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• 1. [Article] Identifying Clusters of Non-Farm Activity within Exclusive Farm Use Zones in the Northern Willamette Valley

  This thesis provides an extensive look at where permitted non-farm uses and dwellings have clustered within Exclusive Farm Use (EFU) zones in the Northern Willamette Valley in Oregon. There is a looming ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identifying Clusters of Non-Farm Activity within Exclusive Farm Use Zones in the Northern Willamette Valley Author: Chun, Nicholas Year: 2017 This thesis provides an extensive look at where permitted non-farm uses and dwellings have clustered within Exclusive Farm Use (EFU) zones in the Northern Willamette Valley in Oregon. There is a looming concern that non-farm related uses and dwellings, or non-farm development, are conflicting with agricultural preservation strategies. Specifically, non-farm developments can potentially undermine the critical mass of farmland needed to keep the agricultural economy sustainable, but until now, studies have lacked spatially precise data to systematically track these phenomena. This thesis offers methodological contributions towards analyzing these operations and presents a broad account of what has been occurring in the region. Using permit approval data from the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) and 2015 county tax lot shapefiles, I geocoded the locations of these uses and dwellings. I used location quotient and spatial autocorrelation coefficients to identify non-farm hotspots in the region and summarized different typologies that have developed. The findings reveal that viticulture operations have amassed near Dundee and Newberg in Yamhill County, while commercial activities and home occupations have clustered near the Salem-Keizer UGB. Concurrently, dwellings have clustered near the Yamhill-Polk County border. Finally, I offer suggestions to improve Oregon's agricultural land use policy and data management process, as well as advocate for more intensive research in the future to generate narratives for our results. Title: Identifying Clusters of Non-Farm Activity within Exclusive Farm Use Zones in the Northern Willamette Valley Author: Chun, Nicholas Year: 2017 This thesis provides an extensive look at where permitted non-farm uses and dwellings have clustered within Exclusive Farm Use (EFU) zones in the Northern Willamette Valley in Oregon. There is a looming concern that non-farm related uses and dwellings, or non-farm development, are conflicting with agricultural preservation strategies. Specifically, non-farm developments can potentially undermine the critical mass of farmland needed to keep the agricultural economy sustainable, but until now, studies have lacked spatially precise data to systematically track these phenomena. This thesis offers methodological contributions towards analyzing these operations and presents a broad account of what has been occurring in the region. Using permit approval data from the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) and 2015 county tax lot shapefiles, I geocoded the locations of these uses and dwellings. I used location quotient and spatial autocorrelation coefficients to identify non-farm hotspots in the region and summarized different typologies that have developed. The findings reveal that viticulture operations have amassed near Dundee and Newberg in Yamhill County, while commercial activities and home occupations have clustered near the Salem-Keizer UGB. Concurrently, dwellings have clustered near the Yamhill-Polk County border. Finally, I offer suggestions to improve Oregon's agricultural land use policy and data management process, as well as advocate for more intensive research in the future to generate narratives for our results. Close

• 2. [Article] Interview with Jacquin Dole, Riverside Farms, 2010 (audio)

  Interview of Jacquin Dole by Paul Hopper at Riverside Farm McMinnville, Oregon on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Jacquin Dole, Riverside Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Dole, Jacquin Year: 2010 Interview of Jacquin Dole by Paul Hopper at Riverside Farm McMinnville, Oregon on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Jacquin Dole, Riverside Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Dole, Jacquin Year: 2010 Interview of Jacquin Dole by Paul Hopper at Riverside Farm McMinnville, Oregon on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 3. [Article] Interview with Michael Menzies, Braeside Farms, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of Michael Menzies by Joel DaMetz at Braeside Farms in Estacada, Oregon on June 6th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Michael Menzies, Braeside Farms, 2008 (audio) Author: Menzies, Michael Year: 2008 Interview of Michael Menzies by Joel DaMetz at Braeside Farms in Estacada, Oregon on June 6th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Michael Menzies, Braeside Farms, 2008 (audio) Author: Menzies, Michael Year: 2008 Interview of Michael Menzies by Joel DaMetz at Braeside Farms in Estacada, Oregon on June 6th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 4. [Article] Local Lunches: Planning for Local Produce in Portland Schools

  In the 1990s, school districts across the country began to integrate fresh food grown by local producers into school meals and snacks. School food authorities and farmers have broadly defined this new ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Local Lunches: Planning for Local Produce in Portland Schools Author: Anderson, Lisa, Krajnak, Katherine, Libby, Lisa, MacKenzie, Meghan, Malik, Sumi, Shriver, Katie Year: 2006 In the 1990s, school districts across the country began to integrate fresh food grown by local producers into school meals and snacks. School food authorities and farmers have broadly defined this new movement, called “Farm to School,” as connecting schools and local and regional farmers. Farm to School programs benefit a community’s economy, improve student nutrition, and strengthen education curricula. Local Lunches seeks to initiate Farm to School efforts in Portland, Oregon, by identifying specific strategies that Portland’s school districts can use to incorporate more local produce in their school meals. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Deborah Howe, Connie Ozawa, and Sumner Sharpe. Title: Local Lunches: Planning for Local Produce in Portland Schools Author: Anderson, Lisa, Krajnak, Katherine, Libby, Lisa, MacKenzie, Meghan, Malik, Sumi, Shriver, Katie Year: 2006 In the 1990s, school districts across the country began to integrate fresh food grown by local producers into school meals and snacks. School food authorities and farmers have broadly defined this new movement, called “Farm to School,” as connecting schools and local and regional farmers. Farm to School programs benefit a community’s economy, improve student nutrition, and strengthen education curricula. Local Lunches seeks to initiate Farm to School efforts in Portland, Oregon, by identifying specific strategies that Portland’s school districts can use to incorporate more local produce in their school meals. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Deborah Howe, Connie Ozawa, and Sumner Sharpe. Close

• 5. [Article] Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012

  This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012 Author: Parker, Joseph Lynn Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice production in the village have been stressed by local weather events. It also argues that local villagers have not responded effectively to such changes, and that failure to adjust has contributed to social stress observed at the site. During the earlier years of the study period (1945 to 2012), improvements were made in local irrigation, which seem to have helped farmers continue with traditional subsistence wet-rice farming in a fragile mountain environment. However, in later years of the period village social order showed two significant signs of collapse: first, because of emigration, fewer people were left to farm higher mountain levels so farm land was being abandoned; second, social crowding in lower level riverside farming areas, partly the result of highland emigration, began reducing the amount of land being farmed there. While reducing intensive cropping of highland farming areas can result in spontaneous recovery of natural resources such as soil and water, crowding in lower areas can contribute to deterioration of natural resources in the lower village farmland. Crowding can, in addition, have a bearing on community health problems. The thesis results are of value to researchers concerned with the adaptive behavior of local farming communities trying to maintain their traditional irrigation-dependent way of life in a fragile mountain environment while experiencing the effects of changeable weather. Thesis results are of additional value to those who study the impact on society of earth-warming, especially if variable local weather in the Dabashan is shown to be related to global climate change. Title: Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012 Author: Parker, Joseph Lynn Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice production in the village have been stressed by local weather events. It also argues that local villagers have not responded effectively to such changes, and that failure to adjust has contributed to social stress observed at the site. During the earlier years of the study period (1945 to 2012), improvements were made in local irrigation, which seem to have helped farmers continue with traditional subsistence wet-rice farming in a fragile mountain environment. However, in later years of the period village social order showed two significant signs of collapse: first, because of emigration, fewer people were left to farm higher mountain levels so farm land was being abandoned; second, social crowding in lower level riverside farming areas, partly the result of highland emigration, began reducing the amount of land being farmed there. While reducing intensive cropping of highland farming areas can result in spontaneous recovery of natural resources such as soil and water, crowding in lower areas can contribute to deterioration of natural resources in the lower village farmland. Crowding can, in addition, have a bearing on community health problems. The thesis results are of value to researchers concerned with the adaptive behavior of local farming communities trying to maintain their traditional irrigation-dependent way of life in a fragile mountain environment while experiencing the effects of changeable weather. Thesis results are of additional value to those who study the impact on society of earth-warming, especially if variable local weather in the Dabashan is shown to be related to global climate change. Close

• 6. [Article] What is Driving Measure 37 Claims in Oregon?

  With over 7,500 claims covering 750,000 acres of farm and forestland, Measure 37 claims harbor the potential to change the landscape in Oregon. The majority of these claims are located in the Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What is Driving Measure 37 Claims in Oregon? Author: Martin, Sheila A., Merrick, Meg, Rundell, Erik, Shriver, Katie Year: 2007 With over 7,500 claims covering 750,000 acres of farm and forestland, Measure 37 claims harbor the potential to change the landscape in Oregon. The majority of these claims are located in the Willamette Valley, where growth pressures and the value gradient between land for farms and land for residential development is great. This paper explores those relationships by describing and mapping the claims in terms of location, size, and current and proposed use, and then analyzes factors that appear to be driving the claims. At a county level, variables such as population growth, farm income, farm tenure and average age of farmer are considered as explanations of claim density. Using maps, we also examine the impact of distance from urban growth boundary and proximity to public lands. We conclude with comments about the unforeseen consequences of the “time zone” zoning on agriculture and public services, and consider the fairness of the Measure 37 regime. Title: What is Driving Measure 37 Claims in Oregon? Author: Martin, Sheila A., Merrick, Meg, Rundell, Erik, Shriver, Katie Year: 2007 With over 7,500 claims covering 750,000 acres of farm and forestland, Measure 37 claims harbor the potential to change the landscape in Oregon. The majority of these claims are located in the Willamette Valley, where growth pressures and the value gradient between land for farms and land for residential development is great. This paper explores those relationships by describing and mapping the claims in terms of location, size, and current and proposed use, and then analyzes factors that appear to be driving the claims. At a county level, variables such as population growth, farm income, farm tenure and average age of farmer are considered as explanations of claim density. Using maps, we also examine the impact of distance from urban growth boundary and proximity to public lands. We conclude with comments about the unforeseen consequences of the “time zone” zoning on agriculture and public services, and consider the fairness of the Measure 37 regime. Close

• 7. [Article] Review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910" by James R. Rush

  Book review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860–1910," by James B. Rush, published by Cornell University Press, 1990.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910" by James R. Rush Author: Carstens, Sharon A. Year: 1991 Book review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860–1910," by James B. Rush, published by Cornell University Press, 1990. Title: Review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910" by James R. Rush Author: Carstens, Sharon A. Year: 1991 Book review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860–1910," by James B. Rush, published by Cornell University Press, 1990. Close

• 8. [Article] Veterans' Home and Farm Loan Eligibility Changes (State Measure No. 4)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Veterans' Home and Farm Loan Eligibility Changes (State Measure No. 4) Author: City Club of Portland (Portland, Or.) Year: 1980 Title: Veterans' Home and Farm Loan Eligibility Changes (State Measure No. 4) Author: City Club of Portland (Portland, Or.) Year: 1980 Close

• 9. [Article] Interview with Anthony Boutaird, Ayers Creek Farm, 2007 (audio)

  Interview of Anthony Boutaird by Magda Gaytan at Ayers Creek Farm on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Anthony Boutaird, Ayers Creek Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Boutaird, Anthony Year: 2007 Interview of Anthony Boutaird by Magda Gaytan at Ayers Creek Farm on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Anthony Boutaird, Ayers Creek Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Boutaird, Anthony Year: 2007 Interview of Anthony Boutaird by Magda Gaytan at Ayers Creek Farm on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 10. [Article] Interview with Roger Allen Konka, Springwater Farm, 2007 (audio)

  Interview of Roger Allen Konka by Michael Schott on July 29th, 2007. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Roger Allen Konka, Springwater Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Konka, Roger Allen Year: 2007 Interview of Roger Allen Konka by Michael Schott on July 29th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Roger Allen Konka, Springwater Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Konka, Roger Allen Year: 2007 Interview of Roger Allen Konka by Michael Schott on July 29th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 11. [Article] Interview with David Shonk, Bumblebee Farm, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of David Shonk by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on June 4th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with David Shonk, Bumblebee Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Shonk, David Year: 2008 Interview of David Shonk by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on June 4th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with David Shonk, Bumblebee Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Shonk, David Year: 2008 Interview of David Shonk by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on June 4th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 12. [Article] Interview with Shari Sirkin, Dancing Roots Farm, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of Shari Sirkin by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Shari Sirkin, Dancing Roots Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Sirkin, Shari Year: 2008 Interview of Shari Sirkin by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Shari Sirkin, Dancing Roots Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Sirkin, Shari Year: 2008 Interview of Shari Sirkin by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 13. [Article] Interview with John Martinson Jr., Birds & Bees Community Farm, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of John Martinson Jr. by Clint Anderson in Oregon City, Oregon on May 8th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with John Martinson Jr., Birds & Bees Community Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Martinson, John, Jr. Year: 2008 Interview of John Martinson Jr. by Clint Anderson in Oregon City, Oregon on May 8th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with John Martinson Jr., Birds & Bees Community Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Martinson, John, Jr. Year: 2008 Interview of John Martinson Jr. by Clint Anderson in Oregon City, Oregon on May 8th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 14. [Article] A Summer in the Land of Milk

  Stearns County, Minnesota is the number-one dairy-producing county in the number-one dairy-producing region--the Midwest--in the country. The area has been home to German-Catholic immigrants from the Rheinland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Summer in the Land of Milk Author: Opatz, Louis Charles Year: 2013 Stearns County, Minnesota is the number-one dairy-producing county in the number-one dairy-producing region--the Midwest--in the country. The area has been home to German-Catholic immigrants from the Rheinland region of Germany since the mid- to late-1850s, when they traveled across Canada and the northeastern United States before finally settling on homesteads in Central Minnesota. 150 years later, the descendants of these settlers still live and farm the same area. Through it all, these farmers have kept a similar schedule: six days of fieldwork, Sunday for rest. And, nearly since the day they arrived in the area, that day of rest has featured one sacred leisure activity: baseball. The state of Minnesota boasts over 250 amateur baseball teams, the most of any state in the country. In the summer of 2012, I moved to Spring Hill, Minnesota, a town of 85, to play for the Spring Hill Chargers and work on the farm. My thesis lies at the intersection of farming and baseball, showing the reader both how little and how much has changed for these men who still farm their land of their forebears and still play America's game. A Summer in the Land of Milk tells my story of living and working in a rural area where the past hangs like a shadow and the future is frighteningly uncertain. Title: A Summer in the Land of Milk Author: Opatz, Louis Charles Year: 2013 Stearns County, Minnesota is the number-one dairy-producing county in the number-one dairy-producing region--the Midwest--in the country. The area has been home to German-Catholic immigrants from the Rheinland region of Germany since the mid- to late-1850s, when they traveled across Canada and the northeastern United States before finally settling on homesteads in Central Minnesota. 150 years later, the descendants of these settlers still live and farm the same area. Through it all, these farmers have kept a similar schedule: six days of fieldwork, Sunday for rest. And, nearly since the day they arrived in the area, that day of rest has featured one sacred leisure activity: baseball. The state of Minnesota boasts over 250 amateur baseball teams, the most of any state in the country. In the summer of 2012, I moved to Spring Hill, Minnesota, a town of 85, to play for the Spring Hill Chargers and work on the farm. My thesis lies at the intersection of farming and baseball, showing the reader both how little and how much has changed for these men who still farm their land of their forebears and still play America's game. A Summer in the Land of Milk tells my story of living and working in a rural area where the past hangs like a shadow and the future is frighteningly uncertain. Close

• 15. [Article] Growing Zenger Farm

  Zenger Farm is a working urban farm in outer southeast Portland, Oregon, that promotes sustainable food systems, environmental stewardship and local economic development. Currently operating on 6 acres ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growing Zenger Farm Author: Sonmez, Turhan, Milner, Elizabeth, Glenewinkel, Stacey, Carone, Kate Year: 2010 Zenger Farm is a working urban farm in outer southeast Portland, Oregon, that promotes sustainable food systems, environmental stewardship and local economic development. Currently operating on 6 acres of farmland and 10 acres of wetland, the farm has an opportunity to expand onto 4 additional acres of adjacent land, and has asked Ecotone to help maximize the potential of that expansion. Growing Zenger Farm is a unique opportunity to learn how urban agriculture can best address the needs of communities. Food security, community development, education, economic development and environmental stewardship are components of Zenger's stated mission and goals and are areas where urban agriculture has the potential to make meaningful contributions. Ecotone will complete a community needs assessment (CNA) of the Powellhurst-Gilbert and Lents communities, and will work with high school planning students from Catlin Gabel School to simultaneously carry out a youth-focused CNA of the same neighborhoods. The CNA findings, in conjunction with urban agriculture research and extensive outreach and collaboration with Zenger's neighbors, will help Ecotone develop programmatic, site design and urban agriculture policy recommendations. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sumner Sharpe and Ellen Bassett. Title: Growing Zenger Farm Author: Sonmez, Turhan, Milner, Elizabeth, Glenewinkel, Stacey, Carone, Kate Year: 2010 Zenger Farm is a working urban farm in outer southeast Portland, Oregon, that promotes sustainable food systems, environmental stewardship and local economic development. Currently operating on 6 acres of farmland and 10 acres of wetland, the farm has an opportunity to expand onto 4 additional acres of adjacent land, and has asked Ecotone to help maximize the potential of that expansion. Growing Zenger Farm is a unique opportunity to learn how urban agriculture can best address the needs of communities. Food security, community development, education, economic development and environmental stewardship are components of Zenger's stated mission and goals and are areas where urban agriculture has the potential to make meaningful contributions. Ecotone will complete a community needs assessment (CNA) of the Powellhurst-Gilbert and Lents communities, and will work with high school planning students from Catlin Gabel School to simultaneously carry out a youth-focused CNA of the same neighborhoods. The CNA findings, in conjunction with urban agriculture research and extensive outreach and collaboration with Zenger's neighbors, will help Ecotone develop programmatic, site design and urban agriculture policy recommendations. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sumner Sharpe and Ellen Bassett. Close

• 16. [Article] On the Edge of Agriculture: An Interview with Narendra Varma and Gianna Banducci of Our Table Cooperative

  One mile outside Portland’s urban growth boundary near Sherwood OR, a new farm business is modeling innovative practices that could become the future of Oregon agriculture. The Our Table Cooperative brings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: On the Edge of Agriculture: An Interview with Narendra Varma and Gianna Banducci of Our Table Cooperative Author: Simpson, Mike Year: 2013 One mile outside Portland’s urban growth boundary near Sherwood OR, a new farm business is modeling innovative practices that could become the future of Oregon agriculture. The Our Table Cooperative brings stakeholders from all levels of the food system together as member-owners within the same organizational structure. By sharing costs and infrastructure, the cooperative seeks to show that small and medium scale agricultural production can be economically viable. The farm also emphasizes diversity of crops over industrial efficiency, and its management is based on dynamic governance.. Recently, Metroscape sat down with two members of the cooperative to discuss their vision, and how their approach to farming and farmland stewardship works within a system of land-use regulations that were designed to protect Oregon’s farmland at a time when large-scale industrial production was widely thought to the only viable agricultural model. Narendra Varma is a founding member of the cooperative. Gianna Banducci recently joined the cooperative as Marketing Director. Title: On the Edge of Agriculture: An Interview with Narendra Varma and Gianna Banducci of Our Table Cooperative Author: Simpson, Mike Year: 2013 One mile outside Portland’s urban growth boundary near Sherwood OR, a new farm business is modeling innovative practices that could become the future of Oregon agriculture. The Our Table Cooperative brings stakeholders from all levels of the food system together as member-owners within the same organizational structure. By sharing costs and infrastructure, the cooperative seeks to show that small and medium scale agricultural production can be economically viable. The farm also emphasizes diversity of crops over industrial efficiency, and its management is based on dynamic governance.. Recently, Metroscape sat down with two members of the cooperative to discuss their vision, and how their approach to farming and farmland stewardship works within a system of land-use regulations that were designed to protect Oregon’s farmland at a time when large-scale industrial production was widely thought to the only viable agricultural model. Narendra Varma is a founding member of the cooperative. Gianna Banducci recently joined the cooperative as Marketing Director. Close

• 17. [Article] The Future of Oregon’s Agricultural Land

  Sixty-four percent of Oregon's farmland is expected to change hands in the next 20 years, yet many Oregon farmers are unprepared for succession. Simultaneously, beginning farmers are finding it harder ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Future of Oregon’s Agricultural Land Author: Brekken, Christy Anderson, Gwin, Lauren, Horst, Megan, McAdams, Nellie, Martin, Sheila A Year: 2016 Sixty-four percent of Oregon's farmland is expected to change hands in the next 20 years, yet many Oregon farmers are unprepared for succession. Simultaneously, beginning farmers are finding it harder to start farmers because of dramatically increasing land prices. These distinct but interwined challenges are addressed in a new research report from the Oregon State University Center for Small Farms, Portland State University's Planning Oregon/Institute for Metropolitan Studies, and Rogue Farm Corps. The study examines trends in land tenure and the effects they might have on Oregon's economy, rural communities, and environment. The report was in many ways inspired and informed by the land access working group of the Oregon Community Food Systems Network. Title: The Future of Oregon’s Agricultural Land Author: Brekken, Christy Anderson, Gwin, Lauren, Horst, Megan, McAdams, Nellie, Martin, Sheila A Year: 2016 Sixty-four percent of Oregon's farmland is expected to change hands in the next 20 years, yet many Oregon farmers are unprepared for succession. Simultaneously, beginning farmers are finding it harder to start farmers because of dramatically increasing land prices. These distinct but interwined challenges are addressed in a new research report from the Oregon State University Center for Small Farms, Portland State University's Planning Oregon/Institute for Metropolitan Studies, and Rogue Farm Corps. The study examines trends in land tenure and the effects they might have on Oregon's economy, rural communities, and environment. The report was in many ways inspired and informed by the land access working group of the Oregon Community Food Systems Network. Close

• 18. [Article] A Parametric Study on Power Variation for Model Wind Turbine Arrays

  This thesis presents the results of wind tunnel experiments performed for various model wind turbine arrays. The aim is to understand how siting affects power output. To optimize wind farm efficiency the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Parametric Study on Power Variation for Model Wind Turbine Arrays Author: DeLucia, Dominic Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of wind tunnel experiments performed for various model wind turbine arrays. The aim is to understand how siting affects power output. To optimize wind farm efficiency the experiments vary the parameters of the model wind turbines and the layout of the wind turbine array. The parameters include the alignment, height, spacing, and the rotational direction of the model wind turbines. These experiments employ mechanical torque sensors to simultaneously measure the torque and rotor angular velocity, which yields a direct measurement of the fluid mechanical power extracted by the turbine at multiple locations. For a 4 × 3 array, the power is calculated at the center turbine in each of the rows. Variations in wind farm efficiency ranging from 55% to 90% are observed between the 13 different layouts tested. Modifications to the layout of the wind turbine array clearly affects the power output of the wind turbines downstream. The results of such experiments highlight the importance of studying the relationship between wind farm layout and power output. Title: A Parametric Study on Power Variation for Model Wind Turbine Arrays Author: DeLucia, Dominic Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of wind tunnel experiments performed for various model wind turbine arrays. The aim is to understand how siting affects power output. To optimize wind farm efficiency the experiments vary the parameters of the model wind turbines and the layout of the wind turbine array. The parameters include the alignment, height, spacing, and the rotational direction of the model wind turbines. These experiments employ mechanical torque sensors to simultaneously measure the torque and rotor angular velocity, which yields a direct measurement of the fluid mechanical power extracted by the turbine at multiple locations. For a 4 × 3 array, the power is calculated at the center turbine in each of the rows. Variations in wind farm efficiency ranging from 55% to 90% are observed between the 13 different layouts tested. Modifications to the layout of the wind turbine array clearly affects the power output of the wind turbines downstream. The results of such experiments highlight the importance of studying the relationship between wind farm layout and power output. Close

• 19. [Article] Siting a Wind Farm in Oregon: Considering a Hierarchical Decision Model with Four Scenarios

  This paper primarily serves two purposes: first, it looks to develop a methodology that takes scenarios and certain hard-to-measure intangibles such as politics, social impact, and even religion; as well ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Siting a Wind Farm in Oregon: Considering a Hierarchical Decision Model with Four Scenarios Author: Yates, Diane Year: 2015 This paper primarily serves two purposes: first, it looks to develop a methodology that takes scenarios and certain hard-to-measure intangibles such as politics, social impact, and even religion; as well as more tangible and measurable variables such as environmental impacts, cost and types of materials, storage and wind turbine technologies, to name a few, that then could be used as input to a decision-making model on where to build a wind farm. The hierarchical decision model (HDM) then analyzes these variables, based on an independent judging panel, in order to come up with a recommendation for the best site on where to build the wind farm. Second, the preliminary discussion of this paper serves as a prototype of developing a methodology that might one day serve as part of an overall comprehensive energy policy for the State of Oregon. Title: Siting a Wind Farm in Oregon: Considering a Hierarchical Decision Model with Four Scenarios Author: Yates, Diane Year: 2015 This paper primarily serves two purposes: first, it looks to develop a methodology that takes scenarios and certain hard-to-measure intangibles such as politics, social impact, and even religion; as well as more tangible and measurable variables such as environmental impacts, cost and types of materials, storage and wind turbine technologies, to name a few, that then could be used as input to a decision-making model on where to build a wind farm. The hierarchical decision model (HDM) then analyzes these variables, based on an independent judging panel, in order to come up with a recommendation for the best site on where to build the wind farm. Second, the preliminary discussion of this paper serves as a prototype of developing a methodology that might one day serve as part of an overall comprehensive energy policy for the State of Oregon. Close

• 20. [Article] Distribution of Mean Kinetic Energy Around an Isolated Wind Turbine and a Characteristic Wind Turbine of a Very Large Wind Farm

  An isolated wind turbine and a very large wind farm are introduced into large-eddy simulations of an atmospheric boundary layer. The atmospheric flow is forced with a constant geostrophic wind and a time-varying ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of Mean Kinetic Energy Around an Isolated Wind Turbine and a Characteristic Wind Turbine of a Very Large Wind Farm Author: Cortina, Gerard, Calaf, Marc, Cal, Raul Bayoan Year: 2016 An isolated wind turbine and a very large wind farm are introduced into large-eddy simulations of an atmospheric boundary layer. The atmospheric flow is forced with a constant geostrophic wind and a time-varying surface temperature extracted from a selected period of the CASES-99 field experiment. A control volume approach is used to directly compare the transfer of mean kinetic energy around a characteristic wind turbine throughout a diurnal cycle considering both scenarios. For the very large wind farm case, results illustrate that the recovery of mean kinetic energy around a wind turbine is dominated by the vertical flux, regardless of atmospheric stratification. Contrarily, for an isolated wind turbine, the recovery is dependent on the background atmospheric stratification and it is produced by a combination of advection, vertical flux, and pressure redistribution. The analysis also illustrates that during the unstable stratification periods vertical entrainment of mean kinetic energy dominates, whereas during the stable regime horizontal entrainment is predominant. Finally, it is observed that in both scenarios, the single wind turbine and the large wind farm cases, turbulent mixing is driven by the background convective stratification during the unstable period and by the effect of the wind turbine during the stable regime. Title: Distribution of Mean Kinetic Energy Around an Isolated Wind Turbine and a Characteristic Wind Turbine of a Very Large Wind Farm Author: Cortina, Gerard, Calaf, Marc, Cal, Raul Bayoan Year: 2016 An isolated wind turbine and a very large wind farm are introduced into large-eddy simulations of an atmospheric boundary layer. The atmospheric flow is forced with a constant geostrophic wind and a time-varying surface temperature extracted from a selected period of the CASES-99 field experiment. A control volume approach is used to directly compare the transfer of mean kinetic energy around a characteristic wind turbine throughout a diurnal cycle considering both scenarios. For the very large wind farm case, results illustrate that the recovery of mean kinetic energy around a wind turbine is dominated by the vertical flux, regardless of atmospheric stratification. Contrarily, for an isolated wind turbine, the recovery is dependent on the background atmospheric stratification and it is produced by a combination of advection, vertical flux, and pressure redistribution. The analysis also illustrates that during the unstable stratification periods vertical entrainment of mean kinetic energy dominates, whereas during the stable regime horizontal entrainment is predominant. Finally, it is observed that in both scenarios, the single wind turbine and the large wind farm cases, turbulent mixing is driven by the background convective stratification during the unstable period and by the effect of the wind turbine during the stable regime. Close

• 21. [Article] Agricultural Transitions in Northwestern Argentina

  Worldwide, agriculture has seen a transition from small scale subsistence farming to large scale commercial operations, often associated with green revolution technologies and support by government policies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural Transitions in Northwestern Argentina Author: Reynolds, Kimberly Year: 2013 Worldwide, agriculture has seen a transition from small scale subsistence farming to large scale commercial operations, often associated with green revolution technologies and support by government policies and western models of economic development. Argentina with its history as a salient agricultural exporter serves as a valuable example of the agricultural transition from subsistence to commercial production. In the small town of San Pedro de Cololao, Tucuman, we studied the agricultural transitions that are taking place and analyzed the role that socioeconomic, cultural and political factors play in the shift. Through the case studies of agricultural practices in San Pedro de Cololao this report will give greater insight into how agriculture in rural communities is responding to economic development. This paper finds that two types of agricultural transitions from subsistence to commercialized production are occurring in NW Argentina and evaluates how they follow trends in development theory to greater conceptualize the patterns that led to these transitions and the potential social, economic and environmental implications they present. The agriculture changes taking place in San Pedro can be viewed as a representation of two paradigm shifts in the rural development discourse, the "small-farm-first narrative" and the shift towards internal resources and markets. Three agricultural models are present in San Pedro, 1) subsistence, 2) agroecological, and 3) small scale commercialized production of vegetables. Subsistence agriculture is slowly being abandoned in a transition to agroecological, and small scale production of vegetables for commercialization. The transition to agroecology can be identified with both the small-farm-first approach as well the shift towards internal resources and markets. The transition to the small scale commercialization of vegetables while associated with the small-farm first approach, applies some industrial agriculture technologies. Title: Agricultural Transitions in Northwestern Argentina Author: Reynolds, Kimberly Year: 2013 Worldwide, agriculture has seen a transition from small scale subsistence farming to large scale commercial operations, often associated with green revolution technologies and support by government policies and western models of economic development. Argentina with its history as a salient agricultural exporter serves as a valuable example of the agricultural transition from subsistence to commercial production. In the small town of San Pedro de Cololao, Tucuman, we studied the agricultural transitions that are taking place and analyzed the role that socioeconomic, cultural and political factors play in the shift. Through the case studies of agricultural practices in San Pedro de Cololao this report will give greater insight into how agriculture in rural communities is responding to economic development. This paper finds that two types of agricultural transitions from subsistence to commercialized production are occurring in NW Argentina and evaluates how they follow trends in development theory to greater conceptualize the patterns that led to these transitions and the potential social, economic and environmental implications they present. The agriculture changes taking place in San Pedro can be viewed as a representation of two paradigm shifts in the rural development discourse, the "small-farm-first narrative" and the shift towards internal resources and markets. Three agricultural models are present in San Pedro, 1) subsistence, 2) agroecological, and 3) small scale commercialized production of vegetables. Subsistence agriculture is slowly being abandoned in a transition to agroecological, and small scale production of vegetables for commercialization. The transition to agroecology can be identified with both the small-farm-first approach as well the shift towards internal resources and markets. The transition to the small scale commercialization of vegetables while associated with the small-farm first approach, applies some industrial agriculture technologies. Close

• 22. [Article] Risk Management System for Vestas Wind Farms

  Improvements to the risk management system(RMS) and the means to implement this RMS within the project management group at Vestas Americas are proposed in this report. Wind farm construction is a complex ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk Management System for Vestas Wind Farms Author: Johnson, Todd, Peterman, Wendy, Talla, Rajesh, Yates, Diane, Yoon, Youngkoo Year: 2009 Improvements to the risk management system(RMS) and the means to implement this RMS within the project management group at Vestas Americas are proposed in this report. Wind farm construction is a complex process that does not require advanced innovative technology. Therefore this process requires a “qualitative” risk response plan [1]. Vestas’ current risk plan is not comprehensive. At present, project managers focus on the critical path and on managing current risks. They look at current risks using probability and impact assessments that vary from project to project and from manager to manager. Title: Risk Management System for Vestas Wind Farms Author: Johnson, Todd, Peterman, Wendy, Talla, Rajesh, Yates, Diane, Yoon, Youngkoo Year: 2009 Improvements to the risk management system(RMS) and the means to implement this RMS within the project management group at Vestas Americas are proposed in this report. Wind farm construction is a complex process that does not require advanced innovative technology. Therefore this process requires a “qualitative” risk response plan [1]. Vestas’ current risk plan is not comprehensive. At present, project managers focus on the critical path and on managing current risks. They look at current risks using probability and impact assessments that vary from project to project and from manager to manager. Close

• 23. [Article] Growing a Sustainable Portland Metropolitan Foodshed

  Project Description and Objectives: Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) provided funding for this study to examine key agricultural trends, identify producer needs and define ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growing a Sustainable Portland Metropolitan Foodshed Author: Martin, Sheila, Doherty-Chapman, Kathryn, Wise, Robert, Foust, Steve, Greene, Kirsten, Fiore, Ellie, Wyoming, Ellen, Seavert, Clark, Sullivan, Rebecca, Emshoff, Beth, Yap, Anita, Scolnik, Elise, Short, Bob Year: 2012 Project Description and Objectives: Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) provided funding for this study to examine key agricultural trends, identify producer needs and define strategies to strengthen the local food production system. The goals of the study are to: Define the Portland Metropolitan Foodshed; identify related agricultural and economic trends and develop a needs assessment based on input from producers and other stakeholders; assemble a regional toolkit of strategies to support evolution of a sustainable Portland Metropolitan Foodshed; work with the City of Damascus, Oregon to test the toolkit on a local level; Develop a research and educational program that supports these goals and supports small and medium farmers in the region. This project differs from many other studies of the barriers and opportunities faced by farmers because it focuses specifically on farms that are trying to survive within a growing metropolitan region. While these farms face significant challenges related to urban growth, they also have significant opportunities as urban consumers begin to demand food that is grown locally and sustainability and food related experiences that can supplement farm income. Title: Growing a Sustainable Portland Metropolitan Foodshed Author: Martin, Sheila, Doherty-Chapman, Kathryn, Wise, Robert, Foust, Steve, Greene, Kirsten, Fiore, Ellie, Wyoming, Ellen, Seavert, Clark, Sullivan, Rebecca, Emshoff, Beth, Yap, Anita, Scolnik, Elise, Short, Bob Year: 2012 Project Description and Objectives: Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) provided funding for this study to examine key agricultural trends, identify producer needs and define strategies to strengthen the local food production system. The goals of the study are to: Define the Portland Metropolitan Foodshed; identify related agricultural and economic trends and develop a needs assessment based on input from producers and other stakeholders; assemble a regional toolkit of strategies to support evolution of a sustainable Portland Metropolitan Foodshed; work with the City of Damascus, Oregon to test the toolkit on a local level; Develop a research and educational program that supports these goals and supports small and medium farmers in the region. This project differs from many other studies of the barriers and opportunities faced by farmers because it focuses specifically on farms that are trying to survive within a growing metropolitan region. While these farms face significant challenges related to urban growth, they also have significant opportunities as urban consumers begin to demand food that is grown locally and sustainability and food related experiences that can supplement farm income. Close

• 24. [Article] Blade Number Effects in a Scaled Down Wind Farm

  Two 3 × 4 scaled down wind farms were analyzed to understand differences in wind turbine boundary layers when turbines operating at identical power coefficients have two or three blades. Mean streamwise ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Blade Number Effects in a Scaled Down Wind Farm Author: Newman, A. Jensen, Cal, Raúl Bayoán, Castillo, Luciano Year: 2015 Two 3 × 4 scaled down wind farms were analyzed to understand differences in wind turbine boundary layers when turbines operating at identical power coefficients have two or three blades. Mean streamwise velocities in two bladed turbine near wakes ranged between 10 and 100% larger than those in the three bladed case with large differences just behind the nacelle. In the rotor swept region of far wakes, mean velocity differences between the two arrays were about 10% (max) and became smaller with increasing streamwise direction. Contrary to these findings, regions above and below rotors become less similar deep in the array. Incoming flow to downstream turbines was shown to have greater Reynolds streamwise normal stress for three bladed rotors. Percentage differences ranged between about 30% for the second turbine down to 10% for the fourth turbine. Additionally, there is qualitative evidence that suggests incoming streamwise Reynolds normal stress becomes similar between the two types of turbines, indicating that asymptotically two and three bladed turbines could have similar fatigue loading properties. These results show that use of two bladed turbines would have the most impact when used in a wind farm's first two rows. Title: Blade Number Effects in a Scaled Down Wind Farm Author: Newman, A. Jensen, Cal, Raúl Bayoán, Castillo, Luciano Year: 2015 Two 3 × 4 scaled down wind farms were analyzed to understand differences in wind turbine boundary layers when turbines operating at identical power coefficients have two or three blades. Mean streamwise velocities in two bladed turbine near wakes ranged between 10 and 100% larger than those in the three bladed case with large differences just behind the nacelle. In the rotor swept region of far wakes, mean velocity differences between the two arrays were about 10% (max) and became smaller with increasing streamwise direction. Contrary to these findings, regions above and below rotors become less similar deep in the array. Incoming flow to downstream turbines was shown to have greater Reynolds streamwise normal stress for three bladed rotors. Percentage differences ranged between about 30% for the second turbine down to 10% for the fourth turbine. Additionally, there is qualitative evidence that suggests incoming streamwise Reynolds normal stress becomes similar between the two types of turbines, indicating that asymptotically two and three bladed turbines could have similar fatigue loading properties. These results show that use of two bladed turbines would have the most impact when used in a wind farm's first two rows. Close

• 25. [Article] A New Era of Water Quality Management in Agriculture: From Best Management Practices to Watershed-based Whole Farm Approaches

  Why is reducing water pollution from agriculture such a stubbornly slow process? Despite several policy initiatives since the 1970s, farms and ranches rank as the primary contributors to impairments of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A New Era of Water Quality Management in Agriculture: From Best Management Practices to Watershed-based Whole Farm Approaches Author: Ervin, David E. Year: 1995 Why is reducing water pollution from agriculture such a stubbornly slow process? Despite several policy initiatives since the 1970s, farms and ranches rank as the primary contributors to impairments of the nation's surface waters [U.S.EPA, 1994b]. Emerging research also points to agricultural chemicals in many cases of groundwater contamination [Barbash and Resek; Mueller, et al.]. After a little reflection, the industry's negative distinction may not be surprising. Covering nearly half the U.S. land base, crop and livestock production inevitably alter natural vegetative cover, apply fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water, and involve animal wastes. All of these processes can degrade water quality. Without question, cases of water quality improvement as well as degradation occur within agriculture's number one ranking. Stream, lake, and groundwater success stories have come from federal, state, and local efforts. However, the overall weight of the evidence indicates the industry's performance needs to improve rather sharply if the nation's water quality is to advance to a higher plateau in line with broad public preference. This paper's central thesis is that dramatic changes in program approaches are necessary for that advance because of powerful budget, economic, and political forces. Continued reliance on programs subsidizing or regulating best management practices (BMPs) conflicts with those forces in fundamental ways. Moreover, promising technologies and improved water quality science support more flexible, whole farm approaches for targeted priority watersheds. Title: A New Era of Water Quality Management in Agriculture: From Best Management Practices to Watershed-based Whole Farm Approaches Author: Ervin, David E. Year: 1995 Why is reducing water pollution from agriculture such a stubbornly slow process? Despite several policy initiatives since the 1970s, farms and ranches rank as the primary contributors to impairments of the nation's surface waters [U.S.EPA, 1994b]. Emerging research also points to agricultural chemicals in many cases of groundwater contamination [Barbash and Resek; Mueller, et al.]. After a little reflection, the industry's negative distinction may not be surprising. Covering nearly half the U.S. land base, crop and livestock production inevitably alter natural vegetative cover, apply fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water, and involve animal wastes. All of these processes can degrade water quality. Without question, cases of water quality improvement as well as degradation occur within agriculture's number one ranking. Stream, lake, and groundwater success stories have come from federal, state, and local efforts. However, the overall weight of the evidence indicates the industry's performance needs to improve rather sharply if the nation's water quality is to advance to a higher plateau in line with broad public preference. This paper's central thesis is that dramatic changes in program approaches are necessary for that advance because of powerful budget, economic, and political forces. Continued reliance on programs subsidizing or regulating best management practices (BMPs) conflicts with those forces in fundamental ways. Moreover, promising technologies and improved water quality science support more flexible, whole farm approaches for targeted priority watersheds. Close

• 26. [Article] Policies Driving Wind Power Adoption in the Pacific Northwest

  Wind energy is generally the cheapest renewable energy technology, and it is the only one ready for large-scale deployment. Wind energy investment has been growing rapidly due to government support. In ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Policies Driving Wind Power Adoption in the Pacific Northwest Author: Lui, Jonathan, Gu, Yongwen, Martin, Brandon Year: 2014 Wind energy is generally the cheapest renewable energy technology, and it is the only one ready for large-scale deployment. Wind energy investment has been growing rapidly due to government support. In this project, we analyzed the policies driving wind power adoption in the Pacific Northwest. We built a HDM model to identify the driving forces behind wind power adoption from policy perspective, economic perspective, and environment perspective. For policy perspective, we considered production tax credit (PTC), Washington state initiative (I-937), energy trust policy, federal clean renewable energy bonds, over supply and subsidies, and wind farm location selection. For economic perspective, we considered job created for wind farms, tax revenue for rural communities, easement payment for farm owners, demand of wind turbines and turbine component, and stabilization of wholesale electricity costs. For environmental perspective, we considered reductions of ecological footprint, carbon emissions, water consumptions, and toxic pollutions thanks to wind energy. We identified that policy is still the main factor of wind adoption in the Pacific Northwest. Without additional tax incentives for the Pacific Northwest there will likely be a reduction in wind sites. We confirmed that wind energy benefits the economy and environment. As technology continues to improve, so will the benefits associated with this maturing technology. Title: Policies Driving Wind Power Adoption in the Pacific Northwest Author: Lui, Jonathan, Gu, Yongwen, Martin, Brandon Year: 2014 Wind energy is generally the cheapest renewable energy technology, and it is the only one ready for large-scale deployment. Wind energy investment has been growing rapidly due to government support. In this project, we analyzed the policies driving wind power adoption in the Pacific Northwest. We built a HDM model to identify the driving forces behind wind power adoption from policy perspective, economic perspective, and environment perspective. For policy perspective, we considered production tax credit (PTC), Washington state initiative (I-937), energy trust policy, federal clean renewable energy bonds, over supply and subsidies, and wind farm location selection. For economic perspective, we considered job created for wind farms, tax revenue for rural communities, easement payment for farm owners, demand of wind turbines and turbine component, and stabilization of wholesale electricity costs. For environmental perspective, we considered reductions of ecological footprint, carbon emissions, water consumptions, and toxic pollutions thanks to wind energy. We identified that policy is still the main factor of wind adoption in the Pacific Northwest. Without additional tax incentives for the Pacific Northwest there will likely be a reduction in wind sites. We confirmed that wind energy benefits the economy and environment. As technology continues to improve, so will the benefits associated with this maturing technology. Close

• 27. [Article] The defense system in Libya during the I-VI centuries A.D.

  This thesis will examine the significance of the defense system that was a result of the Libyan wars against the Romans, Byzantines, and the Vandals. For economic and strategic reasons these nations were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The defense system in Libya during the I-VI centuries A.D. Author: Geddeda, Ramadan A. Year: 1978 This thesis will examine the significance of the defense system that was a result of the Libyan wars against the Romans, Byzantines, and the Vandals. For economic and strategic reasons these nations were involved in long and bitter wars which lasted over six centuries. The policy of the long distance military expeditions, which was the main instrument of the Romans in subduing the natives in the early Empire, had failed to achieve its goals. Thus, the alternative was to erect a network of roads and forts in strategic spots such as water points, commanding hills, along the caravan routes and on the edges of fertile wadis. In fact, neither the roads, which were very well fortified, nor the massive front forts had solved the frontier problems, thus the Romans had no choice other than to leave the frontiers to be guarded by the natives themselves. To this end several civilian settlements (fortified farms) were established on the fertile wadis. "While a mixture of people coexisted in these fortified farms, the archaeological remains show that the prevailing culture belonged to the Libyan natives. Title: The defense system in Libya during the I-VI centuries A.D. Author: Geddeda, Ramadan A. Year: 1978 This thesis will examine the significance of the defense system that was a result of the Libyan wars against the Romans, Byzantines, and the Vandals. For economic and strategic reasons these nations were involved in long and bitter wars which lasted over six centuries. The policy of the long distance military expeditions, which was the main instrument of the Romans in subduing the natives in the early Empire, had failed to achieve its goals. Thus, the alternative was to erect a network of roads and forts in strategic spots such as water points, commanding hills, along the caravan routes and on the edges of fertile wadis. In fact, neither the roads, which were very well fortified, nor the massive front forts had solved the frontier problems, thus the Romans had no choice other than to leave the frontiers to be guarded by the natives themselves. To this end several civilian settlements (fortified farms) were established on the fertile wadis. "While a mixture of people coexisted in these fortified farms, the archaeological remains show that the prevailing culture belonged to the Libyan natives. Close

• 28. [Article] Technology Roadmap: Cattle Farming Sustainability in Germany

  Cattle farming is one of the most environmentally threatening industries worldwide. Its impact has been assessed as a main driver for soil degradation, deforestation, water bed contamination, and greenhouse ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technology Roadmap: Cattle Farming Sustainability in Germany Author: Gallegos Rivero, Alvaro Rigel, Daim, Tugrul U. Year: 2017 Cattle farming is one of the most environmentally threatening industries worldwide. Its impact has been assessed as a main driver for soil degradation, deforestation, water bed contamination, and greenhouse gas emissions. Germany is one of the largest consumers and producers of livestock products in the world. This high volume demand for livestock forces farmers and consumers to import from overseas and increase national yields. Technologies worldwide are being developed with a focus on sustainability and cleaner production; however, this may not necessarily be easily adapted and implemented by German farmers. This paper uses the technology roadmap approach to propose a plan for implementing these technologies by identifying the barriers and actions to remove them. Aquaponics, grazing management, and capturing methane are current global trends used in the effort to reduce the impact of livestock. While aquaponics are at an early stage of development and implementation in Germany, grazing management techniques and methane processing on free range cattle are mostly still unknown and not implemented by farmers producing in the country. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Title: Technology Roadmap: Cattle Farming Sustainability in Germany Author: Gallegos Rivero, Alvaro Rigel, Daim, Tugrul U. Year: 2017 Cattle farming is one of the most environmentally threatening industries worldwide. Its impact has been assessed as a main driver for soil degradation, deforestation, water bed contamination, and greenhouse gas emissions. Germany is one of the largest consumers and producers of livestock products in the world. This high volume demand for livestock forces farmers and consumers to import from overseas and increase national yields. Technologies worldwide are being developed with a focus on sustainability and cleaner production; however, this may not necessarily be easily adapted and implemented by German farmers. This paper uses the technology roadmap approach to propose a plan for implementing these technologies by identifying the barriers and actions to remove them. Aquaponics, grazing management, and capturing methane are current global trends used in the effort to reduce the impact of livestock. While aquaponics are at an early stage of development and implementation in Germany, grazing management techniques and methane processing on free range cattle are mostly still unknown and not implemented by farmers producing in the country. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Close

• 29. [Article] Organics to You - Optimization of Produce Bins

  Organics to You (www.organicstoyou.org ) is a produce delivery company that focuses on bringing organic local food from local farms straight to the homes, schools, and businesses of its clients. Each week ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organics to You - Optimization of Produce Bins Author: Lerdphayakkarat, Rassaniya, Chieh Lu, Chuan, Roschke, Jon, Suzuki, Juliana, Truong, Jessie Year: 2017 Organics to You (www.organicstoyou.org ) is a produce delivery company that focuses on bringing organic local food from local farms straight to the homes, schools, and businesses of its clients. Each week a "Small Bin" is created using different varieties of local produce from various farms. Customers receive a bin that contains 12-14 varieties of produce with 2-6 "servings" of each variety (e.g., 1 melon, 4 apples, 1 head of lettuce, 2 lbs potatoes, etc). Our objective is to optimize the contents of the “Small Bin”. The decision we want to make is how much of each variety do we include in the bin while minimizing capital costs, thus maximizing profits. Constraints will aim to keep each variety within the appropriate "servings" range in order to ensure a well rounded bin and avoid overloading customers with too much of one thing, i.e. we cannot just give everyone twenty pounds of potatoes as cheap as that might be. Title: Organics to You - Optimization of Produce Bins Author: Lerdphayakkarat, Rassaniya, Chieh Lu, Chuan, Roschke, Jon, Suzuki, Juliana, Truong, Jessie Year: 2017 Organics to You (www.organicstoyou.org ) is a produce delivery company that focuses on bringing organic local food from local farms straight to the homes, schools, and businesses of its clients. Each week a "Small Bin" is created using different varieties of local produce from various farms. Customers receive a bin that contains 12-14 varieties of produce with 2-6 "servings" of each variety (e.g., 1 melon, 4 apples, 1 head of lettuce, 2 lbs potatoes, etc). Our objective is to optimize the contents of the “Small Bin”. The decision we want to make is how much of each variety do we include in the bin while minimizing capital costs, thus maximizing profits. Constraints will aim to keep each variety within the appropriate "servings" range in order to ensure a well rounded bin and avoid overloading customers with too much of one thing, i.e. we cannot just give everyone twenty pounds of potatoes as cheap as that might be. Close

• 30. [Article] Rural Water

  In Rural Water, Amos Durand struggles to bring in the year's corn crop amid constant rain, marital strife, and his son's peculiar role in a murder investigation.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rural Water Author: Mollet, Daniel Ray Year: 2013 In Rural Water, Amos Durand struggles to bring in the year's corn crop amid constant rain, marital strife, and his son's peculiar role in a murder investigation. Title: Rural Water Author: Mollet, Daniel Ray Year: 2013 In Rural Water, Amos Durand struggles to bring in the year's corn crop amid constant rain, marital strife, and his son's peculiar role in a murder investigation. Close

• 31. [Article] Heard on the Net: Ain’t Gonna Work on Charles’* Farm No More

  This column explores the lack of investment in middle management by the association of research libraries and looks at how community engagement can result in new ways to develop collections.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heard on the Net: Ain’t Gonna Work on Charles’* Farm No More Author: Emery, Jill Year: 2011 This column explores the lack of investment in middle management by the association of research libraries and looks at how community engagement can result in new ways to develop collections. Title: Heard on the Net: Ain’t Gonna Work on Charles’* Farm No More Author: Emery, Jill Year: 2011 This column explores the lack of investment in middle management by the association of research libraries and looks at how community engagement can result in new ways to develop collections. Close

• 32. [Article] Leaving Silos on the Farm: A Sustainable Solution for Distributing eBooks

  Douglas County Libraries won a grant based on their eBook model to provide a platform for the state, eVoke Colorado. Initiated several years ago, and discussed here previously, this session provides new ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Leaving Silos on the Farm: A Sustainable Solution for Distributing eBooks Author: Tibbetts, Hutch Year: 2015 Douglas County Libraries won a grant based on their eBook model to provide a platform for the state, eVoke Colorado. Initiated several years ago, and discussed here previously, this session provides new insight into their progress, partnering with Spain-based Odilo to deliver eBooks and eAudio, as well as downloadable music and video, through their catalog. Ideally suited for consortia, library networks, and statewide platforms, it eliminates content silos, making the patron experience second to none. Title: Leaving Silos on the Farm: A Sustainable Solution for Distributing eBooks Author: Tibbetts, Hutch Year: 2015 Douglas County Libraries won a grant based on their eBook model to provide a platform for the state, eVoke Colorado. Initiated several years ago, and discussed here previously, this session provides new insight into their progress, partnering with Spain-based Odilo to deliver eBooks and eAudio, as well as downloadable music and video, through their catalog. Ideally suited for consortia, library networks, and statewide platforms, it eliminates content silos, making the patron experience second to none. Close

• 33. [Article] Proposed Special Rehabilitation Farm, Police Academy Levy (Portland Measure)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proposed Special Rehabilitation Farm, Police Academy Levy (Portland Measure) Author: City Club of Portland (Portland, Or.) Year: 1956 Title: Proposed Special Rehabilitation Farm, Police Academy Levy (Portland Measure) Author: City Club of Portland (Portland, Or.) Year: 1956 Close

• 34. [Article] Community Breeders: Animal Husbandry in Portlandia

  A brief exploration of animal husbandry within the city limits of Portland, Oregon, covering residents' experiences with raising chickens, goats, bees and other farm animals. Touches on new concerns relating ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community Breeders: Animal Husbandry in Portlandia Author: Spickerman, Kurt Year: 2013 A brief exploration of animal husbandry within the city limits of Portland, Oregon, covering residents' experiences with raising chickens, goats, bees and other farm animals. Touches on new concerns relating to local sources for food, community building, and drawbacks faced by some residents. Title: Community Breeders: Animal Husbandry in Portlandia Author: Spickerman, Kurt Year: 2013 A brief exploration of animal husbandry within the city limits of Portland, Oregon, covering residents' experiences with raising chickens, goats, bees and other farm animals. Touches on new concerns relating to local sources for food, community building, and drawbacks faced by some residents. Close

• 35. [Article] Vignettes and Havensville Farm

  This thesis includes a series of terse vignettes and a pastoral section. Both groups of poems share a connection to imagism and are invested in latency, given that the fraught images hint at violences ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vignettes and Havensville Farm Author: Green, Michael McKee Year: 2016 This thesis includes a series of terse vignettes and a pastoral section. Both groups of poems share a connection to imagism and are invested in latency, given that the fraught images hint at violences just beyond the reader's sensual periphery. Title: Vignettes and Havensville Farm Author: Green, Michael McKee Year: 2016 This thesis includes a series of terse vignettes and a pastoral section. Both groups of poems share a connection to imagism and are invested in latency, given that the fraught images hint at violences just beyond the reader's sensual periphery. Close

• 36. [Article] The Portland Spectator, May 2010

  Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What now, ASPSU?; Students for unity delivers; Conservative corner: taxed to death; Rebuilding a reputation; State elections; Saltzman fights - sort ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Portland Spectator, May 2010 Author: Portland State University. Student Publications Board Year: 2010 Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What now, ASPSU?; Students for unity delivers; Conservative corner: taxed to death; Rebuilding a reputation; State elections; Saltzman fights - sort of; Welcome to the federal farm; Discussing terrorism and Islamic radicalism; and You have to start somewhere Title: The Portland Spectator, May 2010 Author: Portland State University. Student Publications Board Year: 2010 Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What now, ASPSU?; Students for unity delivers; Conservative corner: taxed to death; Rebuilding a reputation; State elections; Saltzman fights - sort of; Welcome to the federal farm; Discussing terrorism and Islamic radicalism; and You have to start somewhere Close

• 37. [Article] Interview with Martin Barrett, City Garden Farms, 2009 (audio)

  Interview of Martin Barrett by Matthew Smith on July 30th, 2009.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Martin Barrett, City Garden Farms, 2009 (audio) Author: Barrett, Martin Year: 2009 Interview of Martin Barrett by Matthew Smith on July 30th, 2009. Title: Interview with Martin Barrett, City Garden Farms, 2009 (audio) Author: Barrett, Martin Year: 2009 Interview of Martin Barrett by Matthew Smith on July 30th, 2009. Close

• 38. [Article] Interview with Prairie Hale, Zenger Farm, 2009 (audio)

  Interview of Prairie Hale by Matthew Ford on July 24th, 2009.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Prairie Hale, Zenger Farm, 2009 (audio) Author: Hale, Prairie Year: 2009 Interview of Prairie Hale by Matthew Ford on July 24th, 2009. Title: Interview with Prairie Hale, Zenger Farm, 2009 (audio) Author: Hale, Prairie Year: 2009 Interview of Prairie Hale by Matthew Ford on July 24th, 2009. Close

• 39. [Article] Interview with Ben Johnson, Columbia Gorge Organics, 2006 (audio)

  Interview of Ben Johnson by David Kelty on August 2nd, 2006.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Ben Johnson, Columbia Gorge Organics, 2006 (audio) Author: Johnson, Ben Year: 2006 Interview of Ben Johnson by David Kelty on August 2nd, 2006. Title: Interview with Ben Johnson, Columbia Gorge Organics, 2006 (audio) Author: Johnson, Ben Year: 2006 Interview of Ben Johnson by David Kelty on August 2nd, 2006. Close

• 40. [Article] Interview with Sarah Patterson, Lettuce Grow Garden Foundation, 2009 (audio)

  Interview of Sarah Patterson by Diane Mahon in Portland, Oregon on July 29th, 2009. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Sarah Patterson, Lettuce Grow Garden Foundation, 2009 (audio) Author: Patterson, Sarah Year: 2009 Interview of Sarah Patterson by Diane Mahon in Portland, Oregon on July 29th, 2009. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Sarah Patterson, Lettuce Grow Garden Foundation, 2009 (audio) Author: Patterson, Sarah Year: 2009 Interview of Sarah Patterson by Diane Mahon in Portland, Oregon on July 29th, 2009. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 41. [Article] Interview with Deanna Quan, Q-Bar Farm, 2006 (audio)

  Interview of Deanna Quan by Erin Downey on August 10th, 2006.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Deanna Quan, Q-Bar Farm, 2006 (audio) Author: Quan, Deanna Year: 2006 Interview of Deanna Quan by Erin Downey on August 10th, 2006. Title: Interview with Deanna Quan, Q-Bar Farm, 2006 (audio) Author: Quan, Deanna Year: 2006 Interview of Deanna Quan by Erin Downey on August 10th, 2006. Close

• 42. [Article] Interview with Bernard Smith, Full of Life Farms, 2010 (audio)

  Interview of Bernard Smith by Kyle Dykstra on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Bernard Smith, Full of Life Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Smith, Bernard Year: 2010 Interview of Bernard Smith by Kyle Dykstra on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Bernard Smith, Full of Life Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Smith, Bernard Year: 2010 Interview of Bernard Smith by Kyle Dykstra on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 43. [Article] Interview with Lyle N. Stanley, Gee Creek Farm, 2007 (audio)

  Interview of Lyle N. Stanley by Aaron Veal at Portland State University on July 28th, 2007. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Lyle N. Stanley, Gee Creek Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Stanley, Lyle N. Year: 2007 Interview of Lyle N. Stanley by Aaron Veal at Portland State University on July 28th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Lyle N. Stanley, Gee Creek Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Stanley, Lyle N. Year: 2007 Interview of Lyle N. Stanley by Aaron Veal at Portland State University on July 28th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 44. [Article] Interview with Allejandro Tecum, Adelante Mujeres, 2010 (audio)

  Interview of Allejandro Tecum by Adam Villareal at Forest Grove, Oregon on February 25th, 2010. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Allejandro Tecum, Adelante Mujeres, 2010 (audio) Author: Tecum, Allejandro Year: 2010 Interview of Allejandro Tecum by Adam Villareal at Forest Grove, Oregon on February 25th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Allejandro Tecum, Adelante Mujeres, 2010 (audio) Author: Tecum, Allejandro Year: 2010 Interview of Allejandro Tecum by Adam Villareal at Forest Grove, Oregon on February 25th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 45. [Article] Interview with Kathy & Matt Unger, Unger Farms, 2007 (audio)

  Interview of Kathy and Matt Unger by Alix Lefler at Cornelius, Oregon on July 25th, 2007. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Kathy & Matt Unger, Unger Farms, 2007 (audio) Author: Unger, Kathy, Unger, Matt Year: 2007 Interview of Kathy and Matt Unger by Alix Lefler at Cornelius, Oregon on July 25th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Kathy & Matt Unger, Unger Farms, 2007 (audio) Author: Unger, Kathy, Unger, Matt Year: 2007 Interview of Kathy and Matt Unger by Alix Lefler at Cornelius, Oregon on July 25th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 46. [Article] Interview with Dan J. Wilson, SuDan Farms, 2007 (audio)

  Interview of Dan J. Wilson by Jason Keaton at Canby, Oregon on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Dan J. Wilson, SuDan Farms, 2007 (audio) Author: Wilson, Dan J. Year: 2007 Interview of Dan J. Wilson by Jason Keaton at Canby, Oregon on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Dan J. Wilson, SuDan Farms, 2007 (audio) Author: Wilson, Dan J. Year: 2007 Interview of Dan J. Wilson by Jason Keaton at Canby, Oregon on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 47. [Article] Interview with John Witte, Tenino Farms, 2010 (audio)

  Interview of John Witte by Steve Rosin at Portland, Oregon on March 1st, 2010. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with John Witte, Tenino Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Witte, John Year: 2010 Interview of John Witte by Steve Rosin at Portland, Oregon on March 1st, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with John Witte, Tenino Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Witte, John Year: 2010 Interview of John Witte by Steve Rosin at Portland, Oregon on March 1st, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 48. [Article] Interview with Myo DeMayo, Urbanstead Farm (audio)

  Interview of Myo DeMayo by Tyler Anderson. The interview index is available for download. The year is estimated.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Myo DeMayo, Urbanstead Farm (audio) Author: DeMayo, Myo Year: 2006 Interview of Myo DeMayo by Tyler Anderson. The interview index is available for download. The year is estimated. Title: Interview with Myo DeMayo, Urbanstead Farm (audio) Author: DeMayo, Myo Year: 2006 Interview of Myo DeMayo by Tyler Anderson. The interview index is available for download. The year is estimated. Close

• 49. [Article] Interview with Louisa DePaiva, Purple Rain Vineyard, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of Louisa DePaiva by Stephenie Bitz at Brush Prairie, Washington on May 10th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Louisa DePaiva, Purple Rain Vineyard, 2008 (audio) Author: DePaiva, Louisa Year: 2008 Interview of Louisa DePaiva by Stephenie Bitz at Brush Prairie, Washington on May 10th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Louisa DePaiva, Purple Rain Vineyard, 2008 (audio) Author: DePaiva, Louisa Year: 2008 Interview of Louisa DePaiva by Stephenie Bitz at Brush Prairie, Washington on May 10th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 50. [Article] Interview with Jill and Michael J. Paine, Gaining Ground Farm, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of Jill and Michael J. Pain by James Pritchett in Yamhill, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Jill and Michael J. Paine, Gaining Ground Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Paine, Jill, Paine, Michael J. Year: 2008 Interview of Jill and Michael J. Pain by James Pritchett in Yamhill, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Jill and Michael J. Paine, Gaining Ground Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Paine, Jill, Paine, Michael J. Year: 2008 Interview of Jill and Michael J. Pain by James Pritchett in Yamhill, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close