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• 1. [Article] Low Cost Air Quality Monitoring

  As sensor technology becomes more accessible, the development of low cost data collection systems is becoming more useful for both professional research and citizen science. This thesis explores the social ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Low Cost Air Quality Monitoring Author: Shang, Michelle G. Year: 2017 As sensor technology becomes more accessible, the development of low cost data collection systems is becoming more useful for both professional research and citizen science. This thesis explores the social and physical utility of low cost air monitoring (less than $200), and the design and implementation of a low cost sensor platform air monitoring system. Data is collected and analyzed from Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM 2.5) sensors and compared with data from high accuracy instrumentation to assess the viability of using these low cost sensors for ambient air quality monitoring in research. The accuracy of these sensors varied greatly, but some sensors were accurate enough to gather quality lab data for a fraction of the cost of industry standard instruments. Title: Low Cost Air Quality Monitoring Author: Shang, Michelle G. Year: 2017 As sensor technology becomes more accessible, the development of low cost data collection systems is becoming more useful for both professional research and citizen science. This thesis explores the social and physical utility of low cost air monitoring (less than $200), and the design and implementation of a low cost sensor platform air monitoring system. Data is collected and analyzed from Ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter (PM 2.5) sensors and compared with data from high accuracy instrumentation to assess the viability of using these low cost sensors for ambient air quality monitoring in research. The accuracy of these sensors varied greatly, but some sensors were accurate enough to gather quality lab data for a fraction of the cost of industry standard instruments. Close

• 2. [Article] Combining and Aggregating Environmental Data for Status and Trend Assessments: Challenges and Approaches

  Increasingly, natural resource management agencies and nongovernmental organizations are sharing monitoring data across geographic and jurisdictional boundaries. Doing so improves their abilities to assess ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Combining and Aggregating Environmental Data for Status and Trend Assessments: Challenges and Approaches Author: Maas-Hebner, Kathleen G., Harte, Michael, Molina, Nancy, Hughes, Robert M., Schreck, Carl B., Yeakley, J. Alan Year: 2015 Increasingly, natural resource management agencies and nongovernmental organizations are sharing monitoring data across geographic and jurisdictional boundaries. Doing so improves their abilities to assess local-, regional-, and landscape-level environmental conditions, particularly status and trends, and to improve their ability to make short-and long-term management decisions. Status monitoring assesses the current condition of a population or environmental condition across an area. Monitoring for trends aims at monitoring changes in populations or environmental condition through time. We wrote this paper to inform agency and nongovernmental organization managers, analysts, and consultants regarding the kinds of environmental data that can be combined with suitable techniques and statistically aggregated for new assessments. By doing so, they can increase the (1) use of available data and (2) the validity and reliability of the assessments. Increased awareness of the difficulties inherent in combining and aggregating data for local-and regional-level analyses can increase the likelihood that future monitoring efforts will be modified and/or planned to accommodate data from multiple sources. Title: Combining and Aggregating Environmental Data for Status and Trend Assessments: Challenges and Approaches Author: Maas-Hebner, Kathleen G., Harte, Michael, Molina, Nancy, Hughes, Robert M., Schreck, Carl B., Yeakley, J. Alan Year: 2015 Increasingly, natural resource management agencies and nongovernmental organizations are sharing monitoring data across geographic and jurisdictional boundaries. Doing so improves their abilities to assess local-, regional-, and landscape-level environmental conditions, particularly status and trends, and to improve their ability to make short-and long-term management decisions. Status monitoring assesses the current condition of a population or environmental condition across an area. Monitoring for trends aims at monitoring changes in populations or environmental condition through time. We wrote this paper to inform agency and nongovernmental organization managers, analysts, and consultants regarding the kinds of environmental data that can be combined with suitable techniques and statistically aggregated for new assessments. By doing so, they can increase the (1) use of available data and (2) the validity and reliability of the assessments. Increased awareness of the difficulties inherent in combining and aggregating data for local-and regional-level analyses can increase the likelihood that future monitoring efforts will be modified and/or planned to accommodate data from multiple sources. Close

• 3. [Article] Acoustic Monitoring of Marine Conservation Areas

  This paper introduces underwater sensing technologies for acoustic monitoring of marine conservation areas. Small networks of individual passive acoustic sensors have been deployed to investigate a low-cost ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Acoustic Monitoring of Marine Conservation Areas Author: Zurk, Lisa, Ou, Helen, Schecklman, Scott, Lutwak, Ayal Year: 2014 This paper introduces underwater sensing technologies for acoustic monitoring of marine conservation areas. Small networks of individual passive acoustic sensors have been deployed to investigate a low-cost solution for monitoring motorized vessels and marine ambient noise in large areas. A data processing package, called “Conservancy-Watch,” is introduced for environmental management and conservation of natural resources. The package includes passive sensing database creation, ambient noise monitoring to identify long-term trends and impacts, classification of organic and boat vessel events, detection of marine mammals and estimation of their call density, and detection of motorized vessels. Test results on data collected at several conservation sites in Hawaii have confirmed the detection capability of individual hydrophone sensors. Title: Acoustic Monitoring of Marine Conservation Areas Author: Zurk, Lisa, Ou, Helen, Schecklman, Scott, Lutwak, Ayal Year: 2014 This paper introduces underwater sensing technologies for acoustic monitoring of marine conservation areas. Small networks of individual passive acoustic sensors have been deployed to investigate a low-cost solution for monitoring motorized vessels and marine ambient noise in large areas. A data processing package, called “Conservancy-Watch,” is introduced for environmental management and conservation of natural resources. The package includes passive sensing database creation, ambient noise monitoring to identify long-term trends and impacts, classification of organic and boat vessel events, detection of marine mammals and estimation of their call density, and detection of motorized vessels. Test results on data collected at several conservation sites in Hawaii have confirmed the detection capability of individual hydrophone sensors. Close

• 4. [Article] Development of a Knowledge-Based Scheduling and Quality Monitoring Software

  Here we detail the development of an intelligent scheduling and quality monitoring software package for a law firm. The scheduling aspect of the software forecasts preparation time of a batch of legal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of a Knowledge-Based Scheduling and Quality Monitoring Software Author: Byrne, P. Year: 1993 Here we detail the development of an intelligent scheduling and quality monitoring software package for a law firm. The scheduling aspect of the software forecasts preparation time of a batch of legal documents. The quality monitoring aspect determines the probability that documents within batches will be returned for corrections. The software has been termed intelligent because the system updates its rules to reflect changes in the values of particular variables. Title: Development of a Knowledge-Based Scheduling and Quality Monitoring Software Author: Byrne, P. Year: 1993 Here we detail the development of an intelligent scheduling and quality monitoring software package for a law firm. The scheduling aspect of the software forecasts preparation time of a batch of legal documents. The quality monitoring aspect determines the probability that documents within batches will be returned for corrections. The software has been termed intelligent because the system updates its rules to reflect changes in the values of particular variables. Close

• 5. [Article] Risk-Based Monitoring: A Model and Application to FDA’s Imported Food Monitoring Program

  Regulatory agencies intervene in risky situations by outlawing practices that impose risks on society or by proscribing practices that reduce risk. Because public resources for enforcing regulation are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk-Based Monitoring: A Model and Application to FDA’s Imported Food Monitoring Program Author: Martin, Sheila A., Beaulieu, Nancy Dean, Williams, Richard Year: 1999 Regulatory agencies intervene in risky situations by outlawing practices that impose risks on society or by proscribing practices that reduce risk. Because public resources for enforcing regulation are limited, public policy has recently emphasized maximizing the benefit from enforcement by considering the risk reduction achievable from each intervention. This emphasis requires a shift of resources to monitoring situations in which regulatory violations are most likely, their welfare effects are most serious, and their detection is probable and relatively inexpensive. This article is a risk-based monitoring model applied to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) import monitoring program. Although some components of the model are specific to FDA's data and regulatory needs, this model's basic structure is applicable to many situations in which a decisionmaker seeks to identify the most cost-effective choices for reducing risk. Title: Risk-Based Monitoring: A Model and Application to FDA’s Imported Food Monitoring Program Author: Martin, Sheila A., Beaulieu, Nancy Dean, Williams, Richard Year: 1999 Regulatory agencies intervene in risky situations by outlawing practices that impose risks on society or by proscribing practices that reduce risk. Because public resources for enforcing regulation are limited, public policy has recently emphasized maximizing the benefit from enforcement by considering the risk reduction achievable from each intervention. This emphasis requires a shift of resources to monitoring situations in which regulatory violations are most likely, their welfare effects are most serious, and their detection is probable and relatively inexpensive. This article is a risk-based monitoring model applied to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) import monitoring program. Although some components of the model are specific to FDA's data and regulatory needs, this model's basic structure is applicable to many situations in which a decisionmaker seeks to identify the most cost-effective choices for reducing risk. Close

• 6. [Article] Behavioral Reactivity Associated With Electronic Monitoring of Environmental Health Interventions-A Cluster Randomized Trial with Water Filters and Cookstoves

  Subject reactivity—when research participants change their behavior in response to being observed—has been documented showing the effect of human observers. Electronics sensors are increasingly used to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Behavioral Reactivity Associated With Electronic Monitoring of Environmental Health Interventions-A Cluster Randomized Trial with Water Filters and Cookstoves Author: Thomas, Evan A., Tellez-Sanchez, Sarita, Wick, Carson, Kirby, Miles Year: 2016 Subject reactivity—when research participants change their behavior in response to being observed—has been documented showing the effect of human observers. Electronics sensors are increasingly used to monitor environmental health interventions, but the effect of sensors on behavior has not been assessed. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in Rwanda among 170 households (70 blinded to the presence of the sensor, 100 open) testing whether awareness of an electronic monitor would result in a difference in weekly use of household water filters and improved cookstoves over a four-week surveillance period. A 63% increase in number of uses of the water filter per week between the groups was observed in week 1, an average of 4.4 times in the open group and 2.83 times in the blind group, declining in week 4 to an insignificant 55% difference of 2.82 uses in the open, and 1.93 in the blind. There were no significant differences in the number of stove uses per week between the two groups. For both filters and stoves, use decreased in both groups over four-week installation periods. This study suggests behavioral monitoring should attempt to account for reactivity to awareness of electronic monitors that persists for weeks or more. Title: Behavioral Reactivity Associated With Electronic Monitoring of Environmental Health Interventions-A Cluster Randomized Trial with Water Filters and Cookstoves Author: Thomas, Evan A., Tellez-Sanchez, Sarita, Wick, Carson, Kirby, Miles Year: 2016 Subject reactivity—when research participants change their behavior in response to being observed—has been documented showing the effect of human observers. Electronics sensors are increasingly used to monitor environmental health interventions, but the effect of sensors on behavior has not been assessed. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial in Rwanda among 170 households (70 blinded to the presence of the sensor, 100 open) testing whether awareness of an electronic monitor would result in a difference in weekly use of household water filters and improved cookstoves over a four-week surveillance period. A 63% increase in number of uses of the water filter per week between the groups was observed in week 1, an average of 4.4 times in the open group and 2.83 times in the blind group, declining in week 4 to an insignificant 55% difference of 2.82 uses in the open, and 1.93 in the blind. There were no significant differences in the number of stove uses per week between the two groups. For both filters and stoves, use decreased in both groups over four-week installation periods. This study suggests behavioral monitoring should attempt to account for reactivity to awareness of electronic monitors that persists for weeks or more. Close

• 7. [Article] A Strategy for Monitoring Glaciers

  Glaciers are important features in the hydrologic cycle and affect the volume, variability, and water quality of runoff. Assessing and predicting the effect of glaciers on water resources require a monitoring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Strategy for Monitoring Glaciers Author: Fountain, Andrew G., Krimmel, Robert M., Trabant, Dennis C. Year: 1997 Glaciers are important features in the hydrologic cycle and affect the volume, variability, and water quality of runoff. Assessing and predicting the effect of glaciers on water resources require a monitoring program to provide basic data for this understanding. The monitoring program of the U.S. Geological Survey employs a nested approach whereby an intensively studied glacier is surrounded by less intensively studied glaciers and those monitored solely by remote sensing. Ideally, each glacierized region of the United States would have such a network of glaciers. The intensively studied glacier provides a detailed understanding of the physical processes and their temporal changes that control the mass exchange of the glaciers in that region. The less intensively studied glaciers are used to assess the variability of such processes within the region. Title: A Strategy for Monitoring Glaciers Author: Fountain, Andrew G., Krimmel, Robert M., Trabant, Dennis C. Year: 1997 Glaciers are important features in the hydrologic cycle and affect the volume, variability, and water quality of runoff. Assessing and predicting the effect of glaciers on water resources require a monitoring program to provide basic data for this understanding. The monitoring program of the U.S. Geological Survey employs a nested approach whereby an intensively studied glacier is surrounded by less intensively studied glaciers and those monitored solely by remote sensing. Ideally, each glacierized region of the United States would have such a network of glaciers. The intensively studied glacier provides a detailed understanding of the physical processes and their temporal changes that control the mass exchange of the glaciers in that region. The less intensively studied glaciers are used to assess the variability of such processes within the region. Close

• 8. [Article] Simultaneous Life Extension and Crack Monitoring of Fatigue-Damaged Steel Members Using Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites

  Steel structures including bridges are susceptible to cracking, particularly due to fatigue-sensitive details found in older designs. Therefore, one of the major challenges to keep those steel bridges ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simultaneous Life Extension and Crack Monitoring of Fatigue-Damaged Steel Members Using Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites Author: Ahmed, Shafique, Schumacher, Thomas, Thostenson, Erik T., McConnell, Jennifer Year: 2017 Steel structures including bridges are susceptible to cracking, particularly due to fatigue-sensitive details found in older designs. Therefore, one of the major challenges to keep those steel bridges in service is to rehabilitate existing and potential fatigue damage. There are several conventional approaches to extend the fatigue-life of damaged steel members, e.g., drilling a crack stop-hole to reduce the stress concentration at the crack tip as well as welding and bolting of steel plates or adhesive-bonding of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) to reduce the overall stresses. Improvement in material properties of FRP and adhesives make them a viable candidate to apply for extending the fatigue-life of steel members. However, drawbacks include the potential for debonding of the adhesive layer and/or interfaces between adhesive and adherents as well as difficulty in monitoring fatigue crack growth after rehabilitation. In this research, a holistic approach is proposed and evaluated for simultaneous extension of fatigue-life and monitoring by integrating a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensing layer with an adhesively-bonded FRP reinforcement. CNT-based sensing layers have a nerve-like electric resistance network, which enables distributed sensing capabilities to monitor stress levels, crack growth, and damage progression. Using laboratory-scale experiments, the simultaneous fatigue-life extension and crack monitoring capability of multifunctional CNT-based composites was evaluated. This paper introduces the fundamental concept of integrated fatigue-rehabilitation and monitoring of steel members, presents a laboratory-scale experiment to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness, and discusses challenges for implementation in real structures.Title: Simultaneous Life Extension and Crack Monitoring of Fatigue-Damaged Steel Members Using Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites Title: Simultaneous Life Extension and Crack Monitoring of Fatigue-Damaged Steel Members Using Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites Author: Ahmed, Shafique, Schumacher, Thomas, Thostenson, Erik T., McConnell, Jennifer Year: 2017 Steel structures including bridges are susceptible to cracking, particularly due to fatigue-sensitive details found in older designs. Therefore, one of the major challenges to keep those steel bridges in service is to rehabilitate existing and potential fatigue damage. There are several conventional approaches to extend the fatigue-life of damaged steel members, e.g., drilling a crack stop-hole to reduce the stress concentration at the crack tip as well as welding and bolting of steel plates or adhesive-bonding of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) to reduce the overall stresses. Improvement in material properties of FRP and adhesives make them a viable candidate to apply for extending the fatigue-life of steel members. However, drawbacks include the potential for debonding of the adhesive layer and/or interfaces between adhesive and adherents as well as difficulty in monitoring fatigue crack growth after rehabilitation. In this research, a holistic approach is proposed and evaluated for simultaneous extension of fatigue-life and monitoring by integrating a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensing layer with an adhesively-bonded FRP reinforcement. CNT-based sensing layers have a nerve-like electric resistance network, which enables distributed sensing capabilities to monitor stress levels, crack growth, and damage progression. Using laboratory-scale experiments, the simultaneous fatigue-life extension and crack monitoring capability of multifunctional CNT-based composites was evaluated. This paper introduces the fundamental concept of integrated fatigue-rehabilitation and monitoring of steel members, presents a laboratory-scale experiment to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness, and discusses challenges for implementation in real structures.Title: Simultaneous Life Extension and Crack Monitoring of Fatigue-Damaged Steel Members Using Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites Close

• 9. [Article] Oregon Lake Watch, 2014 Annual Report

  The Oregon Lake Watch (OLW) volunteer monitoring program is now in its second year of operation, continuing its focus on early detection of aquatic invasive species (AIS), with a secondary focus on lake ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Lake Watch, 2014 Annual Report Author: Jordan, Meredith, Miller, Rich, Strecker, Angela L. Year: 2015 The Oregon Lake Watch (OLW) volunteer monitoring program is now in its second year of operation, continuing its focus on early detection of aquatic invasive species (AIS), with a secondary focus on lake water quality. The aquatic invasive species chosen as Watch List priorities for the OLW are based on the Oregon Department of Agriculture’s Noxious Weed List (Oregon Department of Agriculture Noxious Weed Control Program 2014) as well as professional judgement (more information can be found in Oregon Lake Watch Final Report 2014). This report summarizes the data collected by 15 of 24 OLW volunteers over 2014, across 110 sampling events and 20 Oregon lakes. Data collected by trained volunteers includes sightings of both native and aquatic invasive plants and animals, as well as recordings of lake temperature profiles, and Secchi depth, a measure of clarity. Of the 16 original water bodies surveyed in OLW’s first year (2013), 12 were surveyed again in 2014, and 8 are new waterbodies. Long-term monitoring of these lakes provides valuable information over time, and expanding the number of lakes monitored, especially in the case of monitoring for invasive species, means that more potentially harmful invasions can be stopped sooner. Ideally, the OLW will continue to monitor these current lakes, and expand their volunteer network to cover more waterbodies across Oregon as this program continues to grow. Title: Oregon Lake Watch, 2014 Annual Report Author: Jordan, Meredith, Miller, Rich, Strecker, Angela L. Year: 2015 The Oregon Lake Watch (OLW) volunteer monitoring program is now in its second year of operation, continuing its focus on early detection of aquatic invasive species (AIS), with a secondary focus on lake water quality. The aquatic invasive species chosen as Watch List priorities for the OLW are based on the Oregon Department of Agriculture’s Noxious Weed List (Oregon Department of Agriculture Noxious Weed Control Program 2014) as well as professional judgement (more information can be found in Oregon Lake Watch Final Report 2014). This report summarizes the data collected by 15 of 24 OLW volunteers over 2014, across 110 sampling events and 20 Oregon lakes. Data collected by trained volunteers includes sightings of both native and aquatic invasive plants and animals, as well as recordings of lake temperature profiles, and Secchi depth, a measure of clarity. Of the 16 original water bodies surveyed in OLW’s first year (2013), 12 were surveyed again in 2014, and 8 are new waterbodies. Long-term monitoring of these lakes provides valuable information over time, and expanding the number of lakes monitored, especially in the case of monitoring for invasive species, means that more potentially harmful invasions can be stopped sooner. Ideally, the OLW will continue to monitor these current lakes, and expand their volunteer network to cover more waterbodies across Oregon as this program continues to grow. Close

• 10. [Article] Event Detection Using Correlation within Arrays of Streaming PMU Data

  This thesis provides a synchrophasor data analysis methodology that leverages both statistical correlation techniques and a statistical distribution in order to identify data inconsistencies, as well as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Event Detection Using Correlation within Arrays of Streaming PMU Data Author: Landford, Jordan Year: 2016 This thesis provides a synchrophasor data analysis methodology that leverages both statistical correlation techniques and a statistical distribution in order to identify data inconsistencies, as well as power system contingencies. This research utilizes archived Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data obtained from the Bonneville Power Administration in order to show that this methodology is not only feasible, but extremely useful for power systems monitoring, decision support, and planning purposes. By analyzing positive sequence voltage angles between a pair of PMUs at two different substation locations, an historic record of correlation is established. From this record, a Rayleigh distribution of correlation coefficients is calculated. The statistical parameters of this Rayleigh distribution are used to infer occurrences of power system and data events. To monitor an entire system, a simple solution would be observing each of these parameters for every PMU combination. One issue with this approach is that correlation of some PMU pairs may be redundant or yield little value to monitoring capabilities. Additionally, this approach quickly encounters scalability issues as each additional PMU adds considerably to computation - for example, if the system contains n PMUs the amount of computations will be n(n-1)/2. System-wide monitoring of these parameters in this fashion is cumbersome and inefficient. To address these issues, an alternative scheme is proposed which involves monitoring only a subset of PMUs characterized by electrically coupled zones, or clusters, of PMUs. These clusters include both electrically-distant and electrically-near PMU sites. When monitored over an event, these yield statistical parameters sufficient for detecting event occurrences. This clustering scheme can be utilized to significantly decrease computation time and allocation of resources while maintaining optimal system observability. Results from the statistical methods are presented for a select few case studies for both data and power system event detection. In addition, determination of cluster size and content is discussed in detail. Lastly, the viability of monitoring pertinent statistical parameters over various clustering schemes is demonstrated. Title: Event Detection Using Correlation within Arrays of Streaming PMU Data Author: Landford, Jordan Year: 2016 This thesis provides a synchrophasor data analysis methodology that leverages both statistical correlation techniques and a statistical distribution in order to identify data inconsistencies, as well as power system contingencies. This research utilizes archived Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data obtained from the Bonneville Power Administration in order to show that this methodology is not only feasible, but extremely useful for power systems monitoring, decision support, and planning purposes. By analyzing positive sequence voltage angles between a pair of PMUs at two different substation locations, an historic record of correlation is established. From this record, a Rayleigh distribution of correlation coefficients is calculated. The statistical parameters of this Rayleigh distribution are used to infer occurrences of power system and data events. To monitor an entire system, a simple solution would be observing each of these parameters for every PMU combination. One issue with this approach is that correlation of some PMU pairs may be redundant or yield little value to monitoring capabilities. Additionally, this approach quickly encounters scalability issues as each additional PMU adds considerably to computation - for example, if the system contains n PMUs the amount of computations will be n(n-1)/2. System-wide monitoring of these parameters in this fashion is cumbersome and inefficient. To address these issues, an alternative scheme is proposed which involves monitoring only a subset of PMUs characterized by electrically coupled zones, or clusters, of PMUs. These clusters include both electrically-distant and electrically-near PMU sites. When monitored over an event, these yield statistical parameters sufficient for detecting event occurrences. This clustering scheme can be utilized to significantly decrease computation time and allocation of resources while maintaining optimal system observability. Results from the statistical methods are presented for a select few case studies for both data and power system event detection. In addition, determination of cluster size and content is discussed in detail. Lastly, the viability of monitoring pertinent statistical parameters over various clustering schemes is demonstrated. Close

• 11. [Article] Device, Method, and Algorithm to Assess Changes in Cardiac Output via Intracardiac Impedance Monitoring

  Cardiac output, the volume of blood pumped by the heart over time, is a powerful clinical metric used by physicians to assess overall cardiac health and patient well-being. However, current cardiac output ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Device, Method, and Algorithm to Assess Changes in Cardiac Output via Intracardiac Impedance Monitoring Author: Schau, Geoffrey Fredrick Year: 2015 Cardiac output, the volume of blood pumped by the heart over time, is a powerful clinical metric used by physicians to assess overall cardiac health and patient well-being. However, current cardiac output estimation methods are typically invasive, time-consuming, expensive, or some combination of all three. Patients that receive artificial cardiac pacemaker devices are particularly susceptible to cardiac dysfunction and often require long-term cardiac monitoring support. This thesis proposes a novel cardiac output monitoring solution which leverages an implantable intracardiac medical device. The principles of traditional impedance cardiography, an established cardiac output monitoring technique in practice for over fifty years, have been adapted to incorporate a leadless artificial cardiac pacemaker, an implantable medical device contained entirely within the heart. This novel method, colloquially referred to as Z-Cardio, monitors time-varying intracardiac impedance modulation to assess changes in cardiac output. In this study, technologies both old and new are synthesized to produce a novel and effective method of monitoring a critical metric of cardiac health. Title: Device, Method, and Algorithm to Assess Changes in Cardiac Output via Intracardiac Impedance Monitoring Author: Schau, Geoffrey Fredrick Year: 2015 Cardiac output, the volume of blood pumped by the heart over time, is a powerful clinical metric used by physicians to assess overall cardiac health and patient well-being. However, current cardiac output estimation methods are typically invasive, time-consuming, expensive, or some combination of all three. Patients that receive artificial cardiac pacemaker devices are particularly susceptible to cardiac dysfunction and often require long-term cardiac monitoring support. This thesis proposes a novel cardiac output monitoring solution which leverages an implantable intracardiac medical device. The principles of traditional impedance cardiography, an established cardiac output monitoring technique in practice for over fifty years, have been adapted to incorporate a leadless artificial cardiac pacemaker, an implantable medical device contained entirely within the heart. This novel method, colloquially referred to as Z-Cardio, monitors time-varying intracardiac impedance modulation to assess changes in cardiac output. In this study, technologies both old and new are synthesized to produce a novel and effective method of monitoring a critical metric of cardiac health. Close

• 12. [Article] The Meanings in the Messages: How SMS Reminders and Real-time Adherence Monitoring Improve Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence in Rural Uganda

  To understand how a pilot intervention combining SMS reminders with real-time adherence monitoring improved adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) for adults initiating treatment in rural Uganda. Design: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Meanings in the Messages: How SMS Reminders and Real-time Adherence Monitoring Improve Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence in Rural Uganda Author: Ware, Norma C., Pisarski, Emily A., Tam, Melanie, Wyatt, Monique A., Atukunda, Esther, Musimenta, Angella, Bangsberg, David, Haberer, Jessica E. Year: 2016 To understand how a pilot intervention combining SMS reminders with real-time adherence monitoring improved adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) for adults initiating treatment in rural Uganda. Design: Qualitative study, conducted with a pilot randomized controlled trial. Methods: Sixty-two pilot intervention study participants took part in qualitative interviews on: preferences for content; frequency and timing of SMS adherence reminders; understandings and experiences of SMS reminders; and understandings and experiences of real-time adherence monitoring. Analysis of interview data was inductive and derived categories describing how participants experienced the intervention, and what it meant to them. Results: SMS reminders prompted taking individual doses of antiretroviral therapy, and helped to develop a ‘habit’ of adherence. Real-time adherence monitoring was experienced as ‘being seen’; participants interpreted ‘being seen’ as an opportunity to demonstrate seriousness of commitment to treatment and ‘taking responsibility’ for adherence. BothSMS reminders and real-time monitoring were interpreted as signs of ‘caring’ by the healthcare system. Feeling ‘cared about’ offset depressed mood and invigorated adherence. Conclusion: Although serving as reminders, SMS messages and real-time adherence monitoring also had larger emotional and moral meanings for participants that they felt improved their adherence. Understanding the larger ‘meanings in the messages,’ as well as their more literal content and function, will be central in delineating how SMS reminders and other adherence interventions using cellular technology work or do not work in varying contexts. Title: The Meanings in the Messages: How SMS Reminders and Real-time Adherence Monitoring Improve Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence in Rural Uganda Author: Ware, Norma C., Pisarski, Emily A., Tam, Melanie, Wyatt, Monique A., Atukunda, Esther, Musimenta, Angella, Bangsberg, David, Haberer, Jessica E. Year: 2016 To understand how a pilot intervention combining SMS reminders with real-time adherence monitoring improved adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) for adults initiating treatment in rural Uganda. Design: Qualitative study, conducted with a pilot randomized controlled trial. Methods: Sixty-two pilot intervention study participants took part in qualitative interviews on: preferences for content; frequency and timing of SMS adherence reminders; understandings and experiences of SMS reminders; and understandings and experiences of real-time adherence monitoring. Analysis of interview data was inductive and derived categories describing how participants experienced the intervention, and what it meant to them. Results: SMS reminders prompted taking individual doses of antiretroviral therapy, and helped to develop a ‘habit’ of adherence. Real-time adherence monitoring was experienced as ‘being seen’; participants interpreted ‘being seen’ as an opportunity to demonstrate seriousness of commitment to treatment and ‘taking responsibility’ for adherence. BothSMS reminders and real-time monitoring were interpreted as signs of ‘caring’ by the healthcare system. Feeling ‘cared about’ offset depressed mood and invigorated adherence. Conclusion: Although serving as reminders, SMS messages and real-time adherence monitoring also had larger emotional and moral meanings for participants that they felt improved their adherence. Understanding the larger ‘meanings in the messages,’ as well as their more literal content and function, will be central in delineating how SMS reminders and other adherence interventions using cellular technology work or do not work in varying contexts. Close

• 13. [Article] Prescribed Gait Tests Versus Continuous Monitoring of Gait in People With Parkinson’s Disease

  Objective: To determine if prescribed self-administered gait tests are a valid measure of functional everyday mobility in people with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Background: Motor fluctuations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prescribed Gait Tests Versus Continuous Monitoring of Gait in People With Parkinson’s Disease Author: Curtze, Carolin, McNames, James, El-Gohary, Mahmoud, Nutt, John G., Mancini, Martina, Carlson-Kuhta, Patricia, Horak, Fay Year: 2016 Objective: To determine if prescribed self-administered gait tests are a valid measure of functional everyday mobility in people with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Background: Motor fluctuations are a frequent complication of the long-term use of antiParkinsonian medication. Yet, the assessment of gait in the clinic at a singular moment may not adequately reflect functional everyday mobility. In this study we investigate quality of mobility in people with Parkinson’s disease over a week of continuous monitoring in the home and how it relates to self-administered gait tests in the home. Methods: We recruited 20 people with PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage 2) and 10 age-matched healthy control subjects. Subjects wore three inertial sensors (Opals, APDM) attached to both feet and the lumbar region for a week of continuous monitoring. Each day subjects performed prescribed 2-min walking tests in the morning, before their levodopa medication intake (‘Prescribed – OFF’) and one hour after intake of the first dose of the day (‘Prescribed – ON’). Gait was detected as walking bouts of at least 4 steps. Results: Preliminary analyses of continuous monitoring of gait of a full-day and prescribed 2-min walking tests of a person with PD and a healthy control subject are given in Figure 1. In the person with PD, gait speed and stride length improved after levodopa intake (Prescribed – OFF vs ON). It appears that during continuous monitoring gait speed, stride length and double support was more variable than during prescribed gait test. The control subject showed high consistency between the two prescribed gait tests. Gait during continuous monitoring was again more variable and slower. Conclusions: Prescribed gait tests accurately capture mobility at a singular moment. Continuous measures of gait might be more accurate to capture motor fluctuations due to medication intake in functional everyday mobility in people with PD. Title: Prescribed Gait Tests Versus Continuous Monitoring of Gait in People With Parkinson’s Disease Author: Curtze, Carolin, McNames, James, El-Gohary, Mahmoud, Nutt, John G., Mancini, Martina, Carlson-Kuhta, Patricia, Horak, Fay Year: 2016 Objective: To determine if prescribed self-administered gait tests are a valid measure of functional everyday mobility in people with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Background: Motor fluctuations are a frequent complication of the long-term use of antiParkinsonian medication. Yet, the assessment of gait in the clinic at a singular moment may not adequately reflect functional everyday mobility. In this study we investigate quality of mobility in people with Parkinson’s disease over a week of continuous monitoring in the home and how it relates to self-administered gait tests in the home. Methods: We recruited 20 people with PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage 2) and 10 age-matched healthy control subjects. Subjects wore three inertial sensors (Opals, APDM) attached to both feet and the lumbar region for a week of continuous monitoring. Each day subjects performed prescribed 2-min walking tests in the morning, before their levodopa medication intake (‘Prescribed – OFF’) and one hour after intake of the first dose of the day (‘Prescribed – ON’). Gait was detected as walking bouts of at least 4 steps. Results: Preliminary analyses of continuous monitoring of gait of a full-day and prescribed 2-min walking tests of a person with PD and a healthy control subject are given in Figure 1. In the person with PD, gait speed and stride length improved after levodopa intake (Prescribed – OFF vs ON). It appears that during continuous monitoring gait speed, stride length and double support was more variable than during prescribed gait test. The control subject showed high consistency between the two prescribed gait tests. Gait during continuous monitoring was again more variable and slower. Conclusions: Prescribed gait tests accurately capture mobility at a singular moment. Continuous measures of gait might be more accurate to capture motor fluctuations due to medication intake in functional everyday mobility in people with PD. Close

• 14. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2016

  We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 5 April – 31 August 2016. From north ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2016 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen A., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Krygsman, Erica, Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2016 We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 5 April – 31 August 2016. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives in 2016 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) implement nest protection as appropriate (e.g. ropes, signs, exclosures), 5) develop and test a sampling technique to determine plover productivity, 6) monitor brood outcomes, and 7) collect general observational data about predators and use cameras to document predator activity at nests. We estimated the resident number of Snowy Plovers in Oregon at 518 individuals. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 694 nests in 2016. Overall apparent nest success was 25%. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, harrier depredation, corvid depredation, mammalian depredation, gull depredation, one-egg nest, wind/weather, abandonment, overwashing and infertility. We monitored a sample of 150 of 192 known broods, and documented a minimum of 197 fledglings. Overall brood success was 71%, fledging success was 43%, but only 0.60 +/- 0.09 fledglings per male were produced. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2016 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen A., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Krygsman, Erica, Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2016 We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 5 April – 31 August 2016. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives in 2016 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) implement nest protection as appropriate (e.g. ropes, signs, exclosures), 5) develop and test a sampling technique to determine plover productivity, 6) monitor brood outcomes, and 7) collect general observational data about predators and use cameras to document predator activity at nests. We estimated the resident number of Snowy Plovers in Oregon at 518 individuals. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 694 nests in 2016. Overall apparent nest success was 25%. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, harrier depredation, corvid depredation, mammalian depredation, gull depredation, one-egg nest, wind/weather, abandonment, overwashing and infertility. We monitored a sample of 150 of 192 known broods, and documented a minimum of 197 fledglings. Overall brood success was 71%, fledging success was 43%, but only 0.60 +/- 0.09 fledglings per male were produced. Close

• 15. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2015

  We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 3 April – 11 September 2015. From north ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2015 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen A., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2015 We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 3 April – 11 September 2015. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives in 2015 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population along the Oregon coast, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) implement nest protection as appropriate (e.g. ropes, signs, exclosures), 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, and 7) collect general observational data about predators. We estimate the Snowy Plover breeding population in Oregon at 449 individuals; a minimum of 376 individuals were known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 501 nests in 2015. Overall apparent nest success was 48%. Nest failures were attributed to unknown cause, unknown depredation, mammalian depredation, corvid depredation, abandonment, wind/weather, one-egg nests, harrier depredation, infertility, overwashing, gull depredation and human caused. We monitored 271 broods, including 32 from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 333 fledglings. Overall brood success was 75%, fledging success was 49%, and 1.51 fledglings per male were produced. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2015 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen A., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2015 We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 3 April – 11 September 2015. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives in 2015 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population along the Oregon coast, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) implement nest protection as appropriate (e.g. ropes, signs, exclosures), 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, and 7) collect general observational data about predators. We estimate the Snowy Plover breeding population in Oregon at 449 individuals; a minimum of 376 individuals were known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 501 nests in 2015. Overall apparent nest success was 48%. Nest failures were attributed to unknown cause, unknown depredation, mammalian depredation, corvid depredation, abandonment, wind/weather, one-egg nests, harrier depredation, infertility, overwashing, gull depredation and human caused. We monitored 271 broods, including 32 from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 333 fledglings. Overall brood success was 75%, fledging success was 49%, and 1.51 fledglings per male were produced. Close

• 16. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2014

  We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 1 April – 15 September 2014. From north ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2014 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2014 We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 1 April – 15 September 2014. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives in 2014 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population along the Oregon coast, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) use mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators as needed, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, and 7) collect general observational data about predators. We observed an estimated 338 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 280 individuals were known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 346 nests in 2014. Overall apparent nest success was 60%. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, mammalian depredation, abandonment, wind/weather, one-egg nests, avian depredation, overwashed, infertility, and corvid depredation. We monitored 221 broods, including 12 from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 272 fledglings. Overall brood success was 77%, fledging success was 48%, and 1.68 fledglings per male were produced. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2014 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2014 We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 1 April – 15 September 2014. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives in 2014 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population along the Oregon coast, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) use mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators as needed, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, and 7) collect general observational data about predators. We observed an estimated 338 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 280 individuals were known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 346 nests in 2014. Overall apparent nest success was 60%. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, mammalian depredation, abandonment, wind/weather, one-egg nests, avian depredation, overwashed, infertility, and corvid depredation. We monitored 221 broods, including 12 from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 272 fledglings. Overall brood success was 77%, fledging success was 48%, and 1.68 fledglings per male were produced. Close

• 17. [Article] The design and construction of a flashlamp-pumped frequency-doubled dye laser applicable to long path monitoring of air pollutants

  The subject of this thesis is the development of a laser light source which could be used in an air pollution monitor to measure the average concentration of sulfur dioxide gas over long paths (>1 km). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The design and construction of a flashlamp-pumped frequency-doubled dye laser applicable to long path monitoring of air pollutants Author: Johnson, Joel Craig Year: 1979 The subject of this thesis is the development of a laser light source which could be used in an air pollution monitor to measure the average concentration of sulfur dioxide gas over long paths (>1 km). Many of the problems encountered in designing a long-path pollutant monitor such as instrument cost and reliability, the selection of an optimum spectral region for making the measurement, and light losses due to scattering and turbulence, are considered. The result of these considerations together with a survey of available laser light sources suggested that a frequency- doubled dye laser possessed several advantages over other laser light sources. Title: The design and construction of a flashlamp-pumped frequency-doubled dye laser applicable to long path monitoring of air pollutants Author: Johnson, Joel Craig Year: 1979 The subject of this thesis is the development of a laser light source which could be used in an air pollution monitor to measure the average concentration of sulfur dioxide gas over long paths (>1 km). Many of the problems encountered in designing a long-path pollutant monitor such as instrument cost and reliability, the selection of an optimum spectral region for making the measurement, and light losses due to scattering and turbulence, are considered. The result of these considerations together with a survey of available laser light sources suggested that a frequency- doubled dye laser possessed several advantages over other laser light sources. Close

• 18. [Article] Remote Sensing of Drought: Vegetation, Soil Moisture, and Data Assimilation

  Application of remote sensing is emerging for operational drought monitoring and early warning as it offers opportunities for assessing drought from different perspectives. This chapter provides an overview ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Remote Sensing of Drought: Vegetation, Soil Moisture, and Data Assimilation Author: Ahmadalipour, Ali, Moradkhani, Hamid, Yan, Hongxiang, Zarekarizi, Mahkameh Year: 2016 Application of remote sensing is emerging for operational drought monitoring and early warning as it offers opportunities for assessing drought from different perspectives. This chapter provides an overview of the advances in monitoring different types of drought using satellite remote sensing observations with an example on agricultural drought assessment over the continental U.S. While the main constraint in remote sensing of drought is attributed to limited duration of records, this can be overcome by merging the remote-sensing observations with model simulations through data assimilation. The application of data assimilation as a promising approach is described for drought monitoring over the Pacific Northwest US. Title: Remote Sensing of Drought: Vegetation, Soil Moisture, and Data Assimilation Author: Ahmadalipour, Ali, Moradkhani, Hamid, Yan, Hongxiang, Zarekarizi, Mahkameh Year: 2016 Application of remote sensing is emerging for operational drought monitoring and early warning as it offers opportunities for assessing drought from different perspectives. This chapter provides an overview of the advances in monitoring different types of drought using satellite remote sensing observations with an example on agricultural drought assessment over the continental U.S. While the main constraint in remote sensing of drought is attributed to limited duration of records, this can be overcome by merging the remote-sensing observations with model simulations through data assimilation. The application of data assimilation as a promising approach is described for drought monitoring over the Pacific Northwest US. Close

• 19. [Article] Cost Effectiveness of Potential ART Adherence Monitoring Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa

  Background -Interventions based around objective measurement of adherence to antiretroviral drugs for HIV have potential to improve adherence and to enable differentiation of care such that clinical visits ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cost Effectiveness of Potential ART Adherence Monitoring Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa Author: Phillips, Andrew N., Cambiano, Valentina, Nakagawa, Fumiyo, Bansi-Matharu, Loveleen, Sow, Papa Salif, Ehrenkranz, Peter, Ford, Deborah, Mugurungi, Owen, Apollo, Tsitsi, Murungu, Joseph, Bangsberg, David R., Revill, Paul Year: 2016 Background -Interventions based around objective measurement of adherence to antiretroviral drugs for HIV have potential to improve adherence and to enable differentiation of care such that clinical visits are reduced in those with high adherence. It would be useful to understand the approximate upper limit of cost that could be considered for such interventions of a given effectiveness in order to be cost effective. Such information can guide whether to implement an intervention in the light of a trial showing a certain effectiveness and cost. Methods - An individual-based model, calibrated to Zimbabwe, which incorporates effects of adherence and resistance to antiretroviral therapy, was used to model the potential impact of adherence monitoring-based interventions on viral suppression, death rates, disability adjusted life years and costs. Potential component effects of the intervention were: enhanced average adherence when on ART, reduced risk of ART discontinuation, and reduced risk of resistance acquisition. We considered a situation in which viral load monitoring is not available and one in which it is. In the former case, it was assumed that care would be differentiated based on the adherence level, with fewer clinic visits in those demonstrated to have high adherence. In the latter case, care was assumed to be primarily differentiated according to viral load level. The maximum intervention cost required to be cost effective was calculated based on a cost effectiveness threshold of $500 per DALY averted. Findings - In the absence of viral load monitoring, an adherence monitoring-based intervention which results in a durable 6% increase in the proportion of ART experienced people with viral load < 1000 cps/mL was cost effective if it cost up to $50 per person-year on ART, mainly driven by the cost savings of differentiation of care. In the presence of viral load monitoring availability, an intervention with a similar effect on viral load suppression was cost-effective when costing $23-$32 per year, depending on whether the adherence intervention is used to reduce the level of need for viral load measurement. Conclusion - The cost thresholds identified suggest that there is clear scope for adherence monitoring-based interventions to provide net population health gain, with potential cost-effective use in situations where viral load monitoring is or is not available. Our results guide the implementation of future adherence monitoring interventions found in randomized trials to have health benefit. Title: Cost Effectiveness of Potential ART Adherence Monitoring Interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa Author: Phillips, Andrew N., Cambiano, Valentina, Nakagawa, Fumiyo, Bansi-Matharu, Loveleen, Sow, Papa Salif, Ehrenkranz, Peter, Ford, Deborah, Mugurungi, Owen, Apollo, Tsitsi, Murungu, Joseph, Bangsberg, David R., Revill, Paul Year: 2016 Background -Interventions based around objective measurement of adherence to antiretroviral drugs for HIV have potential to improve adherence and to enable differentiation of care such that clinical visits are reduced in those with high adherence. It would be useful to understand the approximate upper limit of cost that could be considered for such interventions of a given effectiveness in order to be cost effective. Such information can guide whether to implement an intervention in the light of a trial showing a certain effectiveness and cost. Methods - An individual-based model, calibrated to Zimbabwe, which incorporates effects of adherence and resistance to antiretroviral therapy, was used to model the potential impact of adherence monitoring-based interventions on viral suppression, death rates, disability adjusted life years and costs. Potential component effects of the intervention were: enhanced average adherence when on ART, reduced risk of ART discontinuation, and reduced risk of resistance acquisition. We considered a situation in which viral load monitoring is not available and one in which it is. In the former case, it was assumed that care would be differentiated based on the adherence level, with fewer clinic visits in those demonstrated to have high adherence. In the latter case, care was assumed to be primarily differentiated according to viral load level. The maximum intervention cost required to be cost effective was calculated based on a cost effectiveness threshold of $500 per DALY averted. Findings - In the absence of viral load monitoring, an adherence monitoring-based intervention which results in a durable 6% increase in the proportion of ART experienced people with viral load < 1000 cps/mL was cost effective if it cost up to $50 per person-year on ART, mainly driven by the cost savings of differentiation of care. In the presence of viral load monitoring availability, an intervention with a similar effect on viral load suppression was cost-effective when costing $23-$32 per year, depending on whether the adherence intervention is used to reduce the level of need for viral load measurement. Conclusion - The cost thresholds identified suggest that there is clear scope for adherence monitoring-based interventions to provide net population health gain, with potential cost-effective use in situations where viral load monitoring is or is not available. Our results guide the implementation of future adherence monitoring interventions found in randomized trials to have health benefit. Close

• 20. [Article] Using Transects to Understand Cyanobacterial Blooms

  Presentation focuses on Toxic algae (and cyanobacteria) and on short-term mitigation: Monitoring Possible approaches

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Transects to Understand Cyanobacterial Blooms Author: Rueter, John Year: 2016 Presentation focuses on Toxic algae (and cyanobacteria) and on short-term mitigation: Monitoring Possible approaches Title: Using Transects to Understand Cyanobacterial Blooms Author: Rueter, John Year: 2016 Presentation focuses on Toxic algae (and cyanobacteria) and on short-term mitigation: Monitoring Possible approaches Close

• 21. [Article] Marketing Plan: Philips Mimo Baby Monitor

  Parents will use any and all means to protect their infants, and would want the peace of mind of knowing that their baby is safe against dangers like SIDS, choking, crib dangers, and others. Supporting ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marketing Plan: Philips Mimo Baby Monitor Author: Mbagwu, Obinna Charles, Chen, Gordon, Mirza, Imran, Alballa, Norah, Patil, Prajakta, Hemayet, Tauseef Year: 2016 Parents will use any and all means to protect their infants, and would want the peace of mind of knowing that their baby is safe against dangers like SIDS, choking, crib dangers, and others. Supporting their mission “To improve people’s lives through meaningful innovation”, Philips has developed Mimo, a smart and accurate baby monitor that helps moms and dads get the reassurance they need to rest better. Mimo Smart Baby Monitor provides all the information parents want, whenever they want, and wherever they are in the world. The monitor is a machine washable outfit with respiration sensors that provides a constant stream of data about a baby’s sleep activity, breathing pattern, body position, skin temperature, and live audio, sent to an iPhone, iPad, or Android, and in realtime. The sensors do not actually touch the baby’s sensitive skin to make it safer. Mimo’s main targeted customers are first time parents who tend to be more concerned about infants health and needs, and busy parents who need to rest better at night in order to be more effective during the workday. Conjoint Analysis was used to figure out the customer needs; Mimo aims to meet those needs at a lower price point compared to the competitors. Philip’s direct and indirect channels of distribution that exists in different parts of the world will be leveraged on in the distribution of the product. In addition, multiple media outlets such as social media, television, and baby magazines, will be used to achieve the needed level of reach and awareness. We are forecasting to capture 30% of baby monitor’s market by the end of 2020. Title: Marketing Plan: Philips Mimo Baby Monitor Author: Mbagwu, Obinna Charles, Chen, Gordon, Mirza, Imran, Alballa, Norah, Patil, Prajakta, Hemayet, Tauseef Year: 2016 Parents will use any and all means to protect their infants, and would want the peace of mind of knowing that their baby is safe against dangers like SIDS, choking, crib dangers, and others. Supporting their mission “To improve people’s lives through meaningful innovation”, Philips has developed Mimo, a smart and accurate baby monitor that helps moms and dads get the reassurance they need to rest better. Mimo Smart Baby Monitor provides all the information parents want, whenever they want, and wherever they are in the world. The monitor is a machine washable outfit with respiration sensors that provides a constant stream of data about a baby’s sleep activity, breathing pattern, body position, skin temperature, and live audio, sent to an iPhone, iPad, or Android, and in realtime. The sensors do not actually touch the baby’s sensitive skin to make it safer. Mimo’s main targeted customers are first time parents who tend to be more concerned about infants health and needs, and busy parents who need to rest better at night in order to be more effective during the workday. Conjoint Analysis was used to figure out the customer needs; Mimo aims to meet those needs at a lower price point compared to the competitors. Philip’s direct and indirect channels of distribution that exists in different parts of the world will be leveraged on in the distribution of the product. In addition, multiple media outlets such as social media, television, and baby magazines, will be used to achieve the needed level of reach and awareness. We are forecasting to capture 30% of baby monitor’s market by the end of 2020. Close

• 22. [Article] Proving Sustainability: The International Development Monitoring Initiative

  Nearly a billion people in the world lack access to safe drinking water, two billion have inadequate sanitation facilities, three billion use biomass for their daily energy needs and nearly half the world's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proving Sustainability: The International Development Monitoring Initiative Author: Thomas, Evan A., Zumr, Zdenek Year: 2011 Nearly a billion people in the world lack access to safe drinking water, two billion have inadequate sanitation facilities, three billion use biomass for their daily energy needs and nearly half the world's population live in rural isolation, lacking access to the most basic human services. Combined, these limitations are a leading cause of the perpetuating cycle of poverty and political insecurity. Meanwhile, the majority of international development agencies are responsible for self-reporting project outcomes. At best, expert spot-checks are conducted in the field occasionally. These results tend to show individual project success, while meta- surveys indicate on-going challenges in the sector. This disconnect may be addressed through independent data monitoring technologies that provide objective data on system performance and use and can be used to demonstrate success and identify project weaknesses. By demonstrating which technologies and programs are truly successful, these successes can be targeted for scaling, through savings realized by eliminating unsuccessful approaches. This will benefit developing communities by providing proven and accountable programs. The Sustainable Water, Energy and Environmental Technologies Laboratory, the SWEETLab?, at Portland State University is working with partners to demonstrate this concept across several applications and countries. The SWEETSense? technology can provide objective, qualitative and continuous operational data on the usage and performance of programs across a range of sectors and communities. The data is then directly integrated into SWEETData?, an internet database presenting summary statistics on performance and usage of the monitored technologies to front-end users. The SWEETLab? is currently demonstrating this concept in water, sanitation, household energy and rural infrastructure programs with diverse partners including Mercy Corps, the Lemelson Foundation, Bridges to P- osperity, Manna Energy Limited and Vestergaard Frandsen, in several countries including Indonesia, Haiti, Guatemala and Rwanda. Remote monitoring systems are an innovative method to ensure the success of appropriate technology projects. Rather than infrequent engagement, remote monitoring systems ensure that community partnerships are maintained through continuous monitoring. This approach seeks to raise the quality and accountability of these projects internationally. Title: Proving Sustainability: The International Development Monitoring Initiative Author: Thomas, Evan A., Zumr, Zdenek Year: 2011 Nearly a billion people in the world lack access to safe drinking water, two billion have inadequate sanitation facilities, three billion use biomass for their daily energy needs and nearly half the world's population live in rural isolation, lacking access to the most basic human services. Combined, these limitations are a leading cause of the perpetuating cycle of poverty and political insecurity. Meanwhile, the majority of international development agencies are responsible for self-reporting project outcomes. At best, expert spot-checks are conducted in the field occasionally. These results tend to show individual project success, while meta- surveys indicate on-going challenges in the sector. This disconnect may be addressed through independent data monitoring technologies that provide objective data on system performance and use and can be used to demonstrate success and identify project weaknesses. By demonstrating which technologies and programs are truly successful, these successes can be targeted for scaling, through savings realized by eliminating unsuccessful approaches. This will benefit developing communities by providing proven and accountable programs. The Sustainable Water, Energy and Environmental Technologies Laboratory, the SWEETLab?, at Portland State University is working with partners to demonstrate this concept across several applications and countries. The SWEETSense? technology can provide objective, qualitative and continuous operational data on the usage and performance of programs across a range of sectors and communities. The data is then directly integrated into SWEETData?, an internet database presenting summary statistics on performance and usage of the monitored technologies to front-end users. The SWEETLab? is currently demonstrating this concept in water, sanitation, household energy and rural infrastructure programs with diverse partners including Mercy Corps, the Lemelson Foundation, Bridges to P- osperity, Manna Energy Limited and Vestergaard Frandsen, in several countries including Indonesia, Haiti, Guatemala and Rwanda. Remote monitoring systems are an innovative method to ensure the success of appropriate technology projects. Rather than infrequent engagement, remote monitoring systems ensure that community partnerships are maintained through continuous monitoring. This approach seeks to raise the quality and accountability of these projects internationally. Close

• 23. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2010

  From 8 April – 27 September 2010 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2010 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2010 From 8 April – 27 September 2010 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, New River, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2010 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue selective use of mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators and evaluate whether exclosure use can be reduced, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational information about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 232-236 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 175 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 261 nests in 2010, the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990. Overall Mayfield nest success was 25%. Exclosed nests (n = 67) had a 72% apparent nest success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 194) had a 23% apparent nest success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (24%), unknown cause (17%), one-egg nests (15%), rodent depredation (14%), abandonment (12%), wind/weather (5%), corvid depredation (5%), mammalian depredation (4%), wave overwash (2%), infertility (2%), and adult depredation (1%). We monitored 94 broods, including two from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 80 fledglings. Overall brood success was 55%, fledging success was 33%, and 0.90 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2010 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2010 From 8 April – 27 September 2010 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, New River, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2010 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue selective use of mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators and evaluate whether exclosure use can be reduced, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational information about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 232-236 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 175 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 261 nests in 2010, the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990. Overall Mayfield nest success was 25%. Exclosed nests (n = 67) had a 72% apparent nest success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 194) had a 23% apparent nest success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (24%), unknown cause (17%), one-egg nests (15%), rodent depredation (14%), abandonment (12%), wind/weather (5%), corvid depredation (5%), mammalian depredation (4%), wave overwash (2%), infertility (2%), and adult depredation (1%). We monitored 94 broods, including two from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 80 fledglings. Overall brood success was 55%, fledging success was 33%, and 0.90 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Close

• 24. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2011

  From 6 April – 19 September 2011 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2011 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2011 From 6 April – 19 September 2011 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, New River, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2011 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue use of mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators when and where needed, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 247-253 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 214 individuals were known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 289 nests in 2011, the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990. Overall apparent nest success was 50%. Exclosed nests (n = 48) had a 71% apparent nest success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 241) had a 48% apparent nest success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (22%), corvid depredation (20%), unknown cause (18%), one-egg nests (16%), abandonment (15%), wind/weather (3%), mammalian depredation (2%), adult plover depredation (2%), infertility (1%), and rodent depredation (1%). We monitored 148 broods, including four from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 168 fledglings. Overall brood success was 71%, fledging success was 46%, and 1.57 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2011 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2011 From 6 April – 19 September 2011 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, New River, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2011 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue use of mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators when and where needed, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 247-253 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 214 individuals were known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 289 nests in 2011, the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990. Overall apparent nest success was 50%. Exclosed nests (n = 48) had a 71% apparent nest success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 241) had a 48% apparent nest success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (22%), corvid depredation (20%), unknown cause (18%), one-egg nests (16%), abandonment (15%), wind/weather (3%), mammalian depredation (2%), adult plover depredation (2%), infertility (1%), and rodent depredation (1%). We monitored 148 broods, including four from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 168 fledglings. Overall brood success was 71%, fledging success was 46%, and 1.57 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Close

• 25. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2012

  From 5 April – 21 September 2012 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2012 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2012 From 5 April – 21 September 2012 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2012 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) use mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators as needed, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 290-91 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 231-238 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 314 nests in 2012; the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990. Overall apparent nest success was 45%. Exclosed nests (n = 22) had an 82% apparent nest success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 289) had a 42% apparent nest success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, corvid depredation, abandonment, one egg nests, wind/weather, mammalian depredation, overwashing, adult plover depredation, and infertility. We monitored 154 broods, including 11 from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 173 fledglings. Overall brood success was 70%, fledging success was 43%, and 1.37 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2012 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2012 From 5 April – 21 September 2012 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2012 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) use mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators as needed, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 290-91 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 231-238 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 314 nests in 2012; the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990. Overall apparent nest success was 45%. Exclosed nests (n = 22) had an 82% apparent nest success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 289) had a 42% apparent nest success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, corvid depredation, abandonment, one egg nests, wind/weather, mammalian depredation, overwashing, adult plover depredation, and infertility. We monitored 154 broods, including 11 from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 173 fledglings. Overall brood success was 70%, fledging success was 43%, and 1.37 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Close

• 26. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2013

  From 26 March – 19 September 2013 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2013 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Breyer, Melissa F., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2013 From 26 March – 19 September 2013 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2013 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) use mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators as needed, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 304 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 190-191 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 381 nests in 2013; the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990. Overall apparent nest success was 24%. Exclosed nests (n = 18) had an 83% apparent nest success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 362) had a 21% apparent nest success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, avian depredation, corvid depredation, one-egg nests, wind/weather, abandonment, mammalian depredation, overwashed, infertility, and adult plover depredation. We monitored 101 broods, including eight from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 103 fledglings. Overall brood success was 71%, fledging success was 39%, and 1.04 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to maintain recovery goals. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2013 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Breyer, Melissa F., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2013 From 26 March – 19 September 2013 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2013 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) use mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators as needed, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 304 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 190-191 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 381 nests in 2013; the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990. Overall apparent nest success was 24%. Exclosed nests (n = 18) had an 83% apparent nest success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 362) had a 21% apparent nest success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, avian depredation, corvid depredation, one-egg nests, wind/weather, abandonment, mammalian depredation, overwashed, infertility, and adult plover depredation. We monitored 101 broods, including eight from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 103 fledglings. Overall brood success was 71%, fledging success was 39%, and 1.04 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to maintain recovery goals. Close

• 27. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2007

  From 3 April – 21 September 2007, we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2007 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Pruner, Raya, Friel, Marvin, Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2007 From 3 April – 21 September 2007, we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, and New River. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2007 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue selected use of mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators and evaluate whether exclosure use can be reduced, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledgling success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 181-184 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 162 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990, and we found the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990 (n = 202). Overall Mayfield nest success was 33%. Exclosed nests (n=38) had a 66% success rate, and unexclosed nests (n=164) had a 41% success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (20%), one-egg nests (20%), corvid depredation (17%), abandonment (16%), unknown cause (7%), unknown mammal depredation (7%), overwashed (3%), infertility (3%), coyote depredation (3%), wind/weather (3%), raccoon depredation (1%), and adult plover depredation (1%). We monitored 89 broods, including four from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 123 fledglings; the highest number of fledglings since monitoring began in 1990. Overall brood success was 82%, fledgling success was 54%, and 1.60 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2007 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Pruner, Raya, Friel, Marvin, Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2007 From 3 April – 21 September 2007, we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, and New River. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2007 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue selected use of mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators and evaluate whether exclosure use can be reduced, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledgling success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 181-184 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 162 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990, and we found the highest number of nests since monitoring began in 1990 (n = 202). Overall Mayfield nest success was 33%. Exclosed nests (n=38) had a 66% success rate, and unexclosed nests (n=164) had a 41% success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (20%), one-egg nests (20%), corvid depredation (17%), abandonment (16%), unknown cause (7%), unknown mammal depredation (7%), overwashed (3%), infertility (3%), coyote depredation (3%), wind/weather (3%), raccoon depredation (1%), and adult plover depredation (1%). We monitored 89 broods, including four from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 123 fledglings; the highest number of fledglings since monitoring began in 1990. Overall brood success was 82%, fledgling success was 54%, and 1.60 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Close

• 28. [Article] Continuous Monitoring of Movement in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Using Inertial Sensors

  Gait impairment is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The assessment of gait and balance in the clinic may not adequately reflect mobility in daily life. It is often reported that patients with PD ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuous Monitoring of Movement in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Using Inertial Sensors Author: El-Gohary, Mahmoud Ahmed, Pearson, Sean, McNames, James, Mancini, Martina, Horak, Fay Year: 2015 Gait impairment is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The assessment of gait and balance in the clinic may not adequately reflect mobility in daily life. It is often reported that patients with PD walk better when they are examined in an outpatient clinic or in a research laboratory than at home. Continuous monitoring of mobility during spontaneous daily activities may provide clinicians and patients with objective measures of the quality of their mobility. We show that continuous monitoring of spontaneous gait with wearable inertial sensors during daily activities is feasible for patients with PD. We tested 13 patients with PD and 8 healthy controls to evaluate the feasibility of using wearable inertial sensors at home for one week. The inertial system successfully detects walking bouts and provides sixteen objective measures that can characterize gait changes in patients with PD. Title: Continuous Monitoring of Movement in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Using Inertial Sensors Author: El-Gohary, Mahmoud Ahmed, Pearson, Sean, McNames, James, Mancini, Martina, Horak, Fay Year: 2015 Gait impairment is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). The assessment of gait and balance in the clinic may not adequately reflect mobility in daily life. It is often reported that patients with PD walk better when they are examined in an outpatient clinic or in a research laboratory than at home. Continuous monitoring of mobility during spontaneous daily activities may provide clinicians and patients with objective measures of the quality of their mobility. We show that continuous monitoring of spontaneous gait with wearable inertial sensors during daily activities is feasible for patients with PD. We tested 13 patients with PD and 8 healthy controls to evaluate the feasibility of using wearable inertial sensors at home for one week. The inertial system successfully detects walking bouts and provides sixteen objective measures that can characterize gait changes in patients with PD. Close

• 29. [Article] Prioritizing Zebra and Quagga Mussel Monitoring in the Columbia River Basin

  The purpose of this report is to provide a framework for the prioritization of water bodies in the Columbia River Basin and the Greater Northwest region (surrounding areas in Oregon, Washington, California, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prioritizing Zebra and Quagga Mussel Monitoring in the Columbia River Basin Author: Wells, Steve W., Counihan, Timothy D., Puls, Amy, Sytsma, Mark, Adair, Brian Year: 2011 The purpose of this report is to provide a framework for the prioritization of water bodies in the Columbia River Basin and the Greater Northwest region (surrounding areas in Oregon, Washington, California, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming) for early detection monitoring for dreissenid mussels. Our ability to assess the relative risk of establishment and introduction of dreissenid mussels was confounded by significant gaps in the data necessary to rigorously predict where dreissenid mussels will become introduced and subsequently established. Consequently, local jurisdictions should evaluate the prioritized lists provided critically and make adjustments where local knowledge and additional information dictates. Further, since invasive species can be introduced and become established in areas identified with low to very low risk of establishment and introduction, monitoring these areas will increase the probability of detecting mussels before they become locally established. Title: Prioritizing Zebra and Quagga Mussel Monitoring in the Columbia River Basin Author: Wells, Steve W., Counihan, Timothy D., Puls, Amy, Sytsma, Mark, Adair, Brian Year: 2011 The purpose of this report is to provide a framework for the prioritization of water bodies in the Columbia River Basin and the Greater Northwest region (surrounding areas in Oregon, Washington, California, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming) for early detection monitoring for dreissenid mussels. Our ability to assess the relative risk of establishment and introduction of dreissenid mussels was confounded by significant gaps in the data necessary to rigorously predict where dreissenid mussels will become introduced and subsequently established. Consequently, local jurisdictions should evaluate the prioritized lists provided critically and make adjustments where local knowledge and additional information dictates. Further, since invasive species can be introduced and become established in areas identified with low to very low risk of establishment and introduction, monitoring these areas will increase the probability of detecting mussels before they become locally established. Close

• 30. [Article] Codename: Bedbug An Implanted Tissue Glucose Sensor

  Biotronik, a global medical product company, has decided to enter a new product area to develop and market a glucose monitoring device to allow diabetics to measure their blood glucose levels without pricking ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Codename: Bedbug An Implanted Tissue Glucose Sensor Author: Zielsdorff, Casey, Liu, Ying, Bourque, Greg, Eshghi, Shahrokh Year: 2010 Biotronik, a global medical product company, has decided to enter a new product area to develop and market a glucose monitoring device to allow diabetics to measure their blood glucose levels without pricking themselves to obtain blood samples. This will be accomplished with a two part system composed of an implanted micro device utilizing silk circuit technology to measure blood sugar levels at the command of the second component, a wristwatch-like control and display unit. Since these two components will communicate using wireless technology, penetration of the skin to produce blood samples is no longer required. This system will allow the patient to monitor her blood glucose levels as frequently as necessary to enable more accurate control of her diabetes. This project has been given the internal project name - “ Codename: Bedbug”. Title: Codename: Bedbug An Implanted Tissue Glucose Sensor Author: Zielsdorff, Casey, Liu, Ying, Bourque, Greg, Eshghi, Shahrokh Year: 2010 Biotronik, a global medical product company, has decided to enter a new product area to develop and market a glucose monitoring device to allow diabetics to measure their blood glucose levels without pricking themselves to obtain blood samples. This will be accomplished with a two part system composed of an implanted micro device utilizing silk circuit technology to measure blood sugar levels at the command of the second component, a wristwatch-like control and display unit. Since these two components will communicate using wireless technology, penetration of the skin to produce blood samples is no longer required. This system will allow the patient to monitor her blood glucose levels as frequently as necessary to enable more accurate control of her diabetes. This project has been given the internal project name - “ Codename: Bedbug”. Close

• 31. [Article] Using Landsat TM Imagery to Monitor Vegetation Change Following Flow Restoration to the Lower Owens River, California

  Rehabilitating river corridors to restore valuable riparian habitat consumes significant resources from both governments and private companies. Given these considerable expenditures, it is important to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Landsat TM Imagery to Monitor Vegetation Change Following Flow Restoration to the Lower Owens River, California Author: Bross, Lesley Crandell Year: 2015 Rehabilitating river corridors to restore valuable riparian habitat consumes significant resources from both governments and private companies. Given these considerable expenditures, it is important to monitor the progress of such projects. This study evaluated the utility of using Landsat Thematic Mapper remotely-sensed data from 2002 and 2009 to monitor vegetation change induced by instream flow restoration to the Lower Owens River in central California. This study compared the results of an unsupervised classification with an NDVI threshold classification to appraise the resources required and effectiveness of each analysis method. The results were inspected by creating standard remote sensing accuracy error matrices and by correlating landscape pattern metrics with bird indicator species. Both sets of classified maps show a noticeable increase in riparian vegetation in the study area following flow restoration in 2006, indicating an improvement of the quality of bird habitat. The study concluded that analyzing vegetation change using the unsupervised classification technique required more effort, expert knowledge, and supplementary data than using the NDVI threshold method. If these prerequisites are met, the output from the unsupervised classification process produces a more precise map of land cover change than the NDVI threshold method. However, if an analyst is lacking either resources or ground verification data, the NDVI threshold technique is capable of providing a generalized, but still valid evaluation of vegetation change. This conclusion is supported by higher correlations between indicator bird species under the unsupervised classification method than were found with the NDVI threshold method. Title: Using Landsat TM Imagery to Monitor Vegetation Change Following Flow Restoration to the Lower Owens River, California Author: Bross, Lesley Crandell Year: 2015 Rehabilitating river corridors to restore valuable riparian habitat consumes significant resources from both governments and private companies. Given these considerable expenditures, it is important to monitor the progress of such projects. This study evaluated the utility of using Landsat Thematic Mapper remotely-sensed data from 2002 and 2009 to monitor vegetation change induced by instream flow restoration to the Lower Owens River in central California. This study compared the results of an unsupervised classification with an NDVI threshold classification to appraise the resources required and effectiveness of each analysis method. The results were inspected by creating standard remote sensing accuracy error matrices and by correlating landscape pattern metrics with bird indicator species. Both sets of classified maps show a noticeable increase in riparian vegetation in the study area following flow restoration in 2006, indicating an improvement of the quality of bird habitat. The study concluded that analyzing vegetation change using the unsupervised classification technique required more effort, expert knowledge, and supplementary data than using the NDVI threshold method. If these prerequisites are met, the output from the unsupervised classification process produces a more precise map of land cover change than the NDVI threshold method. However, if an analyst is lacking either resources or ground verification data, the NDVI threshold technique is capable of providing a generalized, but still valid evaluation of vegetation change. This conclusion is supported by higher correlations between indicator bird species under the unsupervised classification method than were found with the NDVI threshold method. Close

• 32. [Article] The Value of Long-Term Stream Invertebrate Data Collected by Citizen Scientists

  The purpose of this investigation was to systematically examine the variability associated with temporally-oriented invertebrate data collected by citizen scientists and consider the value of such data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Value of Long-Term Stream Invertebrate Data Collected by Citizen Scientists Author: Edwards, Patrick Michael Year: 2016 The purpose of this investigation was to systematically examine the variability associated with temporally-oriented invertebrate data collected by citizen scientists and consider the value of such data for use in stream management. Variability in invertebrate data was estimated for three sources of variation: sampling, within-reach spatial and long-term temporal. Long-term temporal data were also evaluated using ordinations and an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI). Through two separate investigations over an 11-year study period, participants collected more than 400 within-reach samples during 44 sampling events at three streams in the western United States. Within-reach invertebrate abundance coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 0.44–0.50 with approximately 62% of the observed variation strictly due to sampling. Long-term temporal CV ranged from 0.31–0.36 with 27–30% of the observed variation in invertebrate abundance related to climate conditions (El Niño strength) and sampling year. Ordinations showed that citizen-generated assemblage data could reliably detect differences between study streams and seasons. IBI scores were significantly different between streams but not seasons. The findings of this study suggest that citizen data would likely detect a change in mean invertebrate density greater than 50% and would also be useful for monitoring changes in assemblage. The information presented here will help stream managers interpret and evaluate changes to the stream invertebrate community detected by citizen-based programs. Title: The Value of Long-Term Stream Invertebrate Data Collected by Citizen Scientists Author: Edwards, Patrick Michael Year: 2016 The purpose of this investigation was to systematically examine the variability associated with temporally-oriented invertebrate data collected by citizen scientists and consider the value of such data for use in stream management. Variability in invertebrate data was estimated for three sources of variation: sampling, within-reach spatial and long-term temporal. Long-term temporal data were also evaluated using ordinations and an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI). Through two separate investigations over an 11-year study period, participants collected more than 400 within-reach samples during 44 sampling events at three streams in the western United States. Within-reach invertebrate abundance coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 0.44–0.50 with approximately 62% of the observed variation strictly due to sampling. Long-term temporal CV ranged from 0.31–0.36 with 27–30% of the observed variation in invertebrate abundance related to climate conditions (El Niño strength) and sampling year. Ordinations showed that citizen-generated assemblage data could reliably detect differences between study streams and seasons. IBI scores were significantly different between streams but not seasons. The findings of this study suggest that citizen data would likely detect a change in mean invertebrate density greater than 50% and would also be useful for monitoring changes in assemblage. The information presented here will help stream managers interpret and evaluate changes to the stream invertebrate community detected by citizen-based programs. Close

• 33. [Article] From Drought Monitoring to Forecasting: a Combined Dynamical-Statistical Modeling Framework

  Drought is the most costly hazard among all natural disasters. Despite the significant improvements in drought modeling over the last decade, accurate provisions of drought conditions in a timely manner ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From Drought Monitoring to Forecasting: a Combined Dynamical-Statistical Modeling Framework Author: Yan, Hongxiang Year: 2016 Drought is the most costly hazard among all natural disasters. Despite the significant improvements in drought modeling over the last decade, accurate provisions of drought conditions in a timely manner is still one of the major research challenges. In order to improve the current drought monitoring and forecasting skills, this study presents a hybrid system with a combination of remotely sensed data assimilation based on particle filtering and a probabilistic drought forecasting model. Besides the proposed drought monitoring system through land data assimilation, another novel aspect of this dissertation is to seek the use of data assimilation to quantify land initial condition uncertainty rather than relying entirely on the hydrologic model or the land surface model to generate a single deterministic initial condition. Monthly to seasonal drought forecasting products are generated using the updated initial conditions. The computational complexity of the distributed data assimilation system required a modular parallel particle filtering framework which was developed and allowed for a large ensemble size in particle filtering implementation. The application of the proposed system is demonstrated with two case studies at the regional (Columbia River Basin) and the Conterminous United States. Results from both synthetic and real case studies suggest that the land data assimilation system significantly improves drought monitoring and forecasting skills. These results also show how sensitive the seasonal drought forecasting skill is to the initial conditions, which can lead to better facilitation of the state/federal drought preparation and response actions. Title: From Drought Monitoring to Forecasting: a Combined Dynamical-Statistical Modeling Framework Author: Yan, Hongxiang Year: 2016 Drought is the most costly hazard among all natural disasters. Despite the significant improvements in drought modeling over the last decade, accurate provisions of drought conditions in a timely manner is still one of the major research challenges. In order to improve the current drought monitoring and forecasting skills, this study presents a hybrid system with a combination of remotely sensed data assimilation based on particle filtering and a probabilistic drought forecasting model. Besides the proposed drought monitoring system through land data assimilation, another novel aspect of this dissertation is to seek the use of data assimilation to quantify land initial condition uncertainty rather than relying entirely on the hydrologic model or the land surface model to generate a single deterministic initial condition. Monthly to seasonal drought forecasting products are generated using the updated initial conditions. The computational complexity of the distributed data assimilation system required a modular parallel particle filtering framework which was developed and allowed for a large ensemble size in particle filtering implementation. The application of the proposed system is demonstrated with two case studies at the regional (Columbia River Basin) and the Conterminous United States. Results from both synthetic and real case studies suggest that the land data assimilation system significantly improves drought monitoring and forecasting skills. These results also show how sensitive the seasonal drought forecasting skill is to the initial conditions, which can lead to better facilitation of the state/federal drought preparation and response actions. Close

• 34. [Article] Performance and Application of an Inexpensive Method for Measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide

  To make air quality monitoring accessible to a broad range of people (i.e. consumers, educational groups, and environmental activist) a low-cost method for sampling nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) was modeled after ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance and Application of an Inexpensive Method for Measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide Author: Parra, Jeremy Year: 2013 To make air quality monitoring accessible to a broad range of people (i.e. consumers, educational groups, and environmental activist) a low-cost method for sampling nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) was modeled after the Palmes and Gunnison diffusion samplers. This article describes the results of using cost-effective passive diffusion tubes for measuring NO₂ in outdoor environments. Samplers are compared against a collocated chemiluminescence (active) monitor in a gas exposure chamber for concentration of NO₂ between 10 and 200 ppb/v (parts per billion per volume). In these calibration experiments diffusion samplers had strong correlation to the active monitor, R2 = 0.94 for a one week sample interval, and a R2 = 0.91 for a two week sample interval. A four week study was conducted with a collocated active monitor and a total of 42 samplers. The samplers were divided into 6 groups and exposed in one week and two week intervals under environmental conditions: temperature 18 - 31°C, relative humidity 27 - 57 %, wind speed 0.4 - 3 m/s, and NO₂ concentration 2 - 22 ppb/v. The precision, calculated as the relative standard deviation, for the one week sample interval was found to be 8.2%, and for the two week sample interval 20.2%. Three cleaning methods of exposed samplers are compared in order to identify bias in reusing components. Using the best cleaning method the mean NO₂ absorbance of a dry sampler is 1.3 ± 0.4 ppb/v as opposed to a zero absorbance for unused samplers. Faculty Mentor: Linda George Title: Performance and Application of an Inexpensive Method for Measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide Author: Parra, Jeremy Year: 2013 To make air quality monitoring accessible to a broad range of people (i.e. consumers, educational groups, and environmental activist) a low-cost method for sampling nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) was modeled after the Palmes and Gunnison diffusion samplers. This article describes the results of using cost-effective passive diffusion tubes for measuring NO₂ in outdoor environments. Samplers are compared against a collocated chemiluminescence (active) monitor in a gas exposure chamber for concentration of NO₂ between 10 and 200 ppb/v (parts per billion per volume). In these calibration experiments diffusion samplers had strong correlation to the active monitor, R2 = 0.94 for a one week sample interval, and a R2 = 0.91 for a two week sample interval. A four week study was conducted with a collocated active monitor and a total of 42 samplers. The samplers were divided into 6 groups and exposed in one week and two week intervals under environmental conditions: temperature 18 - 31°C, relative humidity 27 - 57 %, wind speed 0.4 - 3 m/s, and NO₂ concentration 2 - 22 ppb/v. The precision, calculated as the relative standard deviation, for the one week sample interval was found to be 8.2%, and for the two week sample interval 20.2%. Three cleaning methods of exposed samplers are compared in order to identify bias in reusing components. Using the best cleaning method the mean NO₂ absorbance of a dry sampler is 1.3 ± 0.4 ppb/v as opposed to a zero absorbance for unused samplers. Faculty Mentor: Linda George Close

• 35. [Article] Algorithm for Premature Ventricular Contraction Detection from a Subcutaneous Electrocardiogram Signal

  Cardiac arrhythmias occur when the normal pattern of electrical signals in the heart breaks down. A premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is a common type of arrhythmia that occurs when a heartbeat originates ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Algorithm for Premature Ventricular Contraction Detection from a Subcutaneous Electrocardiogram Signal Author: Shelly, Iris Lynn Year: 2016 Cardiac arrhythmias occur when the normal pattern of electrical signals in the heart breaks down. A premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is a common type of arrhythmia that occurs when a heartbeat originates from an ectopic focus within the ventricles rather than from the sinus node in the right atrium. This and other arrhythmias are often diagnosed with the help of an electrocardiogram, or ECG, which records the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin. In an ECG signal, a PVC is characterized by both timing and morphological differences from a normal sinus beat. An implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) is a device used to help physicians diagnose and monitor infrequent cardiac arrhythmias that may not be observed during an ECG recording performed during a normal clinic visit. These devices are implanted under the skin of the chest and simply monitor and record the electrical activity of the heart. The recorded signal is referred to as a subcutaneous electrocardiogram, or SECG. This thesis proposes and tests a novel algorithm that uses an SECG signal to perform PVC detection and is suitable for implementation within an implantable cardiac monitoring device. The proposed algorithm uses a combination of morphological and timing criteria to identify PVCs in near real time. Current commercially-available ICMs do not provide a PVC detection feature, so the proposed algorithm could help provide physicians with valuable additional diagnostic information about a clinically-significant arrhythmia. Title: Algorithm for Premature Ventricular Contraction Detection from a Subcutaneous Electrocardiogram Signal Author: Shelly, Iris Lynn Year: 2016 Cardiac arrhythmias occur when the normal pattern of electrical signals in the heart breaks down. A premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is a common type of arrhythmia that occurs when a heartbeat originates from an ectopic focus within the ventricles rather than from the sinus node in the right atrium. This and other arrhythmias are often diagnosed with the help of an electrocardiogram, or ECG, which records the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin. In an ECG signal, a PVC is characterized by both timing and morphological differences from a normal sinus beat. An implantable cardiac monitor (ICM) is a device used to help physicians diagnose and monitor infrequent cardiac arrhythmias that may not be observed during an ECG recording performed during a normal clinic visit. These devices are implanted under the skin of the chest and simply monitor and record the electrical activity of the heart. The recorded signal is referred to as a subcutaneous electrocardiogram, or SECG. This thesis proposes and tests a novel algorithm that uses an SECG signal to perform PVC detection and is suitable for implementation within an implantable cardiac monitoring device. The proposed algorithm uses a combination of morphological and timing criteria to identify PVCs in near real time. Current commercially-available ICMs do not provide a PVC detection feature, so the proposed algorithm could help provide physicians with valuable additional diagnostic information about a clinically-significant arrhythmia. Close

• 36. [Article] Solving Chemical Problems of Environmental Importance Using Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

  Cavity ring-down (CRD) is a sensitive variant of traditional absorption spectroscopy that has found increasing use in a number of chemical measurement applications. This review focuses on applications ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Solving Chemical Problems of Environmental Importance Using Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Author: Atkinson, Dean B. Year: 2003 Cavity ring-down (CRD) is a sensitive variant of traditional absorption spectroscopy that has found increasing use in a number of chemical measurement applications. This review focuses on applications of cavity ring-down spectroscopy that will be of interest to environmental chemists and analytical chemists working on environmental problems. The applications are classified into direct monitoring approaches, indirect analysis methods and ancillary studies and a differentiation is made between field-tested instruments and proof of principle studies. Title: Solving Chemical Problems of Environmental Importance Using Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Author: Atkinson, Dean B. Year: 2003 Cavity ring-down (CRD) is a sensitive variant of traditional absorption spectroscopy that has found increasing use in a number of chemical measurement applications. This review focuses on applications of cavity ring-down spectroscopy that will be of interest to environmental chemists and analytical chemists working on environmental problems. The applications are classified into direct monitoring approaches, indirect analysis methods and ancillary studies and a differentiation is made between field-tested instruments and proof of principle studies. Close

• 37. [Article] Aquatic Invasive Species Surveys of Upper Klamath Lake, Fourmile Lake, and Lake of the Woods, OR During 2012

  Three lakes located within the Klamath River Basin in Oregon (Upper Klamath Lake, Fourmile Lake, and Lake of the Woods) were surveyed for aquatic invasive species during the summer of 2012. Specimens were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquatic Invasive Species Surveys of Upper Klamath Lake, Fourmile Lake, and Lake of the Woods, OR During 2012 Author: Miller, Rich, Sytsma, Mark D. Year: 2013 Three lakes located within the Klamath River Basin in Oregon (Upper Klamath Lake, Fourmile Lake, and Lake of the Woods) were surveyed for aquatic invasive species during the summer of 2012. Specimens were collected using plant rakes, benthic dredges, plankton nets, and crayfish traps. No invasive aquatic plants, gastropods, snails, bivalves or crayfish were detected in the lakes. Title: Aquatic Invasive Species Surveys of Upper Klamath Lake, Fourmile Lake, and Lake of the Woods, OR During 2012 Author: Miller, Rich, Sytsma, Mark D. Year: 2013 Three lakes located within the Klamath River Basin in Oregon (Upper Klamath Lake, Fourmile Lake, and Lake of the Woods) were surveyed for aquatic invasive species during the summer of 2012. Specimens were collected using plant rakes, benthic dredges, plankton nets, and crayfish traps. No invasive aquatic plants, gastropods, snails, bivalves or crayfish were detected in the lakes. Close

• 38. [Article] Spatial patterns of air toxins in the region

  This Atlas draws on the Portland Air Toxics Assessment (PATA) study to explore the regional variation of air quality. The PATA study presents an extraordinary opportunity to think about how the creation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial patterns of air toxins in the region Author: George, Linda Acha, Shandas, Vivek Year: 2009 This Atlas draws on the Portland Air Toxics Assessment (PATA) study to explore the regional variation of air quality. The PATA study presents an extraordinary opportunity to think about how the creation of new information can help us better plan our cities, but it also challenges us to think about the impacts of the choices we make. Title: Spatial patterns of air toxins in the region Author: George, Linda Acha, Shandas, Vivek Year: 2009 This Atlas draws on the Portland Air Toxics Assessment (PATA) study to explore the regional variation of air quality. The PATA study presents an extraordinary opportunity to think about how the creation of new information can help us better plan our cities, but it also challenges us to think about the impacts of the choices we make. Close

• 39. [Article] Comparative self-monitoring behavior and recall of verbal and nonverbal interactional information about partner in conversations with ablebodied and disabled partners

  When strangers meet, there is a high level of uncertainty due to the infinite number of possible alternatives in behavior between the two people. Previous research indicates that communicators will attempt ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative self-monitoring behavior and recall of verbal and nonverbal interactional information about partner in conversations with ablebodied and disabled partners Author: Werkman, Doris L. Year: 1986 When strangers meet, there is a high level of uncertainty due to the infinite number of possible alternatives in behavior between the two people. Previous research indicates that communicators will attempt to reduce the level of uncertainty by using available verbal and nonverbal information of the other, by seeking similarities with the other, and by observing the situation itself. This information is used to predict attitudes and beliefs, as well as to attribute characteristics of the other. Other studies indicate that a person will increase her level of self-monitoring activity when the level of uncertainty is increased. Title: Comparative self-monitoring behavior and recall of verbal and nonverbal interactional information about partner in conversations with ablebodied and disabled partners Author: Werkman, Doris L. Year: 1986 When strangers meet, there is a high level of uncertainty due to the infinite number of possible alternatives in behavior between the two people. Previous research indicates that communicators will attempt to reduce the level of uncertainty by using available verbal and nonverbal information of the other, by seeking similarities with the other, and by observing the situation itself. This information is used to predict attitudes and beliefs, as well as to attribute characteristics of the other. Other studies indicate that a person will increase her level of self-monitoring activity when the level of uncertainty is increased. Close

• 40. [Article] System Engineering in Health Care System: A Case Study for Self-Monitoring Technology, Diabetes

  This paper aims to spot areas that policy should focus on in order to have a healthy ecosystem for the current and potential diabetic people in U.S by implementing a roadmapping analysis to 15 years ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: System Engineering in Health Care System: A Case Study for Self-Monitoring Technology, Diabetes Author: Alswine, Nouf, Alkharboosh, Haitham Year: 2017 This paper aims to spot areas that policy should focus on in order to have a healthy ecosystem for the current and potential diabetic people in U.S by implementing a roadmapping analysis to 15 years from now. It examines several drivers involved in societal issue that technological capability can solve. Also, system engineering view used to cover several interconnected aspect to this social problem. The paper uses a self-monitoring technology as a case study to examine this issues Title: System Engineering in Health Care System: A Case Study for Self-Monitoring Technology, Diabetes Author: Alswine, Nouf, Alkharboosh, Haitham Year: 2017 This paper aims to spot areas that policy should focus on in order to have a healthy ecosystem for the current and potential diabetic people in U.S by implementing a roadmapping analysis to 15 years from now. It examines several drivers involved in societal issue that technological capability can solve. Also, system engineering view used to cover several interconnected aspect to this social problem. The paper uses a self-monitoring technology as a case study to examine this issues Close

• 41. [Article] Project Scheduling Techniques in High-Technology Companies

  Scheduling is one of the most important aspects of project management. This study investigates the methods that hightechnology companies use to schedule projects. Personal interviews were conducted with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Project Scheduling Techniques in High-Technology Companies Author: Barter, A., Makki, S., Pasha, Athar, Schroeder, B., Scott, Cathryn, Shlaes, Carole Year: 1992 Scheduling is one of the most important aspects of project management. This study investigates the methods that hightechnology companies use to schedule projects. Personal interviews were conducted with 13 project managers who are responsible for the creation, monitoring and maintenance of schedules in high-technology companies to determine how planning and scheduling are accomplished. The responses are divided into four main categories: (1) Schedule Creation; (2) Schedule Monitoring and Maintenance; (3) Schedule Responsibility; and (4) Post- Project Analysis. A literature search was also conducted. The opinions and advice of the literature commentators is compared to the answers of the interview respondents. Title: Project Scheduling Techniques in High-Technology Companies Author: Barter, A., Makki, S., Pasha, Athar, Schroeder, B., Scott, Cathryn, Shlaes, Carole Year: 1992 Scheduling is one of the most important aspects of project management. This study investigates the methods that hightechnology companies use to schedule projects. Personal interviews were conducted with 13 project managers who are responsible for the creation, monitoring and maintenance of schedules in high-technology companies to determine how planning and scheduling are accomplished. The responses are divided into four main categories: (1) Schedule Creation; (2) Schedule Monitoring and Maintenance; (3) Schedule Responsibility; and (4) Post- Project Analysis. A literature search was also conducted. The opinions and advice of the literature commentators is compared to the answers of the interview respondents. Close

• 42. [Article] Short Message Service (SMS) Reminders and Real-time Adherence Monitoring Improve Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence in Rural Uganda

  Objective: To explore the effects of four types of short message service (SMS) plus realtime adherence monitoring on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence: daily reminders, weekly reminders, reminders ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Short Message Service (SMS) Reminders and Real-time Adherence Monitoring Improve Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence in Rural Uganda Author: Haberer, Jessica E., Musiimenta, Angella, Atukunda, Esther, Musinguzi, Nicholas, Wyatt, Monique A., Ware, Norma C., Bangsberg, David Year: 2016 Objective: To explore the effects of four types of short message service (SMS) plus realtime adherence monitoring on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence: daily reminders, weekly reminders, reminders triggered after a late or missed dose (delivered to patients), and notifications triggered by sustained adherence lapses (delivered to patient-nominated social supporters). Design: Pilot randomized controlled trial. Methods: Sixty-three individuals initiating ART received a real-time adherence monitor and were randomized (1 : 1 : 1): (1) Scheduled SMS reminders (daily for 1 month, weekly for 2 months), then SMS reminders triggered by a late or missed dose (no monitoring signal within 2 h of expected dosing); SMS notifications to social supporters for sustained adherence lapses (no monitoring signal for >48 h) added after 3 months. (2) Triggered SMS reminders starting at enrolment; SMS notifications to social supporters added after 3 months. (3) Control: No SMS. HIV RNA was determined at 9 months. Percentage adherence and adherence lapses were compared by linear generalized estimating equations and Poisson regression, respectively. Results: Median age was 31 years, 65% were women, and median enrolment CD4þ cell count was 322 cells/ml 97% took once daily tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz. Compared to control, adherence was 11.1% higher (P¼0.04) and more than 48-h lapses were less frequent (IRR 0.6, P¼0.02) in the scheduled SMS arm. Adherence and more than 48-h lapses were similar in the triggered SMS arm and control. No differences in HIV RNA were seen. Conclusion: Scheduled SMS reminders improved ART in the context of real-time monitoring. Larger studies are needed to determine the impact of triggered reminders and role of social supporters in improving adherence. Title: Short Message Service (SMS) Reminders and Real-time Adherence Monitoring Improve Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence in Rural Uganda Author: Haberer, Jessica E., Musiimenta, Angella, Atukunda, Esther, Musinguzi, Nicholas, Wyatt, Monique A., Ware, Norma C., Bangsberg, David Year: 2016 Objective: To explore the effects of four types of short message service (SMS) plus realtime adherence monitoring on antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence: daily reminders, weekly reminders, reminders triggered after a late or missed dose (delivered to patients), and notifications triggered by sustained adherence lapses (delivered to patient-nominated social supporters). Design: Pilot randomized controlled trial. Methods: Sixty-three individuals initiating ART received a real-time adherence monitor and were randomized (1 : 1 : 1): (1) Scheduled SMS reminders (daily for 1 month, weekly for 2 months), then SMS reminders triggered by a late or missed dose (no monitoring signal within 2 h of expected dosing); SMS notifications to social supporters for sustained adherence lapses (no monitoring signal for >48 h) added after 3 months. (2) Triggered SMS reminders starting at enrolment; SMS notifications to social supporters added after 3 months. (3) Control: No SMS. HIV RNA was determined at 9 months. Percentage adherence and adherence lapses were compared by linear generalized estimating equations and Poisson regression, respectively. Results: Median age was 31 years, 65% were women, and median enrolment CD4þ cell count was 322 cells/ml 97% took once daily tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz. Compared to control, adherence was 11.1% higher (P¼0.04) and more than 48-h lapses were less frequent (IRR 0.6, P¼0.02) in the scheduled SMS arm. Adherence and more than 48-h lapses were similar in the triggered SMS arm and control. No differences in HIV RNA were seen. Conclusion: Scheduled SMS reminders improved ART in the context of real-time monitoring. Larger studies are needed to determine the impact of triggered reminders and role of social supporters in improving adherence. Close

• 43. [Article] Mapping of Unstable and Potentially Unstable Slopes in Sogne og Fjordane

  For the past three years NGU has worked on 25 unstable and potentially unstable rock slopes in Sogn og Fjordane. In addition Fjærlandsfjord, Hyenfjord and Årdalsvatnet were systematically mapped for deposits ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping of Unstable and Potentially Unstable Slopes in Sogne og Fjordane Author: Hermanns, Reginald L., Fischer, Luzia, Oppikofer, Thierry, Bøhme, M., Dehls, John F., Henriksen, H., Booth, Adam M., Eilertsen, R., Longva, O., Eiken, Trond Year: 2011 For the past three years NGU has worked on 25 unstable and potentially unstable rock slopes in Sogn og Fjordane. In addition Fjærlandsfjord, Hyenfjord and Årdalsvatnet were systematically mapped for deposits of prehistoric and historic rock slope failures onshore and with help of a bathymetry. Mapping on land included structural mapping of ten sites by on-site field mapping and nine sites by remote structural mapping using terrestrial laser scanning technology (TLS). Field work also included periodic monitoring of 14 sites using differential Global Positioning Systems (dGPS) and TLS at 4 sites. Synthetic Aperture Radar was app lied for the entire county but slide velocities could only be mapped out at one locality at Osmundneset (Gloppen municipality). A large amount of work was carried out on the slope east of Flåm in the Aurland valley, and results have been reported separately (NGU 20 11 .025). Three large instabilities have been discovered or taken into the monitoring program. These are Osmundneset in Gloppen municipality, Skrednipa in Sogndal municipality, and the Ovris valley in Vik municipality. The largest movements with 1.5 cm horizontal and 1.5 cm vertical displacement were measured on the instability with a volume of approx. 1 Mm3 in Ovris valley. Opening of cracks has been measured at that site also in the 1960’s, 1970’s and 1980’s. Our data suggest a slight acceleration of this instability. Acceleration was also documented for a 100.000 m3 large instability called Lifjellet, although velocity of that site is less than half of the velocity of the block in Ovris valley. However at that site a collapse of a rockslope with a volume of 25.000 to 30.000 m3 occurred only 19 years ago. Installation of continuous monitoring and early-warning systems should be considered at both of those sites as well as at similar sites where relatively small instabilities that might fail without a long acceleration phase are positioned above settlements (Gråberget in Høyanger municipality). Similarly all other monitored instabilities in Sogn og Fjordane are in the order of mm/yr and not considered to be critical on a short term. However, periodic monitoring has to be continued. Cosmogenic nuclide dating (CN) has been applied to determine ages of rockslide deposits in Fjærlandfjord (Sogne municipality) and at the slope E of Flåm (Aurland community), resulting in Late Pleistocene and Holocene ages. CN dating has also applied to the sliding planes at Skjeringahaugane (Luste municipality). The results indicate that the movement initiated at the beginning of the Holocene and is progressive. Long term slip rates are in the same order of slip rates measured by dGPS. Title: Mapping of Unstable and Potentially Unstable Slopes in Sogne og Fjordane Author: Hermanns, Reginald L., Fischer, Luzia, Oppikofer, Thierry, Bøhme, M., Dehls, John F., Henriksen, H., Booth, Adam M., Eilertsen, R., Longva, O., Eiken, Trond Year: 2011 For the past three years NGU has worked on 25 unstable and potentially unstable rock slopes in Sogn og Fjordane. In addition Fjærlandsfjord, Hyenfjord and Årdalsvatnet were systematically mapped for deposits of prehistoric and historic rock slope failures onshore and with help of a bathymetry. Mapping on land included structural mapping of ten sites by on-site field mapping and nine sites by remote structural mapping using terrestrial laser scanning technology (TLS). Field work also included periodic monitoring of 14 sites using differential Global Positioning Systems (dGPS) and TLS at 4 sites. Synthetic Aperture Radar was app lied for the entire county but slide velocities could only be mapped out at one locality at Osmundneset (Gloppen municipality). A large amount of work was carried out on the slope east of Flåm in the Aurland valley, and results have been reported separately (NGU 20 11 .025). Three large instabilities have been discovered or taken into the monitoring program. These are Osmundneset in Gloppen municipality, Skrednipa in Sogndal municipality, and the Ovris valley in Vik municipality. The largest movements with 1.5 cm horizontal and 1.5 cm vertical displacement were measured on the instability with a volume of approx. 1 Mm3 in Ovris valley. Opening of cracks has been measured at that site also in the 1960’s, 1970’s and 1980’s. Our data suggest a slight acceleration of this instability. Acceleration was also documented for a 100.000 m3 large instability called Lifjellet, although velocity of that site is less than half of the velocity of the block in Ovris valley. However at that site a collapse of a rockslope with a volume of 25.000 to 30.000 m3 occurred only 19 years ago. Installation of continuous monitoring and early-warning systems should be considered at both of those sites as well as at similar sites where relatively small instabilities that might fail without a long acceleration phase are positioned above settlements (Gråberget in Høyanger municipality). Similarly all other monitored instabilities in Sogn og Fjordane are in the order of mm/yr and not considered to be critical on a short term. However, periodic monitoring has to be continued. Cosmogenic nuclide dating (CN) has been applied to determine ages of rockslide deposits in Fjærlandfjord (Sogne municipality) and at the slope E of Flåm (Aurland community), resulting in Late Pleistocene and Holocene ages. CN dating has also applied to the sliding planes at Skjeringahaugane (Luste municipality). The results indicate that the movement initiated at the beginning of the Holocene and is progressive. Long term slip rates are in the same order of slip rates measured by dGPS. Close

• 44. [Article] Designing and Piloting a Program to Provide Water Filters and Improved Cookstoves in Rwanda

  Background: In environmental health interventions addressing water and indoor air quality, multiple determinants contribute to adoption. These may include technology selection, technology distribution ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Designing and Piloting a Program to Provide Water Filters and Improved Cookstoves in Rwanda Author: Barstow, Christina K., Ngabo, Fidele, Rosa, Ghislaine, Majorin, Fiona, Boisson, Sophie, Clasen, Thomas, Thomas, Evan A. Year: 2014 Background: In environmental health interventions addressing water and indoor air quality, multiple determinants contribute to adoption. These may include technology selection, technology distribution and education methods, community engagement with behavior change, and duration and magnitude of implementer engagement. In Rwanda, while the country has the fastest annual reduction in child mortality in the world, the population is still exposed to a disease burden associated with environmental health challenges. Rwanda relies both on direct donor funding and coordination of programs managed by international non-profits and health sector businesses working on these challenges. Methods and Findings: This paper describes the design, implementation and outcomes of a pilot program in 1,943 households across 15 villages in the western province of Rwanda to distribute and monitor the use of household water filters and improved cookstoves. Three key program design criteria include a.) an investment in behavior change messaging and monitoring through community health workers, b.) free distributions to encourage community-wide engagement, and c.) a private-public partnership incentivized by a business model designed to encourage ‘‘pay for performance’’. Over a 5- month period of rigorous monitoring, reported uptake was maintained at greater than 90% for both technologies, although exclusive use of the stove was reported in only 28.5% of households and reported water volume was 1.27 liters per person per day. On-going qualitative monitoring suggest maintenance of comparable adoption rates through at least 16 months after the intervention. Conclusion: High uptake and sustained adoption of a water filter and improved cookstove was measured over a five-month period with indications of continued comparable adoption 16 months after the intervention. The design attributes applied by the implementers may be sufficient in a longer term. In particular, sustained and comprehensive engagement by the program implementer is enabled by a pay-for-performance business model that rewards sustained behavior change. Title: Designing and Piloting a Program to Provide Water Filters and Improved Cookstoves in Rwanda Author: Barstow, Christina K., Ngabo, Fidele, Rosa, Ghislaine, Majorin, Fiona, Boisson, Sophie, Clasen, Thomas, Thomas, Evan A. Year: 2014 Background: In environmental health interventions addressing water and indoor air quality, multiple determinants contribute to adoption. These may include technology selection, technology distribution and education methods, community engagement with behavior change, and duration and magnitude of implementer engagement. In Rwanda, while the country has the fastest annual reduction in child mortality in the world, the population is still exposed to a disease burden associated with environmental health challenges. Rwanda relies both on direct donor funding and coordination of programs managed by international non-profits and health sector businesses working on these challenges. Methods and Findings: This paper describes the design, implementation and outcomes of a pilot program in 1,943 households across 15 villages in the western province of Rwanda to distribute and monitor the use of household water filters and improved cookstoves. Three key program design criteria include a.) an investment in behavior change messaging and monitoring through community health workers, b.) free distributions to encourage community-wide engagement, and c.) a private-public partnership incentivized by a business model designed to encourage ‘‘pay for performance’’. Over a 5- month period of rigorous monitoring, reported uptake was maintained at greater than 90% for both technologies, although exclusive use of the stove was reported in only 28.5% of households and reported water volume was 1.27 liters per person per day. On-going qualitative monitoring suggest maintenance of comparable adoption rates through at least 16 months after the intervention. Conclusion: High uptake and sustained adoption of a water filter and improved cookstove was measured over a five-month period with indications of continued comparable adoption 16 months after the intervention. The design attributes applied by the implementers may be sufficient in a longer term. In particular, sustained and comprehensive engagement by the program implementer is enabled by a pay-for-performance business model that rewards sustained behavior change. Close

• 45. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2008

  From 1 April – 24 September 2008, we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2008 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Bailey, David C., Lewis, Travis, Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2008 From 1 April – 24 September 2008, we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, and New River. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2008 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue selected use of miniexclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators and evaluate whether exclosure use can be reduced, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledgling success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 187-199 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 129 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990, and we found 196 nests in 2008. Overall Mayfield nest success was 30%. Exclosed nests (n = 51) had a 44% success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 145) had a 38% success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (28%), one-egg nests (17%), corvid depredation (15%), abandonment (15%), unknown cause (9%), wind (6%), overwashed (6%), adult depredation (2%), infertility (2%), unknown mammal depredation (1%), and weasel depredation (1%). We monitored 70 broods, including three from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 71 fledglings. Overall brood success was 66%, fledgling success was 47%, and 1.13 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2008 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Bailey, David C., Lewis, Travis, Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2008 From 1 April – 24 September 2008, we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, and New River. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2008 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue selected use of miniexclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators and evaluate whether exclosure use can be reduced, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledgling success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 187-199 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 129 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990, and we found 196 nests in 2008. Overall Mayfield nest success was 30%. Exclosed nests (n = 51) had a 44% success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 145) had a 38% success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (28%), one-egg nests (17%), corvid depredation (15%), abandonment (15%), unknown cause (9%), wind (6%), overwashed (6%), adult depredation (2%), infertility (2%), unknown mammal depredation (1%), and weasel depredation (1%). We monitored 70 broods, including three from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 71 fledglings. Overall brood success was 66%, fledgling success was 47%, and 1.13 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Close

• 46. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2009

  From 3 April – 23 September 2009 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2009 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Herlyn, Hendrik G., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2009 From 3 April – 23 September 2009 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, New River, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2009 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue selective use of mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators and evaluate whether exclosure use can be reduced, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledgling success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 199-206 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 149-150 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990, and we found 236 nests in 2009. Overall Mayfield nest success was 23%. Exclosed nests (n = 34) had a 76% success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 202) had a 25% success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (29%), rodent depredation (21%), unknown cause (17%), oneegg nests (12%), corvid depredation (8%), abandonment (7%), wave overwash (2%), infertility (1%), wind (1%), canine depredation (1%), and raccoon depredation (1%). We monitored 88 broods, including eight from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 106 fledglings. Overall brood success was 73%, fledgling success was 50%, and 1.33 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2009 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Herlyn, Hendrik G., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2009 From 3 April – 23 September 2009 we monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally Threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) along the Oregon coast. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Beach, New River, and Floras Lake. Our objectives for the Oregon coastal population in 2009 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) continue selective use of mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators and evaluate whether exclosure use can be reduced, 4) determine nest success, 5) determine fledgling success, 6) monitor brood movements, 7) collect general observational data about predators, and 8) evaluate the effectiveness of predator management. We observed an estimated 199-206 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 149-150 individuals was known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990, and we found 236 nests in 2009. Overall Mayfield nest success was 23%. Exclosed nests (n = 34) had a 76% success rate, and unexclosed nests (n = 202) had a 25% success rate. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation (29%), rodent depredation (21%), unknown cause (17%), oneegg nests (12%), corvid depredation (8%), abandonment (7%), wave overwash (2%), infertility (1%), wind (1%), canine depredation (1%), and raccoon depredation (1%). We monitored 88 broods, including eight from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 106 fledglings. Overall brood success was 73%, fledgling success was 50%, and 1.33 fledglings per male were produced. Continued predator management, habitat improvement and maintenance, and management of recreational activities at all sites are recommended to achieve recovery goals. Close

• 47. [Article] Development of an operational system for monitoring the changes in urban subarea residential housing status: a spatial analytic application of the formulations of neighborhood filtering and neighborhood dynamics

  This dissertation focuses on the precise and meaningful measurement of change as it pertains to the urban subarea residential housing status. The word "measurement" is qualified as meaningful in the sense ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of an operational system for monitoring the changes in urban subarea residential housing status: a spatial analytic application of the formulations of neighborhood filtering and neighborhood dynamics Author: Mba, Harold Chike Year: 1982 This dissertation focuses on the precise and meaningful measurement of change as it pertains to the urban subarea residential housing status. The word "measurement" is qualified as meaningful in the sense that the approach adopted is of relevance to public policy. Specifically, the dissertation is aimed at providing answers to the following research questions: First, how can the changes in residential housing status in the different parts of an urban area be precisely and meaningfully measured? Second, what variables are most appropriate for the measurement? Third, can these variables be useful for differentiating between various parts of the urban area? Fourth, do the resul ts of an urban subarea housing classification system depend on the specific variables used in the classification? Using data drawn mainly from the 1960 and 1970 censuses of housing for Portland, Oregon SMSA, a simple but robust methodology is developed for indexing and monitoring changes in the urban subarea residential housing status. The research borrows appreciably from Fisher and Winnick's, and Toulan' s formulations of the filtering process in the urban housing market. The variables used in the measurement and classification analyses include the changes in the following variables: median home value or contract rent, median household income relative to the average household size, housing quality, percentage of all occupied housing units, and percentage of owner occupied housing units. Principal component analysis is used for construction of composite index of change in urban subarea residential housing status. Furthermore, this composite index is used in a multivariate linear discriminant analysis for the classification of the various subareas (census tracts) in Portland, Oregon SMSA. The findings validate the variables employed in the analyses, and support the hypothesis that the results of an urban subarea classification system depend, to some extent, on the housing market variables used in the classification. The findings from the study show that operationally simple but robust systems can be developed for monitoring the changes in residential housing status in urban neighborhoods, in relation to the general urban area. Title: Development of an operational system for monitoring the changes in urban subarea residential housing status: a spatial analytic application of the formulations of neighborhood filtering and neighborhood dynamics Author: Mba, Harold Chike Year: 1982 This dissertation focuses on the precise and meaningful measurement of change as it pertains to the urban subarea residential housing status. The word "measurement" is qualified as meaningful in the sense that the approach adopted is of relevance to public policy. Specifically, the dissertation is aimed at providing answers to the following research questions: First, how can the changes in residential housing status in the different parts of an urban area be precisely and meaningfully measured? Second, what variables are most appropriate for the measurement? Third, can these variables be useful for differentiating between various parts of the urban area? Fourth, do the resul ts of an urban subarea housing classification system depend on the specific variables used in the classification? Using data drawn mainly from the 1960 and 1970 censuses of housing for Portland, Oregon SMSA, a simple but robust methodology is developed for indexing and monitoring changes in the urban subarea residential housing status. The research borrows appreciably from Fisher and Winnick's, and Toulan' s formulations of the filtering process in the urban housing market. The variables used in the measurement and classification analyses include the changes in the following variables: median home value or contract rent, median household income relative to the average household size, housing quality, percentage of all occupied housing units, and percentage of owner occupied housing units. Principal component analysis is used for construction of composite index of change in urban subarea residential housing status. Furthermore, this composite index is used in a multivariate linear discriminant analysis for the classification of the various subareas (census tracts) in Portland, Oregon SMSA. The findings validate the variables employed in the analyses, and support the hypothesis that the results of an urban subarea classification system depend, to some extent, on the housing market variables used in the classification. The findings from the study show that operationally simple but robust systems can be developed for monitoring the changes in residential housing status in urban neighborhoods, in relation to the general urban area. Close

• 48. [Article] 3D Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA) Biosensor For Detection Of Serum Biomarker

  Miniaturization, integration and intelligence are the developing trends for sensor,especially for biosensors. The development of microelectronics technology is a powerful engine to full this objective. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 3D Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA) Biosensor For Detection Of Serum Biomarker Author: Bhura, Dheeraj Kumar Year: 2011 Miniaturization, integration and intelligence are the developing trends for sensor,especially for biosensors. The development of microelectronics technology is a powerful engine to full this objective. It is well known that the microelectronic fabrication process in proven technology for fabrication of integrated circuits. Advances in the field of micro-electronics and micro-mechanical devices combined with medical science have led to the development of numerous analytical devices in monitoring of a wide range of analytes. The unique properties of nanoscale materials offer excellent prospects for interfacing biological recognition events with electronic signal transduction and for designing a new generation of bio-electronic devices exhibiting novel functions. Biosensor development has the potential to meet the need for rapid, sensitive, and specic detection of pathogenic bacteria from natural sources. This work focuses on development of one such electrochemical biosensor platform and discusses dierent aspects related to the design of biosensor and biodetection systems. A new transducer for bio sensor applications based on 3-dimensional, comb structured interdigitated electrode arrays was chosen mainly for two reasons. Firstly, this geometry allows the monitoring of both resistivity and dielectric constant of solution, thus making interdigitated electrodes more versatile tools than other kind of transducers. Second, they present short electric eld penetration depths, which make them more sensitive to changes occurring close to their surface (20 - 100 nm above the surface). This fact enables the monitoring of local changes in the vicinity of interest. Binding of analyte molecules to the chemically modied transducer surface induces important changes in the conductivity between the electrodes. Interdigitated electrodes have been employed to detect the presence of Anti-Transglutaminase (TG) antibodies, that are established biomarkers for Celiac disease which is due to gluten allergy. The biosensor was optimized for specific and sensitive detection of this biomarker. The sensor showed a sensitivity down to picomolar(pM) concentration of the biomarker. Gold nanoparticles were further used for signal enhancement so as to bring the sensor performance closer to Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Title: 3D Interdigitated Electrode Array (IDEA) Biosensor For Detection Of Serum Biomarker Author: Bhura, Dheeraj Kumar Year: 2011 Miniaturization, integration and intelligence are the developing trends for sensor,especially for biosensors. The development of microelectronics technology is a powerful engine to full this objective. It is well known that the microelectronic fabrication process in proven technology for fabrication of integrated circuits. Advances in the field of micro-electronics and micro-mechanical devices combined with medical science have led to the development of numerous analytical devices in monitoring of a wide range of analytes. The unique properties of nanoscale materials offer excellent prospects for interfacing biological recognition events with electronic signal transduction and for designing a new generation of bio-electronic devices exhibiting novel functions. Biosensor development has the potential to meet the need for rapid, sensitive, and specic detection of pathogenic bacteria from natural sources. This work focuses on development of one such electrochemical biosensor platform and discusses dierent aspects related to the design of biosensor and biodetection systems. A new transducer for bio sensor applications based on 3-dimensional, comb structured interdigitated electrode arrays was chosen mainly for two reasons. Firstly, this geometry allows the monitoring of both resistivity and dielectric constant of solution, thus making interdigitated electrodes more versatile tools than other kind of transducers. Second, they present short electric eld penetration depths, which make them more sensitive to changes occurring close to their surface (20 - 100 nm above the surface). This fact enables the monitoring of local changes in the vicinity of interest. Binding of analyte molecules to the chemically modied transducer surface induces important changes in the conductivity between the electrodes. Interdigitated electrodes have been employed to detect the presence of Anti-Transglutaminase (TG) antibodies, that are established biomarkers for Celiac disease which is due to gluten allergy. The biosensor was optimized for specific and sensitive detection of this biomarker. The sensor showed a sensitivity down to picomolar(pM) concentration of the biomarker. Gold nanoparticles were further used for signal enhancement so as to bring the sensor performance closer to Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Close

• 49. [Article] A Qualitative Study of Rural Primary Care Clinician Views on Remote Monitoring Technologies

  Purpose: Remote monitoring technologies (RMTs) may improve the quality of care, reduce access barriers, and help control medical costs. Despite the role of primary care clinicians as potential key users ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Qualitative Study of Rural Primary Care Clinician Views on Remote Monitoring Technologies Author: Davis, Melinda M., Currey, Jillian M., Howk, Sonya, DeSordi, Molly R., Boise, Linda, Fagnan, Lyle J., Vuckovic, Nancy Year: 2014 Purpose: Remote monitoring technologies (RMTs) may improve the quality of care, reduce access barriers, and help control medical costs. Despite the role of primary care clinicians as potential key users of RMTs, few studies explore their views. This study explores rural primary care clinician interest and the resources necessary to incorporate RMTs into routine practice. Methods: We conducted 15 in-depth interviews with rural primary care clinician members of the Oregon Rural Practice-based Research Network (ORPRN) from November 2011 to April 2012. Our multidisciplinary team used thematic analysis to identify emergent themes and a cross-case comparative analysis to explore variation by participant and practice characteristics. Results: Clinicians expressed interest in RMTs most relevant to their clinical practice, such as supporting chronic disease management, noting benefits to patients of all ages. They expressed concern about the quantity of data, patient motivation to utilize equipment, and potential changes to the patient-clinician encounter. Direct data transfer into the clinic’s electronic health record (EHR), availability in multiple formats, and review by ancillary staff could facilitate implementation. Although participants acknowledged the potential system-level benefits of using RMTs, adoption would be difficult without payment reform. Conclusions: Adoption of RMTs by rural primary care clinicians may be influenced by equipment purpose and functionality, implementation resources, and payment. Clinician and staff engagement will be critical to actualize RMT use in routine primary care. Title: A Qualitative Study of Rural Primary Care Clinician Views on Remote Monitoring Technologies Author: Davis, Melinda M., Currey, Jillian M., Howk, Sonya, DeSordi, Molly R., Boise, Linda, Fagnan, Lyle J., Vuckovic, Nancy Year: 2014 Purpose: Remote monitoring technologies (RMTs) may improve the quality of care, reduce access barriers, and help control medical costs. Despite the role of primary care clinicians as potential key users of RMTs, few studies explore their views. This study explores rural primary care clinician interest and the resources necessary to incorporate RMTs into routine practice. Methods: We conducted 15 in-depth interviews with rural primary care clinician members of the Oregon Rural Practice-based Research Network (ORPRN) from November 2011 to April 2012. Our multidisciplinary team used thematic analysis to identify emergent themes and a cross-case comparative analysis to explore variation by participant and practice characteristics. Results: Clinicians expressed interest in RMTs most relevant to their clinical practice, such as supporting chronic disease management, noting benefits to patients of all ages. They expressed concern about the quantity of data, patient motivation to utilize equipment, and potential changes to the patient-clinician encounter. Direct data transfer into the clinic’s electronic health record (EHR), availability in multiple formats, and review by ancillary staff could facilitate implementation. Although participants acknowledged the potential system-level benefits of using RMTs, adoption would be difficult without payment reform. Conclusions: Adoption of RMTs by rural primary care clinicians may be influenced by equipment purpose and functionality, implementation resources, and payment. Clinician and staff engagement will be critical to actualize RMT use in routine primary care. Close

• 50. [Article] Oregon Lake Watch, 2015 Annual Report

  The Oregon Lake Watch (OLW) volunteer monitoring program completed its third year of operation during 2015 with a focus on early detection of aquatic invasive species (AIS) and water quality status and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Lake Watch, 2015 Annual Report Author: Cimino, Samuel, Miller, Rich, Strecker, Angela L. Year: 2015 The Oregon Lake Watch (OLW) volunteer monitoring program completed its third year of operation during 2015 with a focus on early detection of aquatic invasive species (AIS) and water quality status and trend assessments for the better management of Oregon’s lakes and reservoirs. AIS surveys emphasized the detection of Watch List aquatic plant and species that can have a negative impacts on the beneficial uses of our waterbodies. Water transparency and temperature measurements were used to track the condition of volunteers' lakes. Thirty-one Oregon lakes have been surveyed during the OLW’s three years, 16 of which were surveyed during 2015. Seven lakes have been surveyed all three years and seven more have been surveyed two of the three years. Four Watch List plant and one animal species were found during 2015. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) was found in three lakes, Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa) and curly leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) were each found in two lakes, and yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) was found in one lake. Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) were found in one lake. A diverse array of native plants were found along with native signal crayfish (Pacifasticus leniusculus). Water quality ranged from eutrophic to oligotrophic conditions based on water transparency and water temperatures ranged as high as 28°C (82°F). More years of data collection are necessary to track water quality trends. Title: Oregon Lake Watch, 2015 Annual Report Author: Cimino, Samuel, Miller, Rich, Strecker, Angela L. Year: 2015 The Oregon Lake Watch (OLW) volunteer monitoring program completed its third year of operation during 2015 with a focus on early detection of aquatic invasive species (AIS) and water quality status and trend assessments for the better management of Oregon’s lakes and reservoirs. AIS surveys emphasized the detection of Watch List aquatic plant and species that can have a negative impacts on the beneficial uses of our waterbodies. Water transparency and temperature measurements were used to track the condition of volunteers' lakes. Thirty-one Oregon lakes have been surveyed during the OLW’s three years, 16 of which were surveyed during 2015. Seven lakes have been surveyed all three years and seven more have been surveyed two of the three years. Four Watch List plant and one animal species were found during 2015. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) was found in three lakes, Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa) and curly leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) were each found in two lakes, and yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) was found in one lake. Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) were found in one lake. A diverse array of native plants were found along with native signal crayfish (Pacifasticus leniusculus). Water quality ranged from eutrophic to oligotrophic conditions based on water transparency and water temperatures ranged as high as 28°C (82°F). More years of data collection are necessary to track water quality trends. Close