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• 1. [Article] Fostering Self-Regulation in Online Learning in K-12 Education

  Current educational trends identify self-regulation as an essential skill for today’s K-12 students. Online learning environments provide a unique opportunity for teachers to use the various features to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fostering Self-Regulation in Online Learning in K-12 Education Author: Lock, Jennifer, Eaton, Sarah Elaine, Kessy, Elaine Year: 2017 Current educational trends identify self-regulation as an essential skill for today’s K-12 students. Online learning environments provide a unique opportunity for teachers to use the various features to cultivate student self-regulation. Through a review of the literature, self-regulation has been defined and key strategies have been identified that support self-regulated learning in online learning environments. Course design, goal setting and orientation, self-efficacy, scaffolding, and reflection are identified as key factors that foster student self-regulated learning skills. The article concludes with implications for teacher education. Title: Fostering Self-Regulation in Online Learning in K-12 Education Author: Lock, Jennifer, Eaton, Sarah Elaine, Kessy, Elaine Year: 2017 Current educational trends identify self-regulation as an essential skill for today’s K-12 students. Online learning environments provide a unique opportunity for teachers to use the various features to cultivate student self-regulation. Through a review of the literature, self-regulation has been defined and key strategies have been identified that support self-regulated learning in online learning environments. Course design, goal setting and orientation, self-efficacy, scaffolding, and reflection are identified as key factors that foster student self-regulated learning skills. The article concludes with implications for teacher education. Close

• 2. [Article] Scaffolding the Development of Early Self-Regulation: The Role of Structure and Routine in Children's Daily Activities

  Learning to self-regulate one's behavior is a core developmental task in early childhood. Regulation of behavior is a challenge for young children largely due to cognitive constraints, specifically in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scaffolding the Development of Early Self-Regulation: The Role of Structure and Routine in Children's Daily Activities Author: Taylor, Cynthia Lynn Year: 2011 Learning to self-regulate one's behavior is a core developmental task in early childhood. Regulation of behavior is a challenge for young children largely due to cognitive constraints, specifically in the areas of attention and memory. As such, it has been theorized that both caregivers and a child's environment can support the development of behavioral self-regulation by providing cues as to what constitutes acceptable behavior in any given context. Although much research has been conducted on the role caregivers play in this regard, little is known about how a child's environment may also serve to support emerging self-regulation of behavior. The present study sought to identify differences among children's daily activities in terms of their degree of structure and routine and how they related to changes in patterns of self-regulated behavior over time. Twenty-one children ages 6 to 60 months in three age-graded classrooms at a constructivist child-care center were video-taped at three measurement points over a six-month period as they engaged in a variety of daily activities (i.e., free play, meals and clean-up). Trained observers coded for nine self-regulatory behaviors and the daily activities during which they occurred. It was hypothesized that structured and routine daily activities would scaffold the development of self-regulation and internalization such that these behaviors would occur more frequently during activities high in structure and routine. Over time, practice during activities that are high and low in structure and routine should support self-regulated behavior in the absence of structure and routine as well. Overall, results demonstrated that in the presence of environmental cues for expected behavior (i.e., structure and routine) children tend to engage in more self-regulated behavior than in the absence of such cues. Title: Scaffolding the Development of Early Self-Regulation: The Role of Structure and Routine in Children's Daily Activities Author: Taylor, Cynthia Lynn Year: 2011 Learning to self-regulate one's behavior is a core developmental task in early childhood. Regulation of behavior is a challenge for young children largely due to cognitive constraints, specifically in the areas of attention and memory. As such, it has been theorized that both caregivers and a child's environment can support the development of behavioral self-regulation by providing cues as to what constitutes acceptable behavior in any given context. Although much research has been conducted on the role caregivers play in this regard, little is known about how a child's environment may also serve to support emerging self-regulation of behavior. The present study sought to identify differences among children's daily activities in terms of their degree of structure and routine and how they related to changes in patterns of self-regulated behavior over time. Twenty-one children ages 6 to 60 months in three age-graded classrooms at a constructivist child-care center were video-taped at three measurement points over a six-month period as they engaged in a variety of daily activities (i.e., free play, meals and clean-up). Trained observers coded for nine self-regulatory behaviors and the daily activities during which they occurred. It was hypothesized that structured and routine daily activities would scaffold the development of self-regulation and internalization such that these behaviors would occur more frequently during activities high in structure and routine. Over time, practice during activities that are high and low in structure and routine should support self-regulated behavior in the absence of structure and routine as well. Overall, results demonstrated that in the presence of environmental cues for expected behavior (i.e., structure and routine) children tend to engage in more self-regulated behavior than in the absence of such cues. Close

• 3. [Article] Growth Phase-Dependent Gene Regulation in Vivo in Sulfolobus Solfataricus

  Ribosomal genes are strongly regulated dependent on growth phase in all organisms, but this regulation is poorly understood in Archaea. Moreover, very little is known about growth phase-dependent gene ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth Phase-Dependent Gene Regulation in Vivo in Sulfolobus Solfataricus Author: DeYoung, Melissa, Thayer, Michelle, Van der Oost, John, Stedman, Kenneth M. Year: 2011 Ribosomal genes are strongly regulated dependent on growth phase in all organisms, but this regulation is poorly understood in Archaea. Moreover, very little is known about growth phase-dependent gene regulation in Archaea. SSV1- based lacS reporter gene constructs containing the Sulfolobus 16S/23S rRNA gene core promoter, the TF55a core promoter, or the native lacS promoter were tested in Sulfolobus solfataricus cells lacking the lacS gene. The 42-bp 16S/23S rRNA gene and 39-bp TF55a core promoters are sufficient for gene expression in S. solfataricus. However, only gene expression driven by the 16S/23S rRNA gene core promoter is dependent on the culture growth phase. This is the smallest known regulated promoter in Sulfolobus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show growth phase-dependent rRNA gene regulation in Archaea. Title: Growth Phase-Dependent Gene Regulation in Vivo in Sulfolobus Solfataricus Author: DeYoung, Melissa, Thayer, Michelle, Van der Oost, John, Stedman, Kenneth M. Year: 2011 Ribosomal genes are strongly regulated dependent on growth phase in all organisms, but this regulation is poorly understood in Archaea. Moreover, very little is known about growth phase-dependent gene regulation in Archaea. SSV1- based lacS reporter gene constructs containing the Sulfolobus 16S/23S rRNA gene core promoter, the TF55a core promoter, or the native lacS promoter were tested in Sulfolobus solfataricus cells lacking the lacS gene. The 42-bp 16S/23S rRNA gene and 39-bp TF55a core promoters are sufficient for gene expression in S. solfataricus. However, only gene expression driven by the 16S/23S rRNA gene core promoter is dependent on the culture growth phase. This is the smallest known regulated promoter in Sulfolobus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show growth phase-dependent rRNA gene regulation in Archaea. Close

• 4. [Article] Review: Is Parent–Child Attachment a Correlate of Children’s Emotion Regulation and Coping?

  Attachment theorists have described the parent–child attachment relationship as a foundation for the emergence and development of children’s capacity for emotion regulation and coping with stress. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Review: Is Parent–Child Attachment a Correlate of Children’s Emotion Regulation and Coping? Author: Zimmer-Gembeck, Melanie J., Webb, Haley J., Pepping, Christopher A., Swan, Kellie, Merlo, Ourania, Skinner, Ellen A., Avdagic, Elbina, Dunbar, Michelle Year: 2017 Attachment theorists have described the parent–child attachment relationship as a foundation for the emergence and development of children’s capacity for emotion regulation and coping with stress. The purpose of this review was to summarize the existing research addressing this issue. We identified 23 studies that employed validated assessments of attachment, which were not based on self-report questionnaires, and separated the summary into findings for toddlers/preschool, children, and adolescents. Although most associations were weak and only a minority of the multiple possible associations tested was supported in each study, all studies (but one) reported at least one significant association between attachment and emotion regulation or coping. The evidence pointed to the regulatory and coping problems of toddlers showing signs of ambivalent attachment or the benefits of secure (relative to insecure) attachment for toddlers, children, and adolescents. Toddlers who showed signs of avoidant attachment relied more on self-related regulation (or less social-oriented regulation and coping), but it was not clear whether these responses were maladaptive. There was little information available regarding associations of ambivalent attachment with school-age children’s or adolescents’ emotion regulation. There were also few studies that assessed disorganized attachment. Title: Review: Is Parent–Child Attachment a Correlate of Children’s Emotion Regulation and Coping? Author: Zimmer-Gembeck, Melanie J., Webb, Haley J., Pepping, Christopher A., Swan, Kellie, Merlo, Ourania, Skinner, Ellen A., Avdagic, Elbina, Dunbar, Michelle Year: 2017 Attachment theorists have described the parent–child attachment relationship as a foundation for the emergence and development of children’s capacity for emotion regulation and coping with stress. The purpose of this review was to summarize the existing research addressing this issue. We identified 23 studies that employed validated assessments of attachment, which were not based on self-report questionnaires, and separated the summary into findings for toddlers/preschool, children, and adolescents. Although most associations were weak and only a minority of the multiple possible associations tested was supported in each study, all studies (but one) reported at least one significant association between attachment and emotion regulation or coping. The evidence pointed to the regulatory and coping problems of toddlers showing signs of ambivalent attachment or the benefits of secure (relative to insecure) attachment for toddlers, children, and adolescents. Toddlers who showed signs of avoidant attachment relied more on self-related regulation (or less social-oriented regulation and coping), but it was not clear whether these responses were maladaptive. There was little information available regarding associations of ambivalent attachment with school-age children’s or adolescents’ emotion regulation. There were also few studies that assessed disorganized attachment. Close

• 5. [Article] Power Self-Regulation in Double-Pass High-Gain Laser Amplifiers

  Double-pass laser amplifiers can provide automatic passive regulation of the power in an optical signal. This regulation can significantly reduce the amplitude noise on a laser beam that is intended as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Power Self-Regulation in Double-Pass High-Gain Laser Amplifiers Author: Casperson, Lee W., Casperson, Janet M. Year: 2000 Double-pass laser amplifiers can provide automatic passive regulation of the power in an optical signal. This regulation can significantly reduce the amplitude noise on a laser beam that is intended as a continuous wave light source. Analytic expressions are derived to describe the optical-noise-reduction region of double-pass amplifier operation and the dependence of the self-regulation properties on gain, saturation, and mirror reflectivity. Title: Power Self-Regulation in Double-Pass High-Gain Laser Amplifiers Author: Casperson, Lee W., Casperson, Janet M. Year: 2000 Double-pass laser amplifiers can provide automatic passive regulation of the power in an optical signal. This regulation can significantly reduce the amplitude noise on a laser beam that is intended as a continuous wave light source. Analytic expressions are derived to describe the optical-noise-reduction region of double-pass amplifier operation and the dependence of the self-regulation properties on gain, saturation, and mirror reflectivity. Close

• 6. [Article] The Cul3 Ubiquitin Ligase: An Essential Regulator of Diverse Cellular Processes

  Cul3 forms E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that regulate a variety of cellular processes. This dissertation describes Cul3‘s role in several of these pathways and provides new mechanistic details regarding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cul3 Ubiquitin Ligase: An Essential Regulator of Diverse Cellular Processes Author: Davidge, Brittney Marie Year: 2017 Cul3 forms E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that regulate a variety of cellular processes. This dissertation describes Cul3‘s role in several of these pathways and provides new mechanistic details regarding the role of Cul3 in eukaryotic cells. Cyclin E is an example of a protein that is regulated in a Cul3-dependent manner. Cyclin E is a cell cycle regulator that controls the beginning of DNA replication in mammalian cells. Increased levels of cyclin E are found in some cancers, in addition, proteolytic removal of the cyclin E N-terminus occurs in some cancers and is associated with tumorigenesis. Cyclin E levels are tightly regulated and controlled in part through ubiquitin-mediated degradation initiated by one of two E3 ligase complexes, Cul1 and Cul3. Cul1 mediated degradation of cyclin E is triggered by cyclin E phosphorylation, however the mechanism Cul3 uses to ubiquitinate cyclin E is poorly understood. In order to gain a better understanding of how Cul3 mediates cyclin E destruction we identified the degron on cyclin E that is important in Cul3 dependent degradation. In addition, we show this degron is lacking in LMW cyclin E (found in abundance in breast cancer), providing a novel mechanism for how these cyclin E modifications result in increased cyclin E levels by avoiding the Cul3 degradation pathway. Title: The Cul3 Ubiquitin Ligase: An Essential Regulator of Diverse Cellular Processes Author: Davidge, Brittney Marie Year: 2017 Cul3 forms E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that regulate a variety of cellular processes. This dissertation describes Cul3‘s role in several of these pathways and provides new mechanistic details regarding the role of Cul3 in eukaryotic cells. Cyclin E is an example of a protein that is regulated in a Cul3-dependent manner. Cyclin E is a cell cycle regulator that controls the beginning of DNA replication in mammalian cells. Increased levels of cyclin E are found in some cancers, in addition, proteolytic removal of the cyclin E N-terminus occurs in some cancers and is associated with tumorigenesis. Cyclin E levels are tightly regulated and controlled in part through ubiquitin-mediated degradation initiated by one of two E3 ligase complexes, Cul1 and Cul3. Cul1 mediated degradation of cyclin E is triggered by cyclin E phosphorylation, however the mechanism Cul3 uses to ubiquitinate cyclin E is poorly understood. In order to gain a better understanding of how Cul3 mediates cyclin E destruction we identified the degron on cyclin E that is important in Cul3 dependent degradation. In addition, we show this degron is lacking in LMW cyclin E (found in abundance in breast cancer), providing a novel mechanism for how these cyclin E modifications result in increased cyclin E levels by avoiding the Cul3 degradation pathway. Close

• 7. [Article] The Effects of Airline Deregulation on Airline Safety: An Econometric Analysis

  After an unfortunate series of accidents in the mid 1930’s the Air Transport Association (ATA) lobbied Congress for regulation of the industry. The ATA claimed that unfair competition was endangering the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Airline Deregulation on Airline Safety: An Econometric Analysis Author: De Jager, William Charles Year: 1993 After an unfortunate series of accidents in the mid 1930’s the Air Transport Association (ATA) lobbied Congress for regulation of the industry. The ATA claimed that unfair competition was endangering the public safety. The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 created the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) and gave the CAB the authority to regulate the industry. During the regulation era airline ridership increased and safety improved. During the regulation period, opportunity for comparing the safety record of the regulated industry with the record of the unregulated portions of the industry was limited. The few attempts made rendered inconclusive results. During a period of high inflation and high interest rates in the 1970’s interest in deregulating the airlines arose. With passage of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, interest in the effects of regulation on airline safety was renewed. More than a decade has passed since deregulation. The industry has continued to improve its safety record during the deregulation period. The question remains: "How has deregulation affected airline safety?" In this study records of airline accidents and incidents investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board are examined. The occurrences are divided into those with causes that are under the airlines control and those that are not under their control. Those under the airlines control are regressed against time and a dummy variable for deregulation. The possible effects of airline profitability on the results are also explored. The results indicate that deregulation had an adverse effect on airline safety. The effects of alternative formulations are also examined. The effect though statistically significant is small. It does not suggest the need to return to a regulated airline industry. But, it does suggest the need for additional research into the connection between airline safety and competition. Title: The Effects of Airline Deregulation on Airline Safety: An Econometric Analysis Author: De Jager, William Charles Year: 1993 After an unfortunate series of accidents in the mid 1930’s the Air Transport Association (ATA) lobbied Congress for regulation of the industry. The ATA claimed that unfair competition was endangering the public safety. The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 created the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) and gave the CAB the authority to regulate the industry. During the regulation era airline ridership increased and safety improved. During the regulation period, opportunity for comparing the safety record of the regulated industry with the record of the unregulated portions of the industry was limited. The few attempts made rendered inconclusive results. During a period of high inflation and high interest rates in the 1970’s interest in deregulating the airlines arose. With passage of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, interest in the effects of regulation on airline safety was renewed. More than a decade has passed since deregulation. The industry has continued to improve its safety record during the deregulation period. The question remains: "How has deregulation affected airline safety?" In this study records of airline accidents and incidents investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board are examined. The occurrences are divided into those with causes that are under the airlines control and those that are not under their control. Those under the airlines control are regressed against time and a dummy variable for deregulation. The possible effects of airline profitability on the results are also explored. The results indicate that deregulation had an adverse effect on airline safety. The effects of alternative formulations are also examined. The effect though statistically significant is small. It does not suggest the need to return to a regulated airline industry. But, it does suggest the need for additional research into the connection between airline safety and competition. Close

• 8. [Article] Parking Regulation and Land Use in the Portland Metropolitan Region: A Case for Local Parking Districts and Shared Parking Arrangements

  The purpose of this paper is to examine parking regulations and parking management in a land-use and transportation planning context. Current parking management policies in the Portland metropolitan region ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parking Regulation and Land Use in the Portland Metropolitan Region: A Case for Local Parking Districts and Shared Parking Arrangements Author: Engstrom, Eric Year: 1996 The purpose of this paper is to examine parking regulations and parking management in a land-use and transportation planning context. Current parking management policies in the Portland metropolitan region provide the overall framework for this analysis. The paper is divided into six sections: • Section one provides a summary of the planning policies and growth management strategies of the Portland metropolitan region which impact par king policy. These policies provide the context for the current discussion of parking regulations in the region. • The experiences of two close-in Portland neighborhoods are discussed in section two. Parking is not regulated by the city zoning code in these neighborhoods. Lessons learned from these areas provide important case studies if existing parking regulations are to be re-considered. • Section three includes a description of how parking outside of the downtown area is regulated by the City of Portland's zoning code, and examines several problems with this approach. • The geography and spatial layout of parking is explored in section four. This section examines how existing private parking development patterns might be converted to a different parking pattern. Different approaches to parking may be necessary with different development patterns. • Section five examines the characteristics of common goods and services to provide a theoretical basis for considering par king as an element of the public infrastructure. • Section six outlines a model for establishing a different approach to parking policy, one which emphasizes shared parking and neighborhood parking districts rather than zoning code regulation. Title: Parking Regulation and Land Use in the Portland Metropolitan Region: A Case for Local Parking Districts and Shared Parking Arrangements Author: Engstrom, Eric Year: 1996 The purpose of this paper is to examine parking regulations and parking management in a land-use and transportation planning context. Current parking management policies in the Portland metropolitan region provide the overall framework for this analysis. The paper is divided into six sections: • Section one provides a summary of the planning policies and growth management strategies of the Portland metropolitan region which impact par king policy. These policies provide the context for the current discussion of parking regulations in the region. • The experiences of two close-in Portland neighborhoods are discussed in section two. Parking is not regulated by the city zoning code in these neighborhoods. Lessons learned from these areas provide important case studies if existing parking regulations are to be re-considered. • Section three includes a description of how parking outside of the downtown area is regulated by the City of Portland's zoning code, and examines several problems with this approach. • The geography and spatial layout of parking is explored in section four. This section examines how existing private parking development patterns might be converted to a different parking pattern. Different approaches to parking may be necessary with different development patterns. • Section five examines the characteristics of common goods and services to provide a theoretical basis for considering par king as an element of the public infrastructure. • Section six outlines a model for establishing a different approach to parking policy, one which emphasizes shared parking and neighborhood parking districts rather than zoning code regulation. Close

• 9. [Article] Transcriptomic Regulation of Alternative Phenotypic Trajectories in Embryos of the Annual Killifish <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i>

  The Annual Killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, survives the seasonal drying of their pond habitat in the form of embryos entering diapause midway through development. The diapause trajectory is one of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transcriptomic Regulation of Alternative Phenotypic Trajectories in Embryos of the Annual Killifish <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i> Author: Romney, Amie Lynn Thomas Year: 2017 The Annual Killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, survives the seasonal drying of their pond habitat in the form of embryos entering diapause midway through development. The diapause trajectory is one of two developmental phenotypes. Alternatively, individuals can "escape" entry into diapause and develop continuously until hatching. The alternative phenotypes of A. limnaeus are a form of developmental plasticity that provides this species with a physiological adaption for surviving stressful environments. The developmental trajectory of an embryo is not distinguishable morphologically upon fertilization and phenotype is believed to be influenced by maternal provisioning within the egg based on observations of offspring phenotype production. However, incubation temperature may override any such maternal pattern suggesting an environmental influence on the regulation of developmental trajectory. We hypothesize that maternally packaged gene products coordinate the cellular events prior to the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MTZ) that determine developmental trajectory in embryos of A. limnaeus. In addition, we propose that environmentally responsive gene expression after the MTZ can sustain or override any such maternal provisioning. Using high-throughput RNA-sequencing, we have generated transcriptomic profiles of protein-coding messenger RNA and noncoding RNA during development in A. limnaeus. Embryos destined for either the diapause or escape phenotypes display unique expression profiles immediately upon fertilization that support hormone synthesis, well before the stage when phenotypes are morphologically distinct. At stages when the trajectories diverge from one another, differential expression of the vitamin D receptor signaling pathway suggests that vitamin D signaling may be a key regulator of developmental phenotype in this species. These data provide a critical link between maternal and environmental influences on the genetic regulation of phenotypic plasticity. These results will not only impact our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that regulate entrance into diapause, but also provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and development. Uncovering genetic mechanisms in a system exhibiting alternative developmental trajectories will elucidate the role of maternal packaging in regulating developmental decisions, and in sustaining metabolic depression during diapause. Title: Transcriptomic Regulation of Alternative Phenotypic Trajectories in Embryos of the Annual Killifish <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i> Author: Romney, Amie Lynn Thomas Year: 2017 The Annual Killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, survives the seasonal drying of their pond habitat in the form of embryos entering diapause midway through development. The diapause trajectory is one of two developmental phenotypes. Alternatively, individuals can "escape" entry into diapause and develop continuously until hatching. The alternative phenotypes of A. limnaeus are a form of developmental plasticity that provides this species with a physiological adaption for surviving stressful environments. The developmental trajectory of an embryo is not distinguishable morphologically upon fertilization and phenotype is believed to be influenced by maternal provisioning within the egg based on observations of offspring phenotype production. However, incubation temperature may override any such maternal pattern suggesting an environmental influence on the regulation of developmental trajectory. We hypothesize that maternally packaged gene products coordinate the cellular events prior to the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MTZ) that determine developmental trajectory in embryos of A. limnaeus. In addition, we propose that environmentally responsive gene expression after the MTZ can sustain or override any such maternal provisioning. Using high-throughput RNA-sequencing, we have generated transcriptomic profiles of protein-coding messenger RNA and noncoding RNA during development in A. limnaeus. Embryos destined for either the diapause or escape phenotypes display unique expression profiles immediately upon fertilization that support hormone synthesis, well before the stage when phenotypes are morphologically distinct. At stages when the trajectories diverge from one another, differential expression of the vitamin D receptor signaling pathway suggests that vitamin D signaling may be a key regulator of developmental phenotype in this species. These data provide a critical link between maternal and environmental influences on the genetic regulation of phenotypic plasticity. These results will not only impact our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that regulate entrance into diapause, but also provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and development. Uncovering genetic mechanisms in a system exhibiting alternative developmental trajectories will elucidate the role of maternal packaging in regulating developmental decisions, and in sustaining metabolic depression during diapause. Close

• 10. [Article] Genomic and Hormonal Components of Altered Developmental Pathways in the Annual Killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus

  The annual killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, may enter embryonic diapause at three distinct points of development, termed diapause I, II, and III. Previous studies suggest a role for steroid hormones ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genomic and Hormonal Components of Altered Developmental Pathways in the Annual Killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus Author: Pri-Tal, Benjamin M. Year: 2010 The annual killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, may enter embryonic diapause at three distinct points of development, termed diapause I, II, and III. Previous studies suggest a role for steroid hormones in the regulation of diapause in annual killifish. This study concerns the hormonal and genomic components involved in the developmental decision to enter or escape diapause II from both a maternal and embryonic perspective. Steroid hormone levels were measured in tissues isolated from adult female fish that were producing either high or low proportions of escape embryos. Levels of steroid hormones were also measured in new fertilized embryos that were known to be on either an escape or diapausing developmental trajectory. In addition, cDNA microarray gene expression analysis was used to identify gene sequences that may be associated with the regulation of entry into diapause in this species. Decreases in maternal estrogen levels associated with aging are correlated with decreasing escape embryo production, but there is no direct association between measured steroid hormone levels and escape embryo production. However, maternal production of escape embryos is correlated with increased ratios of 17 ß-estradiol to testosterone in ovary tissue, and cDNA microarray gene expression analysis indicates differentially regulated sequences associated with escape embryo production in maternal tissues. Both of these independent measures suggest hormonal involvement in the regulation of diapause. Embryonic levels of steroid hormones in newly fertilized embryos are not correlated with entry or escape from diapause II, although incubation in exogenous cortisol and 17 ß-estradiol causes an increase in the proportion of escape embryos. Gene expression analysis again suggests hormonal involvement. Interestingly, genes involved in epigenetic control of gene expression though chromatin condensation are differentially regulated in both maternal tissues producing escape embryos, and in embryos on the different developmental trajectories. These data suggest that hormonal control of gene expression through alterations of chromatin condensation may regulate the decision to enter or escape diapause II. Title: Genomic and Hormonal Components of Altered Developmental Pathways in the Annual Killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus Author: Pri-Tal, Benjamin M. Year: 2010 The annual killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, may enter embryonic diapause at three distinct points of development, termed diapause I, II, and III. Previous studies suggest a role for steroid hormones in the regulation of diapause in annual killifish. This study concerns the hormonal and genomic components involved in the developmental decision to enter or escape diapause II from both a maternal and embryonic perspective. Steroid hormone levels were measured in tissues isolated from adult female fish that were producing either high or low proportions of escape embryos. Levels of steroid hormones were also measured in new fertilized embryos that were known to be on either an escape or diapausing developmental trajectory. In addition, cDNA microarray gene expression analysis was used to identify gene sequences that may be associated with the regulation of entry into diapause in this species. Decreases in maternal estrogen levels associated with aging are correlated with decreasing escape embryo production, but there is no direct association between measured steroid hormone levels and escape embryo production. However, maternal production of escape embryos is correlated with increased ratios of 17 ß-estradiol to testosterone in ovary tissue, and cDNA microarray gene expression analysis indicates differentially regulated sequences associated with escape embryo production in maternal tissues. Both of these independent measures suggest hormonal involvement in the regulation of diapause. Embryonic levels of steroid hormones in newly fertilized embryos are not correlated with entry or escape from diapause II, although incubation in exogenous cortisol and 17 ß-estradiol causes an increase in the proportion of escape embryos. Gene expression analysis again suggests hormonal involvement. Interestingly, genes involved in epigenetic control of gene expression though chromatin condensation are differentially regulated in both maternal tissues producing escape embryos, and in embryos on the different developmental trajectories. These data suggest that hormonal control of gene expression through alterations of chromatin condensation may regulate the decision to enter or escape diapause II. Close

• 11. [Article] The effect of plant growth regulators on the growth of Closterium moniliferum

  Physiologic responses to Gibberellic Acid (GA), I-Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and Abscisic Acid (ABA). suggest that Oosterium monilfferum has the ability to utilize these plant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of plant growth regulators on the growth of Closterium moniliferum Author: Christensen, Cynthia Lehua Warnock Year: 1990 Physiologic responses to Gibberellic Acid (GA), I-Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and Abscisic Acid (ABA). suggest that Oosterium monilfferum has the ability to utilize these plant growth factors. The growth promoters NAA and GA both increased growth when added to the media. The cell division regulator BAP (a synthetic cytokinin). also had a promotive effect on growth. Abscisic acid was found to be inhibitive to growth. Title: The effect of plant growth regulators on the growth of Closterium moniliferum Author: Christensen, Cynthia Lehua Warnock Year: 1990 Physiologic responses to Gibberellic Acid (GA), I-Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and Abscisic Acid (ABA). suggest that Oosterium monilfferum has the ability to utilize these plant growth factors. The growth promoters NAA and GA both increased growth when added to the media. The cell division regulator BAP (a synthetic cytokinin). also had a promotive effect on growth. Abscisic acid was found to be inhibitive to growth. Close

• 12. [Article] An Analysis of the Effect of State Regulation of Commercial Income Tax Preparers on the Quality of Income Tax Returns

  Occupational regulation of many professions has grown in magnitude and complexity in the past fifty years. Statutes relating to occupational regulation are often implemented by state legislatures without ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Analysis of the Effect of State Regulation of Commercial Income Tax Preparers on the Quality of Income Tax Returns Author: Sumner, Jeanie Grace Year: 1989 Occupational regulation of many professions has grown in magnitude and complexity in the past fifty years. Statutes relating to occupational regulation are often implemented by state legislatures without sufficient quantitative analysis. Prior studies have analyzed the need for regulation to protect consumers. Some research has been published which addresses the differences in the quality of services offered by regulated and unregulated professions. Due to lack of data, the effect of state regulation on commercial income tax preparers has not been quantified. Recently data from the 1979 cycle of the Taxpayer Compliance Measurement Program (TCMP) has been made available by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). These data provided the opportunity for analysis relating to questions of quality of services offered by commercial income tax preparers. The analysis evaluated differences in error rates or amounts between returns prepared in a highly regulated state--Oregon, a state with minimum regulation--California, and the remaining forty-eight unregulated states. Items were chosen from the tax returns to evaluate the integrity and competency of the tax preparer, the effect of continuing education, and the accumulated effect of the totals of income, adjustments, and deductions. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and non-parametric methods were used to test the hypotheses. Descriptive measures indicated that Oregon's error rates were among the lowest while California's errors were among the highest in the country. Cluster analysis grouped Oregon with states in the midwest while California grouped with other states in the sunbelt. The non-parametric tests indicated that Oregon's error rates and amounts were statistically smaller than the unregulated states. When Oregon was compared to the clustered states or to other states in the Northwest, the differences were not significant. When the samples from California were compared to those from the unregulated states, it was evident that the error rates were substantially higher in California. When California's errors were considered relative to the states from the sunbelt, the results were similar. The final comparison was made relative to levels of regulation. The errors on the returns from California were significantly larger than those from Oregon in all areas tested. Title: An Analysis of the Effect of State Regulation of Commercial Income Tax Preparers on the Quality of Income Tax Returns Author: Sumner, Jeanie Grace Year: 1989 Occupational regulation of many professions has grown in magnitude and complexity in the past fifty years. Statutes relating to occupational regulation are often implemented by state legislatures without sufficient quantitative analysis. Prior studies have analyzed the need for regulation to protect consumers. Some research has been published which addresses the differences in the quality of services offered by regulated and unregulated professions. Due to lack of data, the effect of state regulation on commercial income tax preparers has not been quantified. Recently data from the 1979 cycle of the Taxpayer Compliance Measurement Program (TCMP) has been made available by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). These data provided the opportunity for analysis relating to questions of quality of services offered by commercial income tax preparers. The analysis evaluated differences in error rates or amounts between returns prepared in a highly regulated state--Oregon, a state with minimum regulation--California, and the remaining forty-eight unregulated states. Items were chosen from the tax returns to evaluate the integrity and competency of the tax preparer, the effect of continuing education, and the accumulated effect of the totals of income, adjustments, and deductions. Descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, and non-parametric methods were used to test the hypotheses. Descriptive measures indicated that Oregon's error rates were among the lowest while California's errors were among the highest in the country. Cluster analysis grouped Oregon with states in the midwest while California grouped with other states in the sunbelt. The non-parametric tests indicated that Oregon's error rates and amounts were statistically smaller than the unregulated states. When Oregon was compared to the clustered states or to other states in the Northwest, the differences were not significant. When the samples from California were compared to those from the unregulated states, it was evident that the error rates were substantially higher in California. When California's errors were considered relative to the states from the sunbelt, the results were similar. The final comparison was made relative to levels of regulation. The errors on the returns from California were significantly larger than those from Oregon in all areas tested. Close

• 13. [Article] Molecular interaction between nitric oxide and ryanodine receptors of skeletal and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum

  In striated muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is the major storage compartment of intracellular Ca2+ that controls cytosolic free Ca2+ (Cai) and developed force by sequestering and releasing Ca2+ ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Molecular interaction between nitric oxide and ryanodine receptors of skeletal and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Author: Salama, Guy, Menshikova, Elizaveta V., Abramson, Jonathan J. Year: 2000 In striated muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is the major storage compartment of intracellular Ca2+ that controls cytosolic free Ca2+ (Cai) and developed force by sequestering and releasing Ca2+ during each contraction. Ca2+ release from the SR occurs through high-conductance Ca2+ release channels or ryanodine receptors (RyR), which are regulated by various signaling processes. Over the last 15 years, there has been a growing consensus that critical sulfhydryl sites on RyRs can be oxidized and reduced, respectively, to open and close the release channels. The pharmacological actions of various classes of sulfhydryl reagents have demonstrated the existence of hyperreactive thiols on RyRs, which could play a role in the regulation of normal contractile function and explain contractile dysfunctions in pathological conditions. More recent studies show that redox regulation of release channels may occur by nitric oxide (NO), a physiological signaling mechanism. This article is intended to review current concepts in thiol regulation of RyRs and present new data on the possible identification of the primary cysteine residues, which may be the site of oxidation and S-nitrosylation involved in channel opening. Title: Molecular interaction between nitric oxide and ryanodine receptors of skeletal and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Author: Salama, Guy, Menshikova, Elizaveta V., Abramson, Jonathan J. Year: 2000 In striated muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is the major storage compartment of intracellular Ca2+ that controls cytosolic free Ca2+ (Cai) and developed force by sequestering and releasing Ca2+ during each contraction. Ca2+ release from the SR occurs through high-conductance Ca2+ release channels or ryanodine receptors (RyR), which are regulated by various signaling processes. Over the last 15 years, there has been a growing consensus that critical sulfhydryl sites on RyRs can be oxidized and reduced, respectively, to open and close the release channels. The pharmacological actions of various classes of sulfhydryl reagents have demonstrated the existence of hyperreactive thiols on RyRs, which could play a role in the regulation of normal contractile function and explain contractile dysfunctions in pathological conditions. More recent studies show that redox regulation of release channels may occur by nitric oxide (NO), a physiological signaling mechanism. This article is intended to review current concepts in thiol regulation of RyRs and present new data on the possible identification of the primary cysteine residues, which may be the site of oxidation and S-nitrosylation involved in channel opening. Close

• 14. [Article] Drone Technology and Applications

  Drones, also named as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are becoming increasingly popular around the world. The objective of this paper is to understand different type of drones and its applications. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drone Technology and Applications Author: Cheng, Juchun, Khorasanizadeh, Shahram, Sathappan, Sivagamasundari, Chokshi, Vidhi Year: 2017 Drones, also named as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are becoming increasingly popular around the world. The objective of this paper is to understand different type of drones and its applications. This paper focuses mainly in agricultural, transport and aerial photography sector. It explores the UAV market, challenges and future opportunities in these three sectors. Regulations play an important role in the growth of UAV. Therefore, Regulations are also explored in this paper. Title: Drone Technology and Applications Author: Cheng, Juchun, Khorasanizadeh, Shahram, Sathappan, Sivagamasundari, Chokshi, Vidhi Year: 2017 Drones, also named as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are becoming increasingly popular around the world. The objective of this paper is to understand different type of drones and its applications. This paper focuses mainly in agricultural, transport and aerial photography sector. It explores the UAV market, challenges and future opportunities in these three sectors. Regulations play an important role in the growth of UAV. Therefore, Regulations are also explored in this paper. Close

• 15. [Article] Impacts of Low-Speed Vehicles on Transportation Infrastructure and Safety

  There are increasing numbers of low-speed electric vehicles (LSVs) on public roadways. These vehicles are designed to be used within protected environments and on roadways with a maximum posted speed of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of Low-Speed Vehicles on Transportation Infrastructure and Safety Author: Hunter-Zaworski, Katharine M., Cornell, Linda Year: 2010 There are increasing numbers of low-speed electric vehicles (LSVs) on public roadways. These vehicles are designed to be used within protected environments and on roadways with a maximum posted speed of 25 mph. Currently these vehicles are not subject to the same federal requirements for occupant protection as passenger cars. This research project investigated safety standards, operating regulations, and LSV manufacturer materials from sources around the world. The purpose of the research was to determine positive and negative impacts that LSVs, including Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEVs) and Medium Speed Electric Vehicles (MSEVs), are likely to have for the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Oregon communities, and whether adjustments in current state regulations are needed to ensure that LSVs do not negatively impact road safety and traffic operations, or expose the LSV operators to undue risk. The U.S. and Canadian federal motor vehicle safety agencies have harmonized their regulations and stipulated the maximum operating speed of these vehicles, however state and local roadway authorities have regulated the maximum speed of roadways and intersection characteristics on which these vehicles can operate. The significant recommendations of this research are: (i)The State of Oregon regulations for LSVs should be amended such that LSVs are limited to public roadways with a maximum operating speed of 25 mph, and they are restricted to crossing higher speed roadways at four-way Stop or traffic controlled intersections, (ii) local transportation authorities should develop parallel or secondary low-speed transportation networks that connect residential neighborhoods with major activity centers Title: Impacts of Low-Speed Vehicles on Transportation Infrastructure and Safety Author: Hunter-Zaworski, Katharine M., Cornell, Linda Year: 2010 There are increasing numbers of low-speed electric vehicles (LSVs) on public roadways. These vehicles are designed to be used within protected environments and on roadways with a maximum posted speed of 25 mph. Currently these vehicles are not subject to the same federal requirements for occupant protection as passenger cars. This research project investigated safety standards, operating regulations, and LSV manufacturer materials from sources around the world. The purpose of the research was to determine positive and negative impacts that LSVs, including Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEVs) and Medium Speed Electric Vehicles (MSEVs), are likely to have for the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Oregon communities, and whether adjustments in current state regulations are needed to ensure that LSVs do not negatively impact road safety and traffic operations, or expose the LSV operators to undue risk. The U.S. and Canadian federal motor vehicle safety agencies have harmonized their regulations and stipulated the maximum operating speed of these vehicles, however state and local roadway authorities have regulated the maximum speed of roadways and intersection characteristics on which these vehicles can operate. The significant recommendations of this research are: (i)The State of Oregon regulations for LSVs should be amended such that LSVs are limited to public roadways with a maximum operating speed of 25 mph, and they are restricted to crossing higher speed roadways at four-way Stop or traffic controlled intersections, (ii) local transportation authorities should develop parallel or secondary low-speed transportation networks that connect residential neighborhoods with major activity centers Close

• 16. [Article] Robustness of a model microbial community emerges from population structure among single cells of a clonal population

  Microbial populations can withstand, overcome and persist in the face of environmental fluctuation. Previously, we demonstrated how conditional gene regulation in a fluctuating environment drives dilution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Robustness of a model microbial community emerges from population structure among single cells of a clonal population Author: Thompson, Anne W., Turkarslan, Serdar, Arens, Christina E., de Lomana, Adrian Lopez Garcia, Raman, Arjun V., Stahl, David A., Baliga, Nitin S. Year: 2017 Microbial populations can withstand, overcome and persist in the face of environmental fluctuation. Previously, we demonstrated how conditional gene regulation in a fluctuating environment drives dilution of condition-specific transcripts, causing a population of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH) to collapse after repeatedly transitioning from sulfate respiration to syntrophic conditions with the methanogen Methanococcus maripaludis. Failure of the DvH to successfully transition contributed to the collapse of this model community. We investigated the mechanistic basis for loss of robustness by examining whether conditional gene regulation altered heterogeneity in gene expression across individual DvH cells. We discovered that robustness of a microbial population across environmental transitions was attributable to the retention of cells in two states that exhibited different condition-specific gene expression patterns. In our experiments, a population with disrupted conditional regulation successfully alternated between cell states. Meanwhile, a population with intact conditional regulation successfully switched between cell states initially, but collapsed after repeated transitions, possibly due to the high energy requirements of regulation. These results demonstrate that the survival of this entire model microbial community is dependent on the regulatory system's influence on the distribution of distinct cell states among individual cells within a clonal population. Title: Robustness of a model microbial community emerges from population structure among single cells of a clonal population Author: Thompson, Anne W., Turkarslan, Serdar, Arens, Christina E., de Lomana, Adrian Lopez Garcia, Raman, Arjun V., Stahl, David A., Baliga, Nitin S. Year: 2017 Microbial populations can withstand, overcome and persist in the face of environmental fluctuation. Previously, we demonstrated how conditional gene regulation in a fluctuating environment drives dilution of condition-specific transcripts, causing a population of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH) to collapse after repeatedly transitioning from sulfate respiration to syntrophic conditions with the methanogen Methanococcus maripaludis. Failure of the DvH to successfully transition contributed to the collapse of this model community. We investigated the mechanistic basis for loss of robustness by examining whether conditional gene regulation altered heterogeneity in gene expression across individual DvH cells. We discovered that robustness of a microbial population across environmental transitions was attributable to the retention of cells in two states that exhibited different condition-specific gene expression patterns. In our experiments, a population with disrupted conditional regulation successfully alternated between cell states. Meanwhile, a population with intact conditional regulation successfully switched between cell states initially, but collapsed after repeated transitions, possibly due to the high energy requirements of regulation. These results demonstrate that the survival of this entire model microbial community is dependent on the regulatory system's influence on the distribution of distinct cell states among individual cells within a clonal population. Close

• 17. [Article] Urban Livestock Ownership, Management, and Regulation in the United States: An Exploratory Survey and Research Agenda

  As interest in urban agriculture sweeps the country, municipalities are struggling to update, code to meet public demands. The proliferation of urban livestock—especially chickens, rabbits, bees, and goats—has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Urban Livestock Ownership, Management, and Regulation in the United States: An Exploratory Survey and Research Agenda Author: McClintock, Nathan, Pallana, Esperanza, Wooten, Heather Year: 2014 As interest in urban agriculture sweeps the country, municipalities are struggling to update, code to meet public demands. The proliferation of urban livestock—especially chickens, rabbits, bees, and goats—has posed particular regulatory challenges. Scant planning scholarship on urban livestock focuses mostly on how cities regulate animals, but few studies attempt to characterize urban livestock, ownership and management practices in the US in relation to these regulations. Our study addresses this gap. Using a web-based survey distributed via a snowball technique, we received responses from 134 livestock owners in 48 US cities, revealing the following: why they keep livestock; what kind of, livestock they keep and how many; the proximity of their livestock to property lines and dwellings; the extent to which they raise animals for meat; how they manage waste and other possible nuisances or public health risks; and their interest in exchanging animal products through sale and barter. We also examine whether such practices conform to the regulatory context. Results suggest that urban livestock ownership is more akin to pet ownership and should therefore not be restricted under planning codes as if it were a commercial-scale agricultural activity. Given the diversity of livestock ownership practices and lot sizes, we recommend that planners consider the following when developing urban livestock codes: (1) more appropriate setbacks and animal limits per lot; (2), promotion of high standards for animal welfare; (3) addressing sales and slaughter; and (4), making regulations more visible to the public. We, conclude by laying out an agenda for future research on urban livestock regulation and management. Title: Urban Livestock Ownership, Management, and Regulation in the United States: An Exploratory Survey and Research Agenda Author: McClintock, Nathan, Pallana, Esperanza, Wooten, Heather Year: 2014 As interest in urban agriculture sweeps the country, municipalities are struggling to update, code to meet public demands. The proliferation of urban livestock—especially chickens, rabbits, bees, and goats—has posed particular regulatory challenges. Scant planning scholarship on urban livestock focuses mostly on how cities regulate animals, but few studies attempt to characterize urban livestock, ownership and management practices in the US in relation to these regulations. Our study addresses this gap. Using a web-based survey distributed via a snowball technique, we received responses from 134 livestock owners in 48 US cities, revealing the following: why they keep livestock; what kind of, livestock they keep and how many; the proximity of their livestock to property lines and dwellings; the extent to which they raise animals for meat; how they manage waste and other possible nuisances or public health risks; and their interest in exchanging animal products through sale and barter. We also examine whether such practices conform to the regulatory context. Results suggest that urban livestock ownership is more akin to pet ownership and should therefore not be restricted under planning codes as if it were a commercial-scale agricultural activity. Given the diversity of livestock ownership practices and lot sizes, we recommend that planners consider the following when developing urban livestock codes: (1) more appropriate setbacks and animal limits per lot; (2), promotion of high standards for animal welfare; (3) addressing sales and slaughter; and (4), making regulations more visible to the public. We, conclude by laying out an agenda for future research on urban livestock regulation and management. Close

• 18. [Article] Emotion Regulation and Strain in Corrections Officers: Examining the Role of Recovery Experiences and Coping Mechanisms

  Research has begun to identify recovery experiences during nonwork time as an important mechanism explaining the relationship between job characteristics and strain (Geurts & Sonnentag, 2006; Kinnunen, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Emotion Regulation and Strain in Corrections Officers: Examining the Role of Recovery Experiences and Coping Mechanisms Author: Guros, Frankie Year: 2013 Research has begun to identify recovery experiences during nonwork time as an important mechanism explaining the relationship between job characteristics and strain (Geurts & Sonnentag, 2006; Kinnunen, Feldt, Siltaloppi, Sonnentag, 2011). Corrections officers face challenges unique to their occupation (Armstrong & Griffin, 2004) that may contribute to the high levels of strain that currently characterize their occupation (i.e., short life expectancy, high suicide rates; Spinaris & Denhof, 2011; Stack & Tsoudis, 1997). Though previous research has not examined emotion regulation, recovery experiences, and coping within corrections officers, these constructs may be of particular importance to an occupation that requires employees to navigate the complex demands of managing an incarcerated population of individuals. Emotion regulation - managing one's emotions - is an important aspect of many jobs, and has been linked with employee strain, such as burnout, psychological strain, and psychosomatic complaints (Hülshege & Schewe, 2011). However, research only begun to assess nonwork recovery and its relationship with emotion regulation strategies at work, and additionally the influence of individual coping strategies has not been considered in past studies. I offered that recovery experiences (i.e., psychological detachment, relaxation, and mastery) mediated the relationship between emotion regulation at work (i.e., reappraisal and suppression) and strain (i.e., disengagement, emotional exhaustion, and psychological distress). I further offered, based on the matching hypothesis (de Jonge & Dormann, 2006), that emotion-focused coping strategies (i.e., emotional social support and venting emotions) moderated the relationships between emotion regulation, recovery experiences, and strain. To examine these hypotheses, data were collected via a survey of corrections officers in Oregon (N = 1317). Results indicated that emotion regulation at work was associated with strain, and this relationship was partially mediated by recovery experiences. The results further suggested that the coping strategies examined in this study did not appear to moderate relationships between the study variables. These findings are discussed in the context of the present sample, and implications for future research are considered. Title: Emotion Regulation and Strain in Corrections Officers: Examining the Role of Recovery Experiences and Coping Mechanisms Author: Guros, Frankie Year: 2013 Research has begun to identify recovery experiences during nonwork time as an important mechanism explaining the relationship between job characteristics and strain (Geurts & Sonnentag, 2006; Kinnunen, Feldt, Siltaloppi, Sonnentag, 2011). Corrections officers face challenges unique to their occupation (Armstrong & Griffin, 2004) that may contribute to the high levels of strain that currently characterize their occupation (i.e., short life expectancy, high suicide rates; Spinaris & Denhof, 2011; Stack & Tsoudis, 1997). Though previous research has not examined emotion regulation, recovery experiences, and coping within corrections officers, these constructs may be of particular importance to an occupation that requires employees to navigate the complex demands of managing an incarcerated population of individuals. Emotion regulation - managing one's emotions - is an important aspect of many jobs, and has been linked with employee strain, such as burnout, psychological strain, and psychosomatic complaints (Hülshege & Schewe, 2011). However, research only begun to assess nonwork recovery and its relationship with emotion regulation strategies at work, and additionally the influence of individual coping strategies has not been considered in past studies. I offered that recovery experiences (i.e., psychological detachment, relaxation, and mastery) mediated the relationship between emotion regulation at work (i.e., reappraisal and suppression) and strain (i.e., disengagement, emotional exhaustion, and psychological distress). I further offered, based on the matching hypothesis (de Jonge & Dormann, 2006), that emotion-focused coping strategies (i.e., emotional social support and venting emotions) moderated the relationships between emotion regulation, recovery experiences, and strain. To examine these hypotheses, data were collected via a survey of corrections officers in Oregon (N = 1317). Results indicated that emotion regulation at work was associated with strain, and this relationship was partially mediated by recovery experiences. The results further suggested that the coping strategies examined in this study did not appear to moderate relationships between the study variables. These findings are discussed in the context of the present sample, and implications for future research are considered. Close

• 19. [Article] Calcium Transport Inhibition, Stimulation, and Light Dependent Modulation of the Skeletal Calcium Release Channel (RyR1) by the Prototropic Forms of Pelargonidin

  The principle calcium regulator in the muscle cell is the calcium ion release channel (RyR). Improper calcium homeostasis in the muscle cell is the foundation of many pathological states and has been targeted ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calcium Transport Inhibition, Stimulation, and Light Dependent Modulation of the Skeletal Calcium Release Channel (RyR1) by the Prototropic Forms of Pelargonidin Author: Dornan, Thomas Joseph Year: 2014 The principle calcium regulator in the muscle cell is the calcium ion release channel (RyR). Improper calcium homeostasis in the muscle cell is the foundation of many pathological states and has been targeted as a contributing factor to ventricular tachycardia, which is known to precede sudden cardiac arrest. Numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds can affect the way RyR regulates calcium. In this study the anthocyanidin Pelargonidin (Pg), an important natural colorant and dietary antioxidant, is evaluated for its effect on regulating the transport of calcium through the RyR1 of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Pelargonidin undergoes time dependent structural changes in aqueous solutions at physiological pH and a mixture of up to seven forms of Pelargonidin are present in solution simultaneously. Pelargonidin is a unique RyR1 modulator. It can both stimulate and inhibit the RyR1 depending on the experimental conditions. In addition, when Pelargonidin is irradiated with white light, its inhibition properties on the RyR1 are essentially nullified. Proposed mechanisms include excited state charge shift within RyR1-Pg complexes. Title: Calcium Transport Inhibition, Stimulation, and Light Dependent Modulation of the Skeletal Calcium Release Channel (RyR1) by the Prototropic Forms of Pelargonidin Author: Dornan, Thomas Joseph Year: 2014 The principle calcium regulator in the muscle cell is the calcium ion release channel (RyR). Improper calcium homeostasis in the muscle cell is the foundation of many pathological states and has been targeted as a contributing factor to ventricular tachycardia, which is known to precede sudden cardiac arrest. Numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds can affect the way RyR regulates calcium. In this study the anthocyanidin Pelargonidin (Pg), an important natural colorant and dietary antioxidant, is evaluated for its effect on regulating the transport of calcium through the RyR1 of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Pelargonidin undergoes time dependent structural changes in aqueous solutions at physiological pH and a mixture of up to seven forms of Pelargonidin are present in solution simultaneously. Pelargonidin is a unique RyR1 modulator. It can both stimulate and inhibit the RyR1 depending on the experimental conditions. In addition, when Pelargonidin is irradiated with white light, its inhibition properties on the RyR1 are essentially nullified. Proposed mechanisms include excited state charge shift within RyR1-Pg complexes. Close

• 20. [Article] Using “Evil” to Combat “Evil”: The Regulation of Prostitution in Renaissance Florence

  In accordance with the general opinions towards women at the time, the establishment of the Office of Decency (known as the Onestá) in Florence, Italy during the Renaissance served to dehumanize the women ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using “Evil” to Combat “Evil”: The Regulation of Prostitution in Renaissance Florence Author: Abrams, Lilah F. Year: 2017 In accordance with the general opinions towards women at the time, the establishment of the Office of Decency (known as the Onestá) in Florence, Italy during the Renaissance served to dehumanize the women participating in the profession. While many argue that the Florentine Onestá was established to preserve the city’s image, the ultimate intention of the ordinances was to use women as tools to regulate male behavior. Drawing on the remaining ordinances established by the Onestá as primary source material, this paper identifies the utilization of prostitutes to restrict the defiling of “virtuous” women by men through regulations on attire and residence, as well reduce homosexual behavior by encouraging the exploration of heterosexual desires through available prostitution. With the dissolution of the Onestá in the seventeenth century and the resulting criminalization of prostitution, the negative societal beliefs associated with prostitution have persisted into modern day. Title: Using “Evil” to Combat “Evil”: The Regulation of Prostitution in Renaissance Florence Author: Abrams, Lilah F. Year: 2017 In accordance with the general opinions towards women at the time, the establishment of the Office of Decency (known as the Onestá) in Florence, Italy during the Renaissance served to dehumanize the women participating in the profession. While many argue that the Florentine Onestá was established to preserve the city’s image, the ultimate intention of the ordinances was to use women as tools to regulate male behavior. Drawing on the remaining ordinances established by the Onestá as primary source material, this paper identifies the utilization of prostitutes to restrict the defiling of “virtuous” women by men through regulations on attire and residence, as well reduce homosexual behavior by encouraging the exploration of heterosexual desires through available prostitution. With the dissolution of the Onestá in the seventeenth century and the resulting criminalization of prostitution, the negative societal beliefs associated with prostitution have persisted into modern day. Close

• 21. [Article] How 5-day Weather Patterns and Buoyancy Regulation Impact Algal Community Assemblage

  The purpose of this study is to model how 5-day weather patterns and algal buoyancy regulation influence the competition between two bloom forming cyanobacteria species in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Sudden ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How 5-day Weather Patterns and Buoyancy Regulation Impact Algal Community Assemblage Author: Brunkalla, Roberta Year: 2016 The purpose of this study is to model how 5-day weather patterns and algal buoyancy regulation influence the competition between two bloom forming cyanobacteria species in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Sudden changes in weather patterns can quickly impact lake thermal structure, which can rapidly influence the competition between buoyancy regulating cyanobacteria. By modeling competition, I hope to address how altered climate would shift the competitive advantage to toxin forming cyanobacteria. I plan on accomplishing this by coupling a one-dimensional hydrodynamic and algal competition model, with lake specific physiological parameters. A sensitivity test of the model could reveal dramatic shifts in algal competition under future climate change scenarios, which could have implications in how Upper Klamath Lake is managed and how restoration efforts are implemented. Title: How 5-day Weather Patterns and Buoyancy Regulation Impact Algal Community Assemblage Author: Brunkalla, Roberta Year: 2016 The purpose of this study is to model how 5-day weather patterns and algal buoyancy regulation influence the competition between two bloom forming cyanobacteria species in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Sudden changes in weather patterns can quickly impact lake thermal structure, which can rapidly influence the competition between buoyancy regulating cyanobacteria. By modeling competition, I hope to address how altered climate would shift the competitive advantage to toxin forming cyanobacteria. I plan on accomplishing this by coupling a one-dimensional hydrodynamic and algal competition model, with lake specific physiological parameters. A sensitivity test of the model could reveal dramatic shifts in algal competition under future climate change scenarios, which could have implications in how Upper Klamath Lake is managed and how restoration efforts are implemented. Close

• 22. [Article] Effects of dehydration on hemoglobin oxygen affinity and blood cell volume in two anurans

  Two aspects of possible adaptation In cardiovascular performance caused by Increased plasma electrolytes were examined. Cells In anisotonic plasma may either act as osmometers or volume regulate. Blood ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of dehydration on hemoglobin oxygen affinity and blood cell volume in two anurans Author: Zygmunt, Andrew Christopher Year: 1984 Two aspects of possible adaptation In cardiovascular performance caused by Increased plasma electrolytes were examined. Cells In anisotonic plasma may either act as osmometers or volume regulate. Blood flow rate Is dependent upon cell viscosity, which in turn is a consequence of cell volume and membrane deform-ability. Cell volume changes which Increase membrane deform-ability will thus potentially extend the limits of dehydration tolerance. It was found in R. catesbeiana and B. marinus that red blood cell Is maintain constant volume during dehydration. Cells in vitro Initially lose water, but then sodium, potassium and water move Into the cell. Cell viscosity within the physiologic range of hematocrits was higher In salt loaded non-regulating cell Is of B. marinus than In regulating isotonic cells. Title: Effects of dehydration on hemoglobin oxygen affinity and blood cell volume in two anurans Author: Zygmunt, Andrew Christopher Year: 1984 Two aspects of possible adaptation In cardiovascular performance caused by Increased plasma electrolytes were examined. Cells In anisotonic plasma may either act as osmometers or volume regulate. Blood flow rate Is dependent upon cell viscosity, which in turn is a consequence of cell volume and membrane deform-ability. Cell volume changes which Increase membrane deform-ability will thus potentially extend the limits of dehydration tolerance. It was found in R. catesbeiana and B. marinus that red blood cell Is maintain constant volume during dehydration. Cells in vitro Initially lose water, but then sodium, potassium and water move Into the cell. Cell viscosity within the physiologic range of hematocrits was higher In salt loaded non-regulating cell Is of B. marinus than In regulating isotonic cells. Close

• 23. [Article] Antioxidant Anthocyanidins and Calcium Transport Modulation of the Ryanodine Receptor of Skeletal Muscle (RyR1)

  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) claims more lives than any other disease in the world. Although numerous biological pathways share the blame, ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) is estimated to account for ~25% ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Antioxidant Anthocyanidins and Calcium Transport Modulation of the Ryanodine Receptor of Skeletal Muscle (RyR1) Author: Dornan, Thomas J. Year: 2011 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) claims more lives than any other disease in the world. Although numerous biological pathways share the blame, ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) is estimated to account for ~25% of all CVD deaths. A complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying VT is unknown but recent studies have linked VT to improper calcium handling in the heart (canine). The principle calcium regulator in the muscle cell is the calcium ion release channel (aka RyR). Numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds can affect the way the RyR regulates calcium. In particular, abnormal levels of oxidants (reactive oxygen species) can oxidize critical thiol groups on the RyR and modulate its activity. Interestingly, high levels of oxidants are also associated with numerous bodily disease states including cancers, muscle fatigue/failure, and CVD. In this thesis, two important dietary antioxidant compounds, the anthocyanidins pelargonidin and delphinidin, are evaluated for their effects on regulating the transport of calcium through the calcium release channel (RyR1) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. Pelargonidin and delphinidin are structurally similar with delphinidin only differing from pelargonidin by the addition of two hydroxyl groups. Both compounds undergo time dependent structural changes in aqueous solutions at physiological pH and a mixture of more than four structures of each compound can be present in solution simultaneously. Pelargonidin and delphinidin show distinct differences in their calcium flux regulating effect on the RyR1. Delphinidin stimulates calcium flux and RyR1 activity where as pelargonidin can cause both inhibition and stimulation of the RyR1. The strength of stimulation and inhibition of calcium transport through the RyR by delphinidin and pelargonidin may be attributed to the structural and chemical changes in those compounds that occur in solutions near physiological pH and the subsequent chemical characteristics of the diverse set of structures that are simultaneously present in solution. Title: Antioxidant Anthocyanidins and Calcium Transport Modulation of the Ryanodine Receptor of Skeletal Muscle (RyR1) Author: Dornan, Thomas J. Year: 2011 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) claims more lives than any other disease in the world. Although numerous biological pathways share the blame, ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) is estimated to account for ~25% of all CVD deaths. A complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying VT is unknown but recent studies have linked VT to improper calcium handling in the heart (canine). The principle calcium regulator in the muscle cell is the calcium ion release channel (aka RyR). Numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds can affect the way the RyR regulates calcium. In particular, abnormal levels of oxidants (reactive oxygen species) can oxidize critical thiol groups on the RyR and modulate its activity. Interestingly, high levels of oxidants are also associated with numerous bodily disease states including cancers, muscle fatigue/failure, and CVD. In this thesis, two important dietary antioxidant compounds, the anthocyanidins pelargonidin and delphinidin, are evaluated for their effects on regulating the transport of calcium through the calcium release channel (RyR1) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. Pelargonidin and delphinidin are structurally similar with delphinidin only differing from pelargonidin by the addition of two hydroxyl groups. Both compounds undergo time dependent structural changes in aqueous solutions at physiological pH and a mixture of more than four structures of each compound can be present in solution simultaneously. Pelargonidin and delphinidin show distinct differences in their calcium flux regulating effect on the RyR1. Delphinidin stimulates calcium flux and RyR1 activity where as pelargonidin can cause both inhibition and stimulation of the RyR1. The strength of stimulation and inhibition of calcium transport through the RyR by delphinidin and pelargonidin may be attributed to the structural and chemical changes in those compounds that occur in solutions near physiological pH and the subsequent chemical characteristics of the diverse set of structures that are simultaneously present in solution. Close

• 24. [Article] Investigating the Origin and Functions of a Novel Small RNA in <i>Escherichia coli</i>

  Non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) regulate various cellular processes in bacteria. They bind to a chaperone protein Hfq for stability and regulate gene expression by base-pairing with target mRNAs. Although ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigating the Origin and Functions of a Novel Small RNA in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Author: Kacharia, Fenil Rashmin Year: 2016 Non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) regulate various cellular processes in bacteria. They bind to a chaperone protein Hfq for stability and regulate gene expression by base-pairing with target mRNAs. Although the importance of sRNAs in bacteria has been well established, the mode of origination of novel sRNA genes is still elusive, mainly because the rapid rate of evolution of sRNAs obscures their original sources. To overcome this impediment, we identified a recently formed sRNA (EcsR2) in E. coli, and show that it evolved from a degraded bacteriophage gene. Our analyses also revealed that young sRNAs such as EcsR2 are expressed at low levels and evolve at a rapid rate in comparison to older sRNAs, thereby uncovering a novel process that potentially facilitates newly emerging (and probably mildly deleterious) sRNAs to persist in bacterial genomes. We also show that even though EcsR2 is slightly deleterious to E. coli, it could bind to Hfq and mRNAs to regulate the expression of several genes. Interestingly, while EcsR2 expression is induced by glucose, the expression of its putative targets are regulated by the transcription factor CRP in response to glucose, indicating that EcsR2 has been incorporated into the carbon regulatory network in E. coli. Collectively, this work provides evidence for the emergence, evolution and functions of a novel "young" sRNA in bacteria. Title: Investigating the Origin and Functions of a Novel Small RNA in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Author: Kacharia, Fenil Rashmin Year: 2016 Non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) regulate various cellular processes in bacteria. They bind to a chaperone protein Hfq for stability and regulate gene expression by base-pairing with target mRNAs. Although the importance of sRNAs in bacteria has been well established, the mode of origination of novel sRNA genes is still elusive, mainly because the rapid rate of evolution of sRNAs obscures their original sources. To overcome this impediment, we identified a recently formed sRNA (EcsR2) in E. coli, and show that it evolved from a degraded bacteriophage gene. Our analyses also revealed that young sRNAs such as EcsR2 are expressed at low levels and evolve at a rapid rate in comparison to older sRNAs, thereby uncovering a novel process that potentially facilitates newly emerging (and probably mildly deleterious) sRNAs to persist in bacterial genomes. We also show that even though EcsR2 is slightly deleterious to E. coli, it could bind to Hfq and mRNAs to regulate the expression of several genes. Interestingly, while EcsR2 expression is induced by glucose, the expression of its putative targets are regulated by the transcription factor CRP in response to glucose, indicating that EcsR2 has been incorporated into the carbon regulatory network in E. coli. Collectively, this work provides evidence for the emergence, evolution and functions of a novel "young" sRNA in bacteria. Close

• 25. [Article] "So Far from Home ..." : a Translation of Jacques Sternberg's "Si loin du monde ..."

  This master's thesis comprises an English translation of Jacques Sternberg's "Si loin du monde ..." preceded by an introduction that addresses the translator's general theoretical approach to translation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "So Far from Home ..." : a Translation of Jacques Sternberg's "Si loin du monde ..." Author: Mather, Brian Scott Year: 2016 This master's thesis comprises an English translation of Jacques Sternberg's "Si loin du monde ..." preceded by an introduction that addresses the translator's general theoretical approach to translation as well as an explanation and justification of specific choices made for this translation in particular. "Si loin du monde ..." is a short work of science fiction by Belgian author Jacques Sternberg that appeared in the collection Entre deux mondes incertains, published in 1957. It takes the form of a first-person narrative told from the perspective of an extra-terrestrial, who has been sent on a mission to study humanity and its environment and furtively make preparation for the arrival of his people on Earth. The section on theory sets out to find whether there exist absolute norms exterior to the subjectivity of the translator that regulate the act of translation. Three potential normative centers are proposed: text, author, and reader. The starting point when appraising text is the sourcier/cibliste dichotomy and the objection préjudicielle presented in Georges Mounin's Les belles infidèles. The objection préjudicielle is the claim that translation is theoretically impossible. The conclusion reached is that the text does not establish absolute norms of correspondence between the target text and the source text because there is no absolute meaning inherent in the text. When examining the author as a potential source of the norms of translation, Roland Barthe"s "La mort de l'auteur" is used to show that, since the meaning of a text is not ultimately determined by the author, neither can he be an absolute regulator of correspondence in translation. Finally, the reader is found to be a relative (not absolute) regulator of the norms of translation. This regulating role and the nature of its demands on the translator is explored through an application of the author/reader dialectic found in Sartre's Qu'est-ce que la littérature? It is concluded that there do not exist any absolute norms of translation exterior to the translator, and that the translator creates an aesthetic unity in the target text through adherence to norms that are ultimately founded in his own subjectivity. Title: "So Far from Home ..." : a Translation of Jacques Sternberg's "Si loin du monde ..." Author: Mather, Brian Scott Year: 2016 This master's thesis comprises an English translation of Jacques Sternberg's "Si loin du monde ..." preceded by an introduction that addresses the translator's general theoretical approach to translation as well as an explanation and justification of specific choices made for this translation in particular. "Si loin du monde ..." is a short work of science fiction by Belgian author Jacques Sternberg that appeared in the collection Entre deux mondes incertains, published in 1957. It takes the form of a first-person narrative told from the perspective of an extra-terrestrial, who has been sent on a mission to study humanity and its environment and furtively make preparation for the arrival of his people on Earth. The section on theory sets out to find whether there exist absolute norms exterior to the subjectivity of the translator that regulate the act of translation. Three potential normative centers are proposed: text, author, and reader. The starting point when appraising text is the sourcier/cibliste dichotomy and the objection préjudicielle presented in Georges Mounin's Les belles infidèles. The objection préjudicielle is the claim that translation is theoretically impossible. The conclusion reached is that the text does not establish absolute norms of correspondence between the target text and the source text because there is no absolute meaning inherent in the text. When examining the author as a potential source of the norms of translation, Roland Barthe"s "La mort de l'auteur" is used to show that, since the meaning of a text is not ultimately determined by the author, neither can he be an absolute regulator of correspondence in translation. Finally, the reader is found to be a relative (not absolute) regulator of the norms of translation. This regulating role and the nature of its demands on the translator is explored through an application of the author/reader dialectic found in Sartre's Qu'est-ce que la littérature? It is concluded that there do not exist any absolute norms of translation exterior to the translator, and that the translator creates an aesthetic unity in the target text through adherence to norms that are ultimately founded in his own subjectivity. Close

• 26. [Article] Behavioral Temperature Regulation in the Turtle Pseudemys Scripta Elegans

  A group of red-eared turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) was acclimated to 18-20˚C and artificial photo-period for 21 days. The animals were then individually placed in a thermal gradient and their selected ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Behavioral Temperature Regulation in the Turtle Pseudemys Scripta Elegans Author: Johnston, Michael H. Year: 1977 A group of red-eared turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) was acclimated to 18-20˚C and artificial photo-period for 21 days. The animals were then individually placed in a thermal gradient and their selected temperatures were continuously recorded for 24 hours. A second group of turtles was acclimatized to 7.5-11.0˚C and natural photoperiods for 28 days, and subsequently tested in the same manner as the first group. Lastly, the turtles in the first group, after being acclimated to 3.0˚C and the previous artificial photoperiod for 14 days, were retested in the gradient. Title: Behavioral Temperature Regulation in the Turtle Pseudemys Scripta Elegans Author: Johnston, Michael H. Year: 1977 A group of red-eared turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) was acclimated to 18-20˚C and artificial photo-period for 21 days. The animals were then individually placed in a thermal gradient and their selected temperatures were continuously recorded for 24 hours. A second group of turtles was acclimatized to 7.5-11.0˚C and natural photoperiods for 28 days, and subsequently tested in the same manner as the first group. Lastly, the turtles in the first group, after being acclimated to 3.0˚C and the previous artificial photoperiod for 14 days, were retested in the gradient. Close

• 27. [Article] The Body: Conceptualizing Abortion in Contemporary Ireland

  Currently abortion is illegal in Ireland. This thesis uses personal and political discussions about abortion I had during a study abroad in Ireland to engage larger concepts of the institutional (Church ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Body: Conceptualizing Abortion in Contemporary Ireland Author: Ellis-Curry, Sofia Year: 2015 Currently abortion is illegal in Ireland. This thesis uses personal and political discussions about abortion I had during a study abroad in Ireland to engage larger concepts of the institutional (Church and State) and the symbolic (justice and morality). This work seeks to highlight how the Catholic Church and the nation-state benefit from the regulation of women's bodies. Through the continued regulation of women's bodies, specifically around access to abortion, the nation-state can better control projects of race, class, gender, sexuality and ability in order maintain strict notions of citizenship and preserve Irish identity reclamation projects. Title: The Body: Conceptualizing Abortion in Contemporary Ireland Author: Ellis-Curry, Sofia Year: 2015 Currently abortion is illegal in Ireland. This thesis uses personal and political discussions about abortion I had during a study abroad in Ireland to engage larger concepts of the institutional (Church and State) and the symbolic (justice and morality). This work seeks to highlight how the Catholic Church and the nation-state benefit from the regulation of women's bodies. Through the continued regulation of women's bodies, specifically around access to abortion, the nation-state can better control projects of race, class, gender, sexuality and ability in order maintain strict notions of citizenship and preserve Irish identity reclamation projects. Close

• 28. [Article] "Mind-Blowing": Fostering Self-Regulated Learning in Information Literacy Instruction

  The new ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education brings a new emphasis into our instruction on student metacognition and dispositions. In this article I introduce self-regulated learning, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Mind-Blowing": Fostering Self-Regulated Learning in Information Literacy Instruction Author: Houtman, Eveline Year: 2015 The new ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education brings a new emphasis into our instruction on student metacognition and dispositions. In this article I introduce self-regulated learning, a related concept from the field of education; it encompasses metacognition, emotions, motivations and behaviors. I discuss how this concept could be important and helpful in implementing the related elements in the ACRL Framework and draw on the concept to devise strategies and activities that promote students' self-awareness and learning skills. This focus promotes a more learner-centered approach to teaching. The article also adds to the conversation on developing a self-reflective pedagogical praxis in information literacy instruction. Title: "Mind-Blowing": Fostering Self-Regulated Learning in Information Literacy Instruction Author: Houtman, Eveline Year: 2015 The new ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education brings a new emphasis into our instruction on student metacognition and dispositions. In this article I introduce self-regulated learning, a related concept from the field of education; it encompasses metacognition, emotions, motivations and behaviors. I discuss how this concept could be important and helpful in implementing the related elements in the ACRL Framework and draw on the concept to devise strategies and activities that promote students' self-awareness and learning skills. This focus promotes a more learner-centered approach to teaching. The article also adds to the conversation on developing a self-reflective pedagogical praxis in information literacy instruction. Close

• 29. [Article] Neurobiology of Seasonal Life-history Transitions

  Many animals exhibit seasonal changes in life-history stages, and these seasonal transitions are often accompanied by dramatic switches in behavior. While the neuroendocrine mechanisms that regulate such ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neurobiology of Seasonal Life-history Transitions Author: Lucas, Ashley Rae Year: 2015 Many animals exhibit seasonal changes in life-history stages, and these seasonal transitions are often accompanied by dramatic switches in behavior. While the neuroendocrine mechanisms that regulate such behavioral transitions are poorly understood, arginine vasotocin (AVT) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are excellent candidates because they regulate reproductive and feeding behavior, respectively. In this study, I asked if seasonal changes in AVT and/or NPY are concomitant with spring migration away from the breeding grounds, as male and female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) are transitioning from reproductive to non-reproductive behavior during this time. To address this question, I collected male and female snakes in different migratory stages during the spring and fall. Brains were processed for AVT and NPY immunohistochemistry and the total number of immunoreactive (-ir) cells quantified for each individual. As predicted, males had significantly more AVT-ir cells in the preoptic area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, brain regions important for courtship behavior, during the spring mating season compared to the fall. Females had significantly more AVT-ir cells in the preoptic area during the spring compared to the fall and, surprisingly, did not exhibit seasonal changes in NPY. In contrast, males had significantly more NPY-ir cells in the cortex, a region important for spatial memory, and in the posterior hypothalamus during the fall compared to the spring, which likely reflects increased feeding behavior during the summer foraging period. Neither AVT- nor NPY-ir cell number varied significantly with migratory status, indicating that seasonal changes in these neuropeptides are not directly related to migration. I then asked if the observed seasonal changes in AVT and NPY in males and females are related to the transition from reproductive to non-reproductive states. Compared to courting males, non-courting males had significantly more AVT-ir cells in the supraoptic nucleus and more NPY-ir cells in the cortex. AVT- and NPY-ir cells did not differ between unmated and mated females. Collectively, my results suggest that AVT and NPY play a role in regulating seasonal transitions in male reproductive behavior, rather than regulating migration per se. Further, these data indicate that both AVT and NPY are regulating reproductive behavior differently in males versus females. These data provide the framework for future studies examining the mechanisms regulating transitions between reproductive, migratory and foraging behaviors. Title: Neurobiology of Seasonal Life-history Transitions Author: Lucas, Ashley Rae Year: 2015 Many animals exhibit seasonal changes in life-history stages, and these seasonal transitions are often accompanied by dramatic switches in behavior. While the neuroendocrine mechanisms that regulate such behavioral transitions are poorly understood, arginine vasotocin (AVT) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are excellent candidates because they regulate reproductive and feeding behavior, respectively. In this study, I asked if seasonal changes in AVT and/or NPY are concomitant with spring migration away from the breeding grounds, as male and female red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) are transitioning from reproductive to non-reproductive behavior during this time. To address this question, I collected male and female snakes in different migratory stages during the spring and fall. Brains were processed for AVT and NPY immunohistochemistry and the total number of immunoreactive (-ir) cells quantified for each individual. As predicted, males had significantly more AVT-ir cells in the preoptic area and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, brain regions important for courtship behavior, during the spring mating season compared to the fall. Females had significantly more AVT-ir cells in the preoptic area during the spring compared to the fall and, surprisingly, did not exhibit seasonal changes in NPY. In contrast, males had significantly more NPY-ir cells in the cortex, a region important for spatial memory, and in the posterior hypothalamus during the fall compared to the spring, which likely reflects increased feeding behavior during the summer foraging period. Neither AVT- nor NPY-ir cell number varied significantly with migratory status, indicating that seasonal changes in these neuropeptides are not directly related to migration. I then asked if the observed seasonal changes in AVT and NPY in males and females are related to the transition from reproductive to non-reproductive states. Compared to courting males, non-courting males had significantly more AVT-ir cells in the supraoptic nucleus and more NPY-ir cells in the cortex. AVT- and NPY-ir cells did not differ between unmated and mated females. Collectively, my results suggest that AVT and NPY play a role in regulating seasonal transitions in male reproductive behavior, rather than regulating migration per se. Further, these data indicate that both AVT and NPY are regulating reproductive behavior differently in males versus females. These data provide the framework for future studies examining the mechanisms regulating transitions between reproductive, migratory and foraging behaviors. Close

• 30. [Article] Thermoregulation in Mice under the Influence of Ethanol

  Thermoregulation after acute ethanol, during chronic exposure and during withdrawal from ethanol dependency was studied using genetically heterogeneous (HS) mice, and lines of mice selected in replicate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Thermoregulation in Mice under the Influence of Ethanol Author: O'Connor, Candace Sharon Year: 1993 Thermoregulation after acute ethanol, during chronic exposure and during withdrawal from ethanol dependency was studied using genetically heterogeneous (HS) mice, and lines of mice selected in replicate for smaller (HOT1, HOT2) or greater (COLD1, COLD2) decline in rectal temperature (Tre ) after intraperitoneal ethanol. First, HS mice were injected with 20% ethanol in 0.9% NaCI, or NaCI alone during sessions of behavioral thermoregulation in individual temperature gradients (9-38°C). Internal temperature (Tj ) was monitored with implanted telemetry devices. An imaging system recorded selected temperature (Tsel ) within the gradient every 5 sec. Acute 2.25 and 2.60 g ethanol/kg produced significantly lower Tj than NaCI. 2.60 g/kg also produced significantly lower Tsel than 2.25 g/kg or NaCI. 2.75 g/kg and above incapacitated mice. Comparison of responses using a thermoregulatory index indicated 2.25 or 2.60 g/kg decreased the regulated temperature. Similar methodology was followed using the selected lines and 10% ethanol (2.0, 2.25, 2.65 g/kg to COLD mice; 2.65, 2.85 g/kg to HOT mice; 3.0 g/kg to HOT2 mice) or NaCI. All responded similarly to NaCl, with transient rise in Tj After an effective ethanol dose mice manifested a regulated decrease in Tj by lowering Tsel concomitant with falling Tj . In both replicate pairs COLD mice were more sensitive than HOT, indicating that a true difference in the CNS regulator of body temperature was selected for in these animals. Photoperiod effect was characterized by quantifying thermoregulatory behavior of COLD2 mice after acute 2.60 g 7.5% ethanol/kg or NaCl, at 0400 , 0800 , 1200, 1600 , 2000 and 2400 hours , using above methodology. Baseline T₁ was significantly lower during hours of light, than during darkness. Photoperiod had little effect on thermoregulatory response to ethanol, possibly because of arousal associated with experiments. Thermoregulatory tolerance to ethanol was investigated using HS mice implanted with telemetry devices and monitored in the gradient on days 1, 2, 4, 7 and 11 of 11 consecutive days of 10% ethanol (2.75 g/kg) or NaCl injections. Dispositional, rapid and chronic tolerance developed, indicating that functional tolerance is a regulated phenomenon in mice. In a separate experiment HS mice were implanted with telemetry devices and injected with ethanol for 11 consecutive days at constant temperature; dispositional but not functional tolerance developed. To characterize thermoregulation during withdrawal, HS mice were made dependent upon ethanol using a vapor chamber; T; Tsel and activity were monitored in the gradient until 26 hours post withdrawal. Withdrawing mice showed unaltered regulated temperature, but lower Tsel than controls. This suggested increased metabolic heat production. Thermoregulation during withdrawal was similarly studied using the selected mouse lines. COLD mice responded like HS mice. Withdrawing HOT1 mice were more active than controls; withdrawing HOT2 mice showed lowest Tsel of any genotype but maintained Ti above controls. These results suggest a more severe withdrawal reaction in HOT, than in COLD mice. To investigate a possible mechanism underlying ethanol hypothermia, responses of HOT and COLD mice to intracerebroventricular serotonin were characterized. Dose-dependent decreases in Tre were measured in mice equipped with indwelling brain cannulae and held at constant temperature after injection of 0.3, 0.8, 2.0, 5.0 or 11.0 μg serotonin into the lateral brain ventricle. COLD mice were significantly more sensitive than HOT mice. Subsequently HOT1 and COLD1 mice were equipped with brain cannulae and implanted telemetry devices; thermoregulatory behavior after 11.0 μg serotonin was monitored. Both genotypes lowered Tj significantly more in the gradient than did similar mice at constant ambient temperature, indicating that decline in Tj after serotonin was a regulated phenomenon. The serotonergic system was altered during selection for differential Tre response to ethanol, indicating a role for serotonin in mediating ethanol hypothermia. Title: Thermoregulation in Mice under the Influence of Ethanol Author: O'Connor, Candace Sharon Year: 1993 Thermoregulation after acute ethanol, during chronic exposure and during withdrawal from ethanol dependency was studied using genetically heterogeneous (HS) mice, and lines of mice selected in replicate for smaller (HOT1, HOT2) or greater (COLD1, COLD2) decline in rectal temperature (Tre ) after intraperitoneal ethanol. First, HS mice were injected with 20% ethanol in 0.9% NaCI, or NaCI alone during sessions of behavioral thermoregulation in individual temperature gradients (9-38°C). Internal temperature (Tj ) was monitored with implanted telemetry devices. An imaging system recorded selected temperature (Tsel ) within the gradient every 5 sec. Acute 2.25 and 2.60 g ethanol/kg produced significantly lower Tj than NaCI. 2.60 g/kg also produced significantly lower Tsel than 2.25 g/kg or NaCI. 2.75 g/kg and above incapacitated mice. Comparison of responses using a thermoregulatory index indicated 2.25 or 2.60 g/kg decreased the regulated temperature. Similar methodology was followed using the selected lines and 10% ethanol (2.0, 2.25, 2.65 g/kg to COLD mice; 2.65, 2.85 g/kg to HOT mice; 3.0 g/kg to HOT2 mice) or NaCI. All responded similarly to NaCl, with transient rise in Tj After an effective ethanol dose mice manifested a regulated decrease in Tj by lowering Tsel concomitant with falling Tj . In both replicate pairs COLD mice were more sensitive than HOT, indicating that a true difference in the CNS regulator of body temperature was selected for in these animals. Photoperiod effect was characterized by quantifying thermoregulatory behavior of COLD2 mice after acute 2.60 g 7.5% ethanol/kg or NaCl, at 0400 , 0800 , 1200, 1600 , 2000 and 2400 hours , using above methodology. Baseline T₁ was significantly lower during hours of light, than during darkness. Photoperiod had little effect on thermoregulatory response to ethanol, possibly because of arousal associated with experiments. Thermoregulatory tolerance to ethanol was investigated using HS mice implanted with telemetry devices and monitored in the gradient on days 1, 2, 4, 7 and 11 of 11 consecutive days of 10% ethanol (2.75 g/kg) or NaCl injections. Dispositional, rapid and chronic tolerance developed, indicating that functional tolerance is a regulated phenomenon in mice. In a separate experiment HS mice were implanted with telemetry devices and injected with ethanol for 11 consecutive days at constant temperature; dispositional but not functional tolerance developed. To characterize thermoregulation during withdrawal, HS mice were made dependent upon ethanol using a vapor chamber; T; Tsel and activity were monitored in the gradient until 26 hours post withdrawal. Withdrawing mice showed unaltered regulated temperature, but lower Tsel than controls. This suggested increased metabolic heat production. Thermoregulation during withdrawal was similarly studied using the selected mouse lines. COLD mice responded like HS mice. Withdrawing HOT1 mice were more active than controls; withdrawing HOT2 mice showed lowest Tsel of any genotype but maintained Ti above controls. These results suggest a more severe withdrawal reaction in HOT, than in COLD mice. To investigate a possible mechanism underlying ethanol hypothermia, responses of HOT and COLD mice to intracerebroventricular serotonin were characterized. Dose-dependent decreases in Tre were measured in mice equipped with indwelling brain cannulae and held at constant temperature after injection of 0.3, 0.8, 2.0, 5.0 or 11.0 μg serotonin into the lateral brain ventricle. COLD mice were significantly more sensitive than HOT mice. Subsequently HOT1 and COLD1 mice were equipped with brain cannulae and implanted telemetry devices; thermoregulatory behavior after 11.0 μg serotonin was monitored. Both genotypes lowered Tj significantly more in the gradient than did similar mice at constant ambient temperature, indicating that decline in Tj after serotonin was a regulated phenomenon. The serotonergic system was altered during selection for differential Tre response to ethanol, indicating a role for serotonin in mediating ethanol hypothermia. Close

• 31. [Article] A Study on the Current State of Contaminants of Concern Research, With a Focus on Biosolids and Regulations

  Wastewater treatment plants are a major source of contaminants of emerging concern, as these facilities are the main receptors of these products via household, commercial, and industrial drains, and transport ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Study on the Current State of Contaminants of Concern Research, With a Focus on Biosolids and Regulations Author: Fulton, Maren Year: 2016 Wastewater treatment plants are a major source of contaminants of emerging concern, as these facilities are the main receptors of these products via household, commercial, and industrial drains, and transport via stormwater runoff. Biosolids are composed of numerous constituents, with a number of environmentally persistent and potentially toxic contaminants of emerging concern identified as present in large concentrations. Research is needed to understand the transport and fate mechanisms of these compounds in biosolids. Additionally, this research is needed to determine a new priority framework to regulate CECs, both on the national level and regional levels. Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent treatment regulations and practices may be improved upon as more knowledge accrues regarding contaminants of emerging concern behavior in the environment. The United States environmental regulatory process is a constant work in progress. Inherited from decades-old public health traditions, environmental regulatory programs arose to address the issues of public health as water and air quality issues surfaced. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (15 U.S.C. 2601), enacted in 1976, provided the EPA regulatory authority to protect the environment and consumers’ health against risks posed by chemicals in commerce. TSCA only retroactively addressed chemical hazards, after they had been deemed unsafe and previously unrestricted in the public. A bill to overhaul TSCA, the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 2576, TSCA Modernization Act of 2015), was passed by the Senate on June 7, 2016 and sent on for President Obama’s signature. The amended law will give the EPA new authority to evaluate the safety of a new chemical before it enters the marketplace. It will also allow EPA to evaluate the safety of chemicals already known to be risks, including chemicals found to persist in the human body and in the environment. The Columbia River is presented as a case study as an example of a significant waterbody with research and regulatory gaps concerning CECs. The Columbia River waterbody was chosen as it represents an important natural resource for which data gaps exist on CEC sources and pathways into the waterbody, and which also does not receive adequate protective regulations under the national regulatory framework. Title: A Study on the Current State of Contaminants of Concern Research, With a Focus on Biosolids and Regulations Author: Fulton, Maren Year: 2016 Wastewater treatment plants are a major source of contaminants of emerging concern, as these facilities are the main receptors of these products via household, commercial, and industrial drains, and transport via stormwater runoff. Biosolids are composed of numerous constituents, with a number of environmentally persistent and potentially toxic contaminants of emerging concern identified as present in large concentrations. Research is needed to understand the transport and fate mechanisms of these compounds in biosolids. Additionally, this research is needed to determine a new priority framework to regulate CECs, both on the national level and regional levels. Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent treatment regulations and practices may be improved upon as more knowledge accrues regarding contaminants of emerging concern behavior in the environment. The United States environmental regulatory process is a constant work in progress. Inherited from decades-old public health traditions, environmental regulatory programs arose to address the issues of public health as water and air quality issues surfaced. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (15 U.S.C. 2601), enacted in 1976, provided the EPA regulatory authority to protect the environment and consumers’ health against risks posed by chemicals in commerce. TSCA only retroactively addressed chemical hazards, after they had been deemed unsafe and previously unrestricted in the public. A bill to overhaul TSCA, the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 2576, TSCA Modernization Act of 2015), was passed by the Senate on June 7, 2016 and sent on for President Obama’s signature. The amended law will give the EPA new authority to evaluate the safety of a new chemical before it enters the marketplace. It will also allow EPA to evaluate the safety of chemicals already known to be risks, including chemicals found to persist in the human body and in the environment. The Columbia River is presented as a case study as an example of a significant waterbody with research and regulatory gaps concerning CECs. The Columbia River waterbody was chosen as it represents an important natural resource for which data gaps exist on CEC sources and pathways into the waterbody, and which also does not receive adequate protective regulations under the national regulatory framework. Close

• 32. [Article] Rolling Circle Mutagenesis of GST-mCherry to Understand Mutation, Gene Expression, and Regulation

  Undergraduates are often familiar with textbook examples of human mutations that affect coding regions and the subsequent disorders, but they may struggle with understanding the implications of mutations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rolling Circle Mutagenesis of GST-mCherry to Understand Mutation, Gene Expression, and Regulation Author: Cole, Jessica, Ferguson, Amanda, Segarra, Verónica A., Walsh, Susan Year: 2017 Undergraduates are often familiar with textbook examples of human mutations that affect coding regions and the subsequent disorders, but they may struggle with understanding the implications of mutations in the regulatory regions of genes. We have designed a laboratory sequence that will allow students to explore the effect random mutagenesis can have on protein function, expression, and ultimately phenotype. Students design and perform a safe and time-efficient random mutagenesis experiment using error-prone rolling circular amplification of a plasmid expressing the inducible fusion protein glutathione S-transferase (GST)-mCherry. Mutagenized and wild-type control plasmid DNA, respectively, are then purified and transformed into bacteria to assess phenotypic changes. While bacteria transformed with the wild type control should be pink, some bacterial colonies transformed with mutagenized plasmids will exhibit a different color. Students attempt to identify their mutations by isolating plasmid from these mutant colonies, sequencing, and comparing their mutant sequence to the wild-type sequence. Additionally, students evaluate the potential effects of mutations on protein production by inducing GST-mCherry expression in cultures, generating cell lysates, and analyzing them using SDS-PAGE. Students who have a phenotypic difference but do not obtain a coding region mutation will be able to think critically about plasmid structure and regulation outside of the gene sequence. Students who do not obtain bacterial transformants have the chance to contemplate how mutation of antibiotic resistance genes or replication origins may have contributed to their results. Overall, this series of laboratories exposes students to basic genetic techniques and helps them conceptualize mutation beyond coding regions. Title: Rolling Circle Mutagenesis of GST-mCherry to Understand Mutation, Gene Expression, and Regulation Author: Cole, Jessica, Ferguson, Amanda, Segarra, Verónica A., Walsh, Susan Year: 2017 Undergraduates are often familiar with textbook examples of human mutations that affect coding regions and the subsequent disorders, but they may struggle with understanding the implications of mutations in the regulatory regions of genes. We have designed a laboratory sequence that will allow students to explore the effect random mutagenesis can have on protein function, expression, and ultimately phenotype. Students design and perform a safe and time-efficient random mutagenesis experiment using error-prone rolling circular amplification of a plasmid expressing the inducible fusion protein glutathione S-transferase (GST)-mCherry. Mutagenized and wild-type control plasmid DNA, respectively, are then purified and transformed into bacteria to assess phenotypic changes. While bacteria transformed with the wild type control should be pink, some bacterial colonies transformed with mutagenized plasmids will exhibit a different color. Students attempt to identify their mutations by isolating plasmid from these mutant colonies, sequencing, and comparing their mutant sequence to the wild-type sequence. Additionally, students evaluate the potential effects of mutations on protein production by inducing GST-mCherry expression in cultures, generating cell lysates, and analyzing them using SDS-PAGE. Students who have a phenotypic difference but do not obtain a coding region mutation will be able to think critically about plasmid structure and regulation outside of the gene sequence. Students who do not obtain bacterial transformants have the chance to contemplate how mutation of antibiotic resistance genes or replication origins may have contributed to their results. Overall, this series of laboratories exposes students to basic genetic techniques and helps them conceptualize mutation beyond coding regions. Close

• 33. [Article] Mechanisms of Animal Diapause: Recent Developments from Nematodes, Crustaceans, Insects, and Fish

  Life cycle delays are beneficial for opportunistic species encountering suboptimal environments. Many animals display a programmed arrest of development (diapause) at some stage(s) of their development, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mechanisms of Animal Diapause: Recent Developments from Nematodes, Crustaceans, Insects, and Fish Author: Hand, Steven C., Denlinger, David L., Podrabsky, Jason E., Roy, Richard Year: 2016 Life cycle delays are beneficial for opportunistic species encountering suboptimal environments. Many animals display a programmed arrest of development (diapause) at some stage(s) of their development, and the diapause state may or may not be associated with some degree of metabolic depression. In this review, we will evaluate current advancements in our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the remarkable phenotype, as well as environmental cues that signal entry and termination of the state. The developmental stage at which diapause occurs dictates and constrains the mechanisms governing diapause. Considerable progress has been made in clarifying proximal mechanisms of metabolic arrest and the signaling pathways like insulin/Foxo that control gene expression patterns. Overlapping themes are also seen in mechanisms that control cell cycle arrest. Evidence is emerging for epigenetic contributions to diapause regulation via small RNAs in nematodes, crustaceans, insects, and fish. Knockdown of circadian clock genes in selected insect species supports the importance of clock genes in the photoperiodic response that cues diapause. A large suite of chaperone-like proteins, expressed during diapause, protects biological structures during long periods of energy-limited stasis. More information is needed to paint a complete picture of how environmental cues are coupled to the signal transduction that initiates the complex diapause phenotype, as well as molecular explanations for how the state is terminated. Excellent examples of molecular memory in post-dauer animals have been documented in Caenorhabditis elegans It is clear that a single suite of mechanisms does not regulate diapause across all species and developmental stages. Title: Mechanisms of Animal Diapause: Recent Developments from Nematodes, Crustaceans, Insects, and Fish Author: Hand, Steven C., Denlinger, David L., Podrabsky, Jason E., Roy, Richard Year: 2016 Life cycle delays are beneficial for opportunistic species encountering suboptimal environments. Many animals display a programmed arrest of development (diapause) at some stage(s) of their development, and the diapause state may or may not be associated with some degree of metabolic depression. In this review, we will evaluate current advancements in our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the remarkable phenotype, as well as environmental cues that signal entry and termination of the state. The developmental stage at which diapause occurs dictates and constrains the mechanisms governing diapause. Considerable progress has been made in clarifying proximal mechanisms of metabolic arrest and the signaling pathways like insulin/Foxo that control gene expression patterns. Overlapping themes are also seen in mechanisms that control cell cycle arrest. Evidence is emerging for epigenetic contributions to diapause regulation via small RNAs in nematodes, crustaceans, insects, and fish. Knockdown of circadian clock genes in selected insect species supports the importance of clock genes in the photoperiodic response that cues diapause. A large suite of chaperone-like proteins, expressed during diapause, protects biological structures during long periods of energy-limited stasis. More information is needed to paint a complete picture of how environmental cues are coupled to the signal transduction that initiates the complex diapause phenotype, as well as molecular explanations for how the state is terminated. Excellent examples of molecular memory in post-dauer animals have been documented in Caenorhabditis elegans It is clear that a single suite of mechanisms does not regulate diapause across all species and developmental stages. Close

• 34. [Article] Allosteric Mechanism of Water Channel Gating by Ca2+–calmodulin

  Calmodulin (CaM) is a universal regulatory protein that communicates the presence of calcium to its molecular targets and correspondingly modulates their function. This key signaling protein is important ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Allosteric Mechanism of Water Channel Gating by Ca2+–calmodulin Author: Reichow, Steve, Clemens, Daniel M., Freites, J. Alfredo, Németh-Cahalan, Karin L., Heyden, Matthias, Tobias, Douglas J., Hall, James E., Gonen, Tamir Year: 2013 Calmodulin (CaM) is a universal regulatory protein that communicates the presence of calcium to its molecular targets and correspondingly modulates their function. This key signaling protein is important for controlling the activity of hundreds of membrane channels and transporters. However, our understanding of the structural mechanisms driving CaM regulation of full-length membrane proteins has remained elusive. In this study, we determined the pseudo-atomic structure of full-length mammalian aquaporin-0 (AQP0, Bos Taurus) in complex with CaM using electron microscopy to understand how this signaling protein modulates water channel function. Molecular dynamics and functional mutation studies reveal how CaM binding inhibits AQP0 water permeability by allosterically closing the cytoplasmic gate of AQP0. Our mechanistic model provides new insight, only possible in the context of the fully assembled channel, into how CaM regulates multimeric channels by facilitating cooperativity between adjacent subunits. Title: Allosteric Mechanism of Water Channel Gating by Ca2+–calmodulin Author: Reichow, Steve, Clemens, Daniel M., Freites, J. Alfredo, Németh-Cahalan, Karin L., Heyden, Matthias, Tobias, Douglas J., Hall, James E., Gonen, Tamir Year: 2013 Calmodulin (CaM) is a universal regulatory protein that communicates the presence of calcium to its molecular targets and correspondingly modulates their function. This key signaling protein is important for controlling the activity of hundreds of membrane channels and transporters. However, our understanding of the structural mechanisms driving CaM regulation of full-length membrane proteins has remained elusive. In this study, we determined the pseudo-atomic structure of full-length mammalian aquaporin-0 (AQP0, Bos Taurus) in complex with CaM using electron microscopy to understand how this signaling protein modulates water channel function. Molecular dynamics and functional mutation studies reveal how CaM binding inhibits AQP0 water permeability by allosterically closing the cytoplasmic gate of AQP0. Our mechanistic model provides new insight, only possible in the context of the fully assembled channel, into how CaM regulates multimeric channels by facilitating cooperativity between adjacent subunits. Close

• 35. [Article] Coxiella burnetii and Leishmania Mexicana Residing Within Similar Parasitophorous Vacuoles Elicit Disparate Host Responses

  Coxiella burnetii is a bacterium that thrives in an acidic parasitophorous vacuole (PV) derived from lysosomes. Leishmania mexicana, a eukaryote, has also independently evolved to live in a morphologically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coxiella burnetii and Leishmania Mexicana Residing Within Similar Parasitophorous Vacuoles Elicit Disparate Host Responses Author: Millar, Jess A., Valdés, Raquel, Kacharia, Fenil, Landfear, Scott M., Cambronne, Eric D., Raghavan, Rahul, Soong, Lynn, Malchiodi, Emilio Luis Year: 2015 Coxiella burnetii is a bacterium that thrives in an acidic parasitophorous vacuole (PV) derived from lysosomes. Leishmania mexicana, a eukaryote, has also independently evolved to live in a morphologically similar PV. As Coxiella and Leishmania are highly divergent organisms that cause different diseases, we reasoned that their respective infections would likely elicit distinct host responses despite producing phenotypically similar parasite-containing vacuoles. The objective of this study was to investigate, at the molecular level, the macrophage response to each pathogen. Infection of THP-1 (human monocyte/macrophage) cells with Coxiella and Leishmania elicited disparate host responses. At 5 days post-infection, when compared to uninfected cells, 1057 genes were differentially expressed (746 genes up-regulated and 311 genes downregulated) in C. burnetii infected cells, whereas 698 genes (534 genes up-regulated and 164 genes down-regulated) were differentially expressed in L. mexicana infected cells. Interestingly, of the 1755 differentially expressed genes identified in this study, only 126 genes (∼7%) are common to both infections. We also discovered that 1090 genes produced mRNA isoforms at significantly different levels under the two infection conditions, suggesting that alternate proteins encoded by the same gene might have important roles in host response to each infection. Additionally, we detected 257 micro RNAs (miRNAs) that were expressed in THP-1 cells, and identified miRNAs that were specifically expressed during Coxiella or Leishmania infections. Collectively, this study identified host mRNAs and miRNAs that were influenced by Coxiella and/or Leishmania infections, and our data indicate that although their PVs are morphologically similar, Coxiella and Leishmania have evolved different strategies that perturb distinct host processes to create and thrive within their respective intracellular niches. Title: Coxiella burnetii and Leishmania Mexicana Residing Within Similar Parasitophorous Vacuoles Elicit Disparate Host Responses Author: Millar, Jess A., Valdés, Raquel, Kacharia, Fenil, Landfear, Scott M., Cambronne, Eric D., Raghavan, Rahul, Soong, Lynn, Malchiodi, Emilio Luis Year: 2015 Coxiella burnetii is a bacterium that thrives in an acidic parasitophorous vacuole (PV) derived from lysosomes. Leishmania mexicana, a eukaryote, has also independently evolved to live in a morphologically similar PV. As Coxiella and Leishmania are highly divergent organisms that cause different diseases, we reasoned that their respective infections would likely elicit distinct host responses despite producing phenotypically similar parasite-containing vacuoles. The objective of this study was to investigate, at the molecular level, the macrophage response to each pathogen. Infection of THP-1 (human monocyte/macrophage) cells with Coxiella and Leishmania elicited disparate host responses. At 5 days post-infection, when compared to uninfected cells, 1057 genes were differentially expressed (746 genes up-regulated and 311 genes downregulated) in C. burnetii infected cells, whereas 698 genes (534 genes up-regulated and 164 genes down-regulated) were differentially expressed in L. mexicana infected cells. Interestingly, of the 1755 differentially expressed genes identified in this study, only 126 genes (∼7%) are common to both infections. We also discovered that 1090 genes produced mRNA isoforms at significantly different levels under the two infection conditions, suggesting that alternate proteins encoded by the same gene might have important roles in host response to each infection. Additionally, we detected 257 micro RNAs (miRNAs) that were expressed in THP-1 cells, and identified miRNAs that were specifically expressed during Coxiella or Leishmania infections. Collectively, this study identified host mRNAs and miRNAs that were influenced by Coxiella and/or Leishmania infections, and our data indicate that although their PVs are morphologically similar, Coxiella and Leishmania have evolved different strategies that perturb distinct host processes to create and thrive within their respective intracellular niches. Close

• 36. [Article] Regulations of E-Bikes in North America

  Throughout the world, the electric bicycle (e-bike) industry is growing very quickly. The North American market has been somewhat slow to adopt this technology, which is still considered to be in the “early ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Regulations of E-Bikes in North America Author: MacArthur, John, Kobel, Nicholas Year: 2014 Throughout the world, the electric bicycle (e-bike) industry is growing very quickly. The North American market has been somewhat slow to adopt this technology, which is still considered to be in the “early adopter” phase (Rose & Dill, 2011; Rose, 2011), but in recent years, this has begun to change. But as e-bike numbers increase, so too will potential conflicts (actual or perceived) with other vehicles and non-motorized devices, bicycles and pedestrians, causing policy questions to arise. Indeed, conflicting user groups are petitioning state legislatures and local governments for permission to operate legally on roadways and paths or to ban these devices. Although some states, such as Oregon, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania, have created specific e-bike legislation, other states’ legislation surrounding e-bikes is best described as nebulous. The confusion stems from the wide variety of devices and technologies on the market; perceived overlap of legal entities' jurisdiction over the device, which under certain circumstances can be either a consumer product or a motor vehicle; outdated laws and regulations; and inconsistency of terms. The purpose of this paper is to outline the different classifications of ebikes—what they are and what they are not—and to help shed light on aspects of federal and state legislation of e-bikes. In addition, this paper explores the potential conflicts these regulations may cause for the adoption of this technology. Title: Regulations of E-Bikes in North America Author: MacArthur, John, Kobel, Nicholas Year: 2014 Throughout the world, the electric bicycle (e-bike) industry is growing very quickly. The North American market has been somewhat slow to adopt this technology, which is still considered to be in the “early adopter” phase (Rose & Dill, 2011; Rose, 2011), but in recent years, this has begun to change. But as e-bike numbers increase, so too will potential conflicts (actual or perceived) with other vehicles and non-motorized devices, bicycles and pedestrians, causing policy questions to arise. Indeed, conflicting user groups are petitioning state legislatures and local governments for permission to operate legally on roadways and paths or to ban these devices. Although some states, such as Oregon, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania, have created specific e-bike legislation, other states’ legislation surrounding e-bikes is best described as nebulous. The confusion stems from the wide variety of devices and technologies on the market; perceived overlap of legal entities' jurisdiction over the device, which under certain circumstances can be either a consumer product or a motor vehicle; outdated laws and regulations; and inconsistency of terms. The purpose of this paper is to outline the different classifications of ebikes—what they are and what they are not—and to help shed light on aspects of federal and state legislation of e-bikes. In addition, this paper explores the potential conflicts these regulations may cause for the adoption of this technology. Close

• 37. [Article] Transcriptomic Analysis of Maternally Provisioned Cues for Phenotypic Plasticity in the Annual Killifish, <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i>

  Background: Genotype and environment can interact during development to produce novel adaptive traits that support life in extreme conditions. The development of the annual killifsh Austrofundulus limnaeus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transcriptomic Analysis of Maternally Provisioned Cues for Phenotypic Plasticity in the Annual Killifish, <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i> Author: Romney, Amie L., Podrabsky, Jason E. Year: 2017 Background: Genotype and environment can interact during development to produce novel adaptive traits that support life in extreme conditions. The development of the annual killifsh Austrofundulus limnaeus is unique among vertebrates because the embryos have distinct cell movements that separate epiboly from axis formation during early development, can enter into a state of metabolic dormancy known as diapause and can survive extreme environmental conditions. The ability to enter into diapause can be maternally programmed, with young females producing embryos that do not enter into diapause. Alternately, embryos can be programmed to “escape” from diapause and develop directly by both maternal factors and embryonic incubation conditions. Thus, maternally packaged gene products are hypothesized to regulate developmental trajectory and perhaps the other unique developmental characters in this species. Results: Using high-throughput RNA sequencing, we generated transcriptomic profles of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in 1–2 cell stage embryos of A. limnaeus. Transcriptomic analyses suggest maternal programming of embryos through alternatively spliced mRNAs and antisense sncRNAs. Comparison of these results to those of comparable studies on zebrafsh and other fshes reveals a surprisingly high abundance of transcripts involved in the cellular response to stress and a relatively lower expression of genes required for rapid transition through the cell cycle. Conclusions: Maternal programming of developmental trajectory is unlikely accomplished by diferential expression of diapause-specifc genes. Rather, evidence suggests a role for trajectory-specifc splice variants of genes expressed in both phenotypes. In addition, based on comparative studies with zebrafsh, the A. limnaeus 1–2 cell stage transcriptome is unique in ways that are consistent with their unique life history. These results not only impact our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that regulate entrance into diapause, but also provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during development Title: Transcriptomic Analysis of Maternally Provisioned Cues for Phenotypic Plasticity in the Annual Killifish, <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i> Author: Romney, Amie L., Podrabsky, Jason E. Year: 2017 Background: Genotype and environment can interact during development to produce novel adaptive traits that support life in extreme conditions. The development of the annual killifsh Austrofundulus limnaeus is unique among vertebrates because the embryos have distinct cell movements that separate epiboly from axis formation during early development, can enter into a state of metabolic dormancy known as diapause and can survive extreme environmental conditions. The ability to enter into diapause can be maternally programmed, with young females producing embryos that do not enter into diapause. Alternately, embryos can be programmed to “escape” from diapause and develop directly by both maternal factors and embryonic incubation conditions. Thus, maternally packaged gene products are hypothesized to regulate developmental trajectory and perhaps the other unique developmental characters in this species. Results: Using high-throughput RNA sequencing, we generated transcriptomic profles of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in 1–2 cell stage embryos of A. limnaeus. Transcriptomic analyses suggest maternal programming of embryos through alternatively spliced mRNAs and antisense sncRNAs. Comparison of these results to those of comparable studies on zebrafsh and other fshes reveals a surprisingly high abundance of transcripts involved in the cellular response to stress and a relatively lower expression of genes required for rapid transition through the cell cycle. Conclusions: Maternal programming of developmental trajectory is unlikely accomplished by diferential expression of diapause-specifc genes. Rather, evidence suggests a role for trajectory-specifc splice variants of genes expressed in both phenotypes. In addition, based on comparative studies with zebrafsh, the A. limnaeus 1–2 cell stage transcriptome is unique in ways that are consistent with their unique life history. These results not only impact our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that regulate entrance into diapause, but also provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during development Close

• 38. [Article] Associations between the Willingness to Exert Cognitive Effort and Smoking Abstinence

  In decision-making tasks, individuals who prefer smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards (delay discounting) are less likely to quit smoking. Indeed, decision-making tasks with delayed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Associations between the Willingness to Exert Cognitive Effort and Smoking Abstinence Author: Phanouvong, Austin A. Year: 2017 In decision-making tasks, individuals who prefer smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards (delay discounting) are less likely to quit smoking. Indeed, decision-making tasks with delayed reward costs are sensitive to many aspects of substance use disorders. However, other reward costs might also be important. Our study focused on one of these other reward costs, which was cognitive effort (CE). 22 current smokers who were anticipating quitting in the near future were recruited to validate if more CE discounting predicted shorter abstinence times in reinforced smoking lapse period. Each participant had to be over the age of 21, and smoke an average of 10 or more cigarettes daily. Before the smoking lapse period, participants competed a control or regulated ego depletion task, which the regulated version was characterized to lower self-control. It was suspected that participants with larger values of the areas under the curve (AUC) of the CE discounting task would have shorter abstinence times. It would be especially true for the individuals that had self-control lowered by the regulated version of the ego-depletion task. The results show that there was no correlation between the CE discounting task and abstinence times of the lapse periods, but the experiment shows excellent replicability between the two sessions each participant completed. Authors: Austin A. Phanouvong, Darby K. Dyar, Suzanne H. Mitchell Presenter: Austin A. Phanouvong Title: Associations between the Willingness to Exert Cognitive Effort and Smoking Abstinence Author: Phanouvong, Austin A. Year: 2017 In decision-making tasks, individuals who prefer smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards (delay discounting) are less likely to quit smoking. Indeed, decision-making tasks with delayed reward costs are sensitive to many aspects of substance use disorders. However, other reward costs might also be important. Our study focused on one of these other reward costs, which was cognitive effort (CE). 22 current smokers who were anticipating quitting in the near future were recruited to validate if more CE discounting predicted shorter abstinence times in reinforced smoking lapse period. Each participant had to be over the age of 21, and smoke an average of 10 or more cigarettes daily. Before the smoking lapse period, participants competed a control or regulated ego depletion task, which the regulated version was characterized to lower self-control. It was suspected that participants with larger values of the areas under the curve (AUC) of the CE discounting task would have shorter abstinence times. It would be especially true for the individuals that had self-control lowered by the regulated version of the ego-depletion task. The results show that there was no correlation between the CE discounting task and abstinence times of the lapse periods, but the experiment shows excellent replicability between the two sessions each participant completed. Authors: Austin A. Phanouvong, Darby K. Dyar, Suzanne H. Mitchell Presenter: Austin A. Phanouvong Close

• 39. [Article] Insulin-like growth factor signaling regulates developmental trajectory associated with diapause in embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus

  Annual killifishes exhibit a number of unique life history characters including the occurrence of embryonic diapause, unique cell movements associated with dispersion and subsequent reaggregation of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Insulin-like growth factor signaling regulates developmental trajectory associated with diapause in embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus Author: Woll, S. Cody, Podrabsky, Jason E. Year: 2017 Annual killifishes exhibit a number of unique life history characters including the occurrence of embryonic diapause, unique cell movements associated with dispersion and subsequent reaggregation of the embryonic blastomeres, and a short postembryonic life span. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is known to play a role in the regulation of metabolic dormancy in a number of animals but has not been explored in annual killifishes. The abundance of IGF proteins during development and the developmental effects of blocking IGF signaling by pharmacological inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) were explored in embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus. Blocking of IGF signaling in embryos that would normally escape entrance into diapause resulted in a phenotype that was remarkably similar to that of embryos entering diapause. IGF-I protein abundance spikes during early development in embryos that will not enter diapause. In contrast, IGF-I levels remain low during early development in embryos that will enter diapause II. IGF-II protein is packaged at higher levels in escape-bound embryos compared with diapause-bound embryos. However, IGF-II levels quickly decrease and remain low during early development and only increase substantially during late development in both developmental trajectories. Developmental patterns of IGF-I and IGF-II protein abundance under conditions that would either induce or bypass entrance into diapause are consistent with a role for IGF signaling in the regulation of developmental trajectory and entrance into diapause in this species. We propose that IGF signaling may be a unifying regulatory pathway that explains the larger suite of characters that are associated with the complex life history of annual killifishes. Title: Insulin-like growth factor signaling regulates developmental trajectory associated with diapause in embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus Author: Woll, S. Cody, Podrabsky, Jason E. Year: 2017 Annual killifishes exhibit a number of unique life history characters including the occurrence of embryonic diapause, unique cell movements associated with dispersion and subsequent reaggregation of the embryonic blastomeres, and a short postembryonic life span. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is known to play a role in the regulation of metabolic dormancy in a number of animals but has not been explored in annual killifishes. The abundance of IGF proteins during development and the developmental effects of blocking IGF signaling by pharmacological inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) were explored in embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus. Blocking of IGF signaling in embryos that would normally escape entrance into diapause resulted in a phenotype that was remarkably similar to that of embryos entering diapause. IGF-I protein abundance spikes during early development in embryos that will not enter diapause. In contrast, IGF-I levels remain low during early development in embryos that will enter diapause II. IGF-II protein is packaged at higher levels in escape-bound embryos compared with diapause-bound embryos. However, IGF-II levels quickly decrease and remain low during early development and only increase substantially during late development in both developmental trajectories. Developmental patterns of IGF-I and IGF-II protein abundance under conditions that would either induce or bypass entrance into diapause are consistent with a role for IGF signaling in the regulation of developmental trajectory and entrance into diapause in this species. We propose that IGF signaling may be a unifying regulatory pathway that explains the larger suite of characters that are associated with the complex life history of annual killifishes. Close

• 40. [Article] Epigenetic Regulation of Alternative Developmental Trajectories

  The annual killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, is capable of entering into a state of metabolic and developmental dormancy during embryogenesis termed diapause. However, individuals may also follow an ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Epigenetic Regulation of Alternative Developmental Trajectories Author: Romney, Arnie Lynn T., Podrabsky, Jason E. Year: 2017 The annual killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, is capable of entering into a state of metabolic and developmental dormancy during embryogenesis termed diapause. However, individuals may also follow an alternative phenotypic trajectory and instead "escaped" entry into diapause and develop continuously until hatching. Early development along the two trajectories is morphologically indistinguishable, and gene regulatory mechanisms are currently unknown. Phenotype appears to be influenced by maternal provisioning based on the observation that young females produce predominately escape embryos and older females produce diapausing embryos. Additionally, the incubation temperature of embryos can override this maternal pattern and alter trajectory. Maternal provisioning is known in many vertebrates to direct early development prior to the initiation of embryonic gene transcription. Using RNA-seq, we have generated transcriptomic profiles of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) during embryogenesis of A. limnaeus. Embryos that are destined for either the diapause or escape phenotypes have unique profiles of mRNA isoforms at fertilization; well before they are morphologically distinct. We hypothesize that maternally packaged gene products coordinate the cellular events that determine developmental trajectory in A. limnaeus. In addition, we propose the expression of environmentally responsive microRNAs during development that can override maternal provisioning. RNA-seq data during early development, after the maternal-to-zygotic transition, suggest distinct profiles of microRNA expression that are phenotype specific. Our findings suggest maternal programming of diapause through the packaging of specific mRNAs as well as temperature induced microRNAs that target maternal transcripts allowing an escape from the diapause trajectory. This presents a novel example of maternal-embryonic-conflict in gene regulation that provides the embryo with alternatives in developmental trajectories in the face of fluctuating environmental patterns. These results will not only impact our understanding of genetic mechanisms that regulate entrance into diapause, but will also provide insight into epigenetic control of development. Title: Epigenetic Regulation of Alternative Developmental Trajectories Author: Romney, Arnie Lynn T., Podrabsky, Jason E. Year: 2017 The annual killifish, Austrofundulus limnaeus, is capable of entering into a state of metabolic and developmental dormancy during embryogenesis termed diapause. However, individuals may also follow an alternative phenotypic trajectory and instead "escaped" entry into diapause and develop continuously until hatching. Early development along the two trajectories is morphologically indistinguishable, and gene regulatory mechanisms are currently unknown. Phenotype appears to be influenced by maternal provisioning based on the observation that young females produce predominately escape embryos and older females produce diapausing embryos. Additionally, the incubation temperature of embryos can override this maternal pattern and alter trajectory. Maternal provisioning is known in many vertebrates to direct early development prior to the initiation of embryonic gene transcription. Using RNA-seq, we have generated transcriptomic profiles of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) during embryogenesis of A. limnaeus. Embryos that are destined for either the diapause or escape phenotypes have unique profiles of mRNA isoforms at fertilization; well before they are morphologically distinct. We hypothesize that maternally packaged gene products coordinate the cellular events that determine developmental trajectory in A. limnaeus. In addition, we propose the expression of environmentally responsive microRNAs during development that can override maternal provisioning. RNA-seq data during early development, after the maternal-to-zygotic transition, suggest distinct profiles of microRNA expression that are phenotype specific. Our findings suggest maternal programming of diapause through the packaging of specific mRNAs as well as temperature induced microRNAs that target maternal transcripts allowing an escape from the diapause trajectory. This presents a novel example of maternal-embryonic-conflict in gene regulation that provides the embryo with alternatives in developmental trajectories in the face of fluctuating environmental patterns. These results will not only impact our understanding of genetic mechanisms that regulate entrance into diapause, but will also provide insight into epigenetic control of development. Close

• 41. [Article] Insulin-like Growth Factor Pathway Described in <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i> Diapause and Escape Embryos

  Development in the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus can follow two distinct developmental trajectories. Typical development includes the entrance of embryos into a state of metabolic and developmental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Insulin-like Growth Factor Pathway Described in <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i> Diapause and Escape Embryos Author: Woll, Steven Cody Year: 2016 Development in the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus can follow two distinct developmental trajectories. Typical development includes the entrance of embryos into a state of metabolic and developmental arrest termed diapause. Alternately, embryos can escape diapause and develop directly without pause. These two trajectories are characterized by differences in the rate and timing of developmental, morphological, and physiological traits. Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling (IIS) is known to regulate entrance into diapause in a variety of invertebrates. In this thesis I explore the possible role of IGFs in the regulation of development and diapause in embryos of A. limnaeus. Here I report stage-specific expression of IGF-I and II proteins and their associated mRNA transcripts. Patterns of IGF-I protein expression are consistent with IGF signaling playing a major role in supporting the escape trajectory. In addition, treatment of embryos with a potent inhibitor of the IGF-I receptor (IGF1R) mimics the diapause developmental pattern even under conditions that should favor direct development. Evaluation of mRNA gene expression patterns in the two developmental trajectories suggests a role for IGF-I signaling through the RAS-MAPK-ERK pathway, which may be promoting the escape phenotype. Additionally, IGF-I activity may be enhanced in escape trajectory embryos though upregulation of IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) mRNA. These data suggest a major role for IGF signaling in the promotion of the escape trajectory, and thus we predict that specific mechanisms are in place in diapause-bound embryos that block IGF signaling and thus promote entrance into diapause. The data presented here suggest that blocking IGF signaling is critical for induction of diapause, but also suggests that other signaling pathways are likely also at play. Other pathways such at the TGF-beta signaling molecules and SMAD pathway, may also be involved in the direct regulation of the diapause phenotype, as has been shown for other animal models of developmental arrest. Title: Insulin-like Growth Factor Pathway Described in <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i> Diapause and Escape Embryos Author: Woll, Steven Cody Year: 2016 Development in the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus can follow two distinct developmental trajectories. Typical development includes the entrance of embryos into a state of metabolic and developmental arrest termed diapause. Alternately, embryos can escape diapause and develop directly without pause. These two trajectories are characterized by differences in the rate and timing of developmental, morphological, and physiological traits. Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling (IIS) is known to regulate entrance into diapause in a variety of invertebrates. In this thesis I explore the possible role of IGFs in the regulation of development and diapause in embryos of A. limnaeus. Here I report stage-specific expression of IGF-I and II proteins and their associated mRNA transcripts. Patterns of IGF-I protein expression are consistent with IGF signaling playing a major role in supporting the escape trajectory. In addition, treatment of embryos with a potent inhibitor of the IGF-I receptor (IGF1R) mimics the diapause developmental pattern even under conditions that should favor direct development. Evaluation of mRNA gene expression patterns in the two developmental trajectories suggests a role for IGF-I signaling through the RAS-MAPK-ERK pathway, which may be promoting the escape phenotype. Additionally, IGF-I activity may be enhanced in escape trajectory embryos though upregulation of IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) mRNA. These data suggest a major role for IGF signaling in the promotion of the escape trajectory, and thus we predict that specific mechanisms are in place in diapause-bound embryos that block IGF signaling and thus promote entrance into diapause. The data presented here suggest that blocking IGF signaling is critical for induction of diapause, but also suggests that other signaling pathways are likely also at play. Other pathways such at the TGF-beta signaling molecules and SMAD pathway, may also be involved in the direct regulation of the diapause phenotype, as has been shown for other animal models of developmental arrest. Close

• 42. [Article] Loss of Cul3 in Primary Fibroblasts

  DNA holds the essence of life, and interpreting it can give us clues about cell dynamics. Using retrospective analysis of cell processes, such as protein production and degradation, we try to answer some ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Loss of Cul3 in Primary Fibroblasts Author: Hanna, Paula Year: 2013 DNA holds the essence of life, and interpreting it can give us clues about cell dynamics. Using retrospective analysis of cell processes, such as protein production and degradation, we try to answer some basic questions, taking advantage of cells being the fundamental units of life. Disruption of these complex processes results in abnormality, dysfunction, and eventually cell death. Cul3 is an essential enzyme that regulates the levels of proteins that in turn regulate transitions between different cell cycle stages. Cell cycle is a description of progressive order of events that lead to cell division. When the Cul3 gene is knocked out in cells of living organisms, some cells undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death. This research focuses on the role of Cul3 in regulation of cell cycle transitions with a particular interest in how cells that lose Cul3 enter into the apoptotic pathway. The experimental system utilizes a special allele of Cul3 that was constructed in the lab and contains flanking DNA signals for a recombinase called Cre. When expressed, the Cre recombinase knocks out the Cul3 gene. Cells that have lost the gene are then monitored and analyzed for DNA breaks. We introduced the Cre gene using retroviral infection of primary fibroblasts containing the Cul3 special allele. This virus also expresses a special form of green fluorescent protein that allows us to identify cells that lost the Cul3 gene. As part of the experimental design, controls, which are cells that cannot delete the Cul3 gene and viruses that only express the green indicator protein, are included. Faculty Mentor: Jeffrey Singer Title: Loss of Cul3 in Primary Fibroblasts Author: Hanna, Paula Year: 2013 DNA holds the essence of life, and interpreting it can give us clues about cell dynamics. Using retrospective analysis of cell processes, such as protein production and degradation, we try to answer some basic questions, taking advantage of cells being the fundamental units of life. Disruption of these complex processes results in abnormality, dysfunction, and eventually cell death. Cul3 is an essential enzyme that regulates the levels of proteins that in turn regulate transitions between different cell cycle stages. Cell cycle is a description of progressive order of events that lead to cell division. When the Cul3 gene is knocked out in cells of living organisms, some cells undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death. This research focuses on the role of Cul3 in regulation of cell cycle transitions with a particular interest in how cells that lose Cul3 enter into the apoptotic pathway. The experimental system utilizes a special allele of Cul3 that was constructed in the lab and contains flanking DNA signals for a recombinase called Cre. When expressed, the Cre recombinase knocks out the Cul3 gene. Cells that have lost the gene are then monitored and analyzed for DNA breaks. We introduced the Cre gene using retroviral infection of primary fibroblasts containing the Cul3 special allele. This virus also expresses a special form of green fluorescent protein that allows us to identify cells that lost the Cul3 gene. As part of the experimental design, controls, which are cells that cannot delete the Cul3 gene and viruses that only express the green indicator protein, are included. Faculty Mentor: Jeffrey Singer Close

• 43. [Article] New Product Introduction of Telecommunication Companies

  Since deregulation of industry in 1983, telecommunication companies have had to manage product development in an environment with major changes in technology, ongoing regulation, and a changing competitive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Product Introduction of Telecommunication Companies Author: Cooper, Mel Year: 2012 Since deregulation of industry in 1983, telecommunication companies have had to manage product development in an environment with major changes in technology, ongoing regulation, and a changing competitive landscape. Few industries have had to navigate so many concurrent changes as the telecommunications industry. This report seeks to evaluate how the major telecommunications suppliers successful package and introduce new products in an environment with limited regulation changing technologies. An evaluation of voice and data products introduced by AT&T, Sprint and MCI (later WorldCom, Verizon) reveal how carriers maintain profit margins despite falling prices in a highly competitive environment. Few industries could claim to have created a science of deceptive pricing policies as successfully as the telecommunications industry. Through a series of proverbial shell games, few customers have the savvy to understand, telecommunications carriers take advantage of falling service delivery costs as a result of technology improvements, create complex multi-variable pricing schemes that only appear to pass along the technology savings to their customers. Furthermore, in what many would call conclusion among the carriers, customers thinking that competitive bidding ensures the most competitive price are collectively mislead by all bidders. This report sheds light on the product development and service introduction process of telecommunications suppliers. It should be noted that while data is available regarding regulatory information, and to a limited degree the product development process referenced herein, this report contains primary research based on an analysis of custom telecommunications contracts filled with the FCC from 1996 to the present. Title: New Product Introduction of Telecommunication Companies Author: Cooper, Mel Year: 2012 Since deregulation of industry in 1983, telecommunication companies have had to manage product development in an environment with major changes in technology, ongoing regulation, and a changing competitive landscape. Few industries have had to navigate so many concurrent changes as the telecommunications industry. This report seeks to evaluate how the major telecommunications suppliers successful package and introduce new products in an environment with limited regulation changing technologies. An evaluation of voice and data products introduced by AT&T, Sprint and MCI (later WorldCom, Verizon) reveal how carriers maintain profit margins despite falling prices in a highly competitive environment. Few industries could claim to have created a science of deceptive pricing policies as successfully as the telecommunications industry. Through a series of proverbial shell games, few customers have the savvy to understand, telecommunications carriers take advantage of falling service delivery costs as a result of technology improvements, create complex multi-variable pricing schemes that only appear to pass along the technology savings to their customers. Furthermore, in what many would call conclusion among the carriers, customers thinking that competitive bidding ensures the most competitive price are collectively mislead by all bidders. This report sheds light on the product development and service introduction process of telecommunications suppliers. It should be noted that while data is available regarding regulatory information, and to a limited degree the product development process referenced herein, this report contains primary research based on an analysis of custom telecommunications contracts filled with the FCC from 1996 to the present. Close

• 44. [Article] The metabolic cost of behavioral thermoregulation of body temperature in the northern alligator lizard Gerrhonotus coeruleus, and how it affects the classical concept of eurythermality

  The effect of total metabolic cost expenditures on the precision of behavioral thermoregulation was investigated for the purportedly eurythermic Northern Alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus coeruleus). An operant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The metabolic cost of behavioral thermoregulation of body temperature in the northern alligator lizard Gerrhonotus coeruleus, and how it affects the classical concept of eurythermality Author: Campbell, James Dudley Year: 1981 The effect of total metabolic cost expenditures on the precision of behavioral thermoregulation was investigated for the purportedly eurythermic Northern Alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus coeruleus). An operant apparatus was designed to test metabolic output at different heat reinforcement magnitudes. The mean TB reflected in each trial was positively correlated to the length of reinforcement. The shuttle rate during each trial was inversely correlated to the length of reinforcement. The standard deviation and total metabolic costs did not vary significantly between trials undertaken at the same ambient temperature. Eurythermality in G. coeruleus is caused by fluctuations in preferred body temperature and not by fluctuations around this temperature. The metabolic cost of behavioral thermoregulation did not change with corresponding changes in reinforcement magnitude. This indicates that eurythermality is the recorded effect of lizards behaviorally regulating to different TB in a stenothermic manner, rather than of random TB fluctuations in a wide range of normal activity (the classical view of eurythermality). Title: The metabolic cost of behavioral thermoregulation of body temperature in the northern alligator lizard Gerrhonotus coeruleus, and how it affects the classical concept of eurythermality Author: Campbell, James Dudley Year: 1981 The effect of total metabolic cost expenditures on the precision of behavioral thermoregulation was investigated for the purportedly eurythermic Northern Alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus coeruleus). An operant apparatus was designed to test metabolic output at different heat reinforcement magnitudes. The mean TB reflected in each trial was positively correlated to the length of reinforcement. The shuttle rate during each trial was inversely correlated to the length of reinforcement. The standard deviation and total metabolic costs did not vary significantly between trials undertaken at the same ambient temperature. Eurythermality in G. coeruleus is caused by fluctuations in preferred body temperature and not by fluctuations around this temperature. The metabolic cost of behavioral thermoregulation did not change with corresponding changes in reinforcement magnitude. This indicates that eurythermality is the recorded effect of lizards behaviorally regulating to different TB in a stenothermic manner, rather than of random TB fluctuations in a wide range of normal activity (the classical view of eurythermality). Close

• 45. [Article] The Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 by Growth Hormone via Stat5b

  The growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like factor 1 (IGF-1) growth axis is integral to growth, metabolism and tissue repair. This pathway involves binding of GH to the GH receptor and activation of the transcription ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 by Growth Hormone via Stat5b Author: Morrison, Tiffany Year: 2012 The growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like factor 1 (IGF-1) growth axis is integral to growth, metabolism and tissue repair. This pathway involves binding of GH to the GH receptor and activation of the transcription factor, Stat5b, leading to nuclear transclocation, interaction with DNA binding sites in chromatin and stimulation of IGF-1 transcription. Stat5b binding sites have been determined experimentally by previous research but are all found far from the IGF-1 promoters and the mechanism by which Stat5b binding initiates IGF-1 gene transcription is currently unknown. Since no system for studying this process currently exists, the goal of this project is to create a cell-based transcriptional test system by placing the rat IGF-1 locus in the form of a linearized bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) into mammalian cell line. The transgene then will be studied for GH regulation, Stat5b binding to specific DNA sequences, and the long distance interactions between Stat5b binding sites and the IGF-1 gene promoters that are for activating IGF-1 gene transcription. If successful, this project will help to answer fundamental questions about the GH IGF-1 growth axis, more specifically the role of Stat5b. Title: The Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 by Growth Hormone via Stat5b Author: Morrison, Tiffany Year: 2012 The growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like factor 1 (IGF-1) growth axis is integral to growth, metabolism and tissue repair. This pathway involves binding of GH to the GH receptor and activation of the transcription factor, Stat5b, leading to nuclear transclocation, interaction with DNA binding sites in chromatin and stimulation of IGF-1 transcription. Stat5b binding sites have been determined experimentally by previous research but are all found far from the IGF-1 promoters and the mechanism by which Stat5b binding initiates IGF-1 gene transcription is currently unknown. Since no system for studying this process currently exists, the goal of this project is to create a cell-based transcriptional test system by placing the rat IGF-1 locus in the form of a linearized bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) into mammalian cell line. The transgene then will be studied for GH regulation, Stat5b binding to specific DNA sequences, and the long distance interactions between Stat5b binding sites and the IGF-1 gene promoters that are for activating IGF-1 gene transcription. If successful, this project will help to answer fundamental questions about the GH IGF-1 growth axis, more specifically the role of Stat5b. Close

• 46. [Article] Innovation and Development of Lipsticks

  The history of the innovation and development of the lipstick started since 2500-1000 BC. Then it was incrementally developed through the years after. Obviously, formula was the primary applicator considered ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Innovation and Development of Lipsticks Author: Banchongraksa, Bhawinee Year: 2017 The history of the innovation and development of the lipstick started since 2500-1000 BC. Then it was incrementally developed through the years after. Obviously, formula was the primary applicator considered as the innovation of lipsticks. Its development basically driven by failures, user-demands, technologies, social trends and social regulations. The innovation of its pigments, ingredients, shape and packaging were invented based on those drivers. Nowadays, development of modern lipsticks seems not focus primarily on the pigments but other applicators such as transferred-resistance and lip protection. This paper illustrates that factors such as user-demands, social-trend, and social regulations significantly drive innovation of lipstick in the years before industry revolution of late 19th century while the technology advancement could be the factor which significantly drive lipstick innovation in the years after industrial revolution. Also, this paper provides a case of mass customization in lipstick business which now, seems to be the most advancement in the cosmetic business by focusing in particular brand, BITE who has been successful in customization services. Title: Innovation and Development of Lipsticks Author: Banchongraksa, Bhawinee Year: 2017 The history of the innovation and development of the lipstick started since 2500-1000 BC. Then it was incrementally developed through the years after. Obviously, formula was the primary applicator considered as the innovation of lipsticks. Its development basically driven by failures, user-demands, technologies, social trends and social regulations. The innovation of its pigments, ingredients, shape and packaging were invented based on those drivers. Nowadays, development of modern lipsticks seems not focus primarily on the pigments but other applicators such as transferred-resistance and lip protection. This paper illustrates that factors such as user-demands, social-trend, and social regulations significantly drive innovation of lipstick in the years before industry revolution of late 19th century while the technology advancement could be the factor which significantly drive lipstick innovation in the years after industrial revolution. Also, this paper provides a case of mass customization in lipstick business which now, seems to be the most advancement in the cosmetic business by focusing in particular brand, BITE who has been successful in customization services. Close

• 47. [Article] Non-canonical Binding of Calmodulin to Aquaporin-0: Implications for Channel Regulation

  Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of ubiquitous membrane channels that conduct water across cell membranes. AQPs form homo-tetramers containing four functional and independent water pores. Aquaporin-0 (AQP0) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-canonical Binding of Calmodulin to Aquaporin-0: Implications for Channel Regulation Author: Reichow, Steve, Gonen, Tamir Year: 2008 Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of ubiquitous membrane channels that conduct water across cell membranes. AQPs form homo-tetramers containing four functional and independent water pores. Aquaporin-0 (AQP0) is expressed in the eye lens where its water permeability is regulated by calmodulin (CaM). Here we use a combination of biochemical methods and NMR spectroscopy to probe the interaction between AQP0 and CaM. We show CaM binds the AQP0 C-terminal domain in a calcium dependent manner. We demonstrate that only two CaM molecules bind a single AQP0 tetramer in a non-canonical fashion, suggesting a form of co-operativity between AQP0 monomers. Based on these results, we derive a structural model of the AQP0/CaM complex, which suggests CaM may be inhibitory to channel permeability by capping the vestibules of two monomers within the AQP0 tetramer. Finally, phosphorylation within AQP0’s CaM binding domain inhibits the AQP0/ CaM interaction suggesting a temporal regulatory mechanism for complex formation. Title: Non-canonical Binding of Calmodulin to Aquaporin-0: Implications for Channel Regulation Author: Reichow, Steve, Gonen, Tamir Year: 2008 Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of ubiquitous membrane channels that conduct water across cell membranes. AQPs form homo-tetramers containing four functional and independent water pores. Aquaporin-0 (AQP0) is expressed in the eye lens where its water permeability is regulated by calmodulin (CaM). Here we use a combination of biochemical methods and NMR spectroscopy to probe the interaction between AQP0 and CaM. We show CaM binds the AQP0 C-terminal domain in a calcium dependent manner. We demonstrate that only two CaM molecules bind a single AQP0 tetramer in a non-canonical fashion, suggesting a form of co-operativity between AQP0 monomers. Based on these results, we derive a structural model of the AQP0/CaM complex, which suggests CaM may be inhibitory to channel permeability by capping the vestibules of two monomers within the AQP0 tetramer. Finally, phosphorylation within AQP0’s CaM binding domain inhibits the AQP0/ CaM interaction suggesting a temporal regulatory mechanism for complex formation. Close

• 48. [Article] Field Observations of the Developing Legal Recreational Cannabis Economy in Washington State

  Background Washington State legalized the sale of recreational cannabis in 2012. This paper describes the unfolding of the market regulatory regime in an eastern portion of the state, including field descriptions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Field Observations of the Developing Legal Recreational Cannabis Economy in Washington State Author: Jensen, Eric L., Roussell, Aaron Year: 2016 Background Washington State legalized the sale of recreational cannabis in 2012. This paper describes the unfolding of the market regulatory regime in an eastern portion of the state, including field descriptions to illustrate the setting. Methods We made observations and conducted interviews of the local supply chain comprising a producer/processor, analytic facility, and retail establishments as well as querying the state director of the regulatory board. Results Interviews and observations of facilities suggest an overwhelming concern for black market diversion drives state regulatory efforts. The ongoing dialogue between market actors and the state has resulted in a more equitable distribution of profits at different stages in the process. State safety regulations have thus far been shifted to independent laboratories. Banks and insurance companies have slowly begun making inroads into the industry, despite federal prohibition. Conclusion The law was conceived as a social justice remedy, but the bulk of the legal and regulatory activity surrounds cannabis marketplace management. This has been characterized by concerns for black market diversion, producer/processor profits, and a hands-off approach to safety regulation. Minor cannabis violations as a pathway to criminal justice system involvement have been reduced substantially but disproportionate enforcement upon racial/ethnic minorities continues. Title: Field Observations of the Developing Legal Recreational Cannabis Economy in Washington State Author: Jensen, Eric L., Roussell, Aaron Year: 2016 Background Washington State legalized the sale of recreational cannabis in 2012. This paper describes the unfolding of the market regulatory regime in an eastern portion of the state, including field descriptions to illustrate the setting. Methods We made observations and conducted interviews of the local supply chain comprising a producer/processor, analytic facility, and retail establishments as well as querying the state director of the regulatory board. Results Interviews and observations of facilities suggest an overwhelming concern for black market diversion drives state regulatory efforts. The ongoing dialogue between market actors and the state has resulted in a more equitable distribution of profits at different stages in the process. State safety regulations have thus far been shifted to independent laboratories. Banks and insurance companies have slowly begun making inroads into the industry, despite federal prohibition. Conclusion The law was conceived as a social justice remedy, but the bulk of the legal and regulatory activity surrounds cannabis marketplace management. This has been characterized by concerns for black market diversion, producer/processor profits, and a hands-off approach to safety regulation. Minor cannabis violations as a pathway to criminal justice system involvement have been reduced substantially but disproportionate enforcement upon racial/ethnic minorities continues. Close

• 49. [Article] Travel and Parking Behavior in the United States

  This paper looks at the connection between the regulation of parking by cities, transit service levels, and travel and parking behavior in the United States. Travel behavior information comes from the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Travel and Parking Behavior in the United States Author: Mildner, Gerard C., Strathman, James G., Bianco, Martha J. Year: 1996 This paper looks at the connection between the regulation of parking by cities, transit service levels, and travel and parking behavior in the United States. Travel behavior information comes from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) and the Federal Urban Mass Transportation Administration’s 1990 Section 15 Report. Data on the current state of parking programs in place in central business districts of the U.S. is identified through telephone interviews of local officials responsible for parking policies from the twenty cities identified in the NPTS. The travel behavior analyses and the data from the parking officials interviews were combined with data from the Federal Highway Administration’s Journey-to-Work data to group cities according to their parking policies, transit service, and ridership levels on a continuum of “Transit-Accommodating Cities” and “Auto-Accomodating Cities”. A key finding is that cities with interventionist parking policies, high parking prices and limited supply, frequent transit service, and a high probability that travelers will pay to park are the most likely to have high transit ridership figures. Title: Travel and Parking Behavior in the United States Author: Mildner, Gerard C., Strathman, James G., Bianco, Martha J. Year: 1996 This paper looks at the connection between the regulation of parking by cities, transit service levels, and travel and parking behavior in the United States. Travel behavior information comes from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) and the Federal Urban Mass Transportation Administration’s 1990 Section 15 Report. Data on the current state of parking programs in place in central business districts of the U.S. is identified through telephone interviews of local officials responsible for parking policies from the twenty cities identified in the NPTS. The travel behavior analyses and the data from the parking officials interviews were combined with data from the Federal Highway Administration’s Journey-to-Work data to group cities according to their parking policies, transit service, and ridership levels on a continuum of “Transit-Accommodating Cities” and “Auto-Accomodating Cities”. A key finding is that cities with interventionist parking policies, high parking prices and limited supply, frequent transit service, and a high probability that travelers will pay to park are the most likely to have high transit ridership figures. Close

• 50. [Article] Non-thiol reagents regulate ryanodine receptor function by redox interactions that modify reactive thiols

  The Ca(2+) release channel (CRC) from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is rich in thiol groups, and their oxidation/- reduction by thiol reagents activates/inhibits the CRC. Most channel regulators are not ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Non-thiol reagents regulate ryanodine receptor function by redox interactions that modify reactive thiols Author: Marinov, Benjamin S., Olojo, Rotimi O., Xia, Ruohong, Abramson, Jonathan J. Year: 2007 The Ca(2+) release channel (CRC) from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is rich in thiol groups, and their oxidation/- reduction by thiol reagents activates/inhibits the CRC. Most channel regulators are not thiol reagents, and the mechanism of their action is illusive. Here the authors show that many channel activators act as electron acceptors, while many channel inhibitors act as electron donors in free radical reactions. The channel activator, caffeine, and the CRC inhibitor, tetracaine, are shown to interact competitively, which suggests that there exists a common site(s) on the CRC, that integrates the donor/acceptor effects of ligands. Moreover, channel activators shift the redox potential of reactive thiols on the ryanodinereceptor (RyR) to more negative values and decrease the number of reactive thiols, while channel inhibitors shift the redox potential to more positive values and increase the number of reactive thiols. These observations suggest that thenon-thiol channel modulators shift the thiol-disulfide balance within CRC by transiently exchanging electrons with the Ca(2+) release protein. Title: Non-thiol reagents regulate ryanodine receptor function by redox interactions that modify reactive thiols Author: Marinov, Benjamin S., Olojo, Rotimi O., Xia, Ruohong, Abramson, Jonathan J. Year: 2007 The Ca(2+) release channel (CRC) from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is rich in thiol groups, and their oxidation/- reduction by thiol reagents activates/inhibits the CRC. Most channel regulators are not thiol reagents, and the mechanism of their action is illusive. Here the authors show that many channel activators act as electron acceptors, while many channel inhibitors act as electron donors in free radical reactions. The channel activator, caffeine, and the CRC inhibitor, tetracaine, are shown to interact competitively, which suggests that there exists a common site(s) on the CRC, that integrates the donor/acceptor effects of ligands. Moreover, channel activators shift the redox potential of reactive thiols on the ryanodinereceptor (RyR) to more negative values and decrease the number of reactive thiols, while channel inhibitors shift the redox potential to more positive values and increase the number of reactive thiols. These observations suggest that thenon-thiol channel modulators shift the thiol-disulfide balance within CRC by transiently exchanging electrons with the Ca(2+) release protein. Close