon : impacts of changes in log flows on a timber-dependent community Author: Miller, Lester F. Competitive bid sales of U.S. Forest Service in the Pacific Northwest timber resources have significant effects on the economies of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. These sales contribute to the economic vitality of small regions or communities dependent upon timber as a primary resource input. Any changes in the price or quantity of these timber resources can, therefore, have effects on not only economic output of forest products firms, but the entire region as well. Grant County, Oregon, and the Malheur National Forest were selected as study areas for this analysis. This thesis attempts to show the impact on the region of selected price and quantity changes in local timber resources. During the summer months of 1978, sample data was collected on the gross sales and purchases of 109 Grant County businesses in 22 economic sectors. This information was used to construct a Leontief type input-output model for Grant County. Additional detailed information obtained from the U.S. Forest Service and local lumber and wood products processing firms was used in constructing a linear programming model. This modified transportation-type model optimizes the distribution of timber resources among wood products firms in Grant County based on each firm's total revenues and variable costs. These Costs apply to hauling, harvesting, processing, and inventory activities. In order to evaluate the effects of changes in price and quantity relationships at the local level, outputs from the linear program were entered into the input-output model as exogenous sales (exports). Three examples of changes in the price and quantity of local timber resources were evaluated: (1) a 20 percent increase in stumpage values; (2) a 20 percent decrease in 1977 stumpage quantities; and (3) a combination of both. The examples demonstrate business income, wage income, and employment impacts on the community from changes in both stumpage prices and quantities that exceed the direct impacts on forest products firms. Furthermore, the effects of changes in stumpage prices had a greater relative impact (measured by these indicators) than changes in available stumpage. In general, changes in both stumpage prices and quantities produced output, wage, and employment effects four times as large as changes in stumpage quantities and three times as large as changes in stumpage price alone. Close

• 143. [Article] The phytosanitation of solid wood packaging materials using wood preservatives

  New species introductions have been associated with the movement of people for thousands of years. For instance, horses were introduced into North America by Spanish explorers, while pigs were introduced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The phytosanitation of solid wood packaging materials using wood preservatives Author: Schauwecker, Christoph F. New species introductions have been associated with the movement of people for thousands of years. For instance, horses were introduced into North America by Spanish explorers, while pigs were introduced by the Polynesians into many Pacific islands long before the establishment of permanent European settlements. Both of these species introductions resulted in significant changes in both the biological and cultural composition of these places. However, during the past century, the amount of material transported by people has greatly increased due to the globalization of the economy and breakthroughs in material handling technology. These breakthroughs, such as the steel shipping container and the wooden pallet, allow goods to be moved rapidly in a protected environment. This protected environment prevents goods from being damaged while in transit, but it has also improved the ability of pests to survive transit and resulted in invasive species introductions. The volume of goods being transported has steadily increased during the past 50 years and, thus, the number of species introductions has increased as well, resulting in a number of high profile pest introductions. For instance, the introduction of the Asian long horned beetle into Chicago and New York cost millions of dollars to eradicate and resulted in the loss of hardwood trees that previously lined the streets of these cities. In response to the Asian long-horned beetle and the introduction of the pine wood nematode into Europe, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations drafted and approved International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures Number 15. This measure recognizes solid wood packaging materials as an invasive species pathway and recommends sanitization through heat treatment or fumigation with methyl bromide. However, heat treatment or fumigation are imperfect mitigation tools. Thus, researchers continue to search for alternative methods. Wood preservatives have long been formulated to prevent insect and fungal attack of wood products exposed to warm humid climates, but the ability of these chemicals to eliminate existing insect and fungal colonies has not been investigated. In this study, a number wood preservative systems were investigated to determine if these chemical formulations can be used for this application and to determine if wood preservatives, in general, are suited for use in phytosanitary applications. A method for detecting the presence of wood boring insects through acoustic emissions was investigated. It was thought that a system of microphones and accelerometers could be used to detect wood boring insect presence and activity within a particular wood sample. These assumptions were based on earlier work conducted with termites. This system was to be used to determine if a sample contained wood boring insects prior to using it in the main study. However, acoustic emissions were not useful for this application, since feeding of the wood boring insects was sporadic, unlike termites which feed constantly. Determining the feasibility of using wood preservatives in phytosanitary applications was addressed in three trials: the ability of preservatives to penetrate insect galleries, the ability of the insect larvae and pupae to penetrate a treated barrier and the ability of established wood boring insect populations to complete their life cycle under field conditions in wood pressure treated with preservatives Preservatives completely penetrated between 80-100% of all insect galleries in western redcedar treated with ammoniacal copper quaternary compound, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, or imidacloprid. However, barriers containing any of these three chemicals failed to prevent larvae from exiting the treated material, even in instances where the barrier was more than 6mm thick. The wood boring insects were unable to complete their life cycle under field conditions in pressure treated wood, while a large number of new house borer adults emerged from the untreated controls. The wood preservatives investigated act more as insecticides than larvacides. However, vacuum pressure impregnation of solid wood packaging materials with the appropriate chemicals could provide lasting protection against invasive species introductions, allowing for the rapid, yet safe transportation of goods around the world. Title: The phytosanitation of solid wood packaging materials using wood preservatives Author: Schauwecker, Christoph F. New species introductions have been associated with the movement of people for thousands of years. For instance, horses were introduced into North America by Spanish explorers, while pigs were introduced by the Polynesians into many Pacific islands long before the establishment of permanent European settlements. Both of these species introductions resulted in significant changes in both the biological and cultural composition of these places. However, during the past century, the amount of material transported by people has greatly increased due to the globalization of the economy and breakthroughs in material handling technology. These breakthroughs, such as the steel shipping container and the wooden pallet, allow goods to be moved rapidly in a protected environment. This protected environment prevents goods from being damaged while in transit, but it has also improved the ability of pests to survive transit and resulted in invasive species introductions. The volume of goods being transported has steadily increased during the past 50 years and, thus, the number of species introductions has increased as well, resulting in a number of high profile pest introductions. For instance, the introduction of the Asian long horned beetle into Chicago and New York cost millions of dollars to eradicate and resulted in the loss of hardwood trees that previously lined the streets of these cities. In response to the Asian long-horned beetle and the introduction of the pine wood nematode into Europe, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations drafted and approved International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures Number 15. This measure recognizes solid wood packaging materials as an invasive species pathway and recommends sanitization through heat treatment or fumigation with methyl bromide. However, heat treatment or fumigation are imperfect mitigation tools. Thus, researchers continue to search for alternative methods. Wood preservatives have long been formulated to prevent insect and fungal attack of wood products exposed to warm humid climates, but the ability of these chemicals to eliminate existing insect and fungal colonies has not been investigated. In this study, a number wood preservative systems were investigated to determine if these chemical formulations can be used for this application and to determine if wood preservatives, in general, are suited for use in phytosanitary applications. A method for detecting the presence of wood boring insects through acoustic emissions was investigated. It was thought that a system of microphones and accelerometers could be used to detect wood boring insect presence and activity within a particular wood sample. These assumptions were based on earlier work conducted with termites. This system was to be used to determine if a sample contained wood boring insects prior to using it in the main study. However, acoustic emissions were not useful for this application, since feeding of the wood boring insects was sporadic, unlike termites which feed constantly. Determining the feasibility of using wood preservatives in phytosanitary applications was addressed in three trials: the ability of preservatives to penetrate insect galleries, the ability of the insect larvae and pupae to penetrate a treated barrier and the ability of established wood boring insect populations to complete their life cycle under field conditions in wood pressure treated with preservatives Preservatives completely penetrated between 80-100% of all insect galleries in western redcedar treated with ammoniacal copper quaternary compound, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, or imidacloprid. However, barriers containing any of these three chemicals failed to prevent larvae from exiting the treated material, even in instances where the barrier was more than 6mm thick. The wood boring insects were unable to complete their life cycle under field conditions in pressure treated wood, while a large number of new house borer adults emerged from the untreated controls. The wood preservatives investigated act more as insecticides than larvacides. However, vacuum pressure impregnation of solid wood packaging materials with the appropriate chemicals could provide lasting protection against invasive species introductions, allowing for the rapid, yet safe transportation of goods around the world. Close