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• 1. [Article] The Columbia River's fate in the twentieth century

  Discusses the history of the Columbia River during the 20th century, emphasizing the image of the river as both a source of industry and an example of wild natural beauty. In 1933 the river was dammed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Columbia River's fate in the twentieth century Author: Lang, William L. Year: 2000 Discusses the history of the Columbia River during the 20th century, emphasizing the image of the river as both a source of industry and an example of wild natural beauty. In 1933 the river was dammed to harness its power for hydroelectricity and control its unpredictable flooding. With the completion of the dams in the 1970's, however, came problems with the edenic vision of the river, especially with the annual salmon run. By the late 20th century, the salmon had all but disappeared, leading to an ongoing conflict between supporters of the dams and conservationists. Title: The Columbia River's fate in the twentieth century Author: Lang, William L. Year: 2000 Discusses the history of the Columbia River during the 20th century, emphasizing the image of the river as both a source of industry and an example of wild natural beauty. In 1933 the river was dammed to harness its power for hydroelectricity and control its unpredictable flooding. With the completion of the dams in the 1970's, however, came problems with the edenic vision of the river, especially with the annual salmon run. By the late 20th century, the salmon had all but disappeared, leading to an ongoing conflict between supporters of the dams and conservationists. Close

• 2. [Article] Sustainability from the Perspectives of Indigenous Leaders in the Bioregion Defined by the Pacific Salmon Runs of North America

  Extensive research suggests that the collective behavior of humanity is on an unsustainable path. As the evidence mounts and more people awaken to this reality, increased attention is being dedicated to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustainability from the Perspectives of Indigenous Leaders in the Bioregion Defined by the Pacific Salmon Runs of North America Author: Hall, David Edward Year: 2008 Extensive research suggests that the collective behavior of humanity is on an unsustainable path. As the evidence mounts and more people awaken to this reality, increased attention is being dedicated to the pursuit of answers for a just and sustainable future. This dissertation grew from the premise that effectively moving towards sustainability requires change at all levels of the dominant Western culture, including deeply held worldviews. The worldviews of many indigenous cultures offer alternative values and beliefs that can contribute to addressing the root causes of problems related to sustainability. In the bioregion defined by the Pacific Salmon runs of North America there is a rich heritage and modern day presence of diverse indigenous cultures. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 indigenous leaders from within this bioregion to explore their mental models of sustainability. These interviews followed a general structure that covered: (a) the personal background and community affiliation of each interviewee; (b) the meaning of the concept of sustainability from their perspective; (c) visions of a sustainable future for their communities; and, (d) how to achieve such a future. A content analysis of the interviews was conducted and summarized into a narrative organized to correspond with the general interview structure. A process oftestimonial validity established that most participants found the narrative to be an accurate representation of their perspectives. Participant feedback led to several phrasing changes and other identified issues are discussed, including one participant's critique of the narrative's use of a first-person plural voice. Major themes from the interviews include the role of the human being as caretaker actively participating in the web of life, the importance of simultaneously restoring culture and ecology due to their interdependence, the need to educate and build awareness, and the importance of cooperation. Understanding who we are as a living species, including our profound connection with nature, along with a holistic and intergenerational perspective are suggested as prerequisite for balancing and aligning human modes of being with the larger patterns of life. The closing discussion addresses the importance of social action and going beyond a conceptual understanding to an embodiment of sustainability. Title: Sustainability from the Perspectives of Indigenous Leaders in the Bioregion Defined by the Pacific Salmon Runs of North America Author: Hall, David Edward Year: 2008 Extensive research suggests that the collective behavior of humanity is on an unsustainable path. As the evidence mounts and more people awaken to this reality, increased attention is being dedicated to the pursuit of answers for a just and sustainable future. This dissertation grew from the premise that effectively moving towards sustainability requires change at all levels of the dominant Western culture, including deeply held worldviews. The worldviews of many indigenous cultures offer alternative values and beliefs that can contribute to addressing the root causes of problems related to sustainability. In the bioregion defined by the Pacific Salmon runs of North America there is a rich heritage and modern day presence of diverse indigenous cultures. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 indigenous leaders from within this bioregion to explore their mental models of sustainability. These interviews followed a general structure that covered: (a) the personal background and community affiliation of each interviewee; (b) the meaning of the concept of sustainability from their perspective; (c) visions of a sustainable future for their communities; and, (d) how to achieve such a future. A content analysis of the interviews was conducted and summarized into a narrative organized to correspond with the general interview structure. A process oftestimonial validity established that most participants found the narrative to be an accurate representation of their perspectives. Participant feedback led to several phrasing changes and other identified issues are discussed, including one participant's critique of the narrative's use of a first-person plural voice. Major themes from the interviews include the role of the human being as caretaker actively participating in the web of life, the importance of simultaneously restoring culture and ecology due to their interdependence, the need to educate and build awareness, and the importance of cooperation. Understanding who we are as a living species, including our profound connection with nature, along with a holistic and intergenerational perspective are suggested as prerequisite for balancing and aligning human modes of being with the larger patterns of life. The closing discussion addresses the importance of social action and going beyond a conceptual understanding to an embodiment of sustainability. Close

• 3. [Article] Irrigation, Power, and Salmon: The Case for Voluntary Water Transfers in the Columbia Basin

  This paper begins with a brief history of water law in the west, illustrating the roots of conflict over water allocation. A more detailed examination of activities in the Columbia Basin follows, describing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigation, Power, and Salmon: The Case for Voluntary Water Transfers in the Columbia Basin Author: Kuhner, Eric Year: 1996 This paper begins with a brief history of water law in the west, illustrating the roots of conflict over water allocation. A more detailed examination of activities in the Columbia Basin follows, describing the many parties affected by issues of water use and the overlapping institutional structures that govern the river and its water. Sources of pressure to change the current pattern of water use are then considered. These include requirements to protect endangered salmon runs and the change over time in the relative values of water for power production and irrigation. This section demonstrates how changes in the value of resources can create conflict when resource allocations are inflexible. Alternative approaches to water allocation are then detailed. An argument is made that water use on the Columbia should be flexible, and that the ability to transfer water more easily from one use to another would be beneficial. The potential economic, social, and environmental benefits and costs of water transfers are also considered. The final section of the paper looks at barriers to water transfers and recommendations for institutional change. The section offers examples of market structures and policy options that might overcome some of the obstacles to water transfers. The argument for a more flexible system of water allocation is then summarized. Title: Irrigation, Power, and Salmon: The Case for Voluntary Water Transfers in the Columbia Basin Author: Kuhner, Eric Year: 1996 This paper begins with a brief history of water law in the west, illustrating the roots of conflict over water allocation. A more detailed examination of activities in the Columbia Basin follows, describing the many parties affected by issues of water use and the overlapping institutional structures that govern the river and its water. Sources of pressure to change the current pattern of water use are then considered. These include requirements to protect endangered salmon runs and the change over time in the relative values of water for power production and irrigation. This section demonstrates how changes in the value of resources can create conflict when resource allocations are inflexible. Alternative approaches to water allocation are then detailed. An argument is made that water use on the Columbia should be flexible, and that the ability to transfer water more easily from one use to another would be beneficial. The potential economic, social, and environmental benefits and costs of water transfers are also considered. The final section of the paper looks at barriers to water transfers and recommendations for institutional change. The section offers examples of market structures and policy options that might overcome some of the obstacles to water transfers. The argument for a more flexible system of water allocation is then summarized. Close

• 4. [Article] Administrative Design for Yakima-Klickitat Production Project: Final Report

  This report provides the administrative design to implement the Yakima/Klickitat Production Project. This project is a scientifically designed salmon fishery restoration project funded by the Bonneville ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Administrative Design for Yakima-Klickitat Production Project: Final Report Author: Churchill, Jack, Shissler, Lee, Edner, Sheldon, Smith, Randy Year: 1990 This report provides the administrative design to implement the Yakima/Klickitat Production Project. This project is a scientifically designed salmon fishery restoration project funded by the Bonneville Power Administration in compliance with the .fishery policies established by the Northwest Power Planning Council under the authority of the Northwest Power Planning Act. This project breaks new ground in the field of fishery management. It is the first full scale application of supplementation technology directed toward maintaining and rebuilding native fish stocks and sub stocks with hatchery rearing methods. The work of the organization is an inherently more complex production function than traditional fish hatchery operations. This is in part because the project requires a high level of continuing quality control. It is also due in part because the fisheries management takes place over an extended geographical space of the watershed. The pre-design work for this project has been underway since 1987 by an ad hoc planning group composed of representative of the Yakima Indian Nation, the Washington Department of Fisheries and the Washington Department of Wildlife, and private consultants under funding of the Bonneville Power Administration. The project experimental design has been developed by the Experimental Design Work Group. The Bonneville Power Administration is contracting for design and construction of the fish rearing facilities. The research challenge was to design an organization to .implement the adaptive management concept of biological systems management. The management of complex biological systems such as salmon fish runs is character:ized by a high degree of uncertainty. Management for uncertain outcomes requires an organizational process that will induce a continuing learning atmosphere. Over time, most bureaucratic organizations suffer from inertia and are not conducive to a learning environment. Research methods involved the review of literature and related administrative experience, an interview process, a modified Delphi questionnaire, a series of group dynamic exercises, and observation of the work teams during the last six months of the planing process. The results of our research suggest that a new non-profit corporation be formed to implement the program under the direction of the three primary fish management basin agencies. The corporation should have flexibility and the organization will be phased in during the five year planning and construction cycle. A primary result of our research is the conclusion that the team management concept be the dominant organizational unit for both management of field operations and for management of scientific design and evaluation. Title: Administrative Design for Yakima-Klickitat Production Project: Final Report Author: Churchill, Jack, Shissler, Lee, Edner, Sheldon, Smith, Randy Year: 1990 This report provides the administrative design to implement the Yakima/Klickitat Production Project. This project is a scientifically designed salmon fishery restoration project funded by the Bonneville Power Administration in compliance with the .fishery policies established by the Northwest Power Planning Council under the authority of the Northwest Power Planning Act. This project breaks new ground in the field of fishery management. It is the first full scale application of supplementation technology directed toward maintaining and rebuilding native fish stocks and sub stocks with hatchery rearing methods. The work of the organization is an inherently more complex production function than traditional fish hatchery operations. This is in part because the project requires a high level of continuing quality control. It is also due in part because the fisheries management takes place over an extended geographical space of the watershed. The pre-design work for this project has been underway since 1987 by an ad hoc planning group composed of representative of the Yakima Indian Nation, the Washington Department of Fisheries and the Washington Department of Wildlife, and private consultants under funding of the Bonneville Power Administration. The project experimental design has been developed by the Experimental Design Work Group. The Bonneville Power Administration is contracting for design and construction of the fish rearing facilities. The research challenge was to design an organization to .implement the adaptive management concept of biological systems management. The management of complex biological systems such as salmon fish runs is character:ized by a high degree of uncertainty. Management for uncertain outcomes requires an organizational process that will induce a continuing learning atmosphere. Over time, most bureaucratic organizations suffer from inertia and are not conducive to a learning environment. Research methods involved the review of literature and related administrative experience, an interview process, a modified Delphi questionnaire, a series of group dynamic exercises, and observation of the work teams during the last six months of the planing process. The results of our research suggest that a new non-profit corporation be formed to implement the program under the direction of the three primary fish management basin agencies. The corporation should have flexibility and the organization will be phased in during the five year planning and construction cycle. A primary result of our research is the conclusion that the team management concept be the dominant organizational unit for both management of field operations and for management of scientific design and evaluation. Close

• 5. [Article] Integrating Ecosystem Services, River Restoration and Community: A Case Study at Fisher's Bend

  Natural areas and ecosystem services at the edge of urban areas are threatened by increasing development. This paper examines how community based restoration partnerships can work to identify, protect ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrating Ecosystem Services, River Restoration and Community: A Case Study at Fisher's Bend Author: Carlson, Michael Year: 2011 Natural areas and ecosystem services at the edge of urban areas are threatened by increasing development. This paper examines how community based restoration partnerships can work to identify, protect and restore ecosystem services provided by salmon and our local rivers. Floodplains provide a wide range of ecosystem services to urban and rural communities and we should work collaboratively to protect and restore them. Floodplains are especially valuable and important for salmon recovery. By using a case study, we explore the process and feasibility of restoring off-channel salmon habitat at Fisher's Bend in the lower Clackamas river. A feasibility study was conducted to identify costs, benefits and risks of different design alternatives for the side channel. Hydrology of the river and hydraulics of the site were determined by estimating peak and low flow hydrology then running a HEC-RAS hydraulic model. Results indicate that the river overflows into the side channel near the 2 year recurrence interval. On average there is currently about a 50 % chance each year that the river will enter the side channel. These current flows do not provide much opportunity for juvenile salmon to access the side channel where they can grow and thrive in a protected habitat before their journey to the ocean. Further investigation produced results that indicate 95% of the time from 1959-2009 the river discharge was above 726 cfs from October to June. These results highlight that we will need to excavate about 9 feet from current elevations at the side-channel outlet to gain reasonable assurance of a one foot water depth for good salmon access. This depth will provide access from the river during critical periods when adult and juvenile salmon are seeking refuge from predators and high flood flows in the main channel. Although more design is needed for the inlet and outlet it appears the project is feasible and will meet the objective of providing salmonid access to critical habitat. In closing, I recommend investment in natural area protection and restoration at the edges of the urban growth boundary to maintain valuable ecosystem services provided by river floodplains and salmon. Title: Integrating Ecosystem Services, River Restoration and Community: A Case Study at Fisher's Bend Author: Carlson, Michael Year: 2011 Natural areas and ecosystem services at the edge of urban areas are threatened by increasing development. This paper examines how community based restoration partnerships can work to identify, protect and restore ecosystem services provided by salmon and our local rivers. Floodplains provide a wide range of ecosystem services to urban and rural communities and we should work collaboratively to protect and restore them. Floodplains are especially valuable and important for salmon recovery. By using a case study, we explore the process and feasibility of restoring off-channel salmon habitat at Fisher's Bend in the lower Clackamas river. A feasibility study was conducted to identify costs, benefits and risks of different design alternatives for the side channel. Hydrology of the river and hydraulics of the site were determined by estimating peak and low flow hydrology then running a HEC-RAS hydraulic model. Results indicate that the river overflows into the side channel near the 2 year recurrence interval. On average there is currently about a 50 % chance each year that the river will enter the side channel. These current flows do not provide much opportunity for juvenile salmon to access the side channel where they can grow and thrive in a protected habitat before their journey to the ocean. Further investigation produced results that indicate 95% of the time from 1959-2009 the river discharge was above 726 cfs from October to June. These results highlight that we will need to excavate about 9 feet from current elevations at the side-channel outlet to gain reasonable assurance of a one foot water depth for good salmon access. This depth will provide access from the river during critical periods when adult and juvenile salmon are seeking refuge from predators and high flood flows in the main channel. Although more design is needed for the inlet and outlet it appears the project is feasible and will meet the objective of providing salmonid access to critical habitat. In closing, I recommend investment in natural area protection and restoration at the edges of the urban growth boundary to maintain valuable ecosystem services provided by river floodplains and salmon. Close