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• 1. [Article] The Native American Community in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile

  This report is the result of three years of work of true partnership between the Native American community, the Coalition of Communities of Color and Portland State University. The Portland Indian Leaders’ ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Native American Community in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile Author: Curry-Stevens, Ann, Cross-Hemmer, Amanda, Coalition of Communities of Color Year: 2011 This report is the result of three years of work of true partnership between the Native American community, the Coalition of Communities of Color and Portland State University. The Portland Indian Leaders’ Roundtable, an alliance of 28 local Native American organizations, tribal organizations and Native focused programs within larger institutions, took a lead role in the implementation of the Native American research. Elders of the community reviewed the work and provided invaluable knowledge and historical context. Our main priority is to advocate for policy decisions that improve outcomes for the Native American community. We hold institutional reform and the formation of a powerful racial equity advocacy coalition as central to improving outcomes. This report builds an important knowledge base from which to advocate and to educate. Educating our community and the community at large about the Native American community is crucial to achieving racial equity. Title: The Native American Community in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile Author: Curry-Stevens, Ann, Cross-Hemmer, Amanda, Coalition of Communities of Color Year: 2011 This report is the result of three years of work of true partnership between the Native American community, the Coalition of Communities of Color and Portland State University. The Portland Indian Leaders’ Roundtable, an alliance of 28 local Native American organizations, tribal organizations and Native focused programs within larger institutions, took a lead role in the implementation of the Native American research. Elders of the community reviewed the work and provided invaluable knowledge and historical context. Our main priority is to advocate for policy decisions that improve outcomes for the Native American community. We hold institutional reform and the formation of a powerful racial equity advocacy coalition as central to improving outcomes. This report builds an important knowledge base from which to advocate and to educate. Educating our community and the community at large about the Native American community is crucial to achieving racial equity. Close

• 2. [Article] Music and Acculturation: Using Culture-focused Music Therapy to Address the Adverse Effects of Acculturative Stress

  More than any other demographic in the United States, Native American populations experience the highest rate of suicide proportional to population size. This is just one of numerous statistics indicative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Music and Acculturation: Using Culture-focused Music Therapy to Address the Adverse Effects of Acculturative Stress Author: Arnold, Christopher A. Year: 2014 More than any other demographic in the United States, Native American populations experience the highest rate of suicide proportional to population size. This is just one of numerous statistics indicative of the overall status of Native American psychological health. There has been increasing research demonstrating that Native American suicide rate and depression is positively associated with acculturative stress, and negatively associated with traditional heritage cultural integration. Because an increased amount of acculturative stress for Native Americans is correlated with high suicide rate and occurrence of depression, while increased traditional culture integration may be linked to lower suicide rate and occurrence of depression, psychological intervention programs designed for Native Americans could benefit from exploring methods of decreasing acculturative stress while increasing heritage culture retention and exposure. Among the most central aspects of traditional Native American culture (and most cultures throughout human history) is the meaningful inclusion of music. Because music is a construct so intrinsic to the historical human experience, research has shown music as a form of therapy to be a vastly effective means of intervention for a wide variety of psychological issues. Combining the concept of traditional culture retention and exposure together with the construct of music therapy is an effective means of combating acculturative stress for Native American populations. The implementation of this "culture-focused music therapy program" would reduce acculturative stress by increasing and enriching traditional heritage culture identity for Native American individuals under psychological distress, thereby leading to an increase in overall psychological welfare. Title: Music and Acculturation: Using Culture-focused Music Therapy to Address the Adverse Effects of Acculturative Stress Author: Arnold, Christopher A. Year: 2014 More than any other demographic in the United States, Native American populations experience the highest rate of suicide proportional to population size. This is just one of numerous statistics indicative of the overall status of Native American psychological health. There has been increasing research demonstrating that Native American suicide rate and depression is positively associated with acculturative stress, and negatively associated with traditional heritage cultural integration. Because an increased amount of acculturative stress for Native Americans is correlated with high suicide rate and occurrence of depression, while increased traditional culture integration may be linked to lower suicide rate and occurrence of depression, psychological intervention programs designed for Native Americans could benefit from exploring methods of decreasing acculturative stress while increasing heritage culture retention and exposure. Among the most central aspects of traditional Native American culture (and most cultures throughout human history) is the meaningful inclusion of music. Because music is a construct so intrinsic to the historical human experience, research has shown music as a form of therapy to be a vastly effective means of intervention for a wide variety of psychological issues. Combining the concept of traditional culture retention and exposure together with the construct of music therapy is an effective means of combating acculturative stress for Native American populations. The implementation of this "culture-focused music therapy program" would reduce acculturative stress by increasing and enriching traditional heritage culture identity for Native American individuals under psychological distress, thereby leading to an increase in overall psychological welfare. Close

• 3. [Article] Seeking Sustainability and Affordability: Native American Housing in SE Portland

  The Native American Youth and Family Center (NAYA) is working to create tryky affordable housing for the Native American community in Portland. Using an innovative stacked modular construction technology, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seeking Sustainability and Affordability: Native American Housing in SE Portland Author: Gibson, Leah Year: 2013 The Native American Youth and Family Center (NAYA) is working to create tryky affordable housing for the Native American community in Portland. Using an innovative stacked modular construction technology, Rey Espana of NAYA and Stuart Emmons of SERA Architects are creating sustainable and affordable housing that both respects tradition and is a model for the future. Title: Seeking Sustainability and Affordability: Native American Housing in SE Portland Author: Gibson, Leah Year: 2013 The Native American Youth and Family Center (NAYA) is working to create tryky affordable housing for the Native American community in Portland. Using an innovative stacked modular construction technology, Rey Espana of NAYA and Stuart Emmons of SERA Architects are creating sustainable and affordable housing that both respects tradition and is a model for the future. Close

• 4. [Article] Early Inspirations: an Interview with Nichole Maher

  An interview with Nichole Maher, current director of the Native American Youth & Family Center, and future president and CEO of the Northwest Health Foundation, by Leah Gibson. She discusses her childhood ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Early Inspirations: an Interview with Nichole Maher Author: Gibson, Leah Year: 2012 An interview with Nichole Maher, current director of the Native American Youth & Family Center, and future president and CEO of the Northwest Health Foundation, by Leah Gibson. She discusses her childhood in rural Alaska, people who have inspired her along he way, and her work to strengthen the Native American community in Portland and the region. Title: Early Inspirations: an Interview with Nichole Maher Author: Gibson, Leah Year: 2012 An interview with Nichole Maher, current director of the Native American Youth & Family Center, and future president and CEO of the Northwest Health Foundation, by Leah Gibson. She discusses her childhood in rural Alaska, people who have inspired her along he way, and her work to strengthen the Native American community in Portland and the region. Close

• 5. [Article] Heritage and Health: A Political-Economic Analysis of the Foodways of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and the Bishop Paiute Tribe

  Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heritage and Health: A Political-Economic Analysis of the Foodways of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and the Bishop Paiute Tribe Author: Eagan, April Hurst Year: 2013 Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity and health. NAFB manages the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR), land and air space in southern Nevada, which includes Native American ancestral lands. During a research period of 3 months in the spring/summer of 2012, I interviewed members of Native American nations culturally affiliated with ancestral lands on the NTTR, the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) and the Bishop Paiute Tribe. My research included participant observation and 31 interviews with tribal members considered knowledge holders by tribal leaders. In dialogue with the literature of the anthropology of food, political economy, and Critical Medical Anthropology, my analysis focused on the role of heritage foods in everyday consumption, taking into account the economic, social, environmental, and political factors influencing heritage foods access and diet. My work explored the effects of structural forces and rapid changes in diet and social conditions on Native American health. I found shifts in concepts of food-related identity across ethnic groups, tribes, ages, and genders. I also found evidence of collective efforts to improve diet-related health at tribal and community levels. Through the applied aspects of my research, participants and their families had the opportunity to share recipes and food dishes containing heritage foods as a way to promote human health and knowledge transmission. Title: Heritage and Health: A Political-Economic Analysis of the Foodways of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and the Bishop Paiute Tribe Author: Eagan, April Hurst Year: 2013 Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity and health. NAFB manages the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR), land and air space in southern Nevada, which includes Native American ancestral lands. During a research period of 3 months in the spring/summer of 2012, I interviewed members of Native American nations culturally affiliated with ancestral lands on the NTTR, the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) and the Bishop Paiute Tribe. My research included participant observation and 31 interviews with tribal members considered knowledge holders by tribal leaders. In dialogue with the literature of the anthropology of food, political economy, and Critical Medical Anthropology, my analysis focused on the role of heritage foods in everyday consumption, taking into account the economic, social, environmental, and political factors influencing heritage foods access and diet. My work explored the effects of structural forces and rapid changes in diet and social conditions on Native American health. I found shifts in concepts of food-related identity across ethnic groups, tribes, ages, and genders. I also found evidence of collective efforts to improve diet-related health at tribal and community levels. Through the applied aspects of my research, participants and their families had the opportunity to share recipes and food dishes containing heritage foods as a way to promote human health and knowledge transmission. Close

• 6. [Article] Narratives of Native American Women and Tribal Courts: the Framing of the <i>Violence Against Women Act of 2013</i> in Mainstream, Native American, and Tribal Press Coverage

  The Violence Against Women Act is a legislation created to expand more legal rights and services to survivors of domestic violence or intimate partner violence. Frame analysis was used to examine the coverage ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Narratives of Native American Women and Tribal Courts: the Framing of the <i>Violence Against Women Act of 2013</i> in Mainstream, Native American, and Tribal Press Coverage Author: Sangster, Alesha Marie Year: 2016 The Violence Against Women Act is a legislation created to expand more legal rights and services to survivors of domestic violence or intimate partner violence. Frame analysis was used to examine the coverage of the Violence Against Women Act of 2013 in three genres of press media: mainstream press, Native American press, and tribal press. Based on the media frames produced in the three media genres, the legislation was presented as more of a conflicting or controversial issue in mainstream press through the use of the conflict frame and the "Indian as other" frame. But all news coverage also presented two emergent frames--the tribal sovereignty frame and the women's rights frame--that explained the importance of expanding tribal sovereignty in order to protect Native American women on reservations. The news coverage of VAWA 2013 in all press genres also included perspectives from federal and state governmental sources as well as perspectives from tribal governments, Native American organizations, and social service agencies. This report concludes by discussing the implications of the media frames and occupational source use in terms of the three media genres. Title: Narratives of Native American Women and Tribal Courts: the Framing of the <i>Violence Against Women Act of 2013</i> in Mainstream, Native American, and Tribal Press Coverage Author: Sangster, Alesha Marie Year: 2016 The Violence Against Women Act is a legislation created to expand more legal rights and services to survivors of domestic violence or intimate partner violence. Frame analysis was used to examine the coverage of the Violence Against Women Act of 2013 in three genres of press media: mainstream press, Native American press, and tribal press. Based on the media frames produced in the three media genres, the legislation was presented as more of a conflicting or controversial issue in mainstream press through the use of the conflict frame and the "Indian as other" frame. But all news coverage also presented two emergent frames--the tribal sovereignty frame and the women's rights frame--that explained the importance of expanding tribal sovereignty in order to protect Native American women on reservations. The news coverage of VAWA 2013 in all press genres also included perspectives from federal and state governmental sources as well as perspectives from tribal governments, Native American organizations, and social service agencies. This report concludes by discussing the implications of the media frames and occupational source use in terms of the three media genres. Close

• 7. [Article] Native American Social Work Symposium : an evaluation

  The inconsistencies of the state and federal policy toward Native populations and additionally those inconsistencies within the two governments themselves, require the maintenance of Indian and Alaskan ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American Social Work Symposium : an evaluation Author: Stone, Lou Year: 1978 The inconsistencies of the state and federal policy toward Native populations and additionally those inconsistencies within the two governments themselves, require the maintenance of Indian and Alaskan Native organizations with sophisticated mechanisms developed to advocate “reforms” in Indian services to meet unique Indian needs. Indian and Alaskan Native social workers invariably find themselves at the confluence of client service provision and surviving the extension of policies available to them from resource allocators for the purpose of service provision. In order to approach this dilemma, the Native American Social Work Symposium, held in May of 1977, convened on the basis of three purposes: To provide a conferencing situation with Indian and Alaskan Native social workers and non-Indian social workers who primarily provide social welfare services to Indians, to address specific problems involving the provision of social welfare services, and to present a series of concurrent workshops to provide specific training curriculum pertaining to Native social service concerns. Title: Native American Social Work Symposium : an evaluation Author: Stone, Lou Year: 1978 The inconsistencies of the state and federal policy toward Native populations and additionally those inconsistencies within the two governments themselves, require the maintenance of Indian and Alaskan Native organizations with sophisticated mechanisms developed to advocate “reforms” in Indian services to meet unique Indian needs. Indian and Alaskan Native social workers invariably find themselves at the confluence of client service provision and surviving the extension of policies available to them from resource allocators for the purpose of service provision. In order to approach this dilemma, the Native American Social Work Symposium, held in May of 1977, convened on the basis of three purposes: To provide a conferencing situation with Indian and Alaskan Native social workers and non-Indian social workers who primarily provide social welfare services to Indians, to address specific problems involving the provision of social welfare services, and to present a series of concurrent workshops to provide specific training curriculum pertaining to Native social service concerns. Close

• 8. [Article] Stressful Life Events : a Comparative Study of Native American and Urban Samples

  The subject of this paper is an extension of the work done Holmes and Rahe on the development of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale or SRRS and of the study, “Individual Perception of Stressful Life ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stressful Life Events : a Comparative Study of Native American and Urban Samples Author: Ketcher, Sandra Year: 1979 The subject of this paper is an extension of the work done Holmes and Rahe on the development of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale or SRRS and of the study, “Individual Perception of Stressful Life Events: A Comparison of Native Americans, Rural, and Urban Samples,” conducted by Dr. Liberman and Joel Frank. This study will compare those two samples with a sample of a selected Pacific Northwest Indian tribe served by an Indian Health Service facility. “The Stressful Life Events: A Comparative Study of Native American and Urban Samples” study is a singular component of a total effort on the part the Indian Health Service, Portland Area Office, to assess the probability and severity of functional impairment of the Indian people living on the Yakima Indian Reservation in the State of Washington, with the additional intent of facilitating planning and allocation. Title: Stressful Life Events : a Comparative Study of Native American and Urban Samples Author: Ketcher, Sandra Year: 1979 The subject of this paper is an extension of the work done Holmes and Rahe on the development of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale or SRRS and of the study, “Individual Perception of Stressful Life Events: A Comparison of Native Americans, Rural, and Urban Samples,” conducted by Dr. Liberman and Joel Frank. This study will compare those two samples with a sample of a selected Pacific Northwest Indian tribe served by an Indian Health Service facility. “The Stressful Life Events: A Comparative Study of Native American and Urban Samples” study is a singular component of a total effort on the part the Indian Health Service, Portland Area Office, to assess the probability and severity of functional impairment of the Indian people living on the Yakima Indian Reservation in the State of Washington, with the additional intent of facilitating planning and allocation. Close

• 9. [Article] Multiple Reoccupations after Four Paleotsunami Inundations (0.3–1.3 ka) at a Prehistoric Site in the Netarts Littoral Cell, Northern Oregon Coast, USA

  Netarts Bay is the setting of one of the largest concentrations of late prehistoric Native American settlements on the tectonically active Oregon coast. A prehistoric site (35TI74) exposed by sea cliff ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multiple Reoccupations after Four Paleotsunami Inundations (0.3–1.3 ka) at a Prehistoric Site in the Netarts Littoral Cell, Northern Oregon Coast, USA Author: Minor, Rick, Peterson, Curt D. Year: 2017 Netarts Bay is the setting of one of the largest concentrations of late prehistoric Native American settlements on the tectonically active Oregon coast. A prehistoric site (35TI74) exposed by sea cliff erosion in 1998 at the south end of the Netarts littoral cell contained a stratigraphic record of activity by prehistoric Native Americans and interbedded paleotsunami deposits. The nearfield paleotsunamis were produced by great Cascadia earthquakes (Mw8.5 ± 0.5) emanating from the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore, as previously documented in episodically buried tidal marsh surfaces at the south end of Netarts Bay and in many other estuaries in the region. The cultural deposits at 35TI74 reflect multiple reoccupations by Native Americans at this barrage creek flood plain site between paleotsunami runup events (≥7.5 m elevation) at 1.3 ka, 1.1 ka, 0.8–0.9 ka, and 0.3 ka. The conditions that led to the exposure of 35TI74 are traced to erosion of a protective beach dune ramp at the south end of the Netarts littoral cell, placing the site within reach of progressive storm-surf erosion. The diminishing geoarchaeological record at 35TI74 represents a microcosm of the sea cliff erosional processes that threaten vulnerable prehistoric shoreline archaeological sites along much of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Copyright © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Title: Multiple Reoccupations after Four Paleotsunami Inundations (0.3–1.3 ka) at a Prehistoric Site in the Netarts Littoral Cell, Northern Oregon Coast, USA Author: Minor, Rick, Peterson, Curt D. Year: 2017 Netarts Bay is the setting of one of the largest concentrations of late prehistoric Native American settlements on the tectonically active Oregon coast. A prehistoric site (35TI74) exposed by sea cliff erosion in 1998 at the south end of the Netarts littoral cell contained a stratigraphic record of activity by prehistoric Native Americans and interbedded paleotsunami deposits. The nearfield paleotsunamis were produced by great Cascadia earthquakes (Mw8.5 ± 0.5) emanating from the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore, as previously documented in episodically buried tidal marsh surfaces at the south end of Netarts Bay and in many other estuaries in the region. The cultural deposits at 35TI74 reflect multiple reoccupations by Native Americans at this barrage creek flood plain site between paleotsunami runup events (≥7.5 m elevation) at 1.3 ka, 1.1 ka, 0.8–0.9 ka, and 0.3 ka. The conditions that led to the exposure of 35TI74 are traced to erosion of a protective beach dune ramp at the south end of the Netarts littoral cell, placing the site within reach of progressive storm-surf erosion. The diminishing geoarchaeological record at 35TI74 represents a microcosm of the sea cliff erosional processes that threaten vulnerable prehistoric shoreline archaeological sites along much of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Copyright © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Close

• 10. [Article] Rebuilding the Dream: Strategies for LIHNAPO's Future

  Community development is difficult, yet rewarding work. Success is dependent on focused activities, organizational capacity, availability of funding and technical assistance, leadership capability and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rebuilding the Dream: Strategies for LIHNAPO's Future Author: Anderson, Marie, Gray, Joddie, Ruark, Ramona, Strickland, Tracy, Walhood, Mark Year: 1997 Community development is difficult, yet rewarding work. Success is dependent on focused activities, organizational capacity, availability of funding and technical assistance, leadership capability and community support. Low Income Housing for Native Americans of Portland, Oregon (LIHNAPO) was created in 1993 in response to the urgent need for affordable housing for Native Americans in Portland. LIHNAPO is young, working to establish itself as a viable organization. To make this transition, LIHNAPO must carry out a strategic planning process. As a step in that direction, Organizing Resources for Community Action (ORCA) has created this document to help LIHNAPO identify the course for the organization and strategies that will best meet the needs of the urban Indian community. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe and Connie Ozawa. Title: Rebuilding the Dream: Strategies for LIHNAPO's Future Author: Anderson, Marie, Gray, Joddie, Ruark, Ramona, Strickland, Tracy, Walhood, Mark Year: 1997 Community development is difficult, yet rewarding work. Success is dependent on focused activities, organizational capacity, availability of funding and technical assistance, leadership capability and community support. Low Income Housing for Native Americans of Portland, Oregon (LIHNAPO) was created in 1993 in response to the urgent need for affordable housing for Native Americans in Portland. LIHNAPO is young, working to establish itself as a viable organization. To make this transition, LIHNAPO must carry out a strategic planning process. As a step in that direction, Organizing Resources for Community Action (ORCA) has created this document to help LIHNAPO identify the course for the organization and strategies that will best meet the needs of the urban Indian community. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe and Connie Ozawa. Close

• 11. [Article] Attitudes toward Science (ATS): An Examination of Scientists' and Native Americans' Cultural Values and ATS and their Effect on Action Priorities

  Science has been identified as a crucial element in the competitiveness and sustainability of America in the global economy. American citizens, especially minority populations, however, are not pursuing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Attitudes toward Science (ATS): An Examination of Scientists' and Native Americans' Cultural Values and ATS and their Effect on Action Priorities Author: Murry, Adam T. Year: 2013 Science has been identified as a crucial element in the competitiveness and sustainability of America in the global economy. American citizens, especially minority populations, however, are not pursuing science education or careers. Past research has implicated `attitudes toward science' as an important factor in the public's participation in science. I applied Ajzen's (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior to attitudes toward science to predict science-related sustainability-action intentions and evaluated whether scientists and Native Americans differed in their general attitudes toward science, cultural values, and specific beliefs about science. Analyses revealed that positive attitude toward science and the cultural value of individualism predicted intentions to engage with science-related sustainability actions. Unexpectedly, scientists and Native Americans did not differ in their cultural values or positive attitude toward science. However, Natives Americans held significantly more negative attitude toward science than scientists. Implications for science education and attitudes towards science theory and application are discussed. Title: Attitudes toward Science (ATS): An Examination of Scientists' and Native Americans' Cultural Values and ATS and their Effect on Action Priorities Author: Murry, Adam T. Year: 2013 Science has been identified as a crucial element in the competitiveness and sustainability of America in the global economy. American citizens, especially minority populations, however, are not pursuing science education or careers. Past research has implicated `attitudes toward science' as an important factor in the public's participation in science. I applied Ajzen's (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior to attitudes toward science to predict science-related sustainability-action intentions and evaluated whether scientists and Native Americans differed in their general attitudes toward science, cultural values, and specific beliefs about science. Analyses revealed that positive attitude toward science and the cultural value of individualism predicted intentions to engage with science-related sustainability actions. Unexpectedly, scientists and Native Americans did not differ in their cultural values or positive attitude toward science. However, Natives Americans held significantly more negative attitude toward science than scientists. Implications for science education and attitudes towards science theory and application are discussed. Close

• 12. [Article] Technical Report for Personality Assessment of Rosebud Sioux: A Comparison of Rorschach, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and 16PF Reports

  Three standard assessment instruments (Rorschach, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and 16PF) were administered to 12 participating Rosebud Sioux Indians -- 6 males, 6 females. Reports were generated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technical Report for Personality Assessment of Rosebud Sioux: A Comparison of Rorschach, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and 16PF Reports Author: Dana, Richard H., Hornby, Rodger, Hoffmann, Tom Year: 1986 Three standard assessment instruments (Rorschach, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and 16PF) were administered to 12 participating Rosebud Sioux Indians -- 6 males, 6 females. Reports were generated for each instrument. Consensual and unique concepts contained in all the reports were analyzed in order to describe the contents. Six judges, all residents of the reservation and either college employees or social agency personnel attempted to match the participants with their reports. The judges may not have known all of the participants intimately, but they were well acquainted with the facts of their libes. Two general questions were explored: (1) can people who are acquainted with all participants identify them from their reports; and (2) what are the similarities and differences in report content among the three instruments. Only two judges were able to identify reports with significant accuracy, suggesting that assessors should be wary of the conventional assessment instruments as applied to Native Americans. The report suggests that the instruments are not sufficiently sensitive to themes concerning particular tribes and cultures; social etiquette of assessment interaction; and to an underlying genocidal theme of white-Native American assessment confrontations. The paper concludes that psychological tests might be made more culturally specific and that objective tests require local and tribal norms for Native Americans. Cautious use of assessment instruments is recommended until training in culture-specific administration and interpretation of projective techniques is available and local tribal norms have been provided for objective tests. Title: Technical Report for Personality Assessment of Rosebud Sioux: A Comparison of Rorschach, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and 16PF Reports Author: Dana, Richard H., Hornby, Rodger, Hoffmann, Tom Year: 1986 Three standard assessment instruments (Rorschach, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and 16PF) were administered to 12 participating Rosebud Sioux Indians -- 6 males, 6 females. Reports were generated for each instrument. Consensual and unique concepts contained in all the reports were analyzed in order to describe the contents. Six judges, all residents of the reservation and either college employees or social agency personnel attempted to match the participants with their reports. The judges may not have known all of the participants intimately, but they were well acquainted with the facts of their libes. Two general questions were explored: (1) can people who are acquainted with all participants identify them from their reports; and (2) what are the similarities and differences in report content among the three instruments. Only two judges were able to identify reports with significant accuracy, suggesting that assessors should be wary of the conventional assessment instruments as applied to Native Americans. The report suggests that the instruments are not sufficiently sensitive to themes concerning particular tribes and cultures; social etiquette of assessment interaction; and to an underlying genocidal theme of white-Native American assessment confrontations. The paper concludes that psychological tests might be made more culturally specific and that objective tests require local and tribal norms for Native Americans. Cautious use of assessment instruments is recommended until training in culture-specific administration and interpretation of projective techniques is available and local tribal norms have been provided for objective tests. Close

• 13. [Article] Mapping the Participatory Process

  This presentation explores the use of Practice-Based Evidence methodologies to support social work with Native American youth. It is based on a five-year collaborative effort between the Native American ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping the Participatory Process Author: Friesen, Barbara J., Gowen, L. Kris, Jivanjee, Pauline, Bandurraga, Abby Year: 2009 This presentation explores the use of Practice-Based Evidence methodologies to support social work with Native American youth. It is based on a five-year collaborative effort between the Native American Youth and Family Center, National Indian Child Welfare Association, and the Research and Training Center on Family Support and Children's Mental Health. The researchers aims were to develop strategies for documenting the effectiveness of services, and to develop a process for conducting evaluations based on known outcomes of community based programs. Title: Mapping the Participatory Process Author: Friesen, Barbara J., Gowen, L. Kris, Jivanjee, Pauline, Bandurraga, Abby Year: 2009 This presentation explores the use of Practice-Based Evidence methodologies to support social work with Native American youth. It is based on a five-year collaborative effort between the Native American Youth and Family Center, National Indian Child Welfare Association, and the Research and Training Center on Family Support and Children's Mental Health. The researchers aims were to develop strategies for documenting the effectiveness of services, and to develop a process for conducting evaluations based on known outcomes of community based programs. Close

• 14. [Article] Native American Young People in the Transition to Adulthood: Perceptions of Challenges and Supports

  This presentation focuses on native American youth and how work with this population can be improved by following the Relational World View as a theoretical framework. Discusses practice-based evidence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Native American Young People in the Transition to Adulthood: Perceptions of Challenges and Supports Author: Cross, Terry L., Jivanjee, Pauline, Bandurraga, Abby, Friesen, Barbara J., Gowen, L. Kris, Matthew, Cori Year: 2013 This presentation focuses on native American youth and how work with this population can be improved by following the Relational World View as a theoretical framework. Discusses practice-based evidence findings and development of the NAYA Assessment Tool, and the Finding Our Way study methods. Findings of the study explore young people's perceptions of challenges, needs and supports. Finally, the presenters discuss expansion of the assessment tool to address transition domains. Title: Native American Young People in the Transition to Adulthood: Perceptions of Challenges and Supports Author: Cross, Terry L., Jivanjee, Pauline, Bandurraga, Abby, Friesen, Barbara J., Gowen, L. Kris, Matthew, Cori Year: 2013 This presentation focuses on native American youth and how work with this population can be improved by following the Relational World View as a theoretical framework. Discusses practice-based evidence findings and development of the NAYA Assessment Tool, and the Finding Our Way study methods. Findings of the study explore young people's perceptions of challenges, needs and supports. Finally, the presenters discuss expansion of the assessment tool to address transition domains. Close

• 15. [Article] Developing One's Self: Adoption and Identity Formation Through the Eyes of Transracially Adopted Native American Adults

  Life story methods were used to explore the contextual factors that influenced the experiences and identity formation of seven Native American adults who were transracially adopted prior to the passage ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing One's Self: Adoption and Identity Formation Through the Eyes of Transracially Adopted Native American Adults Author: Becker-Green, Jody Year: 2009 Life story methods were used to explore the contextual factors that influenced the experiences and identity formation of seven Native American adults who were transracially adopted prior to the passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. These methods provided a deeper understanding of how these individuals have integrated their adoption experiences into their evolving sense of self. The life story methodology offered a way to acknowledge and validate participants' life experiences and allowed for the collection of rich information from the perspectives of the adoptees. The life story interviews were structured to gather information on the influence of one's adoptive family and cultural, social, and educational experiences on participants' developing sense of self. Even though an interview guide was developed for use in the study, each story uniquely unfolded in a manner the participant was comfortable sharing. The study examined the life stories for patterns or emerging themes related to identity development at different points in the narrators' life cycles in order to develop an aggregate account of the contextual factors influencing identity formation as well as a collective understanding of sense of self. The study identified 12 contextual factors that have both positively and negatively influenced identity development among the participants throughout their lifespan. These factors are: (1) adoptive family; (2) community; (3) educational experiences; (4) religion/spirituality; (5) travel; (6) exposure to cultural experiences; (7) employment; (8) friendships; (9) peer groups; (10) military; (11) societal messages, and (12) reconnection to tribal heritage. Overall, findings from this study suggest that the majority of participants have developed strong Native American, multi-cultural, and/or bi-cultural identities that incorporate their various experiences as transracial adoptees. Practice considerations for transracial adoptees as well as adoptive parents are suggested. Policy implications relating to granting access to original birth and/or adoption related records are presented. Finally, future research recommendations are offered specific to Native American transracial adoptees, their biological families, and tribal communities from which they adopted. While the practice, policy, and research recommendations are specific to Native American transracial adoptees, the recommendations may have broader implications to a wider population of adoptees in general. Title: Developing One's Self: Adoption and Identity Formation Through the Eyes of Transracially Adopted Native American Adults Author: Becker-Green, Jody Year: 2009 Life story methods were used to explore the contextual factors that influenced the experiences and identity formation of seven Native American adults who were transracially adopted prior to the passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. These methods provided a deeper understanding of how these individuals have integrated their adoption experiences into their evolving sense of self. The life story methodology offered a way to acknowledge and validate participants' life experiences and allowed for the collection of rich information from the perspectives of the adoptees. The life story interviews were structured to gather information on the influence of one's adoptive family and cultural, social, and educational experiences on participants' developing sense of self. Even though an interview guide was developed for use in the study, each story uniquely unfolded in a manner the participant was comfortable sharing. The study examined the life stories for patterns or emerging themes related to identity development at different points in the narrators' life cycles in order to develop an aggregate account of the contextual factors influencing identity formation as well as a collective understanding of sense of self. The study identified 12 contextual factors that have both positively and negatively influenced identity development among the participants throughout their lifespan. These factors are: (1) adoptive family; (2) community; (3) educational experiences; (4) religion/spirituality; (5) travel; (6) exposure to cultural experiences; (7) employment; (8) friendships; (9) peer groups; (10) military; (11) societal messages, and (12) reconnection to tribal heritage. Overall, findings from this study suggest that the majority of participants have developed strong Native American, multi-cultural, and/or bi-cultural identities that incorporate their various experiences as transracial adoptees. Practice considerations for transracial adoptees as well as adoptive parents are suggested. Policy implications relating to granting access to original birth and/or adoption related records are presented. Finally, future research recommendations are offered specific to Native American transracial adoptees, their biological families, and tribal communities from which they adopted. While the practice, policy, and research recommendations are specific to Native American transracial adoptees, the recommendations may have broader implications to a wider population of adoptees in general. Close

• 16. [Article] Disruptions in the Dream City: Unsettled Ideologies at the 1905 World's Fair in Portland, Oregon

  This thesis examines the experiences of fairgoers at the Lewis and Clark Centennial, American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair held in Portland, Oregon from June to October of 1905. Historians have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disruptions in the Dream City: Unsettled Ideologies at the 1905 World's Fair in Portland, Oregon Author: Cleland, Kat Year: 2013 This thesis examines the experiences of fairgoers at the Lewis and Clark Centennial, American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair held in Portland, Oregon from June to October of 1905. Historians have framed world's fairs and international expositions as sites of legitimating narratives and restagings of empire and nationhood. This thesis focuses on women, Asian Americans, and Native Americans who interrupted and disrupted the performance and exhibition of U.S. imperialism in the specific case of Portland, Oregon. It considers who benefitted from or endured loss in the demonstrations of imperial culture at the Fair. Following the premises that metropolitan and colonial histories should be considered in the same analytical field and that the systemic power of domestic imperialism in the United States extended beyond Native Americans into the experiences of most nonwhite American communities, this thesis adds a metropolitan approach to Native-American history and, in turn, applies a more colonial approach to the study of African-American, Asian-American, and working-class women's histories. In three chapters, this study explores a range of disruptions at the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial - patched over by the Exposition's civic elites and overlooked by previous historians of the Fair - that shed light on the politics of race, class, and gender within the processes of empire and nation building in the turn-of-the-century West. Title: Disruptions in the Dream City: Unsettled Ideologies at the 1905 World's Fair in Portland, Oregon Author: Cleland, Kat Year: 2013 This thesis examines the experiences of fairgoers at the Lewis and Clark Centennial, American Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair held in Portland, Oregon from June to October of 1905. Historians have framed world's fairs and international expositions as sites of legitimating narratives and restagings of empire and nationhood. This thesis focuses on women, Asian Americans, and Native Americans who interrupted and disrupted the performance and exhibition of U.S. imperialism in the specific case of Portland, Oregon. It considers who benefitted from or endured loss in the demonstrations of imperial culture at the Fair. Following the premises that metropolitan and colonial histories should be considered in the same analytical field and that the systemic power of domestic imperialism in the United States extended beyond Native Americans into the experiences of most nonwhite American communities, this thesis adds a metropolitan approach to Native-American history and, in turn, applies a more colonial approach to the study of African-American, Asian-American, and working-class women's histories. In three chapters, this study explores a range of disruptions at the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial - patched over by the Exposition's civic elites and overlooked by previous historians of the Fair - that shed light on the politics of race, class, and gender within the processes of empire and nation building in the turn-of-the-century West. Close

• 17. [Article] Racial Hegemony in America: The Struggle for identity Among the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southern United States

  The notion of race was introduced to the Americas at the time of colonization. For the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes, racism has led to the rejection of their tribal heritage from both tribal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Racial Hegemony in America: The Struggle for identity Among the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southern United States Author: Hartsfield, Natasha Year: 2013 The notion of race was introduced to the Americas at the time of colonization. For the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes, racism has led to the rejection of their tribal heritage from both tribal and United States governments. The Black Indians are of both African and Native American ancestry with a history born in America and rich with resistance against colonial power. Blood quantum, the governmental requisite for tribal membership, is but one of the many laws put in place to govern Native American tribes. This introduces the question: Why, in a Nation that claims "freedom for all," does there continue to be groups of people whose identities are not recognized? Why are descendants of both Native American and African ancestors ineligible for education scholarships, land allotments, gaming and fishing rights and other tribal allowances? In 1965 African-Americans were marching on Washington to demand their rights as American citizens. Today, Black Indians are marching on Washington from Indian Territory in Oklahoma to demand their rights. As a people who represent the continuing struggle for American freedom, the case of the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes demonstrates how hegemony introduced the hypodescent rule or "one drop of blood" rule by the United States, laid the foundation for systemic effects of the racial hierarchy within the tribes. As this is an issue that may be further explored, future research might include a comparative study of other unrecognized groups that have been affected by colonialism, incorporating archival research, research of material culture and oral histories. Faculty Mentor: Pedro Ferbel-Azcarate Title: Racial Hegemony in America: The Struggle for identity Among the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southern United States Author: Hartsfield, Natasha Year: 2013 The notion of race was introduced to the Americas at the time of colonization. For the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes, racism has led to the rejection of their tribal heritage from both tribal and United States governments. The Black Indians are of both African and Native American ancestry with a history born in America and rich with resistance against colonial power. Blood quantum, the governmental requisite for tribal membership, is but one of the many laws put in place to govern Native American tribes. This introduces the question: Why, in a Nation that claims "freedom for all," does there continue to be groups of people whose identities are not recognized? Why are descendants of both Native American and African ancestors ineligible for education scholarships, land allotments, gaming and fishing rights and other tribal allowances? In 1965 African-Americans were marching on Washington to demand their rights as American citizens. Today, Black Indians are marching on Washington from Indian Territory in Oklahoma to demand their rights. As a people who represent the continuing struggle for American freedom, the case of the Black Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes demonstrates how hegemony introduced the hypodescent rule or "one drop of blood" rule by the United States, laid the foundation for systemic effects of the racial hierarchy within the tribes. As this is an issue that may be further explored, future research might include a comparative study of other unrecognized groups that have been affected by colonialism, incorporating archival research, research of material culture and oral histories. Faculty Mentor: Pedro Ferbel-Azcarate Close

• 18. [Article] Tracking Fish and Human Response to Abrupt Environmental Change at Tse-whit-zen: A Large Native American Village on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State

  Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracking Fish and Human Response to Abrupt Environmental Change at Tse-whit-zen: A Large Native American Village on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State Author: Mohlenhoff, Kathryn Anne Year: 2013 Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between 1824 and 54 cal B.P. located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of natural and cultural records. Here I report on the >10,000 fish remains from one 2x2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans one earthquake event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate use of a wide range of marine fish taxa including various sculpins (Cottidae), flatfish (Pleuronectiformes), herring (Clupea pallasii) and salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.). This illustrates a highly diverse diet throughout occupation, though relative abundances of more offshore taxa decrease through time in favor of some nearshore taxa, possibly indicating the presence of a coseismic event. This thesis serves as part of a pilot study for a collaborative project that is underway. This larger project addresses human response to both gradual and abrupt environmental change through the analysis of all classes of Tse-whit-zen faunal remains, which provide a link to impacts on animal populations and in turn human subsistence. Title: Tracking Fish and Human Response to Abrupt Environmental Change at Tse-whit-zen: A Large Native American Village on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State Author: Mohlenhoff, Kathryn Anne Year: 2013 Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between 1824 and 54 cal B.P. located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of natural and cultural records. Here I report on the >10,000 fish remains from one 2x2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans one earthquake event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate use of a wide range of marine fish taxa including various sculpins (Cottidae), flatfish (Pleuronectiformes), herring (Clupea pallasii) and salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.). This illustrates a highly diverse diet throughout occupation, though relative abundances of more offshore taxa decrease through time in favor of some nearshore taxa, possibly indicating the presence of a coseismic event. This thesis serves as part of a pilot study for a collaborative project that is underway. This larger project addresses human response to both gradual and abrupt environmental change through the analysis of all classes of Tse-whit-zen faunal remains, which provide a link to impacts on animal populations and in turn human subsistence. Close

• 19. [Article] The Realization of the Cathlapotle Plankhouse: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Collaboration in the Post-NAGPRA Era

  In the last two decades, a shift in the museological paradigm has changed the way in which Native American history and culture is interpreted and represented to the general public. As legal mandates and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Realization of the Cathlapotle Plankhouse: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Collaboration in the Post-NAGPRA Era Author: Boyne, Erica Lynn Year: 2011 In the last two decades, a shift in the museological paradigm has changed the way in which Native American history and culture is interpreted and represented to the general public. As legal mandates and growing institutional pressures increasingly call for the integration of tribal representatives into the decision-making bodies of museums and authoritative institutions, cross-cultural collaboration and partnerships have increased significantly. With little precedent guiding public historians and museum professionals through this new and complex system of collaboration, the path unfolding in the journey towards the “indigenization”; of museums has been marked with achievements and challenges that have both taught and tested historical professionals. The following is a case study that examines the ways in which this unfolding shift in Native American representation manifested itself in the reconstruction of a Chinookan plankhouse in the early 21st century. With a common objective of educating visitors about the significant cultural and natural history of the former site of the Cathlapotle village, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Chinook Indian Nation teamed up to design, fund, construct and interpret the Cathlapotle Plankhouse in Ridgefield, Washington. Despite sharing a common goal for the reconstruction of a full-scale Chinookan plankhouse, different motivations and agendas guided the decision-making process and required both partners to make compromises that challenged each other’s understanding and expectations of the project. In this work, I analyze how these two organizations navigated the rewarding yet challenging realm of cross-cultural collaboration to create a meaningful and significant heritage site for a wide range of user groups. From this analysis, I hope to provide public historians and museum professionals a detailed example of a cross-cultural partnership that will assist them as they move forward through a continuously unfolding and largely uncharted system of collaboration. Title: The Realization of the Cathlapotle Plankhouse: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Collaboration in the Post-NAGPRA Era Author: Boyne, Erica Lynn Year: 2011 In the last two decades, a shift in the museological paradigm has changed the way in which Native American history and culture is interpreted and represented to the general public. As legal mandates and growing institutional pressures increasingly call for the integration of tribal representatives into the decision-making bodies of museums and authoritative institutions, cross-cultural collaboration and partnerships have increased significantly. With little precedent guiding public historians and museum professionals through this new and complex system of collaboration, the path unfolding in the journey towards the “indigenization”; of museums has been marked with achievements and challenges that have both taught and tested historical professionals. The following is a case study that examines the ways in which this unfolding shift in Native American representation manifested itself in the reconstruction of a Chinookan plankhouse in the early 21st century. With a common objective of educating visitors about the significant cultural and natural history of the former site of the Cathlapotle village, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Chinook Indian Nation teamed up to design, fund, construct and interpret the Cathlapotle Plankhouse in Ridgefield, Washington. Despite sharing a common goal for the reconstruction of a full-scale Chinookan plankhouse, different motivations and agendas guided the decision-making process and required both partners to make compromises that challenged each other’s understanding and expectations of the project. In this work, I analyze how these two organizations navigated the rewarding yet challenging realm of cross-cultural collaboration to create a meaningful and significant heritage site for a wide range of user groups. From this analysis, I hope to provide public historians and museum professionals a detailed example of a cross-cultural partnership that will assist them as they move forward through a continuously unfolding and largely uncharted system of collaboration. Close

• 20. [Article] Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage at The Dalles

  Assesses the damage done to Native American sites and heritage by relic hunters and archaeologists digging in the mid-Columbia River region that was inundated by completion of The Dalles Dam in 1957. Long ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage at The Dalles Author: Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2007 Assesses the damage done to Native American sites and heritage by relic hunters and archaeologists digging in the mid-Columbia River region that was inundated by completion of The Dalles Dam in 1957. Long before the dam was built,relic hunters disturbed grave sites and mounds in their search for artifacts. The artifacts went into private collections or were sold, without concern for their context or for the rights and concerns of native people. The article also discusses the development of the profession of archaeology and the ways professional archaeologists were complicit in the desecration of native sites. Sites along the river continue to be looted in spite of laws against looting and the ethical codes adopted by such organizations as the Society for American Archaeology. Title: Relic Hunting, Archaeology, and Loss of Native American Heritage at The Dalles Author: Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2007 Assesses the damage done to Native American sites and heritage by relic hunters and archaeologists digging in the mid-Columbia River region that was inundated by completion of The Dalles Dam in 1957. Long before the dam was built,relic hunters disturbed grave sites and mounds in their search for artifacts. The artifacts went into private collections or were sold, without concern for their context or for the rights and concerns of native people. The article also discusses the development of the profession of archaeology and the ways professional archaeologists were complicit in the desecration of native sites. Sites along the river continue to be looted in spite of laws against looting and the ethical codes adopted by such organizations as the Society for American Archaeology. Close

• 21. [Article] The meaning of falling water: Celilo Falls and the Dalles in historical literature

  Discusses the changing meaning attached to Celilo Falls and The Dalles and how these places were represented in the published literature from the 1807 edition of Lewis and Clark Expedition sergeant Patrick ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The meaning of falling water: Celilo Falls and the Dalles in historical literature Author: Lang, William L. Year: 2007 Discusses the changing meaning attached to Celilo Falls and The Dalles and how these places were represented in the published literature from the 1807 edition of Lewis and Clark Expedition sergeant Patrick Gass's journal through the 2006 publication of Joseph C. Dupris, Kathleen S. Hill, and William Rodgers, Jr.'s 'The Si'lailo Way: Indians, Salmon, and Law on the Columbia River.' The article examines many topics, including early Euro-American incursions, the changes wrought by the Native American land cessions in 1855, and the development of hydroelectric power on the Columbia River, particularly The Dalles Dam, completed in 1957, which destroyed ancient Native American fishing grounds. Title: The meaning of falling water: Celilo Falls and the Dalles in historical literature Author: Lang, William L. Year: 2007 Discusses the changing meaning attached to Celilo Falls and The Dalles and how these places were represented in the published literature from the 1807 edition of Lewis and Clark Expedition sergeant Patrick Gass's journal through the 2006 publication of Joseph C. Dupris, Kathleen S. Hill, and William Rodgers, Jr.'s 'The Si'lailo Way: Indians, Salmon, and Law on the Columbia River.' The article examines many topics, including early Euro-American incursions, the changes wrought by the Native American land cessions in 1855, and the development of hydroelectric power on the Columbia River, particularly The Dalles Dam, completed in 1957, which destroyed ancient Native American fishing grounds. Close

• 22. [Article] Tracking Fish and Human Response to Earthquakes on the Northwest Coast of Washington State, USA: A Preliminary Study at Tse-whit-zen

  Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest Coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracking Fish and Human Response to Earthquakes on the Northwest Coast of Washington State, USA: A Preliminary Study at Tse-whit-zen Author: Mohlenhoff, Kathryn A., Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2017 Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest Coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between ∼2800 yrs BP and the historic era, located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of these natural and cultural records. Here we report on the ∼10,000 fish remains from one 2 × 2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans the timing of one seismic event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate a wide variety of fish taxa were used throughout the dated occupation. Comparisons of fish use before and after one earthquake event shows a decline in salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) and an increase in herring (Clupea pallasii), shifts consistent with earthquake-related habitat loss. This serves as a pilot study for a large-scale collaborative project that is drawing on the range in animal types (invertebrates, mammals, birds, and fishes) to assess human response to gradual and abrupt environmental change at Tse-whit-zen. Title: Tracking Fish and Human Response to Earthquakes on the Northwest Coast of Washington State, USA: A Preliminary Study at Tse-whit-zen Author: Mohlenhoff, Kathryn A., Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2017 Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest Coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between ∼2800 yrs BP and the historic era, located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of these natural and cultural records. Here we report on the ∼10,000 fish remains from one 2 × 2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans the timing of one seismic event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate a wide variety of fish taxa were used throughout the dated occupation. Comparisons of fish use before and after one earthquake event shows a decline in salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) and an increase in herring (Clupea pallasii), shifts consistent with earthquake-related habitat loss. This serves as a pilot study for a large-scale collaborative project that is drawing on the range in animal types (invertebrates, mammals, birds, and fishes) to assess human response to gradual and abrupt environmental change at Tse-whit-zen. Close

• 23. [Article] Project Management of Empathic Design Process Compared to Other Design Processes

  In this report, we analyze Empathic Design as a new product development process within project management; using the newest Nike’s N7 footwear product that has been made to target the Native American community ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Project Management of Empathic Design Process Compared to Other Design Processes Author: Amini, Mitra, Al Mallak, Manar, Burgan, Mohamed, Ngarmnil, Thanaporn Year: 2011 In this report, we analyze Empathic Design as a new product development process within project management; using the newest Nike’s N7 footwear product that has been made to target the Native American community and people inspired by Native American as our main case study. We also used Nike’s Free footwear product as a conventional product design case study to compare it with N7. The report outlines the steps of Empathic Design observation steps and their benefits within the project management basic phases. Accordingly, the report contains a comparison analysis between Empathic and Traditional design project management methods; along with a full elaboration of the Problems that might occur during the product design management process. Title: Project Management of Empathic Design Process Compared to Other Design Processes Author: Amini, Mitra, Al Mallak, Manar, Burgan, Mohamed, Ngarmnil, Thanaporn Year: 2011 In this report, we analyze Empathic Design as a new product development process within project management; using the newest Nike’s N7 footwear product that has been made to target the Native American community and people inspired by Native American as our main case study. We also used Nike’s Free footwear product as a conventional product design case study to compare it with N7. The report outlines the steps of Empathic Design observation steps and their benefits within the project management basic phases. Accordingly, the report contains a comparison analysis between Empathic and Traditional design project management methods; along with a full elaboration of the Problems that might occur during the product design management process. Close

• 24. [Article] (Re)Presenting Peoples and Storied Lands: Public Presentation of Archaeology and Representation of Native Americans in Selected Western U.S. Protected Areas

  Every year, hundreds of thousands of people visit the Native American ancestral lands in the western United States developed for tourism and recreation. The stewards of these lands seek to engage visitors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: (Re)Presenting Peoples and Storied Lands: Public Presentation of Archaeology and Representation of Native Americans in Selected Western U.S. Protected Areas Author: Survant, Cerinda Year: 2016 Every year, hundreds of thousands of people visit the Native American ancestral lands in the western United States developed for tourism and recreation. The stewards of these lands seek to engage visitors and enrich their experience, and simultaneously to protect the lands' natural and cultural resources. To achieve their mission, protected areas regularly use interpretation -- materials and experiences that aim to educate visitors about resources and see them as personally meaningful. However, there is little literature on interpretive content in protected areas, few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and little literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas. I consider the public presentation of archaeology at exemplary protected areas in the U.S. Southwest and Great Basin within a theoretical framework of governmentality and representation. Within a mixed-method research design, this project used participant-observation at thirteen protected area locales to identify interpretive content and representational strategies, and semi-structured interviews with 31 individuals to elicit staff and visitors' understandings of interpretation and display. This research found three types of narratives in the interpretation sampled-- scientific narratives, cultural narratives, and management messages. In general, scientific narratives appeared more frequently than cultural narratives and both appeared more frequently than management messages. Archaeology dominated scientific narratives, cultural continuity dominated cultural narratives, and orientation dominated management messages. In general, archaeology appeared with greater relative frequency than any other component of interpretive content. This study also found that interpretation predominantly adopted a third-person omniscient point of view and represented people predominantly in the ancient past. This study has both academic and applied outcomes. The work aims to contribute to the scant body of literature on interpretive content in protected areas stewarding natural and cultural resources, the few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and the existing literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas as well as informing future interpretive practice. These findings inform a report on contemporary interpretive practice and recommendations for the public presentation of archaeology delivered to the US Fish and Wildlife Service in December 2013. Title: (Re)Presenting Peoples and Storied Lands: Public Presentation of Archaeology and Representation of Native Americans in Selected Western U.S. Protected Areas Author: Survant, Cerinda Year: 2016 Every year, hundreds of thousands of people visit the Native American ancestral lands in the western United States developed for tourism and recreation. The stewards of these lands seek to engage visitors and enrich their experience, and simultaneously to protect the lands' natural and cultural resources. To achieve their mission, protected areas regularly use interpretation -- materials and experiences that aim to educate visitors about resources and see them as personally meaningful. However, there is little literature on interpretive content in protected areas, few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and little literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas. I consider the public presentation of archaeology at exemplary protected areas in the U.S. Southwest and Great Basin within a theoretical framework of governmentality and representation. Within a mixed-method research design, this project used participant-observation at thirteen protected area locales to identify interpretive content and representational strategies, and semi-structured interviews with 31 individuals to elicit staff and visitors' understandings of interpretation and display. This research found three types of narratives in the interpretation sampled-- scientific narratives, cultural narratives, and management messages. In general, scientific narratives appeared more frequently than cultural narratives and both appeared more frequently than management messages. Archaeology dominated scientific narratives, cultural continuity dominated cultural narratives, and orientation dominated management messages. In general, archaeology appeared with greater relative frequency than any other component of interpretive content. This study also found that interpretation predominantly adopted a third-person omniscient point of view and represented people predominantly in the ancient past. This study has both academic and applied outcomes. The work aims to contribute to the scant body of literature on interpretive content in protected areas stewarding natural and cultural resources, the few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and the existing literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas as well as informing future interpretive practice. These findings inform a report on contemporary interpretive practice and recommendations for the public presentation of archaeology delivered to the US Fish and Wildlife Service in December 2013. Close

• 25. [Article] The Portland Spectator, March 2010

  Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What have you done for me lately, ASPSU?; Healthy: A sticky situation for corn syrup consumers; Hitchhiker's guide to bureaucracy; As it happens: the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Portland Spectator, March 2010 Author: Portland State University. Student Publications Board Year: 2010 Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What have you done for me lately, ASPSU?; Healthy: A sticky situation for corn syrup consumers; Hitchhiker's guide to bureaucracy; As it happens: the impeachment of Ron Lee; Native American Center coordinator dropped; Civil rights and practical policing; and Oregon's legislators act fast; A balancing act: our national debt Title: The Portland Spectator, March 2010 Author: Portland State University. Student Publications Board Year: 2010 Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What have you done for me lately, ASPSU?; Healthy: A sticky situation for corn syrup consumers; Hitchhiker's guide to bureaucracy; As it happens: the impeachment of Ron Lee; Native American Center coordinator dropped; Civil rights and practical policing; and Oregon's legislators act fast; A balancing act: our national debt Close

• 26. [Article] Interview with Judy Bluehorse-Skelton, Portland State U., 2011 (audio)

  Interview of Judy Bluehorse-Skelton by Christopher Milton on August 10th, 2011. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Judy Bluehorse-Skelton, Portland State U., 2011 (audio) Author: Bluehorse-Skelton, Judy Year: 2011 Interview of Judy Bluehorse-Skelton by Christopher Milton on August 10th, 2011. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Judy Bluehorse-Skelton, Portland State U., 2011 (audio) Author: Bluehorse-Skelton, Judy Year: 2011 Interview of Judy Bluehorse-Skelton by Christopher Milton on August 10th, 2011. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 27. [Article] Subsistence and Resistance on the British Columbia Coast: Kingcome Village’s Estuarine Gardens as Contested Space

  A case study is presented on the contested land ownership of the estuarine gardens in Kingcome Village, British Columbia (BC) between white settlers and the native Kwakwaka'wakw Indian Nation during the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Subsistence and Resistance on the British Columbia Coast: Kingcome Village’s Estuarine Gardens as Contested Space Author: Deur, Douglas, Turner, Nancy J., Dick, Adam, Sewid-Smith, Daisy, Recalma-Clutesi, Kim Year: 2013 A case study is presented on the contested land ownership of the estuarine gardens in Kingcome Village, British Columbia (BC) between white settlers and the native Kwakwaka'wakw Indian Nation during the 19th century. The role that the natural resources of Kingcome Village's estuarine gardens played in white colonists' settlement of the Kingcome Village area is discussed. Title: Subsistence and Resistance on the British Columbia Coast: Kingcome Village’s Estuarine Gardens as Contested Space Author: Deur, Douglas, Turner, Nancy J., Dick, Adam, Sewid-Smith, Daisy, Recalma-Clutesi, Kim Year: 2013 A case study is presented on the contested land ownership of the estuarine gardens in Kingcome Village, British Columbia (BC) between white settlers and the native Kwakwaka'wakw Indian Nation during the 19th century. The role that the natural resources of Kingcome Village's estuarine gardens played in white colonists' settlement of the Kingcome Village area is discussed. Close

• 28. [Article] Does Voluntary Reading Matter? The Influences of Voluntary Reading on Student Achievement

  Does voluntary reading matter? While there is much known about the benefits to children who engage in sustained silent reading, commercial reading programs implemented as a result of No Child Left Behind ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does Voluntary Reading Matter? The Influences of Voluntary Reading on Student Achievement Author: Yeigh, Maika Jolene Year: 2014 Does voluntary reading matter? While there is much known about the benefits to children who engage in sustained silent reading, commercial reading programs implemented as a result of No Child Left Behind often displace time for children to silently read (NCLB, 2002). An increase in the amount of time children spend with a commercial reading program has meant a decrease in time provided for in-school voluntary reading during the elementary literacy block (Brenner & Hiebert, 2010). This quantitative study used the 2011 restricted-use National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) data to determine whether opportunities provided to children for in-school voluntary reading impacted fourth-grade students' achievement levels. The study also considered whether there were differences in the amount of time provided for in-school voluntary reading and choice in reading material to children of differing income levels and ethnic backgrounds. Contingency tables and a multiple linear regression model were used to find associations between achievement data and questionnaire responses. Findings concluded that children who qualified to participate in the National School Lunch Program, as well as Black, Hispanic, and Native American children, have fewer opportunities to silently read, and choose their own books during the school day. For most children, there was a positive relationship between time and choice in reading at school with achievement scores. Black, Hispanic, and Native American children experienced a commercial reading program at a higher rate than their white and Asian peers; there were no detected differences in reading program structure based on economic affluence. The discussion includes consideration of time to silent read at school and choice in reading material as a part of an "opportunity gap" (Darling-Hammond, 2013) that causes disparities in the quality of education provided to children from different backgrounds, and which could also be a factor to the larger achievement gap. Policy implications are discussed. Title: Does Voluntary Reading Matter? The Influences of Voluntary Reading on Student Achievement Author: Yeigh, Maika Jolene Year: 2014 Does voluntary reading matter? While there is much known about the benefits to children who engage in sustained silent reading, commercial reading programs implemented as a result of No Child Left Behind often displace time for children to silently read (NCLB, 2002). An increase in the amount of time children spend with a commercial reading program has meant a decrease in time provided for in-school voluntary reading during the elementary literacy block (Brenner & Hiebert, 2010). This quantitative study used the 2011 restricted-use National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) data to determine whether opportunities provided to children for in-school voluntary reading impacted fourth-grade students' achievement levels. The study also considered whether there were differences in the amount of time provided for in-school voluntary reading and choice in reading material to children of differing income levels and ethnic backgrounds. Contingency tables and a multiple linear regression model were used to find associations between achievement data and questionnaire responses. Findings concluded that children who qualified to participate in the National School Lunch Program, as well as Black, Hispanic, and Native American children, have fewer opportunities to silently read, and choose their own books during the school day. For most children, there was a positive relationship between time and choice in reading at school with achievement scores. Black, Hispanic, and Native American children experienced a commercial reading program at a higher rate than their white and Asian peers; there were no detected differences in reading program structure based on economic affluence. The discussion includes consideration of time to silent read at school and choice in reading material as a part of an "opportunity gap" (Darling-Hammond, 2013) that causes disparities in the quality of education provided to children from different backgrounds, and which could also be a factor to the larger achievement gap. Policy implications are discussed. Close

• 29. [Article] Informing Oregon's Marine Protected Area (MPA) Baseline: Past and Present Tribal Uses of Marine Resources

  Native American tribes with ancestral land adjacent to the coast have gathered, hunted, and fished marine resources for millennia. In 2012, the state of Oregon designated five marine sites as reserves ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Informing Oregon's Marine Protected Area (MPA) Baseline: Past and Present Tribal Uses of Marine Resources Author: Comet, Sabra Marie TallChief Year: 2017 Native American tribes with ancestral land adjacent to the coast have gathered, hunted, and fished marine resources for millennia. In 2012, the state of Oregon designated five marine sites as reserves in which ocean development and harvest were prohibited. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are paired with each of the reserves and have less stringent “take” restrictions. Conflict over tribal use of MPAs have arisen in other states (e.g., California) as designation of MPAs and Reserves can impact subsistence, ceremonial, and traditional uses. My master’s thesis is intended to inform Oregon MPA management by developing a dataset that will describe tribal past (ancestral) and present (recent, within the current generation) uses of marine resources. I have collected interview and survey data to document marine resource use by tribal peoples on the Oregon coast in or near current and planned MPA’s. The interview protocols I used were developed for northern California’s MPA Baseline project and use a mixture of long and short questions, as well as an interactive mapping exercise. Interviews will target current fishermen/gatherers and tribal elders. Outcomes from the project will help Oregon coastal managers incorporate tribal uses into MPA management. Title: Informing Oregon's Marine Protected Area (MPA) Baseline: Past and Present Tribal Uses of Marine Resources Author: Comet, Sabra Marie TallChief Year: 2017 Native American tribes with ancestral land adjacent to the coast have gathered, hunted, and fished marine resources for millennia. In 2012, the state of Oregon designated five marine sites as reserves in which ocean development and harvest were prohibited. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are paired with each of the reserves and have less stringent “take” restrictions. Conflict over tribal use of MPAs have arisen in other states (e.g., California) as designation of MPAs and Reserves can impact subsistence, ceremonial, and traditional uses. My master’s thesis is intended to inform Oregon MPA management by developing a dataset that will describe tribal past (ancestral) and present (recent, within the current generation) uses of marine resources. I have collected interview and survey data to document marine resource use by tribal peoples on the Oregon coast in or near current and planned MPA’s. The interview protocols I used were developed for northern California’s MPA Baseline project and use a mixture of long and short questions, as well as an interactive mapping exercise. Interviews will target current fishermen/gatherers and tribal elders. Outcomes from the project will help Oregon coastal managers incorporate tribal uses into MPA management. Close

• 30. [Article] Exploring the Chinook Culture Contact at Station Camp at the Mouth of the Columbia River

  The Station Camp/McGowan site, at the mouth of the Columbia River, contains the remains of a contact-period Chinook Indian village characterized by abundant fur-trade era goods and well-preserved architectural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring the Chinook Culture Contact at Station Camp at the Mouth of the Columbia River Author: Wilson, Douglas C. Year: 2008 The Station Camp/McGowan site, at the mouth of the Columbia River, contains the remains of a contact-period Chinook Indian village characterized by abundant fur-trade era goods and well-preserved architectural features associated with at least three plank structures. The Chinookan fur-trade site (identified as the "Middle Village" by Chinook people) contains an abundance of wealth items and a dearth of productive tools and debris within traditional activity spaces. These data suggest the intensity and context of interaction between Native American groups at the coast and Euro- American traders. Title: Exploring the Chinook Culture Contact at Station Camp at the Mouth of the Columbia River Author: Wilson, Douglas C. Year: 2008 The Station Camp/McGowan site, at the mouth of the Columbia River, contains the remains of a contact-period Chinook Indian village characterized by abundant fur-trade era goods and well-preserved architectural features associated with at least three plank structures. The Chinookan fur-trade site (identified as the "Middle Village" by Chinook people) contains an abundance of wealth items and a dearth of productive tools and debris within traditional activity spaces. These data suggest the intensity and context of interaction between Native American groups at the coast and Euro- American traders. Close

• 31. [Article] Beavers, firs, salmon, and falling water: Pacific Northwest regionalism and the environment

  Discusses the importance of salmon in defining environmental understanding in the Pacific Northwest. Dam construction, population influx, economic development, and politics have dramatically changed the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beavers, firs, salmon, and falling water: Pacific Northwest regionalism and the environment Author: Lang, William L. Year: 2003 Discusses the importance of salmon in defining environmental understanding in the Pacific Northwest. Dam construction, population influx, economic development, and politics have dramatically changed the geography of Oregon Country since 1850. The technological alterations and population growth redefined the sense of place. However, salmon has remained the most important icon of the Pacific Northwest, both for Native Americans and for nonnatives have who worked to save the salmon from extinction. Salmon have become a "living metaphor" for the region, and their fate reflects an understanding of historical context and the role of people in their relationship to the environment in this particular region. Title: Beavers, firs, salmon, and falling water: Pacific Northwest regionalism and the environment Author: Lang, William L. Year: 2003 Discusses the importance of salmon in defining environmental understanding in the Pacific Northwest. Dam construction, population influx, economic development, and politics have dramatically changed the geography of Oregon Country since 1850. The technological alterations and population growth redefined the sense of place. However, salmon has remained the most important icon of the Pacific Northwest, both for Native Americans and for nonnatives have who worked to save the salmon from extinction. Salmon have become a "living metaphor" for the region, and their fate reflects an understanding of historical context and the role of people in their relationship to the environment in this particular region. Close

• 32. [Article] Local Norms of Personality Assessment for Rosebud Sioux

  Measures of life stress, locus of control, world view, and values were administered to 91 Rosebud Sioux. The results provide some limited norms for local use of these measures and descriptive data for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Local Norms of Personality Assessment for Rosebud Sioux Author: Dana, Richard H., Hornby, Rodger, Hoffmann, Tom Year: 1984 Measures of life stress, locus of control, world view, and values were administered to 91 Rosebud Sioux. The results provide some limited norms for local use of these measures and descriptive data for this tribe. These measures provide examples of culturally relevant, non-discriminatory instruments for assessment of Native Americans Title: Local Norms of Personality Assessment for Rosebud Sioux Author: Dana, Richard H., Hornby, Rodger, Hoffmann, Tom Year: 1984 Measures of life stress, locus of control, world view, and values were administered to 91 Rosebud Sioux. The results provide some limited norms for local use of these measures and descriptive data for this tribe. These measures provide examples of culturally relevant, non-discriminatory instruments for assessment of Native Americans Close

• 33. [Article] Human Services Training in Tribal Colleges

  Tribal colleges are providing interdisciplinary education and professional training for human services occupations at the undergraduate level. These programs also promote cultural competence as a result ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Human Services Training in Tribal Colleges Author: Dana, Richard H., Hornby, Rodger Year: 1992 Tribal colleges are providing interdisciplinary education and professional training for human services occupations at the undergraduate level. These programs also promote cultural competence as a result of required courses in tribal languages, history, culture and law. The Sinte Gelska University program is described as an example of the role of tribal college education in emphasizing cultural identity using a culture-specific instructional style and teaching method. These programs in tribal colleges will augment the availability of competent service to native Americans. Title: Human Services Training in Tribal Colleges Author: Dana, Richard H., Hornby, Rodger Year: 1992 Tribal colleges are providing interdisciplinary education and professional training for human services occupations at the undergraduate level. These programs also promote cultural competence as a result of required courses in tribal languages, history, culture and law. The Sinte Gelska University program is described as an example of the role of tribal college education in emphasizing cultural identity using a culture-specific instructional style and teaching method. These programs in tribal colleges will augment the availability of competent service to native Americans. Close

• 34. [Article] The Portland Spectator, May 2011

  Editor: Jonathan Miles Articles in this issue include: Portland Pow Wows: Native Americans gather at Portland State for singing, drumming and dancing; Free Weiwei! Photo essay on Portland State’s silent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Portland Spectator, May 2011 Author: Portland State University. Student Publications Board Year: 2011 Editor: Jonathan Miles Articles in this issue include: Portland Pow Wows: Native Americans gather at Portland State for singing, drumming and dancing; Free Weiwei! Photo essay on Portland State’s silent protest to free Chinese political prisoner Ai Weiwei; Education bond under fire: Oregon’s efforts to fund public schools may be shut down by antitax groups; Borrowing up: Why students continue to borrow more and more for higher ed. and how it will hurt U.S. taxpayers. Title: The Portland Spectator, May 2011 Author: Portland State University. Student Publications Board Year: 2011 Editor: Jonathan Miles Articles in this issue include: Portland Pow Wows: Native Americans gather at Portland State for singing, drumming and dancing; Free Weiwei! Photo essay on Portland State’s silent protest to free Chinese political prisoner Ai Weiwei; Education bond under fire: Oregon’s efforts to fund public schools may be shut down by antitax groups; Borrowing up: Why students continue to borrow more and more for higher ed. and how it will hurt U.S. taxpayers. Close

• 35. [Article] "Southwest Indians and their art"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Southwest Indians and their art" Author: Gunther, Erna Year: 1965 Title: "Southwest Indians and their art" Author: Gunther, Erna Year: 1965 Close

• 36. [Article] Music and Race in the American West

  This thesis explores the complexities of race relations in the nineteenth century American West. The groups considered here are African Americans, Anglo Americans, Chinese, Mexican Americans, and Native ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Music and Race in the American West Author: Schneider, William Steven Year: 2017 This thesis explores the complexities of race relations in the nineteenth century American West. The groups considered here are African Americans, Anglo Americans, Chinese, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans. In recent decades historians of the West have begun to tell the narratives of racial minorities. This study adopts the aims of these scholars through a new lens--music. Ultimately, this thesis argues that historians can use music, both individual songs and broader conceptions about music, to understand the complex and contradictory race relations of the nineteenth century west. Proceeding thematically, the first chapter explores the ways Anglo Americans used music to exert their dominance and defend their superiority over minorities. The second chapter examines the ways racial minorities used music to counter Anglo American dominance and exercise their own agency. The final chapter considers the ways in which music fostered peaceful and cooperative relationships between races. Following each chapter is a short interlude which discusses the musical innovations that occurred when the groups encountered the musical heritage of one another. This study demonstrates that music is an underutilized resource for historical analysis. It helps make comprehensible the complicated relations between races. By demonstrating the relevance of music to the history of race relations, this thesis also suggests that music as a historical subject is ripe for further analysis. Title: Music and Race in the American West Author: Schneider, William Steven Year: 2017 This thesis explores the complexities of race relations in the nineteenth century American West. The groups considered here are African Americans, Anglo Americans, Chinese, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans. In recent decades historians of the West have begun to tell the narratives of racial minorities. This study adopts the aims of these scholars through a new lens--music. Ultimately, this thesis argues that historians can use music, both individual songs and broader conceptions about music, to understand the complex and contradictory race relations of the nineteenth century west. Proceeding thematically, the first chapter explores the ways Anglo Americans used music to exert their dominance and defend their superiority over minorities. The second chapter examines the ways racial minorities used music to counter Anglo American dominance and exercise their own agency. The final chapter considers the ways in which music fostered peaceful and cooperative relationships between races. Following each chapter is a short interlude which discusses the musical innovations that occurred when the groups encountered the musical heritage of one another. This study demonstrates that music is an underutilized resource for historical analysis. It helps make comprehensible the complicated relations between races. By demonstrating the relevance of music to the history of race relations, this thesis also suggests that music as a historical subject is ripe for further analysis. Close

• 37. [Article] Roving Exhibits

  Book exhibits are commonplace in most libraries, but the idea of Roving Exhibits just recently came about at the Library. In the Fall 2013, an exhibit was set up at a student event, a PowWow celebration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Roving Exhibits Author: Salazar, Arlene Year: 2014 Book exhibits are commonplace in most libraries, but the idea of Roving Exhibits just recently came about at the Library. In the Fall 2013, an exhibit was set up at a student event, a PowWow celebration of native oral tradition, sponsored by the Native American Student Association. The exhibit was a culmination of collection development efforts on the part of the education liaison, who is also in charge of the juvenile collection, over the course of 5 years. Continuation and expansion of roving exhibits will provide an opportunity for the library to physically take in-library exhibits out to the university community so that they can see all the library has to offer related to their interests. Looking for possible exhibit opportunities also prompts librarians to ensure adequate material is related to various student organizations and events. Many attendees at the PowWow exhibit commented that they didn't even realize the library had such resources or a juvenile collection. Title: Roving Exhibits Author: Salazar, Arlene Year: 2014 Book exhibits are commonplace in most libraries, but the idea of Roving Exhibits just recently came about at the Library. In the Fall 2013, an exhibit was set up at a student event, a PowWow celebration of native oral tradition, sponsored by the Native American Student Association. The exhibit was a culmination of collection development efforts on the part of the education liaison, who is also in charge of the juvenile collection, over the course of 5 years. Continuation and expansion of roving exhibits will provide an opportunity for the library to physically take in-library exhibits out to the university community so that they can see all the library has to offer related to their interests. Looking for possible exhibit opportunities also prompts librarians to ensure adequate material is related to various student organizations and events. Many attendees at the PowWow exhibit commented that they didn't even realize the library had such resources or a juvenile collection. Close

• 38. [Article] Intelligence Testing of American Indian Children: Sidesteps in Quest of Ethical Practice

  Previous literature reviews are updated. Recent findings impugn the WISC-R internal consistency and document item bias for American Indian children. A pattern of Spatial > Sequential > Conceptual > Acquired ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intelligence Testing of American Indian Children: Sidesteps in Quest of Ethical Practice Author: Dana, Richard H. Year: 1984 Previous literature reviews are updated. Recent findings impugn the WISC-R internal consistency and document item bias for American Indian children. A pattern of Spatial > Sequential > Conceptual > Acquired Knowledge holds across ages, tribes, and heterogeneous referral sources, except for acculturated children. Kaufman's three factors are replaced by Verbal and Performance factors for Papago and Navajo children. A culturally-learned basis for intellectual functioning among traditional children supports alternative assessment functions for traditional reservation lifestyle and for acculturation and entree into mainstream society. Performance measures, SOMPA, Piagetian and Luria-derived tasks may ultimately provide less biased intelligence estimates. Recent legislation outlines ethical practice although assessors are still making do with conventional measures that are ethically-questionable and discriminatory. Suggestions for increasing awareness of responsible practice include training in cultural contents and constant monitoring of research findings. Title: Intelligence Testing of American Indian Children: Sidesteps in Quest of Ethical Practice Author: Dana, Richard H. Year: 1984 Previous literature reviews are updated. Recent findings impugn the WISC-R internal consistency and document item bias for American Indian children. A pattern of Spatial > Sequential > Conceptual > Acquired Knowledge holds across ages, tribes, and heterogeneous referral sources, except for acculturated children. Kaufman's three factors are replaced by Verbal and Performance factors for Papago and Navajo children. A culturally-learned basis for intellectual functioning among traditional children supports alternative assessment functions for traditional reservation lifestyle and for acculturation and entree into mainstream society. Performance measures, SOMPA, Piagetian and Luria-derived tasks may ultimately provide less biased intelligence estimates. Recent legislation outlines ethical practice although assessors are still making do with conventional measures that are ethically-questionable and discriminatory. Suggestions for increasing awareness of responsible practice include training in cultural contents and constant monitoring of research findings. Close

• 39. [Article] Iktomi: A Character Traits Analysis of a Dakota Culture Myth

  This qualitative study comparing three separate English-language versions of a single Dakota cultural myth "Iktomi" presents a novel systematic approach for analyzing Native American folk tales to understand ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Iktomi: A Character Traits Analysis of a Dakota Culture Myth Author: Kastner, Marianne Sue Year: 2012 This qualitative study comparing three separate English-language versions of a single Dakota cultural myth "Iktomi" presents a novel systematic approach for analyzing Native American folk tales to understand how stories function as tools of transmission of cultural information and knowledge. The method involved coding character traits according to type with regard to representation, ability, or attribute to ascertain patterns among the codes and elucidate character roles and relationships, reorganizing the coded traits into paired polarized correspondences to clarify relationships among traits, and assessing pronoun use and documenter effect pointing to gender-specific character activity. Findings revealed an encoded framework illuminating how the tale is used to represent progressive stages in the Dakota vision quest. Analysis using simple word counts of character traits produced emergent patterns disclosing a male-specific focus on character activities with additional evidence delineating a framework for the vision quest traditionally regarded tribally as a male rite of passage. Title: Iktomi: A Character Traits Analysis of a Dakota Culture Myth Author: Kastner, Marianne Sue Year: 2012 This qualitative study comparing three separate English-language versions of a single Dakota cultural myth "Iktomi" presents a novel systematic approach for analyzing Native American folk tales to understand how stories function as tools of transmission of cultural information and knowledge. The method involved coding character traits according to type with regard to representation, ability, or attribute to ascertain patterns among the codes and elucidate character roles and relationships, reorganizing the coded traits into paired polarized correspondences to clarify relationships among traits, and assessing pronoun use and documenter effect pointing to gender-specific character activity. Findings revealed an encoded framework illuminating how the tale is used to represent progressive stages in the Dakota vision quest. Analysis using simple word counts of character traits produced emergent patterns disclosing a male-specific focus on character activities with additional evidence delineating a framework for the vision quest traditionally regarded tribally as a male rite of passage. Close

• 40. [Article] Variations in the Life Histories of Incarcerated Parents by Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Service Provision

  Incarcerated parents have complex life histories that often remain unresolved during incarceration, can continue to create barriers to prosocial success on release, and present similar intergenerational ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variations in the Life Histories of Incarcerated Parents by Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Service Provision Author: Miller, Keva M., Eddy, J. Mark, Borja, Sharon, Lazzari, Sarah R. Year: 1905 Incarcerated parents have complex life histories that often remain unresolved during incarceration, can continue to create barriers to prosocial success on release, and present similar intergenerational challenges for their children. This study examines the life histories of incarcerated fathers and mothers from the Pacific Northwest and how their experiences vary based on race and ethnicity. Five areas examined were exposure to trauma, child welfare involvement, mental health and substance abuse problems, juvenile justice and adult criminal justice involvement, and intergenerational criminal justice involvement. The sample comprised 359 incarcerated parents, and their racial/ethnic composition was 59% White, 14% African American, 11% multiracial, 8% Native American, and 7% Latino. Few differences were found across racial and ethnic groups. Mothers appeared more similar to each other across groups than fathers. Results illustrated similarities yet some surprising differences with national trends on key study variables. Implications for future research and intervention and prevention are discussed. Title: Variations in the Life Histories of Incarcerated Parents by Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Service Provision Author: Miller, Keva M., Eddy, J. Mark, Borja, Sharon, Lazzari, Sarah R. Year: 1905 Incarcerated parents have complex life histories that often remain unresolved during incarceration, can continue to create barriers to prosocial success on release, and present similar intergenerational challenges for their children. This study examines the life histories of incarcerated fathers and mothers from the Pacific Northwest and how their experiences vary based on race and ethnicity. Five areas examined were exposure to trauma, child welfare involvement, mental health and substance abuse problems, juvenile justice and adult criminal justice involvement, and intergenerational criminal justice involvement. The sample comprised 359 incarcerated parents, and their racial/ethnic composition was 59% White, 14% African American, 11% multiracial, 8% Native American, and 7% Latino. Few differences were found across racial and ethnic groups. Mothers appeared more similar to each other across groups than fathers. Results illustrated similarities yet some surprising differences with national trends on key study variables. Implications for future research and intervention and prevention are discussed. Close

• 41. [Article] Towards the Identification of Lampreys (Lampetra SPP.) in Archaeological Contexts

  Lampreys were and continue to be an important resource for Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest. Lampreys possess several skeletal structures that are regularly identified in marine mammal and bird ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Towards the Identification of Lampreys (Lampetra SPP.) in Archaeological Contexts Author: Smith, Ross E., Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2008 Lampreys were and continue to be an important resource for Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest. Lampreys possess several skeletal structures that are regularly identified in marine mammal and bird stomach contents and fecal samples, suggesting that lamprey elements may preserve in archaeological contexts. However, their remains have not been identified in archaeological faunal samples in the Pacific Northwest. This may be due to the lack of an adequate "search image" for lamprey remains among faunal analysts and limited use of line screen sampling. Descriptions and photographs of lamprey remains that are most likely to survive in archaeological contexts are presented to increase awareness of lamprey anatomy. Horn-like teeth located around the lamprey oral disc are the largest and most distinctive elements that may be encountered in archaeological samples. Use of standard 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) and 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) mesh will retain elements from mature adult Pacific Lampreys. Title: Towards the Identification of Lampreys (Lampetra SPP.) in Archaeological Contexts Author: Smith, Ross E., Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2008 Lampreys were and continue to be an important resource for Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest. Lampreys possess several skeletal structures that are regularly identified in marine mammal and bird stomach contents and fecal samples, suggesting that lamprey elements may preserve in archaeological contexts. However, their remains have not been identified in archaeological faunal samples in the Pacific Northwest. This may be due to the lack of an adequate "search image" for lamprey remains among faunal analysts and limited use of line screen sampling. Descriptions and photographs of lamprey remains that are most likely to survive in archaeological contexts are presented to increase awareness of lamprey anatomy. Horn-like teeth located around the lamprey oral disc are the largest and most distinctive elements that may be encountered in archaeological samples. Use of standard 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) and 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) mesh will retain elements from mature adult Pacific Lampreys. Close

• 42. [Article] The Effects of Perceived Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality and Social Identity Threat on Racial Minorities' Attitudes About Police

  This study examines the role of perceived phenotypic racial stereotypicality and race-based social identity threat on racial minorities’ trust and cooperation with police. We hypothesize that in police ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Perceived Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality and Social Identity Threat on Racial Minorities' Attitudes About Police Author: Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian, Lee, J. Katherine, Renauer, Brian, Henning, Kris R., Stewart, Greg Year: 2016 This study examines the role of perceived phenotypic racial stereotypicality and race-based social identity threat on racial minorities’ trust and cooperation with police. We hypothesize that in police interactions, racial minorities’ phenotypic racial stereotypicality may increase race-based social identity threat, which will lead to distrust and decreased participation with police. Racial minorities (Blacks, Latinos, Native Americans, and multi-racials) and Whites from a representative random sample of city residents were surveyed about policing attitudes. A serial multiple mediation model confirmed that racial minorities' self-rated phenotypic racial stereotypicality indirectly affected future cooperation through social identity threat and trust. Due to the lack of negative group stereotypes in policing, the model did not hold for Whites. This study provides evidence that phenotypic stereotypicality influences racial minorities' psychological experiences interacting with police. Title: The Effects of Perceived Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality and Social Identity Threat on Racial Minorities' Attitudes About Police Author: Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian, Lee, J. Katherine, Renauer, Brian, Henning, Kris R., Stewart, Greg Year: 2016 This study examines the role of perceived phenotypic racial stereotypicality and race-based social identity threat on racial minorities’ trust and cooperation with police. We hypothesize that in police interactions, racial minorities’ phenotypic racial stereotypicality may increase race-based social identity threat, which will lead to distrust and decreased participation with police. Racial minorities (Blacks, Latinos, Native Americans, and multi-racials) and Whites from a representative random sample of city residents were surveyed about policing attitudes. A serial multiple mediation model confirmed that racial minorities' self-rated phenotypic racial stereotypicality indirectly affected future cooperation through social identity threat and trust. Due to the lack of negative group stereotypes in policing, the model did not hold for Whites. This study provides evidence that phenotypic stereotypicality influences racial minorities' psychological experiences interacting with police. Close

• 43. [Article] Knowledge Spaces and The Politics of Pedagogy: Politicizing Portland State University’s Environmental Education Paradigms

  I critically consider Portland State University’s Environmental Science and Management (ESM) department’s strategies in presenting Western scientific and Indigenous knowledge in regard to environmental ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Knowledge Spaces and The Politics of Pedagogy: Politicizing Portland State University’s Environmental Education Paradigms Author: Kramer, Sasha Year: 2017 I critically consider Portland State University’s Environmental Science and Management (ESM) department’s strategies in presenting Western scientific and Indigenous knowledge in regard to environmental management and interaction through the ESM department’s core curriculum. I conduct qualitative primary research through semi-structured interviews with two faculty members from the ESM department, an ESM student, and a faculty member in the Nation Studies department. The interviews illustrate the gap in the ESM’s core curriculum where multicultural perspectives are not represented. My research works to understand this gap by considering the historical, political, and economic constructs for the ways in which knowledge systems of the subaltern are marginalized. Finally, this thesis prescribes the integration of Native American traditional ecological knowledge through a focused course offered in the ESM core curriculum to counter these systems. Title: Knowledge Spaces and The Politics of Pedagogy: Politicizing Portland State University’s Environmental Education Paradigms Author: Kramer, Sasha Year: 2017 I critically consider Portland State University’s Environmental Science and Management (ESM) department’s strategies in presenting Western scientific and Indigenous knowledge in regard to environmental management and interaction through the ESM department’s core curriculum. I conduct qualitative primary research through semi-structured interviews with two faculty members from the ESM department, an ESM student, and a faculty member in the Nation Studies department. The interviews illustrate the gap in the ESM’s core curriculum where multicultural perspectives are not represented. My research works to understand this gap by considering the historical, political, and economic constructs for the ways in which knowledge systems of the subaltern are marginalized. Finally, this thesis prescribes the integration of Native American traditional ecological knowledge through a focused course offered in the ESM core curriculum to counter these systems. Close

• 44. [Article] Since Time Immemorial: The Decline of Columbia River Basin Salmon

  Since Time Immemorial: The Decline of Columbia River Basin Salmon studies the near extinction of what has been historically the world’s largest salmon population. By examining the issue systemically, my ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Since Time Immemorial: The Decline of Columbia River Basin Salmon Author: Levin, Samuel J Year: 2016 Since Time Immemorial: The Decline of Columbia River Basin Salmon studies the near extinction of what has been historically the world’s largest salmon population. By examining the issue systemically, my paper reveals that the environmental misjudgments that have brought the salmon so near extinction are not isolated, but rather are the product of cultural trends. A study of these misjudgments reveals a culture within the Columbia Basin that has, since the mid-19th century, sought expansion for expansion’s sake and valued short-term wealth over long-term sustainability. My paper illustrates how his philosophy has guided and continues to guide Columbia Basin fisheries management to neglect not just environmental and Native American considerations, but pragmatic ones as well. Title: Since Time Immemorial: The Decline of Columbia River Basin Salmon Author: Levin, Samuel J Year: 2016 Since Time Immemorial: The Decline of Columbia River Basin Salmon studies the near extinction of what has been historically the world’s largest salmon population. By examining the issue systemically, my paper reveals that the environmental misjudgments that have brought the salmon so near extinction are not isolated, but rather are the product of cultural trends. A study of these misjudgments reveals a culture within the Columbia Basin that has, since the mid-19th century, sought expansion for expansion’s sake and valued short-term wealth over long-term sustainability. My paper illustrates how his philosophy has guided and continues to guide Columbia Basin fisheries management to neglect not just environmental and Native American considerations, but pragmatic ones as well. Close

• 45. [Article] A Most Sacred Place: The Significance of Crater Lake among the Indians of Southern Oregon

  Discusses the Native American view of Crater Lake, Oregon, as a place of religious significance and the misunderstandings with whites as to its importance to Oregon's Indian tribes. Created some 6,500 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Most Sacred Place: The Significance of Crater Lake among the Indians of Southern Oregon Author: Deur, Douglas Year: 2002 Discusses the Native American view of Crater Lake, Oregon, as a place of religious significance and the misunderstandings with whites as to its importance to Oregon's Indian tribes. Created some 6,500 years ago by volcanic eruption, CraterLake has long been seen by Indians as a sacred place. Their hunting, berry gathering, and vision quests in the lake area were tied to their religious view of the lake. Since the 1850's, whites have treated the lake with a lack of understanding of its significance to the Klamath tribes. The National Park Service restricted hunting and charged Indians fees to pass through it. In the late 20th century federal agencies showed more sensitivity to Indian concerns about recreational use of the lake, misuse of the land, and the tribal history of the area. Title: A Most Sacred Place: The Significance of Crater Lake among the Indians of Southern Oregon Author: Deur, Douglas Year: 2002 Discusses the Native American view of Crater Lake, Oregon, as a place of religious significance and the misunderstandings with whites as to its importance to Oregon's Indian tribes. Created some 6,500 years ago by volcanic eruption, CraterLake has long been seen by Indians as a sacred place. Their hunting, berry gathering, and vision quests in the lake area were tied to their religious view of the lake. Since the 1850's, whites have treated the lake with a lack of understanding of its significance to the Klamath tribes. The National Park Service restricted hunting and charged Indians fees to pass through it. In the late 20th century federal agencies showed more sensitivity to Indian concerns about recreational use of the lake, misuse of the land, and the tribal history of the area. Close

• 46. [Article] Ethnic Minorities in Portland: A 1990 Census Profile

  In the last two years, Portlanders of all backgrounds have begun to pay serious attention to the problems and opportunities created by the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of their metropolitan area. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ethnic Minorities in Portland: A 1990 Census Profile Author: Abbott, Carl Year: 1991 In the last two years, Portlanders of all backgrounds have begun to pay serious attention to the problems and opportunities created by the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of their metropolitan area. The Oregonian and the broadcast media have focused a number of stories and reports on racial relations and racial tensions. The broad-based strategic planning efforts of the Civic Index project (1989-90) and the Portland Future Focus planning program (1990-91) have pinpointed racial and ethnic relations as one of the central issues that will determine the quality of life in the growing metropolis. The City Club of Portland is preparing a series of reports on "Racial and Ethnic Relations in Portland" with attention to areas such as education, public welfare, law enforcement, and civic participation. It is important that these discussions are grounded on a solid factual base that answers such fundamental questions as "who" and "where." As a contribution to the discussion, the School of Urban and Public Affairs at Portland State University has prepared this "census profile" of minority groups in the tri-county Portland area. Despite some well-publicized problems with response rates, the 1990 Census is the most thorough, current, and comprehensive source of information for comparing the characteristics of ethnic groups. This report summarizes information on four racial groups and one ethnic minority group. The racial groups, to use the census terminology, are "white," "black," "American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut," and "Asian and Pacific Islander." The one ethnic group consists of persons of "Hispanic origin." Since Hispanics may be of any race, members of this group overlap the racial categories. There are strong feelings about the appropriate use of names for racial groups. This report has chosen to use "African-American" for "black" and "Native American" for "American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut." The information that is reported and analyzed is only a fraction of the data that will ultimately be available from census publications and data tapes. However, it provides a common starting point for pursuing the discussions about equitable relations among racial and ethnic groups that will be so important for Portland's future. Title: Ethnic Minorities in Portland: A 1990 Census Profile Author: Abbott, Carl Year: 1991 In the last two years, Portlanders of all backgrounds have begun to pay serious attention to the problems and opportunities created by the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of their metropolitan area. The Oregonian and the broadcast media have focused a number of stories and reports on racial relations and racial tensions. The broad-based strategic planning efforts of the Civic Index project (1989-90) and the Portland Future Focus planning program (1990-91) have pinpointed racial and ethnic relations as one of the central issues that will determine the quality of life in the growing metropolis. The City Club of Portland is preparing a series of reports on "Racial and Ethnic Relations in Portland" with attention to areas such as education, public welfare, law enforcement, and civic participation. It is important that these discussions are grounded on a solid factual base that answers such fundamental questions as "who" and "where." As a contribution to the discussion, the School of Urban and Public Affairs at Portland State University has prepared this "census profile" of minority groups in the tri-county Portland area. Despite some well-publicized problems with response rates, the 1990 Census is the most thorough, current, and comprehensive source of information for comparing the characteristics of ethnic groups. This report summarizes information on four racial groups and one ethnic minority group. The racial groups, to use the census terminology, are "white," "black," "American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut," and "Asian and Pacific Islander." The one ethnic group consists of persons of "Hispanic origin." Since Hispanics may be of any race, members of this group overlap the racial categories. There are strong feelings about the appropriate use of names for racial groups. This report has chosen to use "African-American" for "black" and "Native American" for "American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut." The information that is reported and analyzed is only a fraction of the data that will ultimately be available from census publications and data tapes. However, it provides a common starting point for pursuing the discussions about equitable relations among racial and ethnic groups that will be so important for Portland's future. Close

• 47. [Article] Radicalism in American Political Thought : Black Power, the Black Panthers, and the American Creed

  American Political Thought has presented somewhat of a challenge to many because of the conflict between the ideals found within the "American Creed" and the reality of America's treatment of ethnic and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Radicalism in American Political Thought : Black Power, the Black Panthers, and the American Creed Author: Cooney, Christopher Thomas Year: 2007 American Political Thought has presented somewhat of a challenge to many because of the conflict between the ideals found within the "American Creed" and the reality of America's treatment of ethnic and social minorities. The various forms of marginalization and oppression facing women, blacks, Native Americans, and Asian-Americans have been as much a part of the story of America as have been natural rights and the Constitution. Taking this into account, this thesis is an effort to argue that the radicalism on display in the Black Panther Party, a group that emerged in the turmoil of the 1960' s, was a direct descendant of the ideas found within the Black Power movement. It will be argued that these militant critiques of American society were radical, but were not so radical as to be viewed as outside of the context provided by the ideals found in the American Creed. In order to do so, it will be necessary first to present and analyze the various approaches toward explaining the content and nature of the American Creed. The Creed will be presented as separate from American political reality, as an ideal type. As a result it appears to be a rather amorphous tool which can be used both by supporters of a more robust realization of the Creed's ideals and those who wish to limit the scope of these ideals. Having discussed these approaches toward the American Creed, a discussion of radical political ideas will serve to introduce the Black Power movement and the later Black Panther Party. It will be argued that the radical ideas on display were born out of a frustration with American society, but were at the same time an endorsement of the American Creed. It will be concluded that the American Creed is a powerful force acting upon American political thought, so powerful that even those who should rationally reject the Creed forcefully embrace it. Title: Radicalism in American Political Thought : Black Power, the Black Panthers, and the American Creed Author: Cooney, Christopher Thomas Year: 2007 American Political Thought has presented somewhat of a challenge to many because of the conflict between the ideals found within the "American Creed" and the reality of America's treatment of ethnic and social minorities. The various forms of marginalization and oppression facing women, blacks, Native Americans, and Asian-Americans have been as much a part of the story of America as have been natural rights and the Constitution. Taking this into account, this thesis is an effort to argue that the radicalism on display in the Black Panther Party, a group that emerged in the turmoil of the 1960' s, was a direct descendant of the ideas found within the Black Power movement. It will be argued that these militant critiques of American society were radical, but were not so radical as to be viewed as outside of the context provided by the ideals found in the American Creed. In order to do so, it will be necessary first to present and analyze the various approaches toward explaining the content and nature of the American Creed. The Creed will be presented as separate from American political reality, as an ideal type. As a result it appears to be a rather amorphous tool which can be used both by supporters of a more robust realization of the Creed's ideals and those who wish to limit the scope of these ideals. Having discussed these approaches toward the American Creed, a discussion of radical political ideas will serve to introduce the Black Power movement and the later Black Panther Party. It will be argued that the radical ideas on display were born out of a frustration with American society, but were at the same time an endorsement of the American Creed. It will be concluded that the American Creed is a powerful force acting upon American political thought, so powerful that even those who should rationally reject the Creed forcefully embrace it. Close

• 48. [Article] Misconceptions of “Stupendous Antiquities” : Native American Mounds, Euro-Americans, and Racial Ideas

  Across North America, remnants exist of the ancient works of Indigenous peoples. Prime examples are the long-abandoned city of Cahokia near present-day St. Louis, Illinois, which was once a bustling city ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Misconceptions of “Stupendous Antiquities” : Native American Mounds, Euro-Americans, and Racial Ideas Author: Hart, Lily Year: 2017 Across North America, remnants exist of the ancient works of Indigenous peoples. Prime examples are the long-abandoned city of Cahokia near present-day St. Louis, Illinois, which was once a bustling city larger than London in 1200 AD. In Cahokia, there are mounds that are as high as one hundred feet and a “Woodhenge” that functions as a calendar. Despite these impressive displays of engineering, urban planning, and understanding of astronomy, Cahokia was not protected as a National Historic Landmark until 1964--this late protection was the case for many of the mounds across America. Many mounds were plowed over and pueblos decayed before this happened. Non-natives attributed these works to other cultures, from Hindus to the Lost Tribes of Israel to the Welsh to aliens. Anglo-Americans of the time were faced with somewhat of a conundrum. They wanted to have antiquities as grand as Rome’s, yet they also did not want to admit that these antiquities were built by people that were Indigenous to the Americas. It was rare that a scholar of the time was willing to state that these works were built by the Indigenous inhabitants of North America in the nineteenth century. Oftentimes these theories functioned as a way to dismiss what they called the Indian as savage and incapable of constructing ancient cities; some scholars even put forth that the Indian drove away the people that had constructed the mounds. This thesis puts forth that this way of thinking--the combination of false theories, dismissal of the mounds, and the feeling that the mounds belonged to the white inhabitants of America caused these sites to be neglected. The study of the misconceptions and neglect of the mounds in the nineteenth century demonstrates the attitudes towards race at the time. Title: Misconceptions of “Stupendous Antiquities” : Native American Mounds, Euro-Americans, and Racial Ideas Author: Hart, Lily Year: 2017 Across North America, remnants exist of the ancient works of Indigenous peoples. Prime examples are the long-abandoned city of Cahokia near present-day St. Louis, Illinois, which was once a bustling city larger than London in 1200 AD. In Cahokia, there are mounds that are as high as one hundred feet and a “Woodhenge” that functions as a calendar. Despite these impressive displays of engineering, urban planning, and understanding of astronomy, Cahokia was not protected as a National Historic Landmark until 1964--this late protection was the case for many of the mounds across America. Many mounds were plowed over and pueblos decayed before this happened. Non-natives attributed these works to other cultures, from Hindus to the Lost Tribes of Israel to the Welsh to aliens. Anglo-Americans of the time were faced with somewhat of a conundrum. They wanted to have antiquities as grand as Rome’s, yet they also did not want to admit that these antiquities were built by people that were Indigenous to the Americas. It was rare that a scholar of the time was willing to state that these works were built by the Indigenous inhabitants of North America in the nineteenth century. Oftentimes these theories functioned as a way to dismiss what they called the Indian as savage and incapable of constructing ancient cities; some scholars even put forth that the Indian drove away the people that had constructed the mounds. This thesis puts forth that this way of thinking--the combination of false theories, dismissal of the mounds, and the feeling that the mounds belonged to the white inhabitants of America caused these sites to be neglected. The study of the misconceptions and neglect of the mounds in the nineteenth century demonstrates the attitudes towards race at the time. Close

• 49. [Article] Trauma-Informed Research and Planning: Understanding Government and Urban Native Community Partnerships to Addressing Substance-Exposed Pregnancies in Portland, OR

  In 2011, representatives from the Multnomah County Health Departments and several Native-serving organizations came together to address substance-exposed pregnancies among urban Native Americans in Portland, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trauma-Informed Research and Planning: Understanding Government and Urban Native Community Partnerships to Addressing Substance-Exposed Pregnancies in Portland, OR Author: Mercier, Amanda Year: 2014 In 2011, representatives from the Multnomah County Health Departments and several Native-serving organizations came together to address substance-exposed pregnancies among urban Native Americans in Portland, Oregon. From these partnerships, the Future Generations Collaborative was formed representing a significant shift toward community-led maternal child health research and planning. Additionally, the Future Generations Collaborative adopted a historical trauma-informed community based participatory research and planning process. This is particularly significant considering government agencies' role in colonization within Native communities. The purpose of this case study is to explore partnerships between government agencies and the Portland Native community within the Future Generations Collaborative. Given the profound influence of historical trauma in Native communities, this paper addresses how the partnerships between government agencies and the Portland Native community pose distinct opportunities, challenges, and implications. Drawing from FGC members' lived experiences and an interdisciplinary body of research, I develop a theoretical model for explaining the government's role in creating and sustaining historical trauma within Native communities. This analysis provides critical context for examining the impact of historical trauma on the relationships between government agencies and the Portland Native community within the FGC. By entering methodological discussions of Native-specific community-based participatory research, this study also addresses how the use of a trauma-informed research and planning model affects the relationships between government agencies and the Portland Native community within the FGC. Title: Trauma-Informed Research and Planning: Understanding Government and Urban Native Community Partnerships to Addressing Substance-Exposed Pregnancies in Portland, OR Author: Mercier, Amanda Year: 2014 In 2011, representatives from the Multnomah County Health Departments and several Native-serving organizations came together to address substance-exposed pregnancies among urban Native Americans in Portland, Oregon. From these partnerships, the Future Generations Collaborative was formed representing a significant shift toward community-led maternal child health research and planning. Additionally, the Future Generations Collaborative adopted a historical trauma-informed community based participatory research and planning process. This is particularly significant considering government agencies' role in colonization within Native communities. The purpose of this case study is to explore partnerships between government agencies and the Portland Native community within the Future Generations Collaborative. Given the profound influence of historical trauma in Native communities, this paper addresses how the partnerships between government agencies and the Portland Native community pose distinct opportunities, challenges, and implications. Drawing from FGC members' lived experiences and an interdisciplinary body of research, I develop a theoretical model for explaining the government's role in creating and sustaining historical trauma within Native communities. This analysis provides critical context for examining the impact of historical trauma on the relationships between government agencies and the Portland Native community within the FGC. By entering methodological discussions of Native-specific community-based participatory research, this study also addresses how the use of a trauma-informed research and planning model affects the relationships between government agencies and the Portland Native community within the FGC. Close

• 50. [Article] Oral Care & Asian and Pacific Islander Communities in Oregon

  This report attempts to describe the current knowledge of oral health care access within Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander communities in Oregon based on secondary data from the Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oral Care & Asian and Pacific Islander Communities in Oregon Author: Caluya, Amira Year: 2013 This report attempts to describe the current knowledge of oral health care access within Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander communities in Oregon based on secondary data from the Oregon Health Authority’s Smile Survey 2007, Smile Survey 2012; and the Coalition of Communities of Color’s 2012 report, The Asian and Pacific Islander Community in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile. To be clear, the 2012 survey report draft is cited most, as the 2012 survey reported more data on children of color compared to the 2007 survey. This paper also attempts to highlight the multifaceted aspects of access to care for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders, from public health scholars nationwide, as well as their recommendations for moving towards health equity for these communities. It is my hope that this work provides a call for action with health care policy makers, planners, and service providers to implement systematic data collection of Oregon’s Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander communities to strengthen and enhance cultural competence, improve access to care, and ultimately increase the health outcomes of a population that by 2050, will triple in growth and represent 8 percent of the U.S. population. Title: Oral Care & Asian and Pacific Islander Communities in Oregon Author: Caluya, Amira Year: 2013 This report attempts to describe the current knowledge of oral health care access within Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander communities in Oregon based on secondary data from the Oregon Health Authority’s Smile Survey 2007, Smile Survey 2012; and the Coalition of Communities of Color’s 2012 report, The Asian and Pacific Islander Community in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile. To be clear, the 2012 survey report draft is cited most, as the 2012 survey reported more data on children of color compared to the 2007 survey. This paper also attempts to highlight the multifaceted aspects of access to care for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders, from public health scholars nationwide, as well as their recommendations for moving towards health equity for these communities. It is my hope that this work provides a call for action with health care policy makers, planners, and service providers to implement systematic data collection of Oregon’s Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander communities to strengthen and enhance cultural competence, improve access to care, and ultimately increase the health outcomes of a population that by 2050, will triple in growth and represent 8 percent of the U.S. population. Close

• 51. [Article] Culturally Specific Bilingual Arts Integration

  Today's young people are a source of growing social and academic concern. Combined with economic, cultural and linguistic barriers, Latino students are an even greater concern. Studies have demonstrated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Culturally Specific Bilingual Arts Integration Author: Malan, Danielle L. Year: 2016 Today's young people are a source of growing social and academic concern. Combined with economic, cultural and linguistic barriers, Latino students are an even greater concern. Studies have demonstrated qualitative improved learning with either arts integration or with bilingual education. After a literature review, there was no conclusive quantitative evidence done prior to this study in 2015, for the benefits of combining the two to use bilingual arts integration as a method for improved learning. Could bilingual arts education improve learning? The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of bilingual arts integration on learning, and the positive outcomes for the Latino students it serves. Several data collection methods were used in this study, including surveys, rubrics, videotaped interviews, observations, and evaluations, although pre and post-testing with a timed Curriculum Based Method (CBM) was the primary methodology used at all six schools to determine the percentage of growth. Test scores from the six participating schools seems to indicate that the Latino students gained the most in comprehension, due possibly to their cultural connection. Students of other races followed, which included African American, Asian American/Pacific Islander, Native American, Slavic and Arabic, suggesting than non-Eurocentric curriculum can be engaging for other cultures as well. Title: Culturally Specific Bilingual Arts Integration Author: Malan, Danielle L. Year: 2016 Today's young people are a source of growing social and academic concern. Combined with economic, cultural and linguistic barriers, Latino students are an even greater concern. Studies have demonstrated qualitative improved learning with either arts integration or with bilingual education. After a literature review, there was no conclusive quantitative evidence done prior to this study in 2015, for the benefits of combining the two to use bilingual arts integration as a method for improved learning. Could bilingual arts education improve learning? The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of bilingual arts integration on learning, and the positive outcomes for the Latino students it serves. Several data collection methods were used in this study, including surveys, rubrics, videotaped interviews, observations, and evaluations, although pre and post-testing with a timed Curriculum Based Method (CBM) was the primary methodology used at all six schools to determine the percentage of growth. Test scores from the six participating schools seems to indicate that the Latino students gained the most in comprehension, due possibly to their cultural connection. Students of other races followed, which included African American, Asian American/Pacific Islander, Native American, Slavic and Arabic, suggesting than non-Eurocentric curriculum can be engaging for other cultures as well. Close

• 52. [Article] Communities of Color in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile

  Existing data that informs decision making in Multnomah County inadequately captures the lived experiences of communities of color. Rarely do existing reports include dimensions of race and ethnicity. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Communities of Color in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile Author: Curry-Stevens, Ann, Cross-Hemmer, Amanda, Coalition of Communities of Color Year: 2010 Existing data that informs decision making in Multnomah County inadequately captures the lived experiences of communities of color. Rarely do existing reports include dimensions of race and ethnicity. Much research has been undertaken without the involvement of those most affected by the decisions guided by the research. The impact is that communities of color are rarely visible at the level of policy. Data has been used to obscure and oppress rather than to empower communities and eliminate disparities. This is not acceptable, and leads to inequitable policy and devastating outcomes for people of color. "Communities of Color in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile" is the first of a series of reports developed in partnership with Portland State University. The report documents the experiences of communities of color in Multnomah County. The subsequent six reports will be community-specific reports on the African American, African immigrant and refugee, Asian/Pacific Islander, Latino, Native American and Slavic communities. The results of the report are unsettling. But there is opportunity for creating a new policy environment that supports rather than harms communities of color. The report can arm communities of color with accurate data and advocacy methods needed to communicate effectively to change policies, and provide public agencies with the data necessary to reinvent systems in a fair and equitable manner. We aim to ensure that datasets are culturally sensitive and comprehensive, and to influence research development processes to empower communities and reduce disparities. Title: Communities of Color in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile Author: Curry-Stevens, Ann, Cross-Hemmer, Amanda, Coalition of Communities of Color Year: 2010 Existing data that informs decision making in Multnomah County inadequately captures the lived experiences of communities of color. Rarely do existing reports include dimensions of race and ethnicity. Much research has been undertaken without the involvement of those most affected by the decisions guided by the research. The impact is that communities of color are rarely visible at the level of policy. Data has been used to obscure and oppress rather than to empower communities and eliminate disparities. This is not acceptable, and leads to inequitable policy and devastating outcomes for people of color. "Communities of Color in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile" is the first of a series of reports developed in partnership with Portland State University. The report documents the experiences of communities of color in Multnomah County. The subsequent six reports will be community-specific reports on the African American, African immigrant and refugee, Asian/Pacific Islander, Latino, Native American and Slavic communities. The results of the report are unsettling. But there is opportunity for creating a new policy environment that supports rather than harms communities of color. The report can arm communities of color with accurate data and advocacy methods needed to communicate effectively to change policies, and provide public agencies with the data necessary to reinvent systems in a fair and equitable manner. We aim to ensure that datasets are culturally sensitive and comprehensive, and to influence research development processes to empower communities and reduce disparities. Close

• 53. [Article] Effects of Ethnicity and Gender on Sixth-Grade Students' Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes After Participation in a Year-Long Environmental Education Program

  The goal of environmental education (EE) has always been to increase knowledge about the environment and to foster positive environmental attitudes. Increasingly, as the call for integrating EE programs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Ethnicity and Gender on Sixth-Grade Students' Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes After Participation in a Year-Long Environmental Education Program Author: Stagner, Rachel Year: 2014 The goal of environmental education (EE) has always been to increase knowledge about the environment and to foster positive environmental attitudes. Increasingly, as the call for integrating EE programs into mainstream science curriculum intensifies, it is important to continue to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs not only through measures of change in knowledge and attitudes, but through the additional criteria of meeting the needs of different gender and ethnic groups. The purpose of this research was to identify whether a watershed education program was meeting the needs of diverse learners within the context of a year-long, integrated, sixth-grade science curriculum. This study specifically sought to answer the following questions: 1) Do differences exist between genders and ethnic groups in regards to change in environmental knowledge after participation in an environmental education program? and 2) Do differences exist between genders and ethnic groups in regards to changes in environmental attitudes after participation in an environmental education program? A mixed-methods approach consisting of a pre/post-test survey, interviews, and observational data was used to evaluate these questions. The quantitative results of the survey data suggests that, overall, students had statistically significant (p < 0.01) gains in environmental knowledge, but no change in attitude towards the environment after participation in the program. When subpopulations are broken down into gender and ethnic groups, however, there is statistically significant support for the idea that ethnic groups--and, to a lesser extent, gender groups--were affected differently by the program. One important finding was that Hispanic and Native American students had significantly less gain in knowledge than their White, Asian and African-American peers. Qualitative interviews and observations shed light on these findings and illustrate the experiences of students during the year-long program. Other findings, trends, observations, and opportunities for future research are also discussed. Title: Effects of Ethnicity and Gender on Sixth-Grade Students' Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes After Participation in a Year-Long Environmental Education Program Author: Stagner, Rachel Year: 2014 The goal of environmental education (EE) has always been to increase knowledge about the environment and to foster positive environmental attitudes. Increasingly, as the call for integrating EE programs into mainstream science curriculum intensifies, it is important to continue to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs not only through measures of change in knowledge and attitudes, but through the additional criteria of meeting the needs of different gender and ethnic groups. The purpose of this research was to identify whether a watershed education program was meeting the needs of diverse learners within the context of a year-long, integrated, sixth-grade science curriculum. This study specifically sought to answer the following questions: 1) Do differences exist between genders and ethnic groups in regards to change in environmental knowledge after participation in an environmental education program? and 2) Do differences exist between genders and ethnic groups in regards to changes in environmental attitudes after participation in an environmental education program? A mixed-methods approach consisting of a pre/post-test survey, interviews, and observational data was used to evaluate these questions. The quantitative results of the survey data suggests that, overall, students had statistically significant (p < 0.01) gains in environmental knowledge, but no change in attitude towards the environment after participation in the program. When subpopulations are broken down into gender and ethnic groups, however, there is statistically significant support for the idea that ethnic groups--and, to a lesser extent, gender groups--were affected differently by the program. One important finding was that Hispanic and Native American students had significantly less gain in knowledge than their White, Asian and African-American peers. Qualitative interviews and observations shed light on these findings and illustrate the experiences of students during the year-long program. Other findings, trends, observations, and opportunities for future research are also discussed. Close

• 54. [Article] Chronic Absenteeism Report

  The Chief Education Office (CEdO) has commissioned this report on chronic absenteeism in Oregon schools to better understand this problem in general, to specifically hear from students and families most ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chronic Absenteeism Report Author: Curry-Stevens, Ann, Kim-Gervey, Connie, Chief Education Office Research Team Year: 2016 The Chief Education Office (CEdO) has commissioned this report on chronic absenteeism in Oregon schools to better understand this problem in general, to specifically hear from students and families most likely to be chronically absent, and to present recommendations for the State and local communities. This report is a result of collaboration between CEdO, Portland State University (PSU), and the Coalition of Communities of Color (CCC). Researchers from PSU conducted all of the original research. This report builds on previous work in Oregon and around the country, but it is not a duplication of existing research. Instead, the research is a novel contribution because of its extensive use of focus groups, inclusion of culturally specific focus groups, detailed thematic analysis between and among stakeholder groups, and deep-dives in the areas of students with disabilities and Native American students. The report’s literature review gives the reader a comprehensive foundation that defines the terms and measures associated with school attendance, shows the connection between attendance and academic outcomes, provides statistics related to chronic absenteeism and achievement for Oregon, provides a framework for understanding the reasons for absenteeism, and details current practices that are considered the best for schools, districts, and states to increase attendance. The review shows that although chronic absenteeism affects students of all ages, it is particularly a problem for students of color, students with disabilities, and students living in poverty. Finally, the problem is complicated, and requires a range of interventions, tailored to specific communities that address every context of students’ lives. The review demonstrates that there is still a good deal to learn about chronic absenteeism and that conducting focus group research will paint a better picture of the Oregon context and identify benefits and drawbacks of specific practices for specific locales. Title: Chronic Absenteeism Report Author: Curry-Stevens, Ann, Kim-Gervey, Connie, Chief Education Office Research Team Year: 2016 The Chief Education Office (CEdO) has commissioned this report on chronic absenteeism in Oregon schools to better understand this problem in general, to specifically hear from students and families most likely to be chronically absent, and to present recommendations for the State and local communities. This report is a result of collaboration between CEdO, Portland State University (PSU), and the Coalition of Communities of Color (CCC). Researchers from PSU conducted all of the original research. This report builds on previous work in Oregon and around the country, but it is not a duplication of existing research. Instead, the research is a novel contribution because of its extensive use of focus groups, inclusion of culturally specific focus groups, detailed thematic analysis between and among stakeholder groups, and deep-dives in the areas of students with disabilities and Native American students. The report’s literature review gives the reader a comprehensive foundation that defines the terms and measures associated with school attendance, shows the connection between attendance and academic outcomes, provides statistics related to chronic absenteeism and achievement for Oregon, provides a framework for understanding the reasons for absenteeism, and details current practices that are considered the best for schools, districts, and states to increase attendance. The review shows that although chronic absenteeism affects students of all ages, it is particularly a problem for students of color, students with disabilities, and students living in poverty. Finally, the problem is complicated, and requires a range of interventions, tailored to specific communities that address every context of students’ lives. The review demonstrates that there is still a good deal to learn about chronic absenteeism and that conducting focus group research will paint a better picture of the Oregon context and identify benefits and drawbacks of specific practices for specific locales. Close

• 55. [Article] Floodplains: Balancing Nature and Human Needs

  For countless years, the interaction between climatic conditions and water flow has forged the rolling hills and rivers in the metroscape. The floods that forced a deluge of water down the Columbia River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplains: Balancing Nature and Human Needs Author: Shandas, Vivek, Merrick, Meg Year: 2008 For countless years, the interaction between climatic conditions and water flow has forged the rolling hills and rivers in the metroscape. The floods that forced a deluge of water down the Columbia River between 13 and 17 thousand years ago established the fertile and absorptive landscape of the Willamette Valley. The lush vegetation controlled the regional climate and stabilized the soils, while the thirsty wetlands reduced flood potential, provided habitat, and purified the water. Over geological time, these natural processes have created ideal conditions for humans. The Pacific Northwest was home to some of the most densely populated communities of Native Americans, due partly to mild climate, plentiful water, and abundant sources of food and shelter. In the 19th century, Anglo settlers flooded the region for the same amenities, which continues to create ideal conditions for all that the region is known for today, including hiking, kayaking, and sailing - not to mention the provision of climate, topography, and fertile soils for growing some of the world?s best wines! Land surveys from the 1860s suggest that the current form of the metroscape started to take shape at the end of the 19th century. The conifers, alders, and maples that covered the region were slowly removed to make way for new urban settlements, and wetlands were drained to create farms and agricultural areas. In this atlas, we journey 140 years into the past to examine how and where the metroscape has changed. Our aim is to illustrate historic flooding of the region, and ponder what changes might mean to its future. Title: Floodplains: Balancing Nature and Human Needs Author: Shandas, Vivek, Merrick, Meg Year: 2008 For countless years, the interaction between climatic conditions and water flow has forged the rolling hills and rivers in the metroscape. The floods that forced a deluge of water down the Columbia River between 13 and 17 thousand years ago established the fertile and absorptive landscape of the Willamette Valley. The lush vegetation controlled the regional climate and stabilized the soils, while the thirsty wetlands reduced flood potential, provided habitat, and purified the water. Over geological time, these natural processes have created ideal conditions for humans. The Pacific Northwest was home to some of the most densely populated communities of Native Americans, due partly to mild climate, plentiful water, and abundant sources of food and shelter. In the 19th century, Anglo settlers flooded the region for the same amenities, which continues to create ideal conditions for all that the region is known for today, including hiking, kayaking, and sailing - not to mention the provision of climate, topography, and fertile soils for growing some of the world?s best wines! Land surveys from the 1860s suggest that the current form of the metroscape started to take shape at the end of the 19th century. The conifers, alders, and maples that covered the region were slowly removed to make way for new urban settlements, and wetlands were drained to create farms and agricultural areas. In this atlas, we journey 140 years into the past to examine how and where the metroscape has changed. Our aim is to illustrate historic flooding of the region, and ponder what changes might mean to its future. Close

• 56. [Article] Who am I? Who do you think I am? Stability of Racial/Ethnic Self-Identification Among Youth in Foster Care and Concordance with Agency Categorization

  While it has been well documented that racial and ethnic disparities exist for children of color in child welfare, the accuracy of the race and ethnicity information collected by agencies has not been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Who am I? Who do you think I am? Stability of Racial/Ethnic Self-Identification Among Youth in Foster Care and Concordance with Agency Categorization Author: Schmidt, Jessica, Dubey, Shanti, Dalton, Larry, Nelson, May, Lee, Junghee, Oberweiser Kennedy, Molly, Kim-Gervey, Connie, Powers, Laurie E., Geenen, Sarah, The Research Consortium to Increase the Success of Youth in Foster Care Year: 2015 While it has been well documented that racial and ethnic disparities exist for children of color in child welfare, the accuracy of the race and ethnicity information collected by agencies has not been examined, nor has the concordance of this information with youth self-report. This article addresses a major gap in the literature by examining 1) the racial and ethnic self-identification of youth in foster care, and the rate of agreement with child welfare and school categorizations; 2) the level of concordance between different agencies (school and child welfare); and 3) the stability of racial and ethnic self-identification among youth in foster care over time. Results reveal that almost 1 in 5 youth change their racial identification over a one-year period, high rates of discordance exist between the youth self-report of Native American, Hispanic and multiracial youth and how agencies categorize them, and a greater tendency for the child welfare system to classify a youth asWhite, as compared to school and youth themselves. Information fromthe study could be used to guide agencies towards amore youth-centered and flexible approach in regard to identifying, reporting and affirming youth's evolving racial and ethnic identity. Title: Who am I? Who do you think I am? Stability of Racial/Ethnic Self-Identification Among Youth in Foster Care and Concordance with Agency Categorization Author: Schmidt, Jessica, Dubey, Shanti, Dalton, Larry, Nelson, May, Lee, Junghee, Oberweiser Kennedy, Molly, Kim-Gervey, Connie, Powers, Laurie E., Geenen, Sarah, The Research Consortium to Increase the Success of Youth in Foster Care Year: 2015 While it has been well documented that racial and ethnic disparities exist for children of color in child welfare, the accuracy of the race and ethnicity information collected by agencies has not been examined, nor has the concordance of this information with youth self-report. This article addresses a major gap in the literature by examining 1) the racial and ethnic self-identification of youth in foster care, and the rate of agreement with child welfare and school categorizations; 2) the level of concordance between different agencies (school and child welfare); and 3) the stability of racial and ethnic self-identification among youth in foster care over time. Results reveal that almost 1 in 5 youth change their racial identification over a one-year period, high rates of discordance exist between the youth self-report of Native American, Hispanic and multiracial youth and how agencies categorize them, and a greater tendency for the child welfare system to classify a youth asWhite, as compared to school and youth themselves. Information fromthe study could be used to guide agencies towards amore youth-centered and flexible approach in regard to identifying, reporting and affirming youth's evolving racial and ethnic identity. Close

• 57. [Article] Assessing Reproducibility in Faunal Analysis Using Blind Tests: A case Study From Northwestern North America

  Zooarchaeologists have long recognized that assigning taxonomic identifications to animal remains is a subjective process, and recent studies have highlighted the need for data quality assurance standards ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Reproducibility in Faunal Analysis Using Blind Tests: A case Study From Northwestern North America Author: Nims, Reno, Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2017 Zooarchaeologists have long recognized that assigning taxonomic identifications to animal remains is a subjective process, and recent studies have highlighted the need for data quality assurance standards in archaeofaunal research. Our study contributes to this growing interest in quality assurance by presenting simple quantitative methods for assessing the reproducibility of analytic results through blind reanalysis of animal remains that we developed during analysis of fishbone from Čḯxwicən, a large Native American village on the coast of Washington State, U.S.A. Given the large scale of the Čḯxwicən project – over 112,000 fish remains were documented by five different analysts over three years – there was a real possibility that inconsistencies in laboratory practices affected analytic results (e.g., number of identified specimens, taxa present and relative abundance, elements identified, burning frequencies). To evaluate the reproducibility of the Čḯxwicən fishbone data, and the possibility of “protocol drift” – changes in how specimens and bone modifications were identified over the course of analysis – we reanalyzed samples of fish remains that were previously documented during three discrete stages (beginning, middle, and end) of the Čḯxwicən project. The original data and the reanalysis results show close agreement in each stage, with only minor differences in the numbers of recorded specimens, taxonomic representation at family- and finer taxonomic levels, and body part representation assessed for a single taxonomic order. Identifying burning on bone was not very reproducible. Reproducibility studies such as this are useful for highlighting ambiguous identification criteria (e.g., in taxonomic assignment, bone modification), and could stimulate dialog among researchers about ways to address such issues in future studies. Increasing the implementation of these, and other, widely applicable methods should improve zooarchaeological data quality and stimulate further research on quality assurance in archaeology overall. Title: Assessing Reproducibility in Faunal Analysis Using Blind Tests: A case Study From Northwestern North America Author: Nims, Reno, Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2017 Zooarchaeologists have long recognized that assigning taxonomic identifications to animal remains is a subjective process, and recent studies have highlighted the need for data quality assurance standards in archaeofaunal research. Our study contributes to this growing interest in quality assurance by presenting simple quantitative methods for assessing the reproducibility of analytic results through blind reanalysis of animal remains that we developed during analysis of fishbone from Čḯxwicən, a large Native American village on the coast of Washington State, U.S.A. Given the large scale of the Čḯxwicən project – over 112,000 fish remains were documented by five different analysts over three years – there was a real possibility that inconsistencies in laboratory practices affected analytic results (e.g., number of identified specimens, taxa present and relative abundance, elements identified, burning frequencies). To evaluate the reproducibility of the Čḯxwicən fishbone data, and the possibility of “protocol drift” – changes in how specimens and bone modifications were identified over the course of analysis – we reanalyzed samples of fish remains that were previously documented during three discrete stages (beginning, middle, and end) of the Čḯxwicən project. The original data and the reanalysis results show close agreement in each stage, with only minor differences in the numbers of recorded specimens, taxonomic representation at family- and finer taxonomic levels, and body part representation assessed for a single taxonomic order. Identifying burning on bone was not very reproducible. Reproducibility studies such as this are useful for highlighting ambiguous identification criteria (e.g., in taxonomic assignment, bone modification), and could stimulate dialog among researchers about ways to address such issues in future studies. Increasing the implementation of these, and other, widely applicable methods should improve zooarchaeological data quality and stimulate further research on quality assurance in archaeology overall. Close

• 58. [Article] "As Long as the Mighty Columbia River Flows": The Leadership and Legacy of Wilson Charley, a Yakama Indian Fisherman

  On March 10, 1957, the United States Army Corps of Engineers completed The Dalles Dam and inundated Celilo Falls, the oldest continuously inhabited site in North America and a cultural and economic hub ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "As Long as the Mighty Columbia River Flows": The Leadership and Legacy of Wilson Charley, a Yakama Indian Fisherman Author: Hedberg, David-Paul Brewster Year: 2017 On March 10, 1957, the United States Army Corps of Engineers completed The Dalles Dam and inundated Celilo Falls, the oldest continuously inhabited site in North America and a cultural and economic hub for Indigenous people. In the negotiation of treaties between the United States, nearly one hundred years earlier, Indigenous leaders reserved access to Columbia River fishing sites as they ceded territory and retained smaller reservations. In the years before the dam's completion, leaders, many of who were the descendants of earlier treaty signatories, attempted to stop the dam and protect both fishing sites from the encroachment of state and federal regulations and archaeological sites from destruction. This study traces the work of Wilson Charley, a Native fisherman, a member of the Yakama Nation's Tribal Council, and great-grandson of one of the 1855 treaty signatories. More broadly, this study places Indigenous actors on a twentieth-century Columbia River while demonstrating that they played active roles in the protest and management of areas affected by The Dalles Dam. Using previously untapped archival sources--a substantial cache of letters--my analysis illustrates that Charley articulated multiple strategies to fight The Dalles Dam and regulations to curtail Native's treaty fishing rights. Aiming to protect the 1855 treaty and stop The Dalles Dam, Charley created Native-centered regulatory agencies. He worked directly with politicians and supported political candidates, like Richard Neuberger, that favored Native concerns. He attempted to build partnerships with archaeologists and landscape preservationists concerned about losing the area's rich cultural sites. Even after the dam's completion, he conceptualized multiple tribal economic development plans that would allow for Natives' cultural and economic survival. Given the national rise of technological optimism and the willingness for the federal government to terminate its relationship with federally recognized tribes, Charley realized that taking the 1855 treaty to court was too risky for the political climate of the 1950s. Instead, he framed his strategies in the language of twentieth-century conservation, specifically to garner support from a national audience of non-natives interested in protecting landscapes from industrial development. While many of these non-native partners ultimately failed him, his strategies are noteworthy for three reasons. First, he cast the fight to uphold Native treaty rights in terms that were relevant to non-natives, demonstrating his complex understanding of the times in which he lived. Second, his strategies continued an ongoing struggle for Natives to fish at their treaty-protected sites, thereby documenting an overlooked period between the fishing rights cases of the turn of the twentieth century and the 1960s and 1970s. Charley left a lasting legacy that scholars have not recognized because many of his visionary ideas came to fruition decades later. Finally, my analysis of Charley's letters also documents personal details that afford readers the unique perspective of one Indigenous person navigated through a tumultuous period in the Pacific Northwest and Native American history. Title: "As Long as the Mighty Columbia River Flows": The Leadership and Legacy of Wilson Charley, a Yakama Indian Fisherman Author: Hedberg, David-Paul Brewster Year: 2017 On March 10, 1957, the United States Army Corps of Engineers completed The Dalles Dam and inundated Celilo Falls, the oldest continuously inhabited site in North America and a cultural and economic hub for Indigenous people. In the negotiation of treaties between the United States, nearly one hundred years earlier, Indigenous leaders reserved access to Columbia River fishing sites as they ceded territory and retained smaller reservations. In the years before the dam's completion, leaders, many of who were the descendants of earlier treaty signatories, attempted to stop the dam and protect both fishing sites from the encroachment of state and federal regulations and archaeological sites from destruction. This study traces the work of Wilson Charley, a Native fisherman, a member of the Yakama Nation's Tribal Council, and great-grandson of one of the 1855 treaty signatories. More broadly, this study places Indigenous actors on a twentieth-century Columbia River while demonstrating that they played active roles in the protest and management of areas affected by The Dalles Dam. Using previously untapped archival sources--a substantial cache of letters--my analysis illustrates that Charley articulated multiple strategies to fight The Dalles Dam and regulations to curtail Native's treaty fishing rights. Aiming to protect the 1855 treaty and stop The Dalles Dam, Charley created Native-centered regulatory agencies. He worked directly with politicians and supported political candidates, like Richard Neuberger, that favored Native concerns. He attempted to build partnerships with archaeologists and landscape preservationists concerned about losing the area's rich cultural sites. Even after the dam's completion, he conceptualized multiple tribal economic development plans that would allow for Natives' cultural and economic survival. Given the national rise of technological optimism and the willingness for the federal government to terminate its relationship with federally recognized tribes, Charley realized that taking the 1855 treaty to court was too risky for the political climate of the 1950s. Instead, he framed his strategies in the language of twentieth-century conservation, specifically to garner support from a national audience of non-natives interested in protecting landscapes from industrial development. While many of these non-native partners ultimately failed him, his strategies are noteworthy for three reasons. First, he cast the fight to uphold Native treaty rights in terms that were relevant to non-natives, demonstrating his complex understanding of the times in which he lived. Second, his strategies continued an ongoing struggle for Natives to fish at their treaty-protected sites, thereby documenting an overlooked period between the fishing rights cases of the turn of the twentieth century and the 1960s and 1970s. Charley left a lasting legacy that scholars have not recognized because many of his visionary ideas came to fruition decades later. Finally, my analysis of Charley's letters also documents personal details that afford readers the unique perspective of one Indigenous person navigated through a tumultuous period in the Pacific Northwest and Native American history. Close

• 59. [Article] Use of Media Technologies by Native American Teens and Young Adults: Evaluating their Utility for Designing Culturally-Appropriate Sexual Health Interventions Targeting Native Youth in the Pacific Northwest

  American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth are disproportionally burdened by high rates of sexually transmitted infections and teen pregnancy, heightening their need for sexual health interventions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Use of Media Technologies by Native American Teens and Young Adults: Evaluating their Utility for Designing Culturally-Appropriate Sexual Health Interventions Targeting Native Youth in the Pacific Northwest Author: Craig Rushing, Stephanie Nicole Year: 2010 American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth are disproportionally burdened by high rates of sexually transmitted infections and teen pregnancy, heightening their need for sexual health interventions that are aligned to their unique culture and social context. Media technologies, including the Internet, cell phones, and video games, offer new avenues for reaching adolescents on a wide range of sensitive health topics. While several studies have informed the development of technology-based interventions targeting mainstream youth, no such data have been reported for AI/AN youth. To fill this gap, I: a) quantified media technology use in a select group of AI/AN teens and young adults living in Pacific Northwest tribes and urban communities; b) identified patterns in their health information-seeking and media preferences; and c) worked with local tribes and partners to develop recommendations for designing culturally-appropriate technology-based interventions targeting Native adolescents. This research included: a) an anonymous, paper-based survey of over 400 AI/AN youths age 13-21 years; b) a systematic review of technology-based sexual health interventions; and c) a variety of community-based participatory research strategies to analyze findings, prioritize options, and generate recommendations for designing interventions that align with the culture, needs, and organizational capacities of the tribes in the Pacific Northwest. Technology use was exceptionally common and diverse among survey respondents, mirroring patterns reported by teens in the general population. Seventy-five percent of AI/AN youth reported using the Internet, 78% reported using cell phones, and 36% reported playing video games on a daily or weekly basis. Thirty-five percent reported that they would feel most comfortable getting sexual health information from the Internet, and 44% reported having done so in the past. Youth expressed interest in a wide array of interactive media features, and culturally-specific content that holistically encompassed their wide-ranging health interests and concerns. Tribal health educators expressed particular interest in adapting Internet-based skill-building modules and informational websites, and teens expressed interest in websites and videos. These findings are now being used by the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board to inform the development and adaptation of culturally-appropriate interventions targeting AI/AN youth in the Pacific Northwest. Title: Use of Media Technologies by Native American Teens and Young Adults: Evaluating their Utility for Designing Culturally-Appropriate Sexual Health Interventions Targeting Native Youth in the Pacific Northwest Author: Craig Rushing, Stephanie Nicole Year: 2010 American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth are disproportionally burdened by high rates of sexually transmitted infections and teen pregnancy, heightening their need for sexual health interventions that are aligned to their unique culture and social context. Media technologies, including the Internet, cell phones, and video games, offer new avenues for reaching adolescents on a wide range of sensitive health topics. While several studies have informed the development of technology-based interventions targeting mainstream youth, no such data have been reported for AI/AN youth. To fill this gap, I: a) quantified media technology use in a select group of AI/AN teens and young adults living in Pacific Northwest tribes and urban communities; b) identified patterns in their health information-seeking and media preferences; and c) worked with local tribes and partners to develop recommendations for designing culturally-appropriate technology-based interventions targeting Native adolescents. This research included: a) an anonymous, paper-based survey of over 400 AI/AN youths age 13-21 years; b) a systematic review of technology-based sexual health interventions; and c) a variety of community-based participatory research strategies to analyze findings, prioritize options, and generate recommendations for designing interventions that align with the culture, needs, and organizational capacities of the tribes in the Pacific Northwest. Technology use was exceptionally common and diverse among survey respondents, mirroring patterns reported by teens in the general population. Seventy-five percent of AI/AN youth reported using the Internet, 78% reported using cell phones, and 36% reported playing video games on a daily or weekly basis. Thirty-five percent reported that they would feel most comfortable getting sexual health information from the Internet, and 44% reported having done so in the past. Youth expressed interest in a wide array of interactive media features, and culturally-specific content that holistically encompassed their wide-ranging health interests and concerns. Tribal health educators expressed particular interest in adapting Internet-based skill-building modules and informational websites, and teens expressed interest in websites and videos. These findings are now being used by the Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board to inform the development and adaptation of culturally-appropriate interventions targeting AI/AN youth in the Pacific Northwest. Close

• 60. [Article] Voicing Oppositional Conformity: Sarah Winnemucca and the Politics of Rape, Colonialism, and "Citizenship": 1870-1890

  Sarah Winnemucca, a Paiute Indian born around the year 1844, crossed cultural boundaries and became an influential voice within both white and Indian societies. This thesis employs a settler colonial framework ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Voicing Oppositional Conformity: Sarah Winnemucca and the Politics of Rape, Colonialism, and "Citizenship": 1870-1890 Author: Bailey, Jennifer Year: 2012 Sarah Winnemucca, a Paiute Indian born around the year 1844, crossed cultural boundaries and became an influential voice within both white and Indian societies. This thesis employs a settler colonial framework that places the sexuality and rape of native women at the center of colonial relations in the settlement of the Americas. Viewed through this lens I perform an in-depth analysis of Winnemucca's gendered critique of colonialism that focused on sexual violence. Rather than the unstable, mixed messages of native resistance and assimilation emphasized by earlier scholars, I argue that Winnemucca purposefully employed a strategy of oppositional conformity to publicize an unwavering political message that championed Paiute sovereignty, exposed white cruelty, and re-wrote the dominant gendered, racial, political and cultural constructs that bound Native American women's identity. The introduction begins with a brief history of Winnemucca's life and accomplishments. In the introduction I also address the authenticity of Winnemucca's published narrative, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims (1883) and identify the constraints of the settler colonial lens through which I view Winnemucca's public voice. In chapter one I argue that Winnemucca's narrative employs the gendered moral rhetoric of the colonizer to cultivate white audience receptiveness, while simultaneously criticizing whites for their brutality against Indians. In chapter two I assert that Winnemucca employed multiple political strategies to cut away at Euro-American settlers' moral justifications for colonialism, and that she articulated a unique vision of Paiute citizenship that rejected complete Indian assimilation. In chapter three I highlight the ways in which Winnemucca used her public voice to articulate rape and the sexuality of Indian women as a foundational part of colonialism hidden from view in the media coverage of the Indian wars of the late nineteenth century. Unlike her biographers, who mostly overlook Winnemucca's public challenge to the negative sexual stereotypes that plagued Indian women during Winnemucca's lifetime, I argue that Indian women's sexuality was a foundational theme in Winnemucca's public discourse. Winnemucca grasped and resisted the gendered dimensions of colonialism and her consistent focus on this theme echoed in her lived reality. Finally, I conclude that ultimately personal accusations as well as her inability to escape the heathen identity forced on Indians by Christian reformers thwarted the success of Winnemucca's political message. Title: Voicing Oppositional Conformity: Sarah Winnemucca and the Politics of Rape, Colonialism, and "Citizenship": 1870-1890 Author: Bailey, Jennifer Year: 2012 Sarah Winnemucca, a Paiute Indian born around the year 1844, crossed cultural boundaries and became an influential voice within both white and Indian societies. This thesis employs a settler colonial framework that places the sexuality and rape of native women at the center of colonial relations in the settlement of the Americas. Viewed through this lens I perform an in-depth analysis of Winnemucca's gendered critique of colonialism that focused on sexual violence. Rather than the unstable, mixed messages of native resistance and assimilation emphasized by earlier scholars, I argue that Winnemucca purposefully employed a strategy of oppositional conformity to publicize an unwavering political message that championed Paiute sovereignty, exposed white cruelty, and re-wrote the dominant gendered, racial, political and cultural constructs that bound Native American women's identity. The introduction begins with a brief history of Winnemucca's life and accomplishments. In the introduction I also address the authenticity of Winnemucca's published narrative, Life Among the Piutes: Their Wrongs and Claims (1883) and identify the constraints of the settler colonial lens through which I view Winnemucca's public voice. In chapter one I argue that Winnemucca's narrative employs the gendered moral rhetoric of the colonizer to cultivate white audience receptiveness, while simultaneously criticizing whites for their brutality against Indians. In chapter two I assert that Winnemucca employed multiple political strategies to cut away at Euro-American settlers' moral justifications for colonialism, and that she articulated a unique vision of Paiute citizenship that rejected complete Indian assimilation. In chapter three I highlight the ways in which Winnemucca used her public voice to articulate rape and the sexuality of Indian women as a foundational part of colonialism hidden from view in the media coverage of the Indian wars of the late nineteenth century. Unlike her biographers, who mostly overlook Winnemucca's public challenge to the negative sexual stereotypes that plagued Indian women during Winnemucca's lifetime, I argue that Indian women's sexuality was a foundational theme in Winnemucca's public discourse. Winnemucca grasped and resisted the gendered dimensions of colonialism and her consistent focus on this theme echoed in her lived reality. Finally, I conclude that ultimately personal accusations as well as her inability to escape the heathen identity forced on Indians by Christian reformers thwarted the success of Winnemucca's political message. Close

• 61. [Article] The Life and Thought of Mormon Apostle Parley Parker Pratt

  In 1855 Parley P. Pratt, a Mormon missionary and member of the Quorum of the Twelve, published Key to the Science of Theology. It was the culmination of over twenty years of intellectual engagement with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Life and Thought of Mormon Apostle Parley Parker Pratt Author: Morse, Andrew James Year: 2013 In 1855 Parley P. Pratt, a Mormon missionary and member of the Quorum of the Twelve, published Key to the Science of Theology. It was the culmination of over twenty years of intellectual engagement with the young religious movement of Mormonism. The book was also the first attempt by any Mormon at writing a comprehensive summary of the religion's theological ideas. Pratt covered topics ranging from the origins of theology in ancient Judaism, the apostasy of early Christianity, the restoration of correct theology with nineteenth century Mormonism, dreams, polygamy, and communication with beings on other planets. For nearly fifty years after its publication, Key to the Science of Theology was one of the most widely circulated books within the Mormon community, serving as a model of doctrinal orthodoxy. This thesis aims to understand Pratt's book and his theological ideas, broadly, in their historical context. Primary sources related to Pratt and his contemporaries, including other works by Pratt, Mormon missionary tracts, newspaper clippings, and theological writings by competing religions, help place Pratt's ideas within the larger framework of American religious and intellectual thought of the early to mid-nineteenth century. Pratt drew from non-Mormon sources to help explain the Church's teachings, at times appropriating ideas and rhetoric from elsewhere to bolster his claims about the superiority and universality of the Mormon message. The first chapter of this thesis gives a biographical sketch of Pratt. It introduces key concepts in Mormon belief and how Pratt conceived them. Furthermore, the chapter offers a philosophical take on Pratt's life as one motivated by an apocalyptic worldview. Chapter two draws upon Pratt's apocalyptic conscience to examine his eschatological ideas including a strain of early Mormon thought regarding theocracy. Pratt envisioned a world-wide theocracy coming at the millennium. Mormons, Jews, and Native Americans as ancient Israelites would all share in a world-wide order built around twin centers of power in the historical Jerusalem and a New Jerusalem to be established in North America. Chapter three looks at Pratt's cosmology and argues that his views of the universe, including other planets and beings, were influenced and framed by contemporary Spiritualism as a means of combatting the threat of Mormons leaving the Church for Spiritualist practices. The epilogue looks at changes made to the text of Key to the Science of Theology in 1915 by Church leader Charles Penrose. It places the text's republication within an ongoing battle between older Church leaders like Penrose and younger leaders such as John Widtsoe over what would constitute Mormon orthodoxy during the modernizing phase of the Church in the early twentieth century. Issues like evolution and polygamy took the forefront over eschatological and cosmological concerns. Title: The Life and Thought of Mormon Apostle Parley Parker Pratt Author: Morse, Andrew James Year: 2013 In 1855 Parley P. Pratt, a Mormon missionary and member of the Quorum of the Twelve, published Key to the Science of Theology. It was the culmination of over twenty years of intellectual engagement with the young religious movement of Mormonism. The book was also the first attempt by any Mormon at writing a comprehensive summary of the religion's theological ideas. Pratt covered topics ranging from the origins of theology in ancient Judaism, the apostasy of early Christianity, the restoration of correct theology with nineteenth century Mormonism, dreams, polygamy, and communication with beings on other planets. For nearly fifty years after its publication, Key to the Science of Theology was one of the most widely circulated books within the Mormon community, serving as a model of doctrinal orthodoxy. This thesis aims to understand Pratt's book and his theological ideas, broadly, in their historical context. Primary sources related to Pratt and his contemporaries, including other works by Pratt, Mormon missionary tracts, newspaper clippings, and theological writings by competing religions, help place Pratt's ideas within the larger framework of American religious and intellectual thought of the early to mid-nineteenth century. Pratt drew from non-Mormon sources to help explain the Church's teachings, at times appropriating ideas and rhetoric from elsewhere to bolster his claims about the superiority and universality of the Mormon message. The first chapter of this thesis gives a biographical sketch of Pratt. It introduces key concepts in Mormon belief and how Pratt conceived them. Furthermore, the chapter offers a philosophical take on Pratt's life as one motivated by an apocalyptic worldview. Chapter two draws upon Pratt's apocalyptic conscience to examine his eschatological ideas including a strain of early Mormon thought regarding theocracy. Pratt envisioned a world-wide theocracy coming at the millennium. Mormons, Jews, and Native Americans as ancient Israelites would all share in a world-wide order built around twin centers of power in the historical Jerusalem and a New Jerusalem to be established in North America. Chapter three looks at Pratt's cosmology and argues that his views of the universe, including other planets and beings, were influenced and framed by contemporary Spiritualism as a means of combatting the threat of Mormons leaving the Church for Spiritualist practices. The epilogue looks at changes made to the text of Key to the Science of Theology in 1915 by Church leader Charles Penrose. It places the text's republication within an ongoing battle between older Church leaders like Penrose and younger leaders such as John Widtsoe over what would constitute Mormon orthodoxy during the modernizing phase of the Church in the early twentieth century. Issues like evolution and polygamy took the forefront over eschatological and cosmological concerns. Close

• 62. [Article] Telling Stories (Out of School) of Mother Tongue, God's Tongue, and the Queen's Tongue: An Ethnography in Canada

  Histories give little attention to language dominance in school and community -- to the fact that the past one-hundred years of "One People, One Language, One School" attitudes, policies, and goals in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Telling Stories (Out of School) of Mother Tongue, God's Tongue, and the Queen's Tongue: An Ethnography in Canada Author: Swinney, Joan Ratzlaff Year: 1991 Histories give little attention to language dominance in school and community -- to the fact that the past one-hundred years of "One People, One Language, One School" attitudes, policies, and goals in Anglo-American schools and communities have brought with them the demise of Native-American languages, the disappearance of linguistic differences due to immigrant origin, the disvalue or stereotype of linguistic patterns derived from regional and ethnic variation, and the insistence on English as a mark of linguistic and intellectual virtue. Telling Stories (0ut of School) of Mother Tongue, God's Tongue, and the Queen's Tongue: An Ethnography in Canada gives attention to one such history. Told in Mennonite perspective and framed in Manitoba schools between 1890 and 1990, Telling Stories (Out of School) begins with tales of English-speaking Canadian insistence on and German-speaking Mennonite resistance to English-only language education policies in public and private schools serving a Mennonite speech community in southern Manitoba. The research problem links itself historically to a series of language education acts passed by the Manitoba Legislature, adjudicated by the Manitoba Attorney General, the Canadian Supreme Court, and the British Privy Council, and enforced by the Manitoba Department of Education -- all between 1890 and 1920. These English-only policies, deemed an expedient response to the question of how to unify English Canadians, French-Canadians, Aboriginals, and immigrants, abrogated the language education rights of all linguistic minorities. English prevailed in Manitoba schools until the 1960s. After the mid-1960s, though, the Canadian Parliament in concert with the Manitoba Legislature, the Manitoba Department of Education, and local public school districts re-affirmed Canada's English-French legacy as well as its multilingual, multicultural heritage with yet another series of language and language education acts -- the Canadian Official Languages Act of 1969, the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982, and the Canadian Multicultural Act of 1988. Today, the Canadian "Cultural Mosaic," or "Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework," dispels the "Melting Pot" myth borrowed from the United States at the turn of the century. And, the 1990 right to "language education choice" in Manitoba's system of public schools denies the 1890 rule of "One People, One Language, One School." To trace historical and recent developments in a Mennonite speech community associated with these policies, and subsequently with the contact of English, High German, and Low German” outside the classroom," the ethnographer -- an insider-outsider -- synthesizes the Hymes-type work in ethnographies of speaking and the Milroy-type work in language and social networks to examine the Ferguson-coined phenomenon of diglossia and the Fishman-extended relationship between societal diglossia and individual Bilingualism. Interviews with fifty-seven speakers, treated as a sequence of ethno-acts and ethno-events, are guided by the general question of sociolinguistic research -- who uses what language with whom, when, where, and why? Using Hymes mnemonic code of SPEAKING leads to the description of a shared history and a shared way of speaking as well as to insights into linguistic continuity, change, and compartmentalization. Telling Stories (Out of School) ends; with tales of an ethnic revival in Mennonite schools and community today -- with new voices speaking Low German High German, and English. While the present ethnography of a Mennonite speech community in Canada, framed in Manitoba schools between 1890 and 1990, should be regarded as impressionistic and preliminary, the fact remains -- language dominance does do something to the life of language in a community as does language education policy that attempts to "start where the child is ... linguisticallly." Title: Telling Stories (Out of School) of Mother Tongue, God's Tongue, and the Queen's Tongue: An Ethnography in Canada Author: Swinney, Joan Ratzlaff Year: 1991 Histories give little attention to language dominance in school and community -- to the fact that the past one-hundred years of "One People, One Language, One School" attitudes, policies, and goals in Anglo-American schools and communities have brought with them the demise of Native-American languages, the disappearance of linguistic differences due to immigrant origin, the disvalue or stereotype of linguistic patterns derived from regional and ethnic variation, and the insistence on English as a mark of linguistic and intellectual virtue. Telling Stories (0ut of School) of Mother Tongue, God's Tongue, and the Queen's Tongue: An Ethnography in Canada gives attention to one such history. Told in Mennonite perspective and framed in Manitoba schools between 1890 and 1990, Telling Stories (Out of School) begins with tales of English-speaking Canadian insistence on and German-speaking Mennonite resistance to English-only language education policies in public and private schools serving a Mennonite speech community in southern Manitoba. The research problem links itself historically to a series of language education acts passed by the Manitoba Legislature, adjudicated by the Manitoba Attorney General, the Canadian Supreme Court, and the British Privy Council, and enforced by the Manitoba Department of Education -- all between 1890 and 1920. These English-only policies, deemed an expedient response to the question of how to unify English Canadians, French-Canadians, Aboriginals, and immigrants, abrogated the language education rights of all linguistic minorities. English prevailed in Manitoba schools until the 1960s. After the mid-1960s, though, the Canadian Parliament in concert with the Manitoba Legislature, the Manitoba Department of Education, and local public school districts re-affirmed Canada's English-French legacy as well as its multilingual, multicultural heritage with yet another series of language and language education acts -- the Canadian Official Languages Act of 1969, the Canadian Constitution Act of 1982, and the Canadian Multicultural Act of 1988. Today, the Canadian "Cultural Mosaic," or "Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework," dispels the "Melting Pot" myth borrowed from the United States at the turn of the century. And, the 1990 right to "language education choice" in Manitoba's system of public schools denies the 1890 rule of "One People, One Language, One School." To trace historical and recent developments in a Mennonite speech community associated with these policies, and subsequently with the contact of English, High German, and Low German” outside the classroom," the ethnographer -- an insider-outsider -- synthesizes the Hymes-type work in ethnographies of speaking and the Milroy-type work in language and social networks to examine the Ferguson-coined phenomenon of diglossia and the Fishman-extended relationship between societal diglossia and individual Bilingualism. Interviews with fifty-seven speakers, treated as a sequence of ethno-acts and ethno-events, are guided by the general question of sociolinguistic research -- who uses what language with whom, when, where, and why? Using Hymes mnemonic code of SPEAKING leads to the description of a shared history and a shared way of speaking as well as to insights into linguistic continuity, change, and compartmentalization. Telling Stories (Out of School) ends; with tales of an ethnic revival in Mennonite schools and community today -- with new voices speaking Low German High German, and English. While the present ethnography of a Mennonite speech community in Canada, framed in Manitoba schools between 1890 and 1990, should be regarded as impressionistic and preliminary, the fact remains -- language dominance does do something to the life of language in a community as does language education policy that attempts to "start where the child is ... linguisticallly." Close

• 63. [Article] Child and Maternal Health in the Slavic Community: Insights on Assets and Priorities

  The Slavic community’s health is impacted by race and ethnicity, and also by issues that flow from being a newcomer community, and also from their status as refugees. They also bring to the U.S.A. cultural ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Child and Maternal Health in the Slavic Community: Insights on Assets and Priorities Author: Reyes, Marie-Elena, Curry-Stevens, Ann Year: 2015 The Slavic community’s health is impacted by race and ethnicity, and also by issues that flow from being a newcomer community, and also from their status as refugees. They also bring to the U.S.A. cultural orientation that is collectivist, and shared experiences of persecution and deep distrust of the government. As is detailed in this report, these experiences have an impact on health and wellbeing, and simultaneously have a detrimental effect on the economic stature of the community. This Community Needs Assessment on the Health of Slavic Children (ages 0-5 years) was conducted to produce a “needs assessment” report outlining specific health concerns, needs and indicators of health disparities within the Slavic community, best practices from other Slavic communities, and recommendations for next steps to address disparities in a culturally competent change in policy or practices. The community opted to conduct two major data gathering processes: a maternal and child survey, and focus groups with mothers. We supplemented this information with a literature review to highlight both the larger social and economic issues that are well-tied to health (such as income, poverty, school engagement and English language skills), alongside studies that have identified health assets and challenges in both Slavic and immigrant communities. The core priority of the community are to establish a Slavic Health Center where providers will share their language, culture and history, and where health needs will be understood in their cultural context, and the distrust that typifies the relationships that many in the community have with formal health and social services will be eliminated. The need for this is strong, in evidence through the survey, the focus groups and in the literature. Specialized services are warranted to address the health issues tied to being newcomer communities, and in holding cultural identities and experiences that diverge significantly from that of mainstream (white) society. Additional priorities include rectifying the deep divide that exists on the issue of immunizations, with this being the highest priority health issue for mothers with young children. Second on the priority list is for parents to be well prepared for their children to arrive at school, and to help make this transition easier on both parents and children. Third is to address a wide range of issues tied to health promotion, including learning and responding to issues of child neglect and the conditions that will promote family stability. Fourth is oral health, and the importance of being able to see Slavic oral health providers. Across the spectrum is a need for information on services available, as well as making such services available, and making them culturally responsive. Taking action on two levels is key for the community: putting empowerment-based information into the hands of Slavic families, and catalyzing among service providers enhanced abilities to serve the Slavic community in respectful and culturally dignified ways. Health disparities faced by Slavic community members are inequitably measured, simply because their race/ethnicity is not separated out from “White” in the vast majority of research studies. Unfortunately, data cannot be separated by NWHF’s equity priorities like ethnicity overall, and cultural or linguistic background in particular. Culturally and linguistically specific services targeting this community’s needs are less likely than other disadvantaged communities of color such as African American and Native American, particularly due to inadequate gathering of data beyond the traditional racial and ethnic breakdown. Geography impacts this community’s health simply because of poverty-driven gentrification and the likelihood of Slavic families living in low-income diverse neighborhoods with greater risks of health disparities such as high obesity prevalence and chronic disease. Low-income neighborhoods where some of these families reside are less likely to have culturally and linguistically specific services targeting healthy choices and behaviors. Title: Child and Maternal Health in the Slavic Community: Insights on Assets and Priorities Author: Reyes, Marie-Elena, Curry-Stevens, Ann Year: 2015 The Slavic community’s health is impacted by race and ethnicity, and also by issues that flow from being a newcomer community, and also from their status as refugees. They also bring to the U.S.A. cultural orientation that is collectivist, and shared experiences of persecution and deep distrust of the government. As is detailed in this report, these experiences have an impact on health and wellbeing, and simultaneously have a detrimental effect on the economic stature of the community. This Community Needs Assessment on the Health of Slavic Children (ages 0-5 years) was conducted to produce a “needs assessment” report outlining specific health concerns, needs and indicators of health disparities within the Slavic community, best practices from other Slavic communities, and recommendations for next steps to address disparities in a culturally competent change in policy or practices. The community opted to conduct two major data gathering processes: a maternal and child survey, and focus groups with mothers. We supplemented this information with a literature review to highlight both the larger social and economic issues that are well-tied to health (such as income, poverty, school engagement and English language skills), alongside studies that have identified health assets and challenges in both Slavic and immigrant communities. The core priority of the community are to establish a Slavic Health Center where providers will share their language, culture and history, and where health needs will be understood in their cultural context, and the distrust that typifies the relationships that many in the community have with formal health and social services will be eliminated. The need for this is strong, in evidence through the survey, the focus groups and in the literature. Specialized services are warranted to address the health issues tied to being newcomer communities, and in holding cultural identities and experiences that diverge significantly from that of mainstream (white) society. Additional priorities include rectifying the deep divide that exists on the issue of immunizations, with this being the highest priority health issue for mothers with young children. Second on the priority list is for parents to be well prepared for their children to arrive at school, and to help make this transition easier on both parents and children. Third is to address a wide range of issues tied to health promotion, including learning and responding to issues of child neglect and the conditions that will promote family stability. Fourth is oral health, and the importance of being able to see Slavic oral health providers. Across the spectrum is a need for information on services available, as well as making such services available, and making them culturally responsive. Taking action on two levels is key for the community: putting empowerment-based information into the hands of Slavic families, and catalyzing among service providers enhanced abilities to serve the Slavic community in respectful and culturally dignified ways. Health disparities faced by Slavic community members are inequitably measured, simply because their race/ethnicity is not separated out from “White” in the vast majority of research studies. Unfortunately, data cannot be separated by NWHF’s equity priorities like ethnicity overall, and cultural or linguistic background in particular. Culturally and linguistically specific services targeting this community’s needs are less likely than other disadvantaged communities of color such as African American and Native American, particularly due to inadequate gathering of data beyond the traditional racial and ethnic breakdown. Geography impacts this community’s health simply because of poverty-driven gentrification and the likelihood of Slavic families living in low-income diverse neighborhoods with greater risks of health disparities such as high obesity prevalence and chronic disease. Low-income neighborhoods where some of these families reside are less likely to have culturally and linguistically specific services targeting healthy choices and behaviors. Close

• 64. [Article] Training "In a Good Way": Evaluating the Effect of a Culturally Responsive Pre-training Intervention on Learning and Motivation

  Employee Training and Development (T&D) is a crucial component to an organization’s success and its ability to remain competitive. Although researchers in the field have discovered ways to enhance the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Training "In a Good Way": Evaluating the Effect of a Culturally Responsive Pre-training Intervention on Learning and Motivation Author: Murry, Adam Thomas Year: 2015 Employee Training and Development (T&D) is a crucial component to an organization’s success and its ability to remain competitive. Although researchers in the field have discovered ways to enhance the effectiveness of training programs through the design, delivery, and evaluation process, research has not provided empirically-based recommendations for how to best train individuals whose cultural backgrounds may influence receptiveness of training curriculum. This is particularly relevant for employees whose cultural groups have been historically discriminated against, where cultural norms implicit in the training design may be met with resistance on behalf of the trainees. In the field of multicultural education, an instructional approach has been suggested to overcome cultural differences between instructor, curriculum writers, and students known as culturally responsive education. I evaluated a pre-training video prime based on this approach in the context of multi-site data-use training program for Native American educational professionals. Data-use training was delivered after exposure to one of two videos that framed the objectives of data use either in a culturally responsive way or in a generic mainstream fashion. Participants filled out surveys after the video but before the training, and then again after the training. Prime type was randomly assigned by training location. I hypothesized that participants who received a culturally responsive training prime would learn more during the data-usage training than participants who did not, and that this effect would be mediated by heightened affective motivators immediately following the culturally responsive prime. None of the hypothesized pathways were supported. There was no direct effect of my prime manipulation on knowledge (Hypothesis 1) or skill acquisition (H2), or on pre-training motivation to learn (H3), research-related self-efficacy (H4), goal-commitment (H5), or identification with research (H6). Furthermore, there were no indirect effects of my manipulation on knowledge (H7) or skill (H8) acquisition through pre-training motivation to learn, self-efficacy, goal-commitment, or identification with research. The motivation to learn subscale for valence had a significant positive direct effect on knowledge and skill acquisition and self-efficacy significantly positively predicted skill acquisition. Goal-commitment and motivation to learn subscales for instrumentality and expectancy had a significant negative relationship with skill acquisition. Lack of support for my hypothesized pathways is explained partially by the failure of my independent variable to influence perceptions of cultural responsiveness. A manipulation check revealed that participants did not appraise my culturally responsive priming video as significantly more relevant or culturally appropriate compared to the alternative mainstream video. Findings on the positive effects of valence and self-efficacy are discussed in support of current literature. Negative effects of expectancy are discussed in terms of stereotype threat. The implications and applications for trainers and researchers in training and minority education are followed by a consideration of this study’s limitations and suggestions for future research. Title: Training "In a Good Way": Evaluating the Effect of a Culturally Responsive Pre-training Intervention on Learning and Motivation Author: Murry, Adam Thomas Year: 2015 Employee Training and Development (T&D) is a crucial component to an organization’s success and its ability to remain competitive. Although researchers in the field have discovered ways to enhance the effectiveness of training programs through the design, delivery, and evaluation process, research has not provided empirically-based recommendations for how to best train individuals whose cultural backgrounds may influence receptiveness of training curriculum. This is particularly relevant for employees whose cultural groups have been historically discriminated against, where cultural norms implicit in the training design may be met with resistance on behalf of the trainees. In the field of multicultural education, an instructional approach has been suggested to overcome cultural differences between instructor, curriculum writers, and students known as culturally responsive education. I evaluated a pre-training video prime based on this approach in the context of multi-site data-use training program for Native American educational professionals. Data-use training was delivered after exposure to one of two videos that framed the objectives of data use either in a culturally responsive way or in a generic mainstream fashion. Participants filled out surveys after the video but before the training, and then again after the training. Prime type was randomly assigned by training location. I hypothesized that participants who received a culturally responsive training prime would learn more during the data-usage training than participants who did not, and that this effect would be mediated by heightened affective motivators immediately following the culturally responsive prime. None of the hypothesized pathways were supported. There was no direct effect of my prime manipulation on knowledge (Hypothesis 1) or skill acquisition (H2), or on pre-training motivation to learn (H3), research-related self-efficacy (H4), goal-commitment (H5), or identification with research (H6). Furthermore, there were no indirect effects of my manipulation on knowledge (H7) or skill (H8) acquisition through pre-training motivation to learn, self-efficacy, goal-commitment, or identification with research. The motivation to learn subscale for valence had a significant positive direct effect on knowledge and skill acquisition and self-efficacy significantly positively predicted skill acquisition. Goal-commitment and motivation to learn subscales for instrumentality and expectancy had a significant negative relationship with skill acquisition. Lack of support for my hypothesized pathways is explained partially by the failure of my independent variable to influence perceptions of cultural responsiveness. A manipulation check revealed that participants did not appraise my culturally responsive priming video as significantly more relevant or culturally appropriate compared to the alternative mainstream video. Findings on the positive effects of valence and self-efficacy are discussed in support of current literature. Negative effects of expectancy are discussed in terms of stereotype threat. The implications and applications for trainers and researchers in training and minority education are followed by a consideration of this study’s limitations and suggestions for future research. Close

• 65. [Article] The fisheries of the Lower Columbia River, 1792 to 1850, based on EuroAmerican explorer and fur company accounts

  The role of fish in the Native American economy of the lower Columbia River has never been considered in detail. My study focused on the Columbia River from its mouth to the Cascades and the Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The fisheries of the Lower Columbia River, 1792 to 1850, based on EuroAmerican explorer and fur company accounts Author: Martin, Michael A. Year: 2006 The role of fish in the Native American economy of the lower Columbia River has never been considered in detail. My study focused on the Columbia River from its mouth to the Cascades and the Willamette River from its confluence with the Columbia to Willamette Falls. For this study I asked: How was salmon used? What other fish were important? Where and how were these fish taken and used? To address these questions, I evaluated historical documents, including explorer's accounts and the administrative records of fur companies dating from the late 1700's through the 1850's. I used fishery data, physical descriptions, migratory and spawning habits, and foraging patterns to identify fish in historic accounts. I annotated historic information and provided a synthesis of the historic fisheries. White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) dominated the trade. Chum (O.keta) and lamprey (Lampetra sp.) were available, although not traded in large numbers. White sturgeon, eulachon, fall chinook, chum and lamprey were smoke cured. Steel head (0. mykiss) , coho (O.kisutch), perch (Embiotocidae), and resident trout were traded in small numbers indicating that other fish were part of the economy. Sockeye. salmon (O.nerka) was not traded. f "~{.' Indians captured white sturgeon with: multiple hooks on set-lines and funnel nets to take white sturgeon during the winter; scoop nets and the eulachon rake took eulachon; spring and summer chinook were taken with hoop nets and platforms in the Cascades rapids and at Willamette Falls; gaffs were used to take chinook and sturgeon during the summer in Baker Bay; and hoop nets took fall chinook in streams. Seine nets were noted but not were not discussed except for the chinook fishery of Baker Bay. Historic information on fishes used and methods of capture contrasts with the archaeological record of the Portland Basin. Resident freshwater fish, minnows (Cyprinidae) and suckers (Catostomus sp.), are abundant in the archaeological faunal record, but are rarely mentioned in historic accounts. Artifacts such as net weights are common in archaeological contexts in contrast with the limited discussions in the historic record. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are reviewed. Title: The fisheries of the Lower Columbia River, 1792 to 1850, based on EuroAmerican explorer and fur company accounts Author: Martin, Michael A. Year: 2006 The role of fish in the Native American economy of the lower Columbia River has never been considered in detail. My study focused on the Columbia River from its mouth to the Cascades and the Willamette River from its confluence with the Columbia to Willamette Falls. For this study I asked: How was salmon used? What other fish were important? Where and how were these fish taken and used? To address these questions, I evaluated historical documents, including explorer's accounts and the administrative records of fur companies dating from the late 1700's through the 1850's. I used fishery data, physical descriptions, migratory and spawning habits, and foraging patterns to identify fish in historic accounts. I annotated historic information and provided a synthesis of the historic fisheries. White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) dominated the trade. Chum (O.keta) and lamprey (Lampetra sp.) were available, although not traded in large numbers. White sturgeon, eulachon, fall chinook, chum and lamprey were smoke cured. Steel head (0. mykiss) , coho (O.kisutch), perch (Embiotocidae), and resident trout were traded in small numbers indicating that other fish were part of the economy. Sockeye. salmon (O.nerka) was not traded. f "~{.' Indians captured white sturgeon with: multiple hooks on set-lines and funnel nets to take white sturgeon during the winter; scoop nets and the eulachon rake took eulachon; spring and summer chinook were taken with hoop nets and platforms in the Cascades rapids and at Willamette Falls; gaffs were used to take chinook and sturgeon during the summer in Baker Bay; and hoop nets took fall chinook in streams. Seine nets were noted but not were not discussed except for the chinook fishery of Baker Bay. Historic information on fishes used and methods of capture contrasts with the archaeological record of the Portland Basin. Resident freshwater fish, minnows (Cyprinidae) and suckers (Catostomus sp.), are abundant in the archaeological faunal record, but are rarely mentioned in historic accounts. Artifacts such as net weights are common in archaeological contexts in contrast with the limited discussions in the historic record. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are reviewed. Close

• 66. [Article] Not in Cully: Anti-displacement Strategies for the Cully Neighborhood

  This document presents a set of strategies for preventing the displacement of low-income Cully residents as new investment comes in to the neighborhood. It was developed at the request of Living Cully: ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Not in Cully: Anti-displacement Strategies for the Cully Neighborhood Author: Banuelos, Ricardo, Jordan, Brooke, Kennedy, Rebecca, Norby, Danell, Olsen, Erik, Watters, Cary Year: 2013 This document presents a set of strategies for preventing the displacement of low-income Cully residents as new investment comes in to the neighborhood. It was developed at the request of Living Cully: A Cully Ecodistrict, an innovative partnership of three community-serving organizations, Hacienda CDC, the Native American Youth & Family Center (NAYA) and Verde. In 2010, Verde established Living Cully as a strategy to introduce new environmental assets into Portland’s Cully Neighborhood. Living Cully reinterprets the ecodistrict concept as an anti-poverty strategy, as a means to address disparities by concentrating investments at the neighborhood scale. Cully suffers from many disparities: 20 percent of residents live in poverty compared to a regional average of 9.9 percent; 24 percent of residents live within ¼ mile of a park (regional average: 49 percent); only 34 percent of Cully streets have sidewalks. Together, Living Cully partners create economic, environmental and social benefits for Cully residents, particularly low-income and people of color residents through job training, job opportunities, business contracting opportunities, youth education and community building. Cully was annexed into the City of Portland, Oregon in 1985. Since then, investment in Cully’s parks, sidewalks, roads, other infrastructure, family-oriented businesses and other amenities has lagged behind the rest of the City, keeping the cost of housing down. Over the last 30 years working families from a variety of cultures have moved to Cully, attracted by affordable housing and proximity to the jobs and services of downtown Portland. Additionally, the efforts of local nonprofits to develop affordable rental units and to provide services to recent immigrant populations have made this neighborhood the most diverse in the State of Oregon. Cully’s housing affordability, proximity to downtown, rich cultural assets and economic diversity make it a desirable place to live. Research conducted for this report as well as findings presented in September 2012 at the Bureau of Planning and Sustainability find that Cully is in an early stage of gentrification. This means that property remains relatively affordable and land is still available for development. However, a flurry of private development is happening in nearby neighborhoods, and increased investment is flowing into Cully. The experience of other Portland neighborhoods as well as communities from across the United States indicate that gentrification often leads to displacement of existing community members, especially low-income and people of color residents. The report is designed to be used by the Living Cully partners, Cully residents, public sector and private sector entities. As the community works to improve the neighborhood and raise the collective quality of life, there is a risk that some residents may not be able to stay. The recommendations of this report are designed to guide investment to bring needed assets to the community and prevent displacement of low income people from the neighborhood. Title: Not in Cully: Anti-displacement Strategies for the Cully Neighborhood Author: Banuelos, Ricardo, Jordan, Brooke, Kennedy, Rebecca, Norby, Danell, Olsen, Erik, Watters, Cary Year: 2013 This document presents a set of strategies for preventing the displacement of low-income Cully residents as new investment comes in to the neighborhood. It was developed at the request of Living Cully: A Cully Ecodistrict, an innovative partnership of three community-serving organizations, Hacienda CDC, the Native American Youth & Family Center (NAYA) and Verde. In 2010, Verde established Living Cully as a strategy to introduce new environmental assets into Portland’s Cully Neighborhood. Living Cully reinterprets the ecodistrict concept as an anti-poverty strategy, as a means to address disparities by concentrating investments at the neighborhood scale. Cully suffers from many disparities: 20 percent of residents live in poverty compared to a regional average of 9.9 percent; 24 percent of residents live within ¼ mile of a park (regional average: 49 percent); only 34 percent of Cully streets have sidewalks. Together, Living Cully partners create economic, environmental and social benefits for Cully residents, particularly low-income and people of color residents through job training, job opportunities, business contracting opportunities, youth education and community building. Cully was annexed into the City of Portland, Oregon in 1985. Since then, investment in Cully’s parks, sidewalks, roads, other infrastructure, family-oriented businesses and other amenities has lagged behind the rest of the City, keeping the cost of housing down. Over the last 30 years working families from a variety of cultures have moved to Cully, attracted by affordable housing and proximity to the jobs and services of downtown Portland. Additionally, the efforts of local nonprofits to develop affordable rental units and to provide services to recent immigrant populations have made this neighborhood the most diverse in the State of Oregon. Cully’s housing affordability, proximity to downtown, rich cultural assets and economic diversity make it a desirable place to live. Research conducted for this report as well as findings presented in September 2012 at the Bureau of Planning and Sustainability find that Cully is in an early stage of gentrification. This means that property remains relatively affordable and land is still available for development. However, a flurry of private development is happening in nearby neighborhoods, and increased investment is flowing into Cully. The experience of other Portland neighborhoods as well as communities from across the United States indicate that gentrification often leads to displacement of existing community members, especially low-income and people of color residents. The report is designed to be used by the Living Cully partners, Cully residents, public sector and private sector entities. As the community works to improve the neighborhood and raise the collective quality of life, there is a risk that some residents may not be able to stay. The recommendations of this report are designed to guide investment to bring needed assets to the community and prevent displacement of low income people from the neighborhood. Close

• 67. [Article] Exploring Colonization and Ethnogenesis through an Analysis of the Flaked Glass Tools of the Lower Columbia Chinookans and Fur Traders

  At the end of the 18th century, Anglo Americans and Europeans entered the mouth of the Columbia River for the first time. There they encountered large villages of Chinookan and other Native Americans. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring Colonization and Ethnogenesis through an Analysis of the Flaked Glass Tools of the Lower Columbia Chinookans and Fur Traders Author: Simmons, Stephanie Catherine Year: 2014 At the end of the 18th century, Anglo Americans and Europeans entered the mouth of the Columbia River for the first time. There they encountered large villages of Chinookan and other Native Americans. Soon afterwards, the Chinookan People became involved in the global fur trade. Pelts, supplies, and native made goods were exchanged with fur traders, who in return provided Chinookans with a number of trade goods. Over the next 40 years, life changed greatly for the Chinookans; new trade and political alliances were created, foreign goods were introduced, and diseases killed large portions of the population (Hajda 1984; Gibson 1992; Schwantes 1996; Boyd 2011; Boyd et al. 2013). Additionally, fur trade forts, like the Hudson's Bay Company's (HBC) Fort Vancouver, were established. At these forts, new multiethnic communities were created to support the fur trade economy (Hussey 1957; Kardas 1971; Warner and Munnik 1972; Erigero 1992; Burley 1997; Mackie 1997; Wilson 2010). This thesis is an historical archaeological study of how Chinookan peoples at three villages and employees of the later multicultural Village at Fort Vancouver negotiated the processes of contact and colonization. Placed in the theoretical framework of practice theory, everyday ordinary activities are studied to understand how cultural identities are created, reinforced, and changed (Lightfoot et al. 1998; Martindale 2009; Voss 2008). Additionally uneven power relationships are examined, in this case between the colonizer and the colonized, which could lead to subjugation but also resistance (Silliman 2001). In order to investigate these issues, this thesis studies how the new foreign material of vessel glass was and was not used during the everyday practice of tool production. Archaeological studies have found that vessel glass, which has physical properties similar to obsidian, was used to create a variety of tool forms by cultures worldwide (Conte and Romero 2008). Modified glass studies (Harrison 2003; Martindale and Jurakic 2006) have demonstrated that they can contribute important new insights into how cultures negotiated colonization. In this study, modified glass tools from three contact period Chinookan sites: Cathlapotle, Meier, and Middle Village, and the later multiethnic Employee Village of Fort Vancouver were examined. Glass tool and debitage analysis based on lithic macroscopic analytical techniques was used to determine manufacturing techniques, tool types, and functions. Additionally, these data were compared to previous analyses of lithics and trade goods at the study sites. This thesis demonstrates that Chinookans modified glass into tools, though there was variation in the degree to which glass was modified and the types of tools that were produced between sites. Some of these differences are probably related to availability, how glass was conceptualized by Native Peoples, or other unidentified causes. This study suggests that in some ways glass was just another raw material, similar to stone, that was used to create tools that mirrored the existing lithic technology. However at Cathlapotle at least, glass appears to have been relatively scarce and perhaps valued even as a status item. While at Middle Village, glass (as opposed to stone) was being used about a third of the time to produce tools. Glass tool technology at Cathlapotle, Meier, and Middle Village was very similar to the existing stone tool technology dominated by expedient/low energy tools; however, novel new bottle abraders do appear at Middle Village. This multifaceted response reflects how some traditional lifeways continued, while at the same time new materials and technology was recontextualized in ways that made sense to Chinookan peoples. Glass tools increase at the Fort Vancouver Employee Village rather than decrease through time. This response appears to be a type of resistance to the HBC's economic hegemony and rigid social structure. Though it is impossible to know if such resistance was consciously acted on or was just part of everyday activities that made sense in the economic climate of the time. Overall, this thesis demonstrates how a mundane object such as vessel glass, can provide a wealth of information about how groups like the Chinookans dealt with a changing world, and how the multiethnic community at Fort Vancouver dealt with the hegemony of the HBC. Chinookan peoples and the later inhabitants of the Fort Vancouver Employee Village responded to colonization in ways that made sense to their larger cultural system. These responses led to both continuity and change across time. Title: Exploring Colonization and Ethnogenesis through an Analysis of the Flaked Glass Tools of the Lower Columbia Chinookans and Fur Traders Author: Simmons, Stephanie Catherine Year: 2014 At the end of the 18th century, Anglo Americans and Europeans entered the mouth of the Columbia River for the first time. There they encountered large villages of Chinookan and other Native Americans. Soon afterwards, the Chinookan People became involved in the global fur trade. Pelts, supplies, and native made goods were exchanged with fur traders, who in return provided Chinookans with a number of trade goods. Over the next 40 years, life changed greatly for the Chinookans; new trade and political alliances were created, foreign goods were introduced, and diseases killed large portions of the population (Hajda 1984; Gibson 1992; Schwantes 1996; Boyd 2011; Boyd et al. 2013). Additionally, fur trade forts, like the Hudson's Bay Company's (HBC) Fort Vancouver, were established. At these forts, new multiethnic communities were created to support the fur trade economy (Hussey 1957; Kardas 1971; Warner and Munnik 1972; Erigero 1992; Burley 1997; Mackie 1997; Wilson 2010). This thesis is an historical archaeological study of how Chinookan peoples at three villages and employees of the later multicultural Village at Fort Vancouver negotiated the processes of contact and colonization. Placed in the theoretical framework of practice theory, everyday ordinary activities are studied to understand how cultural identities are created, reinforced, and changed (Lightfoot et al. 1998; Martindale 2009; Voss 2008). Additionally uneven power relationships are examined, in this case between the colonizer and the colonized, which could lead to subjugation but also resistance (Silliman 2001). In order to investigate these issues, this thesis studies how the new foreign material of vessel glass was and was not used during the everyday practice of tool production. Archaeological studies have found that vessel glass, which has physical properties similar to obsidian, was used to create a variety of tool forms by cultures worldwide (Conte and Romero 2008). Modified glass studies (Harrison 2003; Martindale and Jurakic 2006) have demonstrated that they can contribute important new insights into how cultures negotiated colonization. In this study, modified glass tools from three contact period Chinookan sites: Cathlapotle, Meier, and Middle Village, and the later multiethnic Employee Village of Fort Vancouver were examined. Glass tool and debitage analysis based on lithic macroscopic analytical techniques was used to determine manufacturing techniques, tool types, and functions. Additionally, these data were compared to previous analyses of lithics and trade goods at the study sites. This thesis demonstrates that Chinookans modified glass into tools, though there was variation in the degree to which glass was modified and the types of tools that were produced between sites. Some of these differences are probably related to availability, how glass was conceptualized by Native Peoples, or other unidentified causes. This study suggests that in some ways glass was just another raw material, similar to stone, that was used to create tools that mirrored the existing lithic technology. However at Cathlapotle at least, glass appears to have been relatively scarce and perhaps valued even as a status item. While at Middle Village, glass (as opposed to stone) was being used about a third of the time to produce tools. Glass tool technology at Cathlapotle, Meier, and Middle Village was very similar to the existing stone tool technology dominated by expedient/low energy tools; however, novel new bottle abraders do appear at Middle Village. This multifaceted response reflects how some traditional lifeways continued, while at the same time new materials and technology was recontextualized in ways that made sense to Chinookan peoples. Glass tools increase at the Fort Vancouver Employee Village rather than decrease through time. This response appears to be a type of resistance to the HBC's economic hegemony and rigid social structure. Though it is impossible to know if such resistance was consciously acted on or was just part of everyday activities that made sense in the economic climate of the time. Overall, this thesis demonstrates how a mundane object such as vessel glass, can provide a wealth of information about how groups like the Chinookans dealt with a changing world, and how the multiethnic community at Fort Vancouver dealt with the hegemony of the HBC. Chinookan peoples and the later inhabitants of the Fort Vancouver Employee Village responded to colonization in ways that made sense to their larger cultural system. These responses led to both continuity and change across time. Close

• 68. [Article] Assessing Habitat Requirements of Pond-Breeding Amphibians in a Highly Urbanized Landscape:Implications for Management

  Management of urban aquatic habitats for native wildlife, such as amphibians, is an important contemporary goal for many municipalities. However, our understanding of how local and landscape characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Habitat Requirements of Pond-Breeding Amphibians in a Highly Urbanized Landscape:Implications for Management Author: Guderyahn, Laura B., Smithers, Ashley P., Mims, Meryl C. Year: 2016 Management of urban aquatic habitats for native wildlife, such as amphibians, is an important contemporary goal for many municipalities. However, our understanding of how local and landscape characteristics of urban aquatic habitat promote or inhibit amphibian occupancy and recruitment is limited. In this study, we examined amphibian community composition and occurrence patterns in ponds, wetlands, and swales of Gresham, Oregon. We collected occurrence data for five native amphibians: northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile), long-toed salamander (A. macrodactylum), Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora), and rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) as well as one non-native amphibian, the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). One hundred sites were surveyed from 2007 to 2013. Local and landscape attributes were characterized for each site, and potential drivers of species occupancy were evaluated using a combination of multivariate approaches and generalized linear models. In general, percent impervious surface and distance to nearest forest patch, both associated with urbanization, were negatively correlated with site occupancy for all species. Non-native vegetation was also negatively associated with occupancy of three species (long-toed salamanders, Pacific chorus frogs, and northern red-legged frogs). In contrast, occupancy was positively correlated with pond depth and hydroperiod length for all species. We found evidence of two distinct groups of co-occurring amphibian species driven by habitat depth and hydroperiod. Finally, we report results of threshold analyses that examined species-specific habitat associations. This study describes urban habitat associations of a native amphibian community, identifies factors with positive, negative or mixed relationships with amphibian species, and is an important step in informing the management of urban aquatic habitat to promote persistence of native amphibians. Title: Assessing Habitat Requirements of Pond-Breeding Amphibians in a Highly Urbanized Landscape:Implications for Management Author: Guderyahn, Laura B., Smithers, Ashley P., Mims, Meryl C. Year: 2016 Management of urban aquatic habitats for native wildlife, such as amphibians, is an important contemporary goal for many municipalities. However, our understanding of how local and landscape characteristics of urban aquatic habitat promote or inhibit amphibian occupancy and recruitment is limited. In this study, we examined amphibian community composition and occurrence patterns in ponds, wetlands, and swales of Gresham, Oregon. We collected occurrence data for five native amphibians: northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile), long-toed salamander (A. macrodactylum), Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora), and rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) as well as one non-native amphibian, the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). One hundred sites were surveyed from 2007 to 2013. Local and landscape attributes were characterized for each site, and potential drivers of species occupancy were evaluated using a combination of multivariate approaches and generalized linear models. In general, percent impervious surface and distance to nearest forest patch, both associated with urbanization, were negatively correlated with site occupancy for all species. Non-native vegetation was also negatively associated with occupancy of three species (long-toed salamanders, Pacific chorus frogs, and northern red-legged frogs). In contrast, occupancy was positively correlated with pond depth and hydroperiod length for all species. We found evidence of two distinct groups of co-occurring amphibian species driven by habitat depth and hydroperiod. Finally, we report results of threshold analyses that examined species-specific habitat associations. This study describes urban habitat associations of a native amphibian community, identifies factors with positive, negative or mixed relationships with amphibian species, and is an important step in informing the management of urban aquatic habitat to promote persistence of native amphibians. Close

• 69. [Article] Fish Species Introductions Provide Novel Insights into the Patterns and Drivers of Phylogenetic Structure in Freshwaters

  Despite long-standing interest of terrestrial ecologists, freshwater ecosystems are a fertile, yet unappreciated, testing ground for applying community phylogenetics to uncover mechanisms of species assembly. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fish Species Introductions Provide Novel Insights into the Patterns and Drivers of Phylogenetic Structure in Freshwaters Author: Strecker, Angela L., Olden, Julian D. Year: 2014 Despite long-standing interest of terrestrial ecologists, freshwater ecosystems are a fertile, yet unappreciated, testing ground for applying community phylogenetics to uncover mechanisms of species assembly. We quantify phylogenetic clustering and overdispersion of native and non-native fishes of a large river basin in the American Southwest to test for the mechanisms (environmental filtering versus competitive exclusion) and spatial scales influencing community structure. Contrary to expectations, non-native species were phylogenetically clustered and related to natural environmental conditions, whereas native species were not phylogenetically structured, likely reflecting human-related changes to the basin. The species that are most invasive (in terms of ecological impacts) tended to be the most phylogenetically divergent from natives across watersheds, but not within watersheds, supporting the hypothesis that Darwin's naturalization conundrum is driven by the spatial scale. Phylogenetic distinctiveness may facilitate non-native establishment at regional scales, but environmental filtering restricts local membership to closely related species with physiological tolerances for current environments. By contrast, native species may have been phylogenetically clustered in historical times, but species loss from contemporary populations by anthropogenic activities has likely shaped the phylogenetic signal. Our study implies that fundamental mechanisms of community assembly have changed, with fundamental consequences for the biogeography of both native and non-native species. Title: Fish Species Introductions Provide Novel Insights into the Patterns and Drivers of Phylogenetic Structure in Freshwaters Author: Strecker, Angela L., Olden, Julian D. Year: 2014 Despite long-standing interest of terrestrial ecologists, freshwater ecosystems are a fertile, yet unappreciated, testing ground for applying community phylogenetics to uncover mechanisms of species assembly. We quantify phylogenetic clustering and overdispersion of native and non-native fishes of a large river basin in the American Southwest to test for the mechanisms (environmental filtering versus competitive exclusion) and spatial scales influencing community structure. Contrary to expectations, non-native species were phylogenetically clustered and related to natural environmental conditions, whereas native species were not phylogenetically structured, likely reflecting human-related changes to the basin. The species that are most invasive (in terms of ecological impacts) tended to be the most phylogenetically divergent from natives across watersheds, but not within watersheds, supporting the hypothesis that Darwin's naturalization conundrum is driven by the spatial scale. Phylogenetic distinctiveness may facilitate non-native establishment at regional scales, but environmental filtering restricts local membership to closely related species with physiological tolerances for current environments. By contrast, native species may have been phylogenetically clustered in historical times, but species loss from contemporary populations by anthropogenic activities has likely shaped the phylogenetic signal. Our study implies that fundamental mechanisms of community assembly have changed, with fundamental consequences for the biogeography of both native and non-native species. Close

• 70. [Article] The Earliest American Map of the Northwest Coast: John Hoskins's A Chart of the Northwest Coast of America Sketched on Board the Ship Columbia Rediviva ... 1791 & 1792

  Between 1790 and 1793, John Hoskins created a map of the Northwest Coast of North America that included ninety-one place names documenting Native communities. The map is the earliest example of such detailed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Earliest American Map of the Northwest Coast: John Hoskins's A Chart of the Northwest Coast of America Sketched on Board the Ship Columbia Rediviva ... 1791 & 1792 Author: Walker, James V., Lang, William L. Year: 2017 Between 1790 and 1793, John Hoskins created a map of the Northwest Coast of North America that included ninety-one place names documenting Native communities. The map is the earliest example of such detailed documentation by an American and was rediscovered in 1852 at the Cartographic Archives Division of the National Archives and Records Administration. In this research article, James Walker and William Lang provide a historical context for the map, including comparative charts that break down the Native names that Hoskins documented into seven cultural groups. According to Walker and Lang, the map “opens a window to what American traders knew, what they perceived about the region, and what they may have understood about the Native landscape.” Title: The Earliest American Map of the Northwest Coast: John Hoskins's A Chart of the Northwest Coast of America Sketched on Board the Ship Columbia Rediviva ... 1791 & 1792 Author: Walker, James V., Lang, William L. Year: 2017 Between 1790 and 1793, John Hoskins created a map of the Northwest Coast of North America that included ninety-one place names documenting Native communities. The map is the earliest example of such detailed documentation by an American and was rediscovered in 1852 at the Cartographic Archives Division of the National Archives and Records Administration. In this research article, James Walker and William Lang provide a historical context for the map, including comparative charts that break down the Native names that Hoskins documented into seven cultural groups. According to Walker and Lang, the map “opens a window to what American traders knew, what they perceived about the region, and what they may have understood about the Native landscape.” Close

• 71. [Article] The power of protection: a population-based comparison of native and non-native youth suicide attempters

  This study provides actionable information about intervening with American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth to prevent suicide. Statewide school survey data were used to model the impact of risk and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The power of protection: a population-based comparison of native and non-native youth suicide attempters Author: Mackin, Juliette, Perkins, Tamara, Furrer, Carrie Jeanne Year: 2012 This study provides actionable information about intervening with American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth to prevent suicide. Statewide school survey data were used to model the impact of risk and protective factors on self-reported suicide attempts (both AI/AN and non-AI/AN). The cumulative risk and protective model worked similarly for both groups. AI/AN youth had a higher threshold of risk before making a suicide attempt. Protective factors buffered the impact of risk, particularly for the higher risk youth. Title: The power of protection: a population-based comparison of native and non-native youth suicide attempters Author: Mackin, Juliette, Perkins, Tamara, Furrer, Carrie Jeanne Year: 2012 This study provides actionable information about intervening with American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth to prevent suicide. Statewide school survey data were used to model the impact of risk and protective factors on self-reported suicide attempts (both AI/AN and non-AI/AN). The cumulative risk and protective model worked similarly for both groups. AI/AN youth had a higher threshold of risk before making a suicide attempt. Protective factors buffered the impact of risk, particularly for the higher risk youth. Close

• 72. [Article] Shouts of the Khori-Challwa: Andean Mythological and Cosmological Reconsiderations of the American Identity in Gamaliel Churata’s El pez de oro

  This thesis explores the possible creation of a new categorization of American Literature as presented in the Andean novel El pez de oro: Retablos del Laykhakuy (1957) by Gamaliel Churata. In El pez de ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shouts of the Khori-Challwa: Andean Mythological and Cosmological Reconsiderations of the American Identity in Gamaliel Churata’s El pez de oro Author: McNabb, Stephen Delaney Year: 2017 This thesis explores the possible creation of a new categorization of American Literature as presented in the Andean novel El pez de oro: Retablos del Laykhakuy (1957) by Gamaliel Churata. In El pez de oro, Gamaliel Churata presents a strategy for the recuperation of native Andean cultural agency that enables the Andean subject to reclaim traces of their ancestral past under more verisimilar and verifiable terms. Churata argues that through a recuperation of native language and its infusion into the body of the major colonial language, Spanish, the Andean subject is equipped with a new culture producing tool that enables the recuperation of language, agency, history, and, ultimately, representation and inclusion within cultural and political institutional frameworks. By introducing his own function of bilingualism, vernacular language, and mythological infusions into the body of colonial letters, Gamaliel Churata is able to destabilize and disrupt colonial historical and textual authority to the point where the invented concept of America and the colonial product of American identity can be re-examined. Through this examination emerges a new option for the categorization of American identity as an aesthetic construct. Within this new categorization of aesthetic American identity, the Andean subject can begin his own process of self-identification through his native language toward the production of a future Andean American subject. Title: Shouts of the Khori-Challwa: Andean Mythological and Cosmological Reconsiderations of the American Identity in Gamaliel Churata’s El pez de oro Author: McNabb, Stephen Delaney Year: 2017 This thesis explores the possible creation of a new categorization of American Literature as presented in the Andean novel El pez de oro: Retablos del Laykhakuy (1957) by Gamaliel Churata. In El pez de oro, Gamaliel Churata presents a strategy for the recuperation of native Andean cultural agency that enables the Andean subject to reclaim traces of their ancestral past under more verisimilar and verifiable terms. Churata argues that through a recuperation of native language and its infusion into the body of the major colonial language, Spanish, the Andean subject is equipped with a new culture producing tool that enables the recuperation of language, agency, history, and, ultimately, representation and inclusion within cultural and political institutional frameworks. By introducing his own function of bilingualism, vernacular language, and mythological infusions into the body of colonial letters, Gamaliel Churata is able to destabilize and disrupt colonial historical and textual authority to the point where the invented concept of America and the colonial product of American identity can be re-examined. Through this examination emerges a new option for the categorization of American identity as an aesthetic construct. Within this new categorization of aesthetic American identity, the Andean subject can begin his own process of self-identification through his native language toward the production of a future Andean American subject. Close

• 73. [Article] The Hispanic Paradox and Older Adults’ Disabilities: Is There a Healthy Migrant Effect?

  The “Hispanic Paradox” suggests that despite rates of poverty similar to African Americans, Hispanics have far better health and mortality outcomes, more comparable to non-Hispanic White Americans. Three ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Hispanic Paradox and Older Adults’ Disabilities: Is There a Healthy Migrant Effect? Author: Thomson, Esme Fuller, Nuru-Jeter, Amini, Richardson, Dawn M., Raza, Ferrah, Minkler, Meredeth Year: 2013 The “Hispanic Paradox” suggests that despite rates of poverty similar to African Americans, Hispanics have far better health and mortality outcomes, more comparable to non-Hispanic White Americans. Three prominent possible explanations for the Hispanic Paradox have emerged. The “Healthy Migrant Effect” suggests a health selection effect due to the demands of migration. The Hispanic lifestyle hypothesis focuses on Hispanics’ strong social ties and better health behaviors. The reverse migration argument suggests that the morbidity profile in the USA is affected when many Hispanic immigrants return to their native countries after developing a serious illness. We analyzed data from respondents aged 55 and over from the nationally representative 2006 American Community Survey including Mexican Americans (13,167 U.S. born; 11,378 immigrants), Cuban Americans (314 U.S. born; 3,730 immigrants), and non-Hispanic White Americans (629,341 U.S. born; 31,164 immigrants). The healthy migrant effect was supported with SES-adjusted disability comparable between Mexican, Cuban and non-Hispanic Whites born in the USA and all immigrants having lower adjusted odds of functional limitations than U.S. born non-Hispanic Whites. The reverse migration hypothesis was partially supported, with citizenship and longer duration in the USA associated with higher rates of SES-adjusted disability for Mexican Americans. The Hispanic healthy life-style explanation had little support in this study. Our findings underline the importance of considering nativity when planning for health interventions to address the needs of the growing Hispanic American older adult population. Title: The Hispanic Paradox and Older Adults’ Disabilities: Is There a Healthy Migrant Effect? Author: Thomson, Esme Fuller, Nuru-Jeter, Amini, Richardson, Dawn M., Raza, Ferrah, Minkler, Meredeth Year: 2013 The “Hispanic Paradox” suggests that despite rates of poverty similar to African Americans, Hispanics have far better health and mortality outcomes, more comparable to non-Hispanic White Americans. Three prominent possible explanations for the Hispanic Paradox have emerged. The “Healthy Migrant Effect” suggests a health selection effect due to the demands of migration. The Hispanic lifestyle hypothesis focuses on Hispanics’ strong social ties and better health behaviors. The reverse migration argument suggests that the morbidity profile in the USA is affected when many Hispanic immigrants return to their native countries after developing a serious illness. We analyzed data from respondents aged 55 and over from the nationally representative 2006 American Community Survey including Mexican Americans (13,167 U.S. born; 11,378 immigrants), Cuban Americans (314 U.S. born; 3,730 immigrants), and non-Hispanic White Americans (629,341 U.S. born; 31,164 immigrants). The healthy migrant effect was supported with SES-adjusted disability comparable between Mexican, Cuban and non-Hispanic Whites born in the USA and all immigrants having lower adjusted odds of functional limitations than U.S. born non-Hispanic Whites. The reverse migration hypothesis was partially supported, with citizenship and longer duration in the USA associated with higher rates of SES-adjusted disability for Mexican Americans. The Hispanic healthy life-style explanation had little support in this study. Our findings underline the importance of considering nativity when planning for health interventions to address the needs of the growing Hispanic American older adult population. Close

• 74. [Article] Cultural characteristics of learning and perceptual skills of Southeast Alaskan native 5-year-olds

  This study examined the use of cognitive skills by 5-year-old Alaskan Native children on a standardized testing instrument. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence (WPPSI) were administered ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural characteristics of learning and perceptual skills of Southeast Alaskan native 5-year-olds Author: Turkon, Thomas J. Year: 1985 This study examined the use of cognitive skills by 5-year-old Alaskan Native children on a standardized testing instrument. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence (WPPSI) were administered to 23 boys and 17 girls of predominantly Tlingit, Tsimshean, and Haida ancestry. A standardized parent interview was used to collect bio-demographic data. Mean scores for the sample displayed significant differences between the Performance and Verbal scales, with the strongest performance in the Spatial subtests, and lowest in the Sequential subtests. Scores were significantly associated with variables representing culture-specific self identity and behavior, but were most strongly associated with family size. Factor Analysis suggested a distinct three factor structure consisting of (1) a Performance-Spatial, (2) a Verbal-Semantic, and (3) a Sequential factor. Variability in the use of cognitive skills, non-verbal behavior, and selective attention are viewed as unique cultural adaptations which can impede interethnic communication, creating negative outcomes in the education of American Indian and Alaskan Native children. Title: Cultural characteristics of learning and perceptual skills of Southeast Alaskan native 5-year-olds Author: Turkon, Thomas J. Year: 1985 This study examined the use of cognitive skills by 5-year-old Alaskan Native children on a standardized testing instrument. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence (WPPSI) were administered to 23 boys and 17 girls of predominantly Tlingit, Tsimshean, and Haida ancestry. A standardized parent interview was used to collect bio-demographic data. Mean scores for the sample displayed significant differences between the Performance and Verbal scales, with the strongest performance in the Spatial subtests, and lowest in the Sequential subtests. Scores were significantly associated with variables representing culture-specific self identity and behavior, but were most strongly associated with family size. Factor Analysis suggested a distinct three factor structure consisting of (1) a Performance-Spatial, (2) a Verbal-Semantic, and (3) a Sequential factor. Variability in the use of cognitive skills, non-verbal behavior, and selective attention are viewed as unique cultural adaptations which can impede interethnic communication, creating negative outcomes in the education of American Indian and Alaskan Native children. Close

• 75. [Article] Recent and contemporary foraging practices of the Harney Valley Paiute

  Native plants still play an important part in the lives of some American Indians. This thesis describes recent foraging practices which persist among the Harney Valley Paiute, a group of Northern Paiute ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recent and contemporary foraging practices of the Harney Valley Paiute Author: Couture, Marilyn Dunlap Year: 1978 Native plants still play an important part in the lives of some American Indians. This thesis describes recent foraging practices which persist among the Harney Valley Paiute, a group of Northern Paiute Indians which formerly occupied all of Harney Valley in southeastern Oregon. The field research was conducted from 1973 to 1978. The traditional seasonal harvest round is described as well as the identification, habitat, distribution, and seasonality of forty-one plant species. Native plant use, subsistence and the role of plants, foraging techniques, implements, processing, preservation, intertribal relations, trade patterns, and tribal movements are also presented. Title: Recent and contemporary foraging practices of the Harney Valley Paiute Author: Couture, Marilyn Dunlap Year: 1978 Native plants still play an important part in the lives of some American Indians. This thesis describes recent foraging practices which persist among the Harney Valley Paiute, a group of Northern Paiute Indians which formerly occupied all of Harney Valley in southeastern Oregon. The field research was conducted from 1973 to 1978. The traditional seasonal harvest round is described as well as the identification, habitat, distribution, and seasonality of forty-one plant species. Native plant use, subsistence and the role of plants, foraging techniques, implements, processing, preservation, intertribal relations, trade patterns, and tribal movements are also presented. Close

• 76. [Article] Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck Symposium

  Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck Symposium.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck Symposium Author: Taylor, Sue, Beck, Nora, Roberts, Prudence F., Ross, Jamie P., Schechter, Patricia A., Magaldi, Karin, Beer, John, Hughes, Doria Year: 2015 Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck Symposium. Title: Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck Symposium Author: Taylor, Sue, Beck, Nora, Roberts, Prudence F., Ross, Jamie P., Schechter, Patricia A., Magaldi, Karin, Beer, John, Hughes, Doria Year: 2015 Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck Symposium. Close

• 77. [Article] Album 14, Photo #44

  “Wings over Jordan” African American a capella group promotional photo; on back of photo: “from Mrs. Blackburn”

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #44 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1942 “Wings over Jordan” African American a capella group promotional photo; on back of photo: “from Mrs. Blackburn” Title: Album 14, Photo #44 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1942 “Wings over Jordan” African American a capella group promotional photo; on back of photo: “from Mrs. Blackburn” Close

• 78. [Article] Album 14, Photo #27

  African American Elks Club, Billy Webb Lodge, #1050, Otto Rutherford, 1959

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #27 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1959 African American Elks Club, Billy Webb Lodge, #1050, Otto Rutherford, 1959 Title: Album 14, Photo #27 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1959 African American Elks Club, Billy Webb Lodge, #1050, Otto Rutherford, 1959 Close

• 79. [Article] Culturally Responsive Diabetes Interventions within the Context of American Indian and Alaska Native Health

  This inquiry examined culturally responsive diabetes interventions within the context of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) health. The role of history, culture, and resilience in shaping these ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Culturally Responsive Diabetes Interventions within the Context of American Indian and Alaska Native Health Author: Freeman, Leilani J. Year: 2017 This inquiry examined culturally responsive diabetes interventions within the context of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) health. The role of history, culture, and resilience in shaping these approaches was determined. Additionally, past instances of abuse from healthcare workers and researchers highlighted the need for culturally competent education. A combination of a literature review and ethnography from events hosted by the local Portland, Oregon AI/AN community helped to address these questions and concerns. This study found that identifying determinants of health using Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is the most effective. The health disparities experienced by AI/AN peoples today are predominantly due to a history of forced removal, genocidal tactics, and detrimental environmental policies. The main elements of a diabetes intervention that takes this history into account includes, connection to culture and the land, education on historical/ intergenerational trauma, and focusing on resilience and tribal sovereignty. The use of traditional foods, community gardens, and holistic fitness programs are some examples of strategies being used to treat diabetes by AI/AN peoples today. Future research should examine how the experiences of Indigenous peoples can better guide those in the field of public health working to achieve health equity for all. Title: Culturally Responsive Diabetes Interventions within the Context of American Indian and Alaska Native Health Author: Freeman, Leilani J. Year: 2017 This inquiry examined culturally responsive diabetes interventions within the context of American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) health. The role of history, culture, and resilience in shaping these approaches was determined. Additionally, past instances of abuse from healthcare workers and researchers highlighted the need for culturally competent education. A combination of a literature review and ethnography from events hosted by the local Portland, Oregon AI/AN community helped to address these questions and concerns. This study found that identifying determinants of health using Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is the most effective. The health disparities experienced by AI/AN peoples today are predominantly due to a history of forced removal, genocidal tactics, and detrimental environmental policies. The main elements of a diabetes intervention that takes this history into account includes, connection to culture and the land, education on historical/ intergenerational trauma, and focusing on resilience and tribal sovereignty. The use of traditional foods, community gardens, and holistic fitness programs are some examples of strategies being used to treat diabetes by AI/AN peoples today. Future research should examine how the experiences of Indigenous peoples can better guide those in the field of public health working to achieve health equity for all. Close

• 80. [Article] Rosemarie Beck’s Multiple Identities: A Woman, Jew, and Artist in Post-War New York

  The talk explored how Beck’s multiple identities — woman, Jew, and artist — influenced her art during the postwar period, while also discussing the cultural and historical context of her work.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rosemarie Beck’s Multiple Identities: A Woman, Jew, and Artist in Post-War New York Author: Baskind, Samantha Year: 2015 The talk explored how Beck’s multiple identities — woman, Jew, and artist — influenced her art during the postwar period, while also discussing the cultural and historical context of her work. Title: Rosemarie Beck’s Multiple Identities: A Woman, Jew, and Artist in Post-War New York Author: Baskind, Samantha Year: 2015 The talk explored how Beck’s multiple identities — woman, Jew, and artist — influenced her art during the postwar period, while also discussing the cultural and historical context of her work. Close

• 81. [Article] Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck Symposium Video Highlights

  Highlight reel from Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck symposium.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck Symposium Video Highlights Author: Taylor, Sue, Beck, Nora, Roberts, Prudence F., Hughes, Doria, Schechter, Patricia A., Mills, Ryan Year: 2015 Highlight reel from Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck symposium. Title: Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck Symposium Video Highlights Author: Taylor, Sue, Beck, Nora, Roberts, Prudence F., Hughes, Doria, Schechter, Patricia A., Mills, Ryan Year: 2015 Highlight reel from Lyric Truth: Rosemarie Beck symposium. Close

• 82. [Article] Album 15, Photo #29

  Will Rutherford, brother of Otto, aged 14 years

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #29 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1922 Will Rutherford, brother of Otto, aged 14 years Title: Album 15, Photo #29 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1922 Will Rutherford, brother of Otto, aged 14 years Close

• 83. [Article] Album 15, Photo #19

  From back of photo: "Billy Rutherford, Columbia, SC, age 12, grade 7, To Uncle Will"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #19 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1953 From back of photo: "Billy Rutherford, Columbia, SC, age 12, grade 7, To Uncle Will" Title: Album 15, Photo #19 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1953 From back of photo: "Billy Rutherford, Columbia, SC, age 12, grade 7, To Uncle Will" Close

• 84. [Article] Album 15, Photo #06

  Rutherford home in Columbia, SC

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #06 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1897 Rutherford home in Columbia, SC Title: Album 15, Photo #06 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1897 Rutherford home in Columbia, SC Close

• 85. [Article] Album 15, Photo #03

  Lottie White Rutherford, mother to Otto Rutherford

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #03 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1898 Lottie White Rutherford, mother to Otto Rutherford Title: Album 15, Photo #03 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1898 Lottie White Rutherford, mother to Otto Rutherford Close

• 86. [Article] Album 15, Photo #22

  "George Hardin: Portland's First Black Policeman"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #22 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1894 "George Hardin: Portland's First Black Policeman" Title: Album 15, Photo #22 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1894 "George Hardin: Portland's First Black Policeman" Close

• 87. [Article] Album 15, Photo #18

  Portrait

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #18 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1926 Portrait Title: Album 15, Photo #18 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1926 Portrait Close

• 88. [Article] Album 15, Photo #14

  W.H. Rutherford, Sr.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #14 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1898 W.H. Rutherford, Sr. Title: Album 15, Photo #14 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1898 W.H. Rutherford, Sr. Close

• 89. [Article] Album 15, Photo #08

  Otto Rutherford, 1931, age 21

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #08 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1931 Otto Rutherford, 1931, age 21 Title: Album 15, Photo #08 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1931 Otto Rutherford, 1931, age 21 Close

• 90. [Article] Album 15, Photo #01

  W.H. Rutherford at work in barbershop in Columbia, SC, 1899

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #01 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1899 W.H. Rutherford at work in barbershop in Columbia, SC, 1899 Title: Album 15, Photo #01 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1899 W.H. Rutherford at work in barbershop in Columbia, SC, 1899 Close

• 91. [Article] Album 2, Photo #33

  Children's portraits

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 2, Photo #33 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1914 Children's portraits Title: Album 2, Photo #33 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1914 Children's portraits Close

• 92. [Article] Album 15, Photo #30

  From back of photo: “Earl W. Burdine, shop in Oklahoma where he worked, 1910”

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #30 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1910 From back of photo: “Earl W. Burdine, shop in Oklahoma where he worked, 1910” Title: Album 15, Photo #30 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1910 From back of photo: “Earl W. Burdine, shop in Oklahoma where he worked, 1910” Close

• 93. [Article] Album 15, Photo #28

  Otto Rutherford portrait, c. 1930s

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #28 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1936 Otto Rutherford portrait, c. 1930s Title: Album 15, Photo #28 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1936 Otto Rutherford portrait, c. 1930s Close

• 94. [Article] Album 15, Photo #24

  Rutherford Brothers Gents Furnishings, 393 NW Flanders St. From back of photo: May 1, 1910, Portland Ore, Shop No 1".

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #24 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1910 Rutherford Brothers Gents Furnishings, 393 NW Flanders St. From back of photo: May 1, 1910, Portland Ore, Shop No 1". Title: Album 15, Photo #24 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1910 Rutherford Brothers Gents Furnishings, 393 NW Flanders St. From back of photo: May 1, 1910, Portland Ore, Shop No 1". Close

• 95. [Article] Album 15, Photo #20

  W.H. and Allen Rutherford, brothers to Otto. From back of photo: "W.H., 5 yrs 8 months, Allen Douglas, 3 yrs 2 months"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #20 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1919 W.H. and Allen Rutherford, brothers to Otto. From back of photo: "W.H., 5 yrs 8 months, Allen Douglas, 3 yrs 2 months" Title: Album 15, Photo #20 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1919 W.H. and Allen Rutherford, brothers to Otto. From back of photo: "W.H., 5 yrs 8 months, Allen Douglas, 3 yrs 2 months" Close

• 96. [Article] Album 15, Photo #17

  Mamie Goodwin

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #17 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1930 Mamie Goodwin Title: Album 15, Photo #17 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1930 Mamie Goodwin Close

• 97. [Article] Album 15, Photo #10

  Duplicate of Page 9 with photography studio/location

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #10 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1891 Duplicate of Page 9 with photography studio/location Title: Album 15, Photo #10 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1891 Duplicate of Page 9 with photography studio/location Close

• 98. [Article] "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #12"

  Verdell Rutherford, and Lorna Marple, showing scrapbook photos to Clarence Mitchell, chief NAACP lobbyist, 1954

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #12" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1954 Verdell Rutherford, and Lorna Marple, showing scrapbook photos to Clarence Mitchell, chief NAACP lobbyist, 1954 Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #12" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1954 Verdell Rutherford, and Lorna Marple, showing scrapbook photos to Clarence Mitchell, chief NAACP lobbyist, 1954 Close

• 99. [Article] "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #19"

  Banquet room photo

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #19" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1954 Banquet room photo Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #19" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1954 Banquet room photo Close

• 100. [Article] "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #16"

  From back of photo: "Otto Rutherford, Mrs. Wilson C. Walker, Mrs. L. A Johnson"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #16" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1952 From back of photo: "Otto Rutherford, Mrs. Wilson C. Walker, Mrs. L. A Johnson" Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #16" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1952 From back of photo: "Otto Rutherford, Mrs. Wilson C. Walker, Mrs. L. A Johnson" Close