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• 1. [Article] Streamflow Analysis and a Comparison of Hydrologic Metrics in Urban Streams

  This study investigates the hydrologic effects of urbanization in two Portland, Oregon streams through a comparison of three hydrologic metrics. Hydrologic metrics used in this study are the mean annual ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Streamflow Analysis and a Comparison of Hydrologic Metrics in Urban Streams Author: Wood, Matthew Lawton Year: 2012 This study investigates the hydrologic effects of urbanization in two Portland, Oregon streams through a comparison of three hydrologic metrics. Hydrologic metrics used in this study are the mean annual runoff ratio (Qa), mean seasonal runoff ratio (Qw and Qd), and the fraction of time that streamflow exceeds the mean streamflow during the year (TQmean). Additionally, the relative change in streamflow in response to storm events was examined for two watersheds. For this investigation urban development is represented by two urbanization metrics: percent impervious and road density. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the relationship between the hydrologic metrics and the amount of urban development in each watershed. The effect of watershed size was also investigated using nested watersheds, with watershed size ranging from 6 km2 to 138km 2. The results indicate that annual and seasonal runoff ratios have difficulty capturing the dynamic hydrologic behavior in urban watersheds. TQmean was useful at capturing the flashy behavior of the Upper Fanno watershed, however it did not perform as well in Kelley watershed possibly due to the influence of impermeable soils and steep slopes. Unexpected values for hydrologic metrics in Lower Johnson, Sycamore and Kelley watersheds could be the result water collection systems that appear to route surface water outside of their watersheds as well as permeable soils. Storm event analysis was effective at characterizing the behavior for the selected watersheds, indicating that shorter time scales may best capture the dynamic behavior of urban watersheds. Title: Streamflow Analysis and a Comparison of Hydrologic Metrics in Urban Streams Author: Wood, Matthew Lawton Year: 2012 This study investigates the hydrologic effects of urbanization in two Portland, Oregon streams through a comparison of three hydrologic metrics. Hydrologic metrics used in this study are the mean annual runoff ratio (Qa), mean seasonal runoff ratio (Qw and Qd), and the fraction of time that streamflow exceeds the mean streamflow during the year (TQmean). Additionally, the relative change in streamflow in response to storm events was examined for two watersheds. For this investigation urban development is represented by two urbanization metrics: percent impervious and road density. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the relationship between the hydrologic metrics and the amount of urban development in each watershed. The effect of watershed size was also investigated using nested watersheds, with watershed size ranging from 6 km2 to 138km 2. The results indicate that annual and seasonal runoff ratios have difficulty capturing the dynamic hydrologic behavior in urban watersheds. TQmean was useful at capturing the flashy behavior of the Upper Fanno watershed, however it did not perform as well in Kelley watershed possibly due to the influence of impermeable soils and steep slopes. Unexpected values for hydrologic metrics in Lower Johnson, Sycamore and Kelley watersheds could be the result water collection systems that appear to route surface water outside of their watersheds as well as permeable soils. Storm event analysis was effective at characterizing the behavior for the selected watersheds, indicating that shorter time scales may best capture the dynamic behavior of urban watersheds. Close

• 2. [Article] Atlases for Select Portland Metropolitan Watersheds

  The primary purpose of this project is to promote planning on a watershed basis in the Portland Metropolitan area. We intend to support Metro's Regional Planning Framework process by encouraging a stewardship ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Atlases for Select Portland Metropolitan Watersheds Author: Dimmick, Elizabeth, Kaden, Scott, Mros, Elizabeth, Strickler, Doug, Welsch, Alex Year: 1994 The primary purpose of this project is to promote planning on a watershed basis in the Portland Metropolitan area. We intend to support Metro's Regional Planning Framework process by encouraging a stewardship ethic based on watershed considerations. Atlases characterizing several of Portland's watersheds will provide specific information to three audiences: planners, community activists, and decision makers. The atlases will provide an information base upon which watershed management processes can be built. Title: Atlases for Select Portland Metropolitan Watersheds Author: Dimmick, Elizabeth, Kaden, Scott, Mros, Elizabeth, Strickler, Doug, Welsch, Alex Year: 1994 The primary purpose of this project is to promote planning on a watershed basis in the Portland Metropolitan area. We intend to support Metro's Regional Planning Framework process by encouraging a stewardship ethic based on watershed considerations. Atlases characterizing several of Portland's watersheds will provide specific information to three audiences: planners, community activists, and decision makers. The atlases will provide an information base upon which watershed management processes can be built. Close

• 3. [Article] Watershed Data Organization and Project Prioritization

  The Oregon Coastal Salmon Restoration Initiative (OCSRI) (1197) is the first of several documents that have come to be known as the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds (OPSW). The OCSRI indicates that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed Data Organization and Project Prioritization Author: Darling, Joshua Year: 2003 The Oregon Coastal Salmon Restoration Initiative (OCSRI) (1197) is the first of several documents that have come to be known as the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds (OPSW). The OCSRI indicates that protection and restoration of salmonid stocks and improvement in water quality are the main roles for state agencies within the Oregon Plan (EO09-01: 1(b)). The Oregon Plan specifies particular actions that state agencies must take to aid in salmon recovery and also directs the Governors Watershed Enhancement Board (GWEB) to help create and organize watershed councils responsible for assessing conditions and determining priorities for watershed health. Title: Watershed Data Organization and Project Prioritization Author: Darling, Joshua Year: 2003 The Oregon Coastal Salmon Restoration Initiative (OCSRI) (1197) is the first of several documents that have come to be known as the Oregon Plan for Salmon and watersheds (OPSW). The OCSRI indicates that protection and restoration of salmonid stocks and improvement in water quality are the main roles for state agencies within the Oregon Plan (EO09-01: 1(b)). The Oregon Plan specifies particular actions that state agencies must take to aid in salmon recovery and also directs the Governors Watershed Enhancement Board (GWEB) to help create and organize watershed councils responsible for assessing conditions and determining priorities for watershed health. Close

• 4. [Article] A Land Use Network for the Johnson Creek Watershed

  This document presents a design for a Land Use Network. It is a starting point from which to build a network that connects, educates, and motivates stakeholders within the Johnson Creek Watershed to facilitate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Land Use Network for the Johnson Creek Watershed Author: Caldwell, Jessica, Felton, Joyce, Redden, Elisa, Pagenstecher, Gerhard Year: 1998 This document presents a design for a Land Use Network. It is a starting point from which to build a network that connects, educates, and motivates stakeholders within the Johnson Creek Watershed to facilitate effective participation in the land use process. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council contracted the Watershed Network Group (WNG) to design the Network as a mechanism for organizing efforts to promote environmentally sound development throughout the watershed. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council comprises representatives from government, residents, and business organizations with interest in the Johnson Creek Watershed. The need for a Land Use Network within the watershed arose because existing methods of monitoring and managing the effects of development on the watershed are inadequate for meeting current development pressures. Development pressures on the watershed have had negative effects on the watershed environment. Development pressures are expected to increase as expansion of the Urban Growth Boundary makes more land available for development. Currently, each jurisdiction addresses the impacts of development as they occur within its own boundary. However, the Johnson Creek Watershed extends across several jurisdictional boundaries, and environmental impacts are not confined to the jurisdiction of origin. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council was formed in 1992 to monitor and manage impacts across boundaries, on a watershed-wide basis. To operate effectively, the Council needs a way to establish two-way communication among all stakeholders in the watershed. A Land Use Network would help fill that need by providing a focal point for gathering and distributing land-use information. It would organize the information-gathering process, develop educational materials for public distribution, and organize the distribution channels. To develop the Land Use Network plan, the WNG researched the history of the watershed and its regulatory environment, theories of communication, and information on citizen participation networks. The WNG also conducted interviews and focus groups with current stakeholders to help clarify issues and identify communication needs that a Land Use Network might address. Finally, the WNG outlines a proposal for the Land Use Network. The proposal begins with a Network Structure diagram that illustrates the main elements of the Network Proposal. The elements of the Network Structure show how the Network can function effectively in the land use planning process. The issues, recommendations and actions provide methods for implementation for each element of the Network Structure. Finally, a summary of recommended actions shows the short-term, ongoing, and long-term implementation actions for the Network. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe and Connie Ozawa. Title: A Land Use Network for the Johnson Creek Watershed Author: Caldwell, Jessica, Felton, Joyce, Redden, Elisa, Pagenstecher, Gerhard Year: 1998 This document presents a design for a Land Use Network. It is a starting point from which to build a network that connects, educates, and motivates stakeholders within the Johnson Creek Watershed to facilitate effective participation in the land use process. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council contracted the Watershed Network Group (WNG) to design the Network as a mechanism for organizing efforts to promote environmentally sound development throughout the watershed. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council comprises representatives from government, residents, and business organizations with interest in the Johnson Creek Watershed. The need for a Land Use Network within the watershed arose because existing methods of monitoring and managing the effects of development on the watershed are inadequate for meeting current development pressures. Development pressures on the watershed have had negative effects on the watershed environment. Development pressures are expected to increase as expansion of the Urban Growth Boundary makes more land available for development. Currently, each jurisdiction addresses the impacts of development as they occur within its own boundary. However, the Johnson Creek Watershed extends across several jurisdictional boundaries, and environmental impacts are not confined to the jurisdiction of origin. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council was formed in 1992 to monitor and manage impacts across boundaries, on a watershed-wide basis. To operate effectively, the Council needs a way to establish two-way communication among all stakeholders in the watershed. A Land Use Network would help fill that need by providing a focal point for gathering and distributing land-use information. It would organize the information-gathering process, develop educational materials for public distribution, and organize the distribution channels. To develop the Land Use Network plan, the WNG researched the history of the watershed and its regulatory environment, theories of communication, and information on citizen participation networks. The WNG also conducted interviews and focus groups with current stakeholders to help clarify issues and identify communication needs that a Land Use Network might address. Finally, the WNG outlines a proposal for the Land Use Network. The proposal begins with a Network Structure diagram that illustrates the main elements of the Network Proposal. The elements of the Network Structure show how the Network can function effectively in the land use planning process. The issues, recommendations and actions provide methods for implementation for each element of the Network Structure. Finally, a summary of recommended actions shows the short-term, ongoing, and long-term implementation actions for the Network. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe and Connie Ozawa. Close

• 5. [Article] Watershed Solutions: Collaborative Problem Solving for States and Communities

  In July 2002, the National Policy Consensus Center (NPCC) hosted a colloquium for people involved in watershed collaborations, academics, and other experts from government and non-profit organizations. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed Solutions: Collaborative Problem Solving for States and Communities Author: National Policy Consensus Center Year: 2002 In July 2002, the National Policy Consensus Center (NPCC) hosted a colloquium for people involved in watershed collaborations, academics, and other experts from government and non-profit organizations. Its aim was to identify lessons learned from successful watershed initiatives, and to develop recommendations for governors and other state officials on ways to enhance the use and effectiveness of watershed partnerships. This report is an outgrowth of that conference. Studies on watershed collaborations are beginning to identify what makes them successful and what some of the barriers are to greater success. For example, contrary to the fears of some observers, successful collaborations do not shy away from controversial issues. Drawing on a growing list of best practices and lessons learned from experiences across the country, state officials and local partners can be better assured of successful outcomes in collaborative watershed management initiatives. Title: Watershed Solutions: Collaborative Problem Solving for States and Communities Author: National Policy Consensus Center Year: 2002 In July 2002, the National Policy Consensus Center (NPCC) hosted a colloquium for people involved in watershed collaborations, academics, and other experts from government and non-profit organizations. Its aim was to identify lessons learned from successful watershed initiatives, and to develop recommendations for governors and other state officials on ways to enhance the use and effectiveness of watershed partnerships. This report is an outgrowth of that conference. Studies on watershed collaborations are beginning to identify what makes them successful and what some of the barriers are to greater success. For example, contrary to the fears of some observers, successful collaborations do not shy away from controversial issues. Drawing on a growing list of best practices and lessons learned from experiences across the country, state officials and local partners can be better assured of successful outcomes in collaborative watershed management initiatives. Close

• 6. [Article] Effects of urbanization on the hydrologic regime of Johnson Creek, Portland, Oregon

  The Johnson Creek watershed, Portland, Oregon, has undergone urbanization at an increasing rate. Excessive flooding has occurred in the lower portions of the watershed, resulting in an estimated 1.5 million ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of urbanization on the hydrologic regime of Johnson Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Clement, William Vandewater Year: 1984 The Johnson Creek watershed, Portland, Oregon, has undergone urbanization at an increasing rate. Excessive flooding has occurred in the lower portions of the watershed, resulting in an estimated 1.5 million dollars worth of flood losses annually. In attempts to mitigate the flooding damages millions of dollars have been spent to channelize the creek, and over 200 thousand dollars has been spent during the last 20 years on preliminary feasibility studies alone. The author saw a need to verify that there has been a change in the rainfall-runoff relationships in the upper Johnson Creek basin since 1941 and to quantify this change through the analysis of key hydrologic parameters. To accomplish this , extensive background research was conducted to gather as much extant information as possible about the climatic and physiographic characteristics that affect the basin hydrology. The watershed was found to have many distinct physiographic sub-areas comprised of different underlying geology, soils, geomorphic areas, slopes, vegetation patterns, and land use types that result in a complex interaction between the watershed input {precipitation) and the watershed output (runoff at the stream gage). Title: Effects of urbanization on the hydrologic regime of Johnson Creek, Portland, Oregon Author: Clement, William Vandewater Year: 1984 The Johnson Creek watershed, Portland, Oregon, has undergone urbanization at an increasing rate. Excessive flooding has occurred in the lower portions of the watershed, resulting in an estimated 1.5 million dollars worth of flood losses annually. In attempts to mitigate the flooding damages millions of dollars have been spent to channelize the creek, and over 200 thousand dollars has been spent during the last 20 years on preliminary feasibility studies alone. The author saw a need to verify that there has been a change in the rainfall-runoff relationships in the upper Johnson Creek basin since 1941 and to quantify this change through the analysis of key hydrologic parameters. To accomplish this , extensive background research was conducted to gather as much extant information as possible about the climatic and physiographic characteristics that affect the basin hydrology. The watershed was found to have many distinct physiographic sub-areas comprised of different underlying geology, soils, geomorphic areas, slopes, vegetation patterns, and land use types that result in a complex interaction between the watershed input {precipitation) and the watershed output (runoff at the stream gage). Close

• 7. [Article] Type and Timing of Stream Flow Changes in Urbanizing Watersheds in the Eastern U.S.

  Linking the type and timing of hydrologic changes with patterns of urban growth is essential to identifying the underlying mechanisms that drive declines in urban aquatic ecosystems. In six urbanizing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Type and Timing of Stream Flow Changes in Urbanizing Watersheds in the Eastern U.S. Author: Hopkins, Kristina G., Morse, Nathaniel B., Bain, Daniel J., Bettez, Neil D., Grimm, Nancy B., Morse, Jennifer L., Palta, Monica M. Year: 2015 Linking the type and timing of hydrologic changes with patterns of urban growth is essential to identifying the underlying mechanisms that drive declines in urban aquatic ecosystems. In six urbanizing watersheds surrounding three U.S. cities (Baltimore, MD, Boston, MA, and Pittsburgh, PA), we reconstructed the history of development patterns since 1900 and assessed the magnitude and timing of stream flow changes during watershed development. Development reconstructions indicated that the majority of watershed development occurred during a period of peak population growth, typically between 1950 and 1970. Stream flow records indicated significant increases in annual frequency of high-flow events in all six watersheds and increases in annual runoff efficiency in five watersheds. Annual development intensity during the peak growth period had the strongest association with the magnitude of changes in high-flow frequency from the pre- to post-development periods. Results suggest the timing of the peak growth period is particularly important to understanding hydrologic changes, because it can set the type of stormwater infrastructure installed within a watershed. In three watersheds there was a rapid (~10-15 years) shift toward more frequent high-flow events, and in four watersheds there was a shift toward higher runoff efficiency. Breakpoint analyses indicated these shifts occurred between 1969 and 1976 for high-flow frequency and between 1962 and 1984 for runoff efficiency. Results indicated that the timing of high-flow changes were mainly driven by the development trajectory of each watershed, whereas the timing of runoff-efficiency changes were driven by a combination of development trajectories and extreme weather events. Our results underscore the need to refine the causes of urban stream degradation to incorporate the impact of gradual versus rapid urbanization on hydrologic changes and aquatic ecosystem function, as well as to recognize that the dominant drivers of hydrologic changes are heterogeneous among urban watersheds and vary over time. Title: Type and Timing of Stream Flow Changes in Urbanizing Watersheds in the Eastern U.S. Author: Hopkins, Kristina G., Morse, Nathaniel B., Bain, Daniel J., Bettez, Neil D., Grimm, Nancy B., Morse, Jennifer L., Palta, Monica M. Year: 2015 Linking the type and timing of hydrologic changes with patterns of urban growth is essential to identifying the underlying mechanisms that drive declines in urban aquatic ecosystems. In six urbanizing watersheds surrounding three U.S. cities (Baltimore, MD, Boston, MA, and Pittsburgh, PA), we reconstructed the history of development patterns since 1900 and assessed the magnitude and timing of stream flow changes during watershed development. Development reconstructions indicated that the majority of watershed development occurred during a period of peak population growth, typically between 1950 and 1970. Stream flow records indicated significant increases in annual frequency of high-flow events in all six watersheds and increases in annual runoff efficiency in five watersheds. Annual development intensity during the peak growth period had the strongest association with the magnitude of changes in high-flow frequency from the pre- to post-development periods. Results suggest the timing of the peak growth period is particularly important to understanding hydrologic changes, because it can set the type of stormwater infrastructure installed within a watershed. In three watersheds there was a rapid (~10-15 years) shift toward more frequent high-flow events, and in four watersheds there was a shift toward higher runoff efficiency. Breakpoint analyses indicated these shifts occurred between 1969 and 1976 for high-flow frequency and between 1962 and 1984 for runoff efficiency. Results indicated that the timing of high-flow changes were mainly driven by the development trajectory of each watershed, whereas the timing of runoff-efficiency changes were driven by a combination of development trajectories and extreme weather events. Our results underscore the need to refine the causes of urban stream degradation to incorporate the impact of gradual versus rapid urbanization on hydrologic changes and aquatic ecosystem function, as well as to recognize that the dominant drivers of hydrologic changes are heterogeneous among urban watersheds and vary over time. Close

• 8. [Article] Northwest Forest Plan The First 15 Years (1994-2008): Watershed Condition Status and Trend

  We used two data sets to evaluate stream and watershed condition for sixth-field watersheds in each aquatic province within the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) area: stream data and upslope data. The stream ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Northwest Forest Plan The First 15 Years (1994-2008): Watershed Condition Status and Trend Author: Lanigan, Steven H., Gordon, Sean N., Eldred, Peter, Isley, Mark, Anderson, Heidi Year: 2012 We used two data sets to evaluate stream and watershed condition for sixth-field watersheds in each aquatic province within the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) area: stream data and upslope data. The stream evaluation was based on inchannel data (e.g., substrate, pieces of large wood, water temperature, pool frequency, and macroinvertebrates) we sampled from 2002 to 2009 (193 watersheds) as part of a repeating sample design. We just completed our first round of sampling, so only current condition was calculated for this data set. When condition scores for the inchannel data were grouped into categories, relatively few fell into the low (10 percent) and very low (1 percent) categories. The majority of inchannel attribute scores fell into the moderate (35 percent) and high (41 percent) condition ranges, with relatively few (12 percent) in the very high category. For low-scoring watersheds, water temperature was often the most influential factor. Aquatic invertebrate scores also appeared influential in producing the low scores. An evaluation of upslope and riparian (watershed-wide) conditions for all 1,379 sixth-field watersheds in the NWFP area with significant federal ownership was based on mapped data, including road metrics from U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management geographic information system road layers and vegetation metrics derived from satellite imagery. Watershed-wide condition scores were calculated for 1994 and 2008, and the difference between these scores was used to represent trend. Regarding status, the overall condition scores of the 1,379 watersheds mostly fell into the low (21 percent), moderate (27 percent), high (26 percent), and very high (22 percent) categories; relatively few watersheds scored in the very low (4 percent) category. The majority of watersheds (69 percent) had a positive change in condition scores (trend). Of those with larger positive changes, most were driven by both improvements in road (decommissioning) and vegetation (natural growth) scores. The greatest negative score changes were caused by the Biscuit Fire and other fires along the eastern side of the Cascades. Half of the fire-affected watersheds were in congressional reserves, 35 percent in late-successional reserves, and 15 percent in matrix (lands identified for timber production). Title: Northwest Forest Plan The First 15 Years (1994-2008): Watershed Condition Status and Trend Author: Lanigan, Steven H., Gordon, Sean N., Eldred, Peter, Isley, Mark, Anderson, Heidi Year: 2012 We used two data sets to evaluate stream and watershed condition for sixth-field watersheds in each aquatic province within the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) area: stream data and upslope data. The stream evaluation was based on inchannel data (e.g., substrate, pieces of large wood, water temperature, pool frequency, and macroinvertebrates) we sampled from 2002 to 2009 (193 watersheds) as part of a repeating sample design. We just completed our first round of sampling, so only current condition was calculated for this data set. When condition scores for the inchannel data were grouped into categories, relatively few fell into the low (10 percent) and very low (1 percent) categories. The majority of inchannel attribute scores fell into the moderate (35 percent) and high (41 percent) condition ranges, with relatively few (12 percent) in the very high category. For low-scoring watersheds, water temperature was often the most influential factor. Aquatic invertebrate scores also appeared influential in producing the low scores. An evaluation of upslope and riparian (watershed-wide) conditions for all 1,379 sixth-field watersheds in the NWFP area with significant federal ownership was based on mapped data, including road metrics from U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management geographic information system road layers and vegetation metrics derived from satellite imagery. Watershed-wide condition scores were calculated for 1994 and 2008, and the difference between these scores was used to represent trend. Regarding status, the overall condition scores of the 1,379 watersheds mostly fell into the low (21 percent), moderate (27 percent), high (26 percent), and very high (22 percent) categories; relatively few watersheds scored in the very low (4 percent) category. The majority of watersheds (69 percent) had a positive change in condition scores (trend). Of those with larger positive changes, most were driven by both improvements in road (decommissioning) and vegetation (natural growth) scores. The greatest negative score changes were caused by the Biscuit Fire and other fires along the eastern side of the Cascades. Half of the fire-affected watersheds were in congressional reserves, 35 percent in late-successional reserves, and 15 percent in matrix (lands identified for timber production). Close

• 9. [Article] Northwest Forest Plan The First 20 Years (1994-2013): Watershed Condition Status and Trend

  We used two data sets to evaluate stream and upslope/riparian condition for sixth-field watersheds in each aquatic province within the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) area. The stream evaluation was based ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Northwest Forest Plan The First 20 Years (1994-2013): Watershed Condition Status and Trend Author: Miller, Stephanie A., Gordon, Sean N, Eldred, Peter, Beloin, Ronald M., Wilcox, Steve, Raggon, Mark, Andersen, Heidi, Muldoon, Ariel Year: 2015 We used two data sets to evaluate stream and upslope/riparian condition for sixth-field watersheds in each aquatic province within the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) area. The stream evaluation was based on stream sampling data collected from 2002 to the 2013 (214 watersheds) as part of an eight year repeating (rotating) sample design. We are currently halfway through our second rotation of stream sampling, and have repeated 110 watersheds since the second rotation began in 2009. The analysis presented in this report uses roughly half the number of watersheds as was originally intended by the sample design since re-visitation will not be completed until 2017. In the meantime, we compare the first rotation of visits (2002-2009) to the first four years of the second rotation (2010-2013) giving us a general idea of current patterns. To evaluate stream condition we used a reference condition nearest neighbor statistical approach to calculate the stream physical habitat scores based on substrate, wood, and pool metrics for each watershed. Macroinvertebrates and water temperature were analyzed separately from physical habitat and provide additional assessment of overall watershed condition. Scores for both stream and upslope/riparian conditions were normalized to fall between 0 (poor) and 100 (good). Title: Northwest Forest Plan The First 20 Years (1994-2013): Watershed Condition Status and Trend Author: Miller, Stephanie A., Gordon, Sean N, Eldred, Peter, Beloin, Ronald M., Wilcox, Steve, Raggon, Mark, Andersen, Heidi, Muldoon, Ariel Year: 2015 We used two data sets to evaluate stream and upslope/riparian condition for sixth-field watersheds in each aquatic province within the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) area. The stream evaluation was based on stream sampling data collected from 2002 to the 2013 (214 watersheds) as part of an eight year repeating (rotating) sample design. We are currently halfway through our second rotation of stream sampling, and have repeated 110 watersheds since the second rotation began in 2009. The analysis presented in this report uses roughly half the number of watersheds as was originally intended by the sample design since re-visitation will not be completed until 2017. In the meantime, we compare the first rotation of visits (2002-2009) to the first four years of the second rotation (2010-2013) giving us a general idea of current patterns. To evaluate stream condition we used a reference condition nearest neighbor statistical approach to calculate the stream physical habitat scores based on substrate, wood, and pool metrics for each watershed. Macroinvertebrates and water temperature were analyzed separately from physical habitat and provide additional assessment of overall watershed condition. Scores for both stream and upslope/riparian conditions were normalized to fall between 0 (poor) and 100 (good). Close

• 10. [Article] Watershed Management and Private Lands: Moving Beyond Financial Incentives to Encourage Land Stewardship

  Public water utilities are tasked with providing high quality, inexpensive water often sourced from watersheds representing a diverse mix of public and private land ownership. There is increasing recognition ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed Management and Private Lands: Moving Beyond Financial Incentives to Encourage Land Stewardship Author: DeAngelo, Matthew Thomas Year: 2016 Public water utilities are tasked with providing high quality, inexpensive water often sourced from watersheds representing a diverse mix of public and private land ownership. There is increasing recognition amongst water resource managers of the role that private landowners play in determining downstream water quality, but bringing together landowners with a wide variety of land management objectives under the umbrella of watershed stewardship has proven difficult. Recently, a large number of "Payment for Watershed Services" programs have aimed to engage private landowners in watershed stewardship initiatives by offering financial incentives for adopting watershed best management practices. However, a growing field of research suggests that financial incentives alone may be of limited utility to encourage widespread and long-standing behavior change, and instead understanding landowner attitudes and non-financial barriers to stewardship program enrollment has become a focus of research. This research examines a population of rural landowners representing a diversity of agricultural, forestry, recreational, and investment objectives in the Clackamas River watershed, Oregon. I designed and distributed a mail and web-based survey instrument intended to measure land uses and land ownership objectives, attitudes towards watershed stewardship programs, barriers to enrollment in stewardship programs, and preferred incentives and goals that would promote enrollment. I received 281 valid responses for a response rate of 29%. I conducted two primary analyses: one focused on relating attitudes and barriers to intent to enroll in a watershed stewardship program, and one focused on identifying how diverse landowners differ according to factors influencing enrollment in stewardship programs. I found that landowners did not report financial considerations to be a primary barrier to enrollment and expressed low interest in receiving financial incentives. Instead, landowners reported that primary barriers related to lack of trust, ecological understanding, and concerns that stewardship program enrollment would be incompatible with their land management objectives. I do not discount the potential utility of financial incentives under certain circumstances, but emphasize the importance of addressing these other considerations before incentives can make a meaningful impact. I compared how barriers to enrollment were perceived by landowners with different land management objectives relating to production, investment, and conservation. I found that landowner attitudes were differentiated from one another primarily by their use of land for production purposes; however, I found a large amount of diversity between producers and non-producers in the degree to which they considered investment and conservation objectives in their land management, and these two variables added further explanatory power to understanding fine-scale differences in how landowner typologies relate to conservation programs. Title: Watershed Management and Private Lands: Moving Beyond Financial Incentives to Encourage Land Stewardship Author: DeAngelo, Matthew Thomas Year: 2016 Public water utilities are tasked with providing high quality, inexpensive water often sourced from watersheds representing a diverse mix of public and private land ownership. There is increasing recognition amongst water resource managers of the role that private landowners play in determining downstream water quality, but bringing together landowners with a wide variety of land management objectives under the umbrella of watershed stewardship has proven difficult. Recently, a large number of "Payment for Watershed Services" programs have aimed to engage private landowners in watershed stewardship initiatives by offering financial incentives for adopting watershed best management practices. However, a growing field of research suggests that financial incentives alone may be of limited utility to encourage widespread and long-standing behavior change, and instead understanding landowner attitudes and non-financial barriers to stewardship program enrollment has become a focus of research. This research examines a population of rural landowners representing a diversity of agricultural, forestry, recreational, and investment objectives in the Clackamas River watershed, Oregon. I designed and distributed a mail and web-based survey instrument intended to measure land uses and land ownership objectives, attitudes towards watershed stewardship programs, barriers to enrollment in stewardship programs, and preferred incentives and goals that would promote enrollment. I received 281 valid responses for a response rate of 29%. I conducted two primary analyses: one focused on relating attitudes and barriers to intent to enroll in a watershed stewardship program, and one focused on identifying how diverse landowners differ according to factors influencing enrollment in stewardship programs. I found that landowners did not report financial considerations to be a primary barrier to enrollment and expressed low interest in receiving financial incentives. Instead, landowners reported that primary barriers related to lack of trust, ecological understanding, and concerns that stewardship program enrollment would be incompatible with their land management objectives. I do not discount the potential utility of financial incentives under certain circumstances, but emphasize the importance of addressing these other considerations before incentives can make a meaningful impact. I compared how barriers to enrollment were perceived by landowners with different land management objectives relating to production, investment, and conservation. I found that landowner attitudes were differentiated from one another primarily by their use of land for production purposes; however, I found a large amount of diversity between producers and non-producers in the degree to which they considered investment and conservation objectives in their land management, and these two variables added further explanatory power to understanding fine-scale differences in how landowner typologies relate to conservation programs. Close