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• 1. [Article] Air-quality and Climatic Consequences of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation

  Bioenergy is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy budget. In addition to the use of liquid energy forms such as ethanol and biodiesel, electricity generation using processed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Air-quality and Climatic Consequences of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation Author: Porter, William Christian Year: 2013 Bioenergy is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy budget. In addition to the use of liquid energy forms such as ethanol and biodiesel, electricity generation using processed energy crops as a partial or full coal alternative is expected to increase, requiring large-scale conversions of land for the cultivation of bioenergy feedstocks such as cane, grasses, or short rotation coppice. With land-use change identified as a major contributor to changes in the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), many of which are known contributors to the pollutants ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), careful review of crop emission profiles and local atmospheric chemistry will be necessary to mitigate any unintended air-quality consequences. In this work, the atmospheric consequences of bioenergy crop replacement are examined using both the high-resolution regional chemical transport model WRF/Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) and the global climate model CESM (Community Earth System Model). Regional sensitivities to several representative crop types are analyzed, and the impacts of each crop on air quality and climate are compared. Overall, the high emitting crops (eucalyptus and giant reed) were found to produce climate and human health costs totaling up to 40% of the value of CO2 emissions prevented, while the related costs of the lowest-emitting crop (switchgrass) were negligible. Title: Air-quality and Climatic Consequences of Bioenergy Crop Cultivation Author: Porter, William Christian Year: 2013 Bioenergy is expected to play an increasingly significant role in the global energy budget. In addition to the use of liquid energy forms such as ethanol and biodiesel, electricity generation using processed energy crops as a partial or full coal alternative is expected to increase, requiring large-scale conversions of land for the cultivation of bioenergy feedstocks such as cane, grasses, or short rotation coppice. With land-use change identified as a major contributor to changes in the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), many of which are known contributors to the pollutants ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), careful review of crop emission profiles and local atmospheric chemistry will be necessary to mitigate any unintended air-quality consequences. In this work, the atmospheric consequences of bioenergy crop replacement are examined using both the high-resolution regional chemical transport model WRF/Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry) and the global climate model CESM (Community Earth System Model). Regional sensitivities to several representative crop types are analyzed, and the impacts of each crop on air quality and climate are compared. Overall, the high emitting crops (eucalyptus and giant reed) were found to produce climate and human health costs totaling up to 40% of the value of CO2 emissions prevented, while the related costs of the lowest-emitting crop (switchgrass) were negligible. Close

• 2. [Article] Reducing the Negative Human-Health Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Emissions through Region-Specific Crop Selection

  An expected global increase in bioenergy-crop cultivation as an alternative to fossil fuels will have consequences on both global climate and local air quality through changes in biogenic emissions of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reducing the Negative Human-Health Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Emissions through Region-Specific Crop Selection Author: Porter, William Christian, Rosenstiel, Todd N., Guenther, Alex, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Barsanti, Kelley Year: 2015 An expected global increase in bioenergy-crop cultivation as an alternative to fossil fuels will have consequences on both global climate and local air quality through changes in biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced through the substitution of next-generation bioenergy crops such as eucalyptus, giant reed, and switchgrass for fossil fuels, the choice of species has important ramifications for human health, potentially reducing the benefits of conversion due to increases in ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels as a result of large changes in biogenic emissions. Using the Community Earth System Model we simulate the conversion of marginal and underutilized croplands worldwide to bioenergy crops under varying future anthropogenic emissions scenarios. A conservative global replacement using high VOCemitting crop profiles leads to modeled population-weighted O3 increases of 5–27 ppb in India, 1–9 ppb in China, and 1–6 ppb in the United States, with peak PM2.5 increases of up to 2 μg m−3 . We present a metric for the regional evaluation of candidate bioenergy crops, as well as results for the application of this metric to four representative emissions profiles using four replacement scales (10–100% maximum estimated available land). Finally, we assess the total health and climate impacts of biogenic emissions, finding that the negative consequences of using high-emitting crops could exceed 50% of the positive benefits of reduced fossil fuel emissions in value. Title: Reducing the Negative Human-Health Impacts of Bioenergy Crop Emissions through Region-Specific Crop Selection Author: Porter, William Christian, Rosenstiel, Todd N., Guenther, Alex, Lamarque, Jean-Francois, Barsanti, Kelley Year: 2015 An expected global increase in bioenergy-crop cultivation as an alternative to fossil fuels will have consequences on both global climate and local air quality through changes in biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). While greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced through the substitution of next-generation bioenergy crops such as eucalyptus, giant reed, and switchgrass for fossil fuels, the choice of species has important ramifications for human health, potentially reducing the benefits of conversion due to increases in ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels as a result of large changes in biogenic emissions. Using the Community Earth System Model we simulate the conversion of marginal and underutilized croplands worldwide to bioenergy crops under varying future anthropogenic emissions scenarios. A conservative global replacement using high VOCemitting crop profiles leads to modeled population-weighted O3 increases of 5–27 ppb in India, 1–9 ppb in China, and 1–6 ppb in the United States, with peak PM2.5 increases of up to 2 μg m−3 . We present a metric for the regional evaluation of candidate bioenergy crops, as well as results for the application of this metric to four representative emissions profiles using four replacement scales (10–100% maximum estimated available land). Finally, we assess the total health and climate impacts of biogenic emissions, finding that the negative consequences of using high-emitting crops could exceed 50% of the positive benefits of reduced fossil fuel emissions in value. Close

• 3. [Article] Agricultural Classification of Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery in Northwest Argentina Using Kansas Crop Phenologies

  Subtropical deforestation in Latin America is thought to be driven by demand for agricultural land, particularly to grow soybeans. However, existing remote sensing methods that can differentiate crop types ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural Classification of Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery in Northwest Argentina Using Kansas Crop Phenologies Author: Keifer, Jarrett Alexander Year: 2014 Subtropical deforestation in Latin America is thought to be driven by demand for agricultural land, particularly to grow soybeans. However, existing remote sensing methods that can differentiate crop types to verify this hypothesis require high spatial or spectral resolution data, or extensive ground truth information to develop training sites, none of which are freely available for much of the world. I developed a new method of crop classification based on the phenological signatures of crops extracted from multi-temporal MODIS vegetation indices. I tested and refined this method using the USDA Cropland Data Layer from Kansas, USA as a reference. I then applied the method to classify crop types for a study site in Pellegrini, Santiago Del Estero, Argentina. The results show that this method is unable to effectively separate summer crops in Pellegrini, but can differentiate summer crops and non-summer crops. Unmet assumptions about agricultural practices are primarily responsible for the ineffective summer crop classification, underlining the need for researchers to have a complete understanding of ground conditions when designing a remote sensing analysis. Title: Agricultural Classification of Multi-Temporal MODIS Imagery in Northwest Argentina Using Kansas Crop Phenologies Author: Keifer, Jarrett Alexander Year: 2014 Subtropical deforestation in Latin America is thought to be driven by demand for agricultural land, particularly to grow soybeans. However, existing remote sensing methods that can differentiate crop types to verify this hypothesis require high spatial or spectral resolution data, or extensive ground truth information to develop training sites, none of which are freely available for much of the world. I developed a new method of crop classification based on the phenological signatures of crops extracted from multi-temporal MODIS vegetation indices. I tested and refined this method using the USDA Cropland Data Layer from Kansas, USA as a reference. I then applied the method to classify crop types for a study site in Pellegrini, Santiago Del Estero, Argentina. The results show that this method is unable to effectively separate summer crops in Pellegrini, but can differentiate summer crops and non-summer crops. Unmet assumptions about agricultural practices are primarily responsible for the ineffective summer crop classification, underlining the need for researchers to have a complete understanding of ground conditions when designing a remote sensing analysis. Close

• 4. [Article] Determinants of the Spatial Distribution of Peri-Urban to Rural Agriculture in the United States

  Two issues are focal to the subject of the spatial distribution of crops in peri-urban zones. The first deals with developments in the fields of transportation, other technology, urbanization, and other ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determinants of the Spatial Distribution of Peri-Urban to Rural Agriculture in the United States Author: Abdel-Karim, Ibrahim Amin Year: 1987 Two issues are focal to the subject of the spatial distribution of crops in peri-urban zones. The first deals with developments in the fields of transportation, other technology, urbanization, and other factors which are not only prevalent in developed world economies, but which also are thought to force the cultivation of freshly consumed agricultural commodities away from the immediate vicinity of the market center. The second issue pertains to indirectly consumed crops, which are thought to shun proximity to the market center, where land rents per unit area are characteristically high, even when conditions for productions are ideal. Traditional models have shown a zonal pattern of crop distribution in peri-urban areas. The present study sets forth two hypotheses, one pertaining to the spatial distribution of freshly consumed crops, and the other pertaining to the spatial distribution of indirectly consumed crops. It was hypothesized in the present study that freshly consumed crops will continue to be cultivated in the near vicinity of the market center due to characteristics of the crops and the urban market. It was further hypothesized that indirectly consumed crops will continue to be cultivated in the near vicinity of the market center by virtue of greater intensity of production that may be obtained through the use of the environment of designated places. In the case of both crops, the cited factors, as well as others, offset the disadvantages of higher land rent per unit area common to areas close to the market center. These offsetting factors permit agriculture to compete successfully for land in the peri-urban zone. To test these hypotheses, variables were selected to measure the influence that urbanization, transportation, other technologies, the market, the environment, and land use regulations have on agricultural siting patterns in the peri-urban zones of the "Wheat Region" of the central United States. These variables were expressed as equations and were subjected to multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. The present findings tended to support the research hypotheses. On the basis of these findings, the present research offers a revised model of agricultural cropping patterns, one that reflects the sectoral, rather than the zonal, pattern of crop distribution in peri-urban zones. In the revised model, the mixing of different crops at various locations around the market is feasible, and low-priced grains may compete successfully for high-rent locations in the near vicinity of the urban market. The findings also show that the production of perishable crops in the iIl'.mediate vicinity of the urban market is here to stay, largely due to access to varied means of transportation as well as characteristics of the crops themselves. Furthermore, the findings show that environmental conditions influence the locating of grain production, although economic considerations were seen to supersede them, particularly at high-rent sites. Title: Determinants of the Spatial Distribution of Peri-Urban to Rural Agriculture in the United States Author: Abdel-Karim, Ibrahim Amin Year: 1987 Two issues are focal to the subject of the spatial distribution of crops in peri-urban zones. The first deals with developments in the fields of transportation, other technology, urbanization, and other factors which are not only prevalent in developed world economies, but which also are thought to force the cultivation of freshly consumed agricultural commodities away from the immediate vicinity of the market center. The second issue pertains to indirectly consumed crops, which are thought to shun proximity to the market center, where land rents per unit area are characteristically high, even when conditions for productions are ideal. Traditional models have shown a zonal pattern of crop distribution in peri-urban areas. The present study sets forth two hypotheses, one pertaining to the spatial distribution of freshly consumed crops, and the other pertaining to the spatial distribution of indirectly consumed crops. It was hypothesized in the present study that freshly consumed crops will continue to be cultivated in the near vicinity of the market center due to characteristics of the crops and the urban market. It was further hypothesized that indirectly consumed crops will continue to be cultivated in the near vicinity of the market center by virtue of greater intensity of production that may be obtained through the use of the environment of designated places. In the case of both crops, the cited factors, as well as others, offset the disadvantages of higher land rent per unit area common to areas close to the market center. These offsetting factors permit agriculture to compete successfully for land in the peri-urban zone. To test these hypotheses, variables were selected to measure the influence that urbanization, transportation, other technologies, the market, the environment, and land use regulations have on agricultural siting patterns in the peri-urban zones of the "Wheat Region" of the central United States. These variables were expressed as equations and were subjected to multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. The present findings tended to support the research hypotheses. On the basis of these findings, the present research offers a revised model of agricultural cropping patterns, one that reflects the sectoral, rather than the zonal, pattern of crop distribution in peri-urban zones. In the revised model, the mixing of different crops at various locations around the market is feasible, and low-priced grains may compete successfully for high-rent locations in the near vicinity of the urban market. The findings also show that the production of perishable crops in the iIl'.mediate vicinity of the urban market is here to stay, largely due to access to varied means of transportation as well as characteristics of the crops themselves. Furthermore, the findings show that environmental conditions influence the locating of grain production, although economic considerations were seen to supersede them, particularly at high-rent sites. Close

• 5. [Article] The work values of secondary teachers : a comparative study by teaching assignment

  The focus of this study was on the work values of secondary school teachers. Values have been defined in many ways. The common agreement is that values are standards, beliefs, or principles that do guide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The work values of secondary teachers : a comparative study by teaching assignment Author: Klampe, Charlotte Marie Year: 1983 The focus of this study was on the work values of secondary school teachers. Values have been defined in many ways. The common agreement is that values are standards, beliefs, or principles that do guide and direct a person's behavior. The values a teacher holds will influence a student due to the natural role-modeling effect in the classroom. With the advent of career education and exploration of the world of work, the values held toward work become a timely topic. The discussion of values and value clarification in all aspects of a person's life is one that is becoming very popular in education. Title: The work values of secondary teachers : a comparative study by teaching assignment Author: Klampe, Charlotte Marie Year: 1983 The focus of this study was on the work values of secondary school teachers. Values have been defined in many ways. The common agreement is that values are standards, beliefs, or principles that do guide and direct a person's behavior. The values a teacher holds will influence a student due to the natural role-modeling effect in the classroom. With the advent of career education and exploration of the world of work, the values held toward work become a timely topic. The discussion of values and value clarification in all aspects of a person's life is one that is becoming very popular in education. Close

• 6. [Article] Agricultural Management Decisions Impact Isoprene Emission and Physiology of Arundo donax, an Emerging Bioenergy Crop

  Arundo donax (Giant Reed) is quickly being developed as a rapidly-growing, robust, and highly productive bioenergy crop, with large scale cultivation of this species planned for the Columbia River basin ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural Management Decisions Impact Isoprene Emission and Physiology of Arundo donax, an Emerging Bioenergy Crop Author: Maxfield, Jason Charles Year: 2014 Arundo donax (Giant Reed) is quickly being developed as a rapidly-growing, robust, and highly productive bioenergy crop, with large scale cultivation of this species planned for the Columbia River basin of the Pacific Northwest (USA). Despite its potential as a next generation biomass crop, relatively few studies have examined the physiological performance of A. donax under agricultural conditions. Unlike traditional crops, A. donax is known to be a high-emitter of the volatile compound isoprene, which may significantly impact regional air quality, but it has not been widely cultivated in North America and little is known about how this species will perform in the Pacific Northwest. Over two field seasons, we measured isoprene fluxes from A. donax plants in both greenhouse conditions and in an agricultural field setting under a variety of conditions and fertilizer treatments. We also measured several other attributes of A. donax productivity and leaf physiology including chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, specific leaf mass, water use efficiency and gas exchange. We found that A. donax physiologically performs well under cultivation in the Columbia River basin, but that it also emits isoprene at significantly higher rates than previous reports indicate. We also found that both isoprene emission and leaf physiology were highly affected by agricultural management decisions, including nitrogen and irrigation management. Our findings indicate that crop management strategies can be developed that simultaneously seek to minimize isoprene emission while maximizing biomass production in this newly emerging bioenergy crop. Title: Agricultural Management Decisions Impact Isoprene Emission and Physiology of Arundo donax, an Emerging Bioenergy Crop Author: Maxfield, Jason Charles Year: 2014 Arundo donax (Giant Reed) is quickly being developed as a rapidly-growing, robust, and highly productive bioenergy crop, with large scale cultivation of this species planned for the Columbia River basin of the Pacific Northwest (USA). Despite its potential as a next generation biomass crop, relatively few studies have examined the physiological performance of A. donax under agricultural conditions. Unlike traditional crops, A. donax is known to be a high-emitter of the volatile compound isoprene, which may significantly impact regional air quality, but it has not been widely cultivated in North America and little is known about how this species will perform in the Pacific Northwest. Over two field seasons, we measured isoprene fluxes from A. donax plants in both greenhouse conditions and in an agricultural field setting under a variety of conditions and fertilizer treatments. We also measured several other attributes of A. donax productivity and leaf physiology including chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, specific leaf mass, water use efficiency and gas exchange. We found that A. donax physiologically performs well under cultivation in the Columbia River basin, but that it also emits isoprene at significantly higher rates than previous reports indicate. We also found that both isoprene emission and leaf physiology were highly affected by agricultural management decisions, including nitrogen and irrigation management. Our findings indicate that crop management strategies can be developed that simultaneously seek to minimize isoprene emission while maximizing biomass production in this newly emerging bioenergy crop. Close

• 7. [Article] Collecting Image Cropping Dataset: A Hybrid System of Machine and Human Intelligence

  Image cropping is a common tool that exists in almost any image editor, yet automatic cropping is still a difficult problem in Computer Vision. Since images nowadays can be easily collected through the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Collecting Image Cropping Dataset: A Hybrid System of Machine and Human Intelligence Author: Mai, Uyen T., Liu, Feng Year: 2016 Image cropping is a common tool that exists in almost any image editor, yet automatic cropping is still a difficult problem in Computer Vision. Since images nowadays can be easily collected through the web, machine learning is a promising approach to solve this problem. However, an image cropping dataset is not yet available and gathering such a large-scale dataset is a non-trivial task. Although a crowdsourcing website such as Mechanical Turk seems to be a solution to this task, image cropping is a sophisticated task that is vulnerable to unreliable annotation; furthermore, collecting a large-scale high-quality dataset through crowdsourcing is expensive. Alternatively, we introduce a system that uses automatic methods and human inputs to generate and evaluate image crops. Our system is a hybrid of machine and human intelligence. Given an image, the hybrid system generates image crops in three steps: identify main objects in the image; automatically generate a set of potential good crops around the identified main objects following principle photographic composition; and assess the generated crops. The second step is automatic while the first and third steps require inputs from the human. We obtain these user inputs by designing an online game. In the user’s perspective, our system is a website where users can access to play games. In our perspective, by letting people play games, we have them annotate the images for us with no cost. The games are carefully designed so that users’ feedbacks are helpful to our main goal. The system is embedded with a quality control model that assesses the user’s accuracy and the quality of the annotation. Title: Collecting Image Cropping Dataset: A Hybrid System of Machine and Human Intelligence Author: Mai, Uyen T., Liu, Feng Year: 2016 Image cropping is a common tool that exists in almost any image editor, yet automatic cropping is still a difficult problem in Computer Vision. Since images nowadays can be easily collected through the web, machine learning is a promising approach to solve this problem. However, an image cropping dataset is not yet available and gathering such a large-scale dataset is a non-trivial task. Although a crowdsourcing website such as Mechanical Turk seems to be a solution to this task, image cropping is a sophisticated task that is vulnerable to unreliable annotation; furthermore, collecting a large-scale high-quality dataset through crowdsourcing is expensive. Alternatively, we introduce a system that uses automatic methods and human inputs to generate and evaluate image crops. Our system is a hybrid of machine and human intelligence. Given an image, the hybrid system generates image crops in three steps: identify main objects in the image; automatically generate a set of potential good crops around the identified main objects following principle photographic composition; and assess the generated crops. The second step is automatic while the first and third steps require inputs from the human. We obtain these user inputs by designing an online game. In the user’s perspective, our system is a website where users can access to play games. In our perspective, by letting people play games, we have them annotate the images for us with no cost. The games are carefully designed so that users’ feedbacks are helpful to our main goal. The system is embedded with a quality control model that assesses the user’s accuracy and the quality of the annotation. Close

• 8. [Article] Mapping Meaningful Places on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Landscape Values

  Landscape values mapping has been widely employed as a form of public participation GIS (PPGIS) in natural resource planning and decision-making to capture the complex array of values, uses, and interactions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping Meaningful Places on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Landscape Values Author: Cerveny, Lee, Biedenweg, Kelly, McLain, Rebecca J. Year: 2017 Landscape values mapping has been widely employed as a form of public participation GIS (PPGIS) in natural resource planning and decision-making to capture the complex array of values, uses, and interactions between people and landscapes. A landscape values typology has been commonly employed in the mapping of social and environmental values in a variety of management settings and scales. We explore how people attribute meanings and assign values to special places on the Olympic Peninsula (Washington, USA) using both a landscape values typology and qualitative responses about residents’ placerelationships. Using geographically referenced social values data collected in community meetings (n = 169), we identify high-frequency landscape values and examine how well the landscape values are reflected in open-ended descriptions of place-relations. We also explore the various interpretations of 14 landscape values used in the study. In particular, we investigate any overlapping meanings or blurriness among landscape values and reveal potentially emergent landscape values from the qualitative data. The results provide insights on the use of landscape values mapping typologies for practitioners and researchers engaged in the mapping of social values for PPGIS. Title: Mapping Meaningful Places on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Landscape Values Author: Cerveny, Lee, Biedenweg, Kelly, McLain, Rebecca J. Year: 2017 Landscape values mapping has been widely employed as a form of public participation GIS (PPGIS) in natural resource planning and decision-making to capture the complex array of values, uses, and interactions between people and landscapes. A landscape values typology has been commonly employed in the mapping of social and environmental values in a variety of management settings and scales. We explore how people attribute meanings and assign values to special places on the Olympic Peninsula (Washington, USA) using both a landscape values typology and qualitative responses about residents’ placerelationships. Using geographically referenced social values data collected in community meetings (n = 169), we identify high-frequency landscape values and examine how well the landscape values are reflected in open-ended descriptions of place-relations. We also explore the various interpretations of 14 landscape values used in the study. In particular, we investigate any overlapping meanings or blurriness among landscape values and reveal potentially emergent landscape values from the qualitative data. The results provide insights on the use of landscape values mapping typologies for practitioners and researchers engaged in the mapping of social values for PPGIS. Close

• 9. [Article] Real Options Methodology in Sportswear Retail Investment Valuation

  The net present value (NPV) approach has been widely accepted by corporate practitioners and academics as the principle tool for evaluating the feasibility of corporate financial investment opportunities. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Real Options Methodology in Sportswear Retail Investment Valuation Author: Gui, Hairong Karen Year: 2011 The net present value (NPV) approach has been widely accepted by corporate practitioners and academics as the principle tool for evaluating the feasibility of corporate financial investment opportunities. It conceptually provides an estimate in present value terms of a proposed investment's incremental contribution to the firm, enabling the company to pursue its goal of value maximization with more assurance. NPV uses a discount rate that in theory captures market risks. In the stable growth or mature industries, NPV works well. However, in high investment/high risk-return (HI/HRR) industries, where the investment environment is often profiled as highly uncertain with high returns, NPV is insufficient to reflect the multidimensional risks, hence unable to capture the extensive investment returns that may consist of non-financial values. This dissertation applies the real option (RO) valuation methodology, supplementing the NPV method to evaluate the return of the sports retail industry (SRI) flagship stores investments. This study further demonstrates that there are strategic values captured by the RO valuation method, complementing the financial values attained by the NPV. To test this assertion, we use case methodology to analyze four flagship investment activities (proprietary business data are concealed). These investments represent various investment options, including growth, expansion, staging, and delay. The cases include projections made prior to the investment, the retrospective application of RO to estimate strategic value, and the actual returns from these investments. Findings demonstrate convincingly RO methodology can and should be usefully applied to supplement the NPV method in HI/HRR industries, and SRI in particular. Title: Real Options Methodology in Sportswear Retail Investment Valuation Author: Gui, Hairong Karen Year: 2011 The net present value (NPV) approach has been widely accepted by corporate practitioners and academics as the principle tool for evaluating the feasibility of corporate financial investment opportunities. It conceptually provides an estimate in present value terms of a proposed investment's incremental contribution to the firm, enabling the company to pursue its goal of value maximization with more assurance. NPV uses a discount rate that in theory captures market risks. In the stable growth or mature industries, NPV works well. However, in high investment/high risk-return (HI/HRR) industries, where the investment environment is often profiled as highly uncertain with high returns, NPV is insufficient to reflect the multidimensional risks, hence unable to capture the extensive investment returns that may consist of non-financial values. This dissertation applies the real option (RO) valuation methodology, supplementing the NPV method to evaluate the return of the sports retail industry (SRI) flagship stores investments. This study further demonstrates that there are strategic values captured by the RO valuation method, complementing the financial values attained by the NPV. To test this assertion, we use case methodology to analyze four flagship investment activities (proprietary business data are concealed). These investments represent various investment options, including growth, expansion, staging, and delay. The cases include projections made prior to the investment, the retrospective application of RO to estimate strategic value, and the actual returns from these investments. Findings demonstrate convincingly RO methodology can and should be usefully applied to supplement the NPV method in HI/HRR industries, and SRI in particular. Close

• 10. [Article] What Drives Academic Bioscientists: Money or Values?

  The article determines the factors that drive academic bioscience to better understand the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the sustainability of U.S. agriculture. Some challenges brought about ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What Drives Academic Bioscientists: Money or Values? Author: Ervin, David E., Nag, Sharmistha, Yang, Hui, Buccola, Steven T. Year: 2010 The article determines the factors that drive academic bioscience to better understand the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the sustainability of U.S. agriculture. Some challenges brought about by GE crops in the U.S. farm sustainability include tracking and controlling water pollution, protecting against herbicide resistance and nitrogen fixation. Professional norms are also considered as a great factor driving the academic bioscience. Title: What Drives Academic Bioscientists: Money or Values? Author: Ervin, David E., Nag, Sharmistha, Yang, Hui, Buccola, Steven T. Year: 2010 The article determines the factors that drive academic bioscience to better understand the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the sustainability of U.S. agriculture. Some challenges brought about by GE crops in the U.S. farm sustainability include tracking and controlling water pollution, protecting against herbicide resistance and nitrogen fixation. Professional norms are also considered as a great factor driving the academic bioscience. Close

• 11. [Article] Assessing Unique Core Values with the Competing Values Framework: The CCVI Technique for Guiding Organizational Culture Change

  Extensive research suggests organizations have unique guiding principles, called core values, which play a central role in strategic decision making, sustaining high-performance cultures, and guiding organizational ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Unique Core Values with the Competing Values Framework: The CCVI Technique for Guiding Organizational Culture Change Author: Santoriello, Anthony John Year: 2015 Extensive research suggests organizations have unique guiding principles, called core values, which play a central role in strategic decision making, sustaining high-performance cultures, and guiding organizational culture change. Although the Competing Values Framework (CVF) has been widely used to identify a standardized set of core values, it has not been used to identify unique core values at a given organizations. Unique core values help to distinguish organizations and drive market success. The present research focused on development of a technique to extend the application of the CVF to identify the core values unique to a given organization. The CVF-based Core Values Identification Technique (CCVI) was developed and empirically tested at three companies. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, review of documents, participant observation and the standard CVF-based Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). The data analysis employed grounded theory methods in conjunction with the standard OCAI analysis. The primary research result is the iteratively developed and empirically tested tool, the CCVI Technique. Secondary research results include the identification of unique core values at each of the three participating companies. Lessons learned and the rationale for making modifications to the technique based on the case studies, along with best practices for utilization and opportunities for informing organizational change efforts are discussed. Title: Assessing Unique Core Values with the Competing Values Framework: The CCVI Technique for Guiding Organizational Culture Change Author: Santoriello, Anthony John Year: 2015 Extensive research suggests organizations have unique guiding principles, called core values, which play a central role in strategic decision making, sustaining high-performance cultures, and guiding organizational culture change. Although the Competing Values Framework (CVF) has been widely used to identify a standardized set of core values, it has not been used to identify unique core values at a given organizations. Unique core values help to distinguish organizations and drive market success. The present research focused on development of a technique to extend the application of the CVF to identify the core values unique to a given organization. The CVF-based Core Values Identification Technique (CCVI) was developed and empirically tested at three companies. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews, review of documents, participant observation and the standard CVF-based Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI). The data analysis employed grounded theory methods in conjunction with the standard OCAI analysis. The primary research result is the iteratively developed and empirically tested tool, the CCVI Technique. Secondary research results include the identification of unique core values at each of the three participating companies. Lessons learned and the rationale for making modifications to the technique based on the case studies, along with best practices for utilization and opportunities for informing organizational change efforts are discussed. Close

• 12. [Article] Building a Values-Informed Mental Model for New Orleans Climate Risk Management

  Individuals use values to frame their beliefs and simplify their understanding when confronted with complex and uncertain situations. The high complexity and deep uncertainty involved in climate risk management ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building a Values-Informed Mental Model for New Orleans Climate Risk Management Author: Bessette, Douglas L., Mayer, Lauren A., Cwik, Bryan, Vezer, Martin, Keller, Klaus, Lempert, Robert J., Tuana, Nancy Year: 2017 Individuals use values to frame their beliefs and simplify their understanding when confronted with complex and uncertain situations. The high complexity and deep uncertainty involved in climate risk management (CRM) lead to individuals’ values likely being coupled to and contributing to their understanding of specific climate risk factors and management strategies. Most mental model approaches, however, which are commonly used to inform our understanding of people's beliefs, ignore values. In response, we developed a “Values-informed Mental Model” research approach, or ViMM, to elicit individuals’ values alongside their beliefs and determine which values people use to understand and assess specific climate risk factors and CRM strategies. Our results show that participants consistently used one of three values to frame their understanding of risk factors and CRM strategies in New Orleans: (1) fostering a healthy economy, wealth, and job creation, (2) protecting and promoting healthy ecosystems and biodiversity, and (3) preserving New Orleans’ unique culture, traditions, and historically significant neighborhoods. While the first value frame is common in analyses of CRM strategies, the latter two are often ignored, despite their mirroring commonly accepted pillars of sustainability. Other values like distributive justice and fairness were prioritized differently depending on the risk factor or strategy being discussed. These results suggest that the ViMM method could be a critical first step in CRM decision-support processes and may encourage adoption of CRM strategies more in line with stakeholders’ values. Title: Building a Values-Informed Mental Model for New Orleans Climate Risk Management Author: Bessette, Douglas L., Mayer, Lauren A., Cwik, Bryan, Vezer, Martin, Keller, Klaus, Lempert, Robert J., Tuana, Nancy Year: 2017 Individuals use values to frame their beliefs and simplify their understanding when confronted with complex and uncertain situations. The high complexity and deep uncertainty involved in climate risk management (CRM) lead to individuals’ values likely being coupled to and contributing to their understanding of specific climate risk factors and management strategies. Most mental model approaches, however, which are commonly used to inform our understanding of people's beliefs, ignore values. In response, we developed a “Values-informed Mental Model” research approach, or ViMM, to elicit individuals’ values alongside their beliefs and determine which values people use to understand and assess specific climate risk factors and CRM strategies. Our results show that participants consistently used one of three values to frame their understanding of risk factors and CRM strategies in New Orleans: (1) fostering a healthy economy, wealth, and job creation, (2) protecting and promoting healthy ecosystems and biodiversity, and (3) preserving New Orleans’ unique culture, traditions, and historically significant neighborhoods. While the first value frame is common in analyses of CRM strategies, the latter two are often ignored, despite their mirroring commonly accepted pillars of sustainability. Other values like distributive justice and fairness were prioritized differently depending on the risk factor or strategy being discussed. These results suggest that the ViMM method could be a critical first step in CRM decision-support processes and may encourage adoption of CRM strategies more in line with stakeholders’ values. Close

• 13. [Article] Biofuels: Innovation Growth and Adoption in the United States

  Biofuels production has had several effects on the agriculture, land use, rural economics and also in environmental aspects. This is because in one way or another, some agricultural products have had their ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biofuels: Innovation Growth and Adoption in the United States Author: Upadhyay, Jubin, Ju, Jiali, Alzamil, Ziyad, Alyamani, Badr Year: 2011 Biofuels production has had several effects on the agriculture, land use, rural economics and also in environmental aspects. This is because in one way or another, some agricultural products have had their prize increased due to their high demand in the industrial sector, domestic sector, and the energy industry. For instance, the prize of corn has gone high because there has been a high demand for corn to be used in ethanol production. On the other hand, this situation has provided economic incentives for some producers to devote additional land to corn production (Gaffigan 2009). This means that there are potential effects of biofuels production in the future. The potential future effects of expanded biofuels production in the U.S also include production of new energy crops for advanced biofuels. It must be understood that these new crops may affect the production of other crops and livestock on agricultural land. The increasing corn ethanol production has had mixed effects on land use, crop selection and livestock production. For instance, in 2007, increased corn prizes led farmers to devote more land for corn and less for soybeans. It is therefore necessary to formulate policies that will harmonize the production of energy and food in the same land. Production of biofuels must be encouraged in a controlled manner in order to reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and at the same time make sure that the acreage of land devoted for agricultural produce is not reduced to the advantage of biofuels production. Title: Biofuels: Innovation Growth and Adoption in the United States Author: Upadhyay, Jubin, Ju, Jiali, Alzamil, Ziyad, Alyamani, Badr Year: 2011 Biofuels production has had several effects on the agriculture, land use, rural economics and also in environmental aspects. This is because in one way or another, some agricultural products have had their prize increased due to their high demand in the industrial sector, domestic sector, and the energy industry. For instance, the prize of corn has gone high because there has been a high demand for corn to be used in ethanol production. On the other hand, this situation has provided economic incentives for some producers to devote additional land to corn production (Gaffigan 2009). This means that there are potential effects of biofuels production in the future. The potential future effects of expanded biofuels production in the U.S also include production of new energy crops for advanced biofuels. It must be understood that these new crops may affect the production of other crops and livestock on agricultural land. The increasing corn ethanol production has had mixed effects on land use, crop selection and livestock production. For instance, in 2007, increased corn prizes led farmers to devote more land for corn and less for soybeans. It is therefore necessary to formulate policies that will harmonize the production of energy and food in the same land. Production of biofuels must be encouraged in a controlled manner in order to reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and at the same time make sure that the acreage of land devoted for agricultural produce is not reduced to the advantage of biofuels production. Close

• 14. [Article] Worldview-Based Scenarios Highlight Stakeholder Values and Assumptions

  In lake management, we have the privilege and responsibility to work with the public on highly visible resources. Everybody has an opinion based on his or her personal values and observations. While we ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Worldview-Based Scenarios Highlight Stakeholder Values and Assumptions Author: Rueter, John Year: 2016 In lake management, we have the privilege and responsibility to work with the public on highly visible resources. Everybody has an opinion based on his or her personal values and observations. While we might sometimes consider this plethora of value statements as the bane of our existence, we all realize that public engagement is crucial for the health and future of lakes. Poor lake health is often caused by many little insults that stem from a wide range of legitimate views for how the lake should be treated as a resource. We need a framework to be able to deal with these differing values and assumptions for how lakes should be managed. Title: Worldview-Based Scenarios Highlight Stakeholder Values and Assumptions Author: Rueter, John Year: 2016 In lake management, we have the privilege and responsibility to work with the public on highly visible resources. Everybody has an opinion based on his or her personal values and observations. While we might sometimes consider this plethora of value statements as the bane of our existence, we all realize that public engagement is crucial for the health and future of lakes. Poor lake health is often caused by many little insults that stem from a wide range of legitimate views for how the lake should be treated as a resource. We need a framework to be able to deal with these differing values and assumptions for how lakes should be managed. Close

• 15. [Article] Strengthening the Resiliency of Dryland Forest-Based Livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A Review of Literature on the Interaction Between Dryland Forests, Livelihoods and Forest Governance

  Dry forests account for nearly half of the world’s tropical and subtropical forests and provide a multitude of ecological services. They contribute to hydrological cycles and livestock and wildlife provisioning; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Strengthening the Resiliency of Dryland Forest-Based Livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A Review of Literature on the Interaction Between Dryland Forests, Livelihoods and Forest Governance Author: Lawry, Steven, McLain, Rebecca J., Kassa, Habtemariam Year: 2015 Dry forests account for nearly half of the world’s tropical and subtropical forests and provide a multitude of ecological services. They contribute to hydrological cycles and livestock and wildlife provisioning; and host pollinators and wild plants. They are also important ecological zones for dryland agriculture and pastoral livelihood strategies that support hundreds of millions of people around the world. Dry forests cover large areas and their biomass stores carbon and helps mitigate climate change. Dry forests are particularly important to people in Africa. They provide wood for construction and energy, contribute to local diets with wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, edible insects and bushmeat. Wild, edible plants provide essential nutrients, particularly during times of food scarcity. Yet dry forests are subject to high rates of deforestation and degradation driven mainly by agricultural expansion and growing energy demands. Other challenges include limited information on dry forests (their inventories, changes over time, major drivers of deforestation and recovery, etc.), their biophysical aspects and ecosystem services and the potential roles they could play in increasing the sustainability of crop and livestock farming. Governments, development partners and communities are looking for options to better manage these resources at the landscape level. Dry forests are complex ecosystems that are not fully understood. Scientific knowledge to better manage dry forests and sustain the livelihoods of people that depend on these ecosystems remains scanty as research to inform policy and practice is still very limited. The knowledge gap is even more pronounced in northeastern Africa, notably Ethiopia and South Sudan where these forest types are important in terms of areas coverage and in supporting rural livelihoods. Ethiopia and South Sudan share histories of political unrest and conflict that have contributed to famines; large-scale land acquisition for investment and agricultural expansion by smallholders are resulting in major and rapid land-use changes in their dry forested areas. Ethiopia’s two decades of peace and stability and its experience in managing its natural resources could inform post-conflict intervention measures in South Sudan. This study was conducted as an effort to help fill the knowledge gap in dry forest-based livelihoods through a critical review of the available literature. It used publications from CIFOR’s work on dry forests and product marketing in Ethiopia and from other sources, including gray literature. The study assessed the socio-ecological context, including relevant laws and strategies, with an emphasis on the biophysical characteristics of the dryland forests of Ethiopia and South Sudan and the major causes of deforestation and forest degradation. Using livelihood systems as an analytical framework, it examined (i) major livelihood strategies; (ii) the contribution of dry forests to livelihoods; (iii) forest product markets and value chains; and (iv) forest and land governance with an emphasis on the relationship between political, economic and resource management policies and the level of degradation of dry forests and their contributions to the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities in Ethiopia and South Sudan. It also identified major threats to dry, forest-based livelihoods and key issues for policy, research and practice that need to be addressed to maintain the multifunctionality of dryland forests while also ensuring the well-being of communities dependent on these landscapes. Title: Strengthening the Resiliency of Dryland Forest-Based Livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A Review of Literature on the Interaction Between Dryland Forests, Livelihoods and Forest Governance Author: Lawry, Steven, McLain, Rebecca J., Kassa, Habtemariam Year: 2015 Dry forests account for nearly half of the world’s tropical and subtropical forests and provide a multitude of ecological services. They contribute to hydrological cycles and livestock and wildlife provisioning; and host pollinators and wild plants. They are also important ecological zones for dryland agriculture and pastoral livelihood strategies that support hundreds of millions of people around the world. Dry forests cover large areas and their biomass stores carbon and helps mitigate climate change. Dry forests are particularly important to people in Africa. They provide wood for construction and energy, contribute to local diets with wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, edible insects and bushmeat. Wild, edible plants provide essential nutrients, particularly during times of food scarcity. Yet dry forests are subject to high rates of deforestation and degradation driven mainly by agricultural expansion and growing energy demands. Other challenges include limited information on dry forests (their inventories, changes over time, major drivers of deforestation and recovery, etc.), their biophysical aspects and ecosystem services and the potential roles they could play in increasing the sustainability of crop and livestock farming. Governments, development partners and communities are looking for options to better manage these resources at the landscape level. Dry forests are complex ecosystems that are not fully understood. Scientific knowledge to better manage dry forests and sustain the livelihoods of people that depend on these ecosystems remains scanty as research to inform policy and practice is still very limited. The knowledge gap is even more pronounced in northeastern Africa, notably Ethiopia and South Sudan where these forest types are important in terms of areas coverage and in supporting rural livelihoods. Ethiopia and South Sudan share histories of political unrest and conflict that have contributed to famines; large-scale land acquisition for investment and agricultural expansion by smallholders are resulting in major and rapid land-use changes in their dry forested areas. Ethiopia’s two decades of peace and stability and its experience in managing its natural resources could inform post-conflict intervention measures in South Sudan. This study was conducted as an effort to help fill the knowledge gap in dry forest-based livelihoods through a critical review of the available literature. It used publications from CIFOR’s work on dry forests and product marketing in Ethiopia and from other sources, including gray literature. The study assessed the socio-ecological context, including relevant laws and strategies, with an emphasis on the biophysical characteristics of the dryland forests of Ethiopia and South Sudan and the major causes of deforestation and forest degradation. Using livelihood systems as an analytical framework, it examined (i) major livelihood strategies; (ii) the contribution of dry forests to livelihoods; (iii) forest product markets and value chains; and (iv) forest and land governance with an emphasis on the relationship between political, economic and resource management policies and the level of degradation of dry forests and their contributions to the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities in Ethiopia and South Sudan. It also identified major threats to dry, forest-based livelihoods and key issues for policy, research and practice that need to be addressed to maintain the multifunctionality of dryland forests while also ensuring the well-being of communities dependent on these landscapes. Close

• 16. [Article] Street Trees in the Urban Forest Canopy: Portland, Oregon

  Attempts to identify the contribution of street trees to the overall urban forest of a city have been rare and lack consensus on how to measure that contribution – percentage of trees, percentage of canopy ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Street Trees in the Urban Forest Canopy: Portland, Oregon Author: Poracsky, Joseph, Banis, David Year: 2005 Attempts to identify the contribution of street trees to the overall urban forest of a city have been rare and lack consensus on how to measure that contribution – percentage of trees, percentage of canopy cover, or percentage of leaf area. The actual numeric values presented in the literature also vary over a broad range and often are based on estimates, extrapolations from aggregated data, or simply stated with no empirical data referenced. This study was undertaken to evaluate the contribution of street trees to canopy in Portland, Oregon. The study involved both visual and digital analysis of multi-band aerial images, field observation, and GIS analysis involving several ancillary data themes. The strategy was to calculate the street tree component (STC) of the urban forest canopy within a sample of areas in the city and generalize that pattern to the whole city. The analysis indicates that street trees constitute 3.4% of the whole study area. In commercial / industrial areas the value drops to only 1.1% and in residential areas rises to 4.8%. For the overall study area the STC of the canopy is 17.2%, a value in the middle of the range of values found in the published literature. In commercial / industrial areas we found a value of 23.7% and a value of 16.6% for residential areas. Residential areas are overall better treed than commercial / industrial areas, but do not rely on street trees to contribute as large a percentage to overall canopy as do commercial / industrial areas. Available planting space in the right-of-way (ROW) is much more nearly constant (or independent of land cover) than the amount of planting space available inside a block. Therefore, the STC tends to vary inversely with the total amount of vegetated area. As the vegetated (read, plantable) area decreases, the ROW becomes a more significant space for planting and the STC increases. Conversely, as the vegetated area increases, the ROW becomes a less significant space for planting and the STC decreases. For both residential and commercial / industrial areas, the percentage of street tree area within the total canopy varies from locale to locale. The relatively small sampling used in this study suggests that neighborhood age and physical characteristics influence the STC in a given neighborhood, particularly for residential areas. Analysis allowed division of the study area into five residential neighborhood groups that attempt to reflect local differences. A larger / more detailed sampling would allow for improved delineation, perhaps below the level of neighborhood. Three generalized spatial patterns emerge for Portland. Street tree canopy as a percent of area seems to follow an east-west gradient, with lower values to the east and higher values to the west. Street trees as a component of the total canopy takes on an inverted-U shape, with higher values in the Inner Eastside and lower values to the east and to the west. The overall tree canopy category takes on just the opposite pattern – a standard-U – with lower values in the Inner Eastside and higher values to the east and west. This study represents a useful starting point for understanding the dynamics of an important and highly visible component of the urban forest. Title: Street Trees in the Urban Forest Canopy: Portland, Oregon Author: Poracsky, Joseph, Banis, David Year: 2005 Attempts to identify the contribution of street trees to the overall urban forest of a city have been rare and lack consensus on how to measure that contribution – percentage of trees, percentage of canopy cover, or percentage of leaf area. The actual numeric values presented in the literature also vary over a broad range and often are based on estimates, extrapolations from aggregated data, or simply stated with no empirical data referenced. This study was undertaken to evaluate the contribution of street trees to canopy in Portland, Oregon. The study involved both visual and digital analysis of multi-band aerial images, field observation, and GIS analysis involving several ancillary data themes. The strategy was to calculate the street tree component (STC) of the urban forest canopy within a sample of areas in the city and generalize that pattern to the whole city. The analysis indicates that street trees constitute 3.4% of the whole study area. In commercial / industrial areas the value drops to only 1.1% and in residential areas rises to 4.8%. For the overall study area the STC of the canopy is 17.2%, a value in the middle of the range of values found in the published literature. In commercial / industrial areas we found a value of 23.7% and a value of 16.6% for residential areas. Residential areas are overall better treed than commercial / industrial areas, but do not rely on street trees to contribute as large a percentage to overall canopy as do commercial / industrial areas. Available planting space in the right-of-way (ROW) is much more nearly constant (or independent of land cover) than the amount of planting space available inside a block. Therefore, the STC tends to vary inversely with the total amount of vegetated area. As the vegetated (read, plantable) area decreases, the ROW becomes a more significant space for planting and the STC increases. Conversely, as the vegetated area increases, the ROW becomes a less significant space for planting and the STC decreases. For both residential and commercial / industrial areas, the percentage of street tree area within the total canopy varies from locale to locale. The relatively small sampling used in this study suggests that neighborhood age and physical characteristics influence the STC in a given neighborhood, particularly for residential areas. Analysis allowed division of the study area into five residential neighborhood groups that attempt to reflect local differences. A larger / more detailed sampling would allow for improved delineation, perhaps below the level of neighborhood. Three generalized spatial patterns emerge for Portland. Street tree canopy as a percent of area seems to follow an east-west gradient, with lower values to the east and higher values to the west. Street trees as a component of the total canopy takes on an inverted-U shape, with higher values in the Inner Eastside and lower values to the east and to the west. The overall tree canopy category takes on just the opposite pattern – a standard-U – with lower values in the Inner Eastside and higher values to the east and west. This study represents a useful starting point for understanding the dynamics of an important and highly visible component of the urban forest. Close

• 17. [Article] A Comparative Study of Perceptions of High School Department Chairs and High School Teachers on the Role of the High School Academic Department Chair: the Voice of the Teacher-department Chair

  The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine and compare perceptions between high school department chairs and teachers regarding the role of the high school academic department chair in Oregon, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Comparative Study of Perceptions of High School Department Chairs and High School Teachers on the Role of the High School Academic Department Chair: the Voice of the Teacher-department Chair Author: Korach, Rachel Mae Year: 1996 The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine and compare perceptions between high school department chairs and teachers regarding the role of the high school academic department chair in Oregon, a position which has been largely ignored in recent educational reform efforts. Schools selected for the study were limited to those sharing the same qualities of size and structure as those of the high schools in the researcher's own district. A researcher-constructed questionnaire defining 44 activities comprising five categories of department chair responsibility provided data from 118 high school department chairs and 114 teachers from 34 Oregon high schools. Respondents addressed three issues: (a) definition-perceptions of what the role of the high school department chair looks like in practice; (b) clarification-perceptions of which activities are most important to the role; and (c) extension-perceptions of which activities are most important for the department chair to continue to improve in carrying out the role. Results of this study show teachers' expectations for the role of the department chair to be substantially different from those of the chairs themselves. Chi-square testing revealed statistically significant (R < .05) incongruence of perceptions between department chairs and teachers for 21 of the 44 activities across all five of the categories of department chair responsibility. Department chairs consistently perceived themselves to devote more time to their role than teachers perceived chairs to spend. Teachers placed more importance than did chairs on protection of instructional time and support of teachers' professional needs and concerns. Statistically significant differences in perception between males and females in the study population were also found for 24 of the 44 activities. Females consistently valued more highly than did males those department chair activities that reflect a facilitative, collaborative approach to leadership. Greater percentages of males more highly valued management activities than did females. These findings suggest both ambiguity in role definition and incongruence of role expectations to be obstacles to effective role performance for the high school department chair. Open, focused dialogue is suggested as a means for resolving these contradictions. Title: A Comparative Study of Perceptions of High School Department Chairs and High School Teachers on the Role of the High School Academic Department Chair: the Voice of the Teacher-department Chair Author: Korach, Rachel Mae Year: 1996 The purpose of this descriptive study was to examine and compare perceptions between high school department chairs and teachers regarding the role of the high school academic department chair in Oregon, a position which has been largely ignored in recent educational reform efforts. Schools selected for the study were limited to those sharing the same qualities of size and structure as those of the high schools in the researcher's own district. A researcher-constructed questionnaire defining 44 activities comprising five categories of department chair responsibility provided data from 118 high school department chairs and 114 teachers from 34 Oregon high schools. Respondents addressed three issues: (a) definition-perceptions of what the role of the high school department chair looks like in practice; (b) clarification-perceptions of which activities are most important to the role; and (c) extension-perceptions of which activities are most important for the department chair to continue to improve in carrying out the role. Results of this study show teachers' expectations for the role of the department chair to be substantially different from those of the chairs themselves. Chi-square testing revealed statistically significant (R < .05) incongruence of perceptions between department chairs and teachers for 21 of the 44 activities across all five of the categories of department chair responsibility. Department chairs consistently perceived themselves to devote more time to their role than teachers perceived chairs to spend. Teachers placed more importance than did chairs on protection of instructional time and support of teachers' professional needs and concerns. Statistically significant differences in perception between males and females in the study population were also found for 24 of the 44 activities. Females consistently valued more highly than did males those department chair activities that reflect a facilitative, collaborative approach to leadership. Greater percentages of males more highly valued management activities than did females. These findings suggest both ambiguity in role definition and incongruence of role expectations to be obstacles to effective role performance for the high school department chair. Open, focused dialogue is suggested as a means for resolving these contradictions. Close

• 18. [Article] The Formation and Expansion of High Technology Firms in Metropolitan Areas

  The theme of high-technology economic base and regional development, around which this research is based, has been receiving increased attention from policy-makers and researchers in recent years. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Formation and Expansion of High Technology Firms in Metropolitan Areas Author: Orjiako, Oliver Ikeotuonye Year: 1989 The theme of high-technology economic base and regional development, around which this research is based, has been receiving increased attention from policy-makers and researchers in recent years. This partly reflects the reappraisal of the emerging structural changes which have been stimulated by the negative effects of the economic recessions of the past decade. It also reflects the rapid growth and expansion of high-technology firms in centers like the well-publicized Silicon Valley in California, Route 128 in Massachusetts, and the Research Triangle in North Carolina. Promoting a high-technology economic base thus has been widely adopted as a regional development policy for the 1980s. The objective of this research is to examine and analyze those attributes of the regional economy that contribute to the start-up and expansion of high-technology activity. It is hypothesized that the forces determining where new firms will locate are different from those determining whether existing firms expand, contract, or move. This study utilizes the product life cycle model as the conceptual framework, and seeks to identify factors and conditions which are critical in determining the growth and locational patterns of high technology firms. To address the suggested hypotheses, this study involves an analysis of the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas covering the period from 1976 to 1984. High-technology firms were selected as those Standard Industrial Classifications (SICs) with a proportion of technology-oriented workers equal to or greater than the average for all manufacturing industries, and whose ratios of R&D expenditures to sales were close to or above average for all industries. Data on birth rates, closure rates, expansion rates, contraction rates, and net change in number of firms were used as dependent variables in the analysis. Independent variables were various measures of high-technology employment, total employment, venture capital, research and development, average housing price, state corporate tax rate, tax effort, average manufacturing wage, industrial incentive, transportation access, climate index, effective property tax rate, unitary tax, and U.S. regions. A descriptive analysis of the geographic variations in dependent variables, and tests of significance to determine if there are differences in values among U.S. census regions, is reported. The result showed that high-technology firms growth rate is not distributed evenly across the regions. The regional differences in high-tech growth rates are largely due to differences in birth rates. The West South Central, Pacific, and South Atlantic regions have the highest birth rates of high-technology firms; while New England States and Northeast regions have the lowest birth rates of high-tech firms. Expansion and closure rates parallel the same pattern as birth rates, while contraction rates are relatively consistent in all regions. Multiple regression analysis was employed to test the relationships between dependent and independent variables. Results showed that high levels of high-technology employment were not positively associated with the growth rate of high-technology firms. The high-tech employment variable, however, did not distinguish between the proportion of low and high-tech occupations among high-tech industry grouping and, therefore, may not represent the availability of highly skilled labor. The wage rate variable, which reflects skill levels, indicates a positive relationship with birth and closure rates. This result is an indication that a high level of wage is positively associated with high-tech birth as well as closure, suggesting that the causal relationship may be operating in the opposite direction. That is, high-technology activity drives up wage rates thereby reflecting probable skill levels. Moreover, it appears that high-technology firms are less sensitive to wage rates. Housing price is both positively related and statistically significant to expansion rates. This did not, however imply that the cost of housing may be a cause for expansion, but rather may represent a growth pressure on the housing supply due to job location. Furthermore, from the results presented in this study, factors such as venture capital, industrial incentives, amenities, and transportation accessibility were found to have very low or negligible association with the growth rate of high-technology firms. Other location factors, such as taxes, were negatively related. The research findings of this study tended not to support the product cycle model. On the basis of these findings, the present research suggests caution in using the product cycle model for interpreting and explaining the development of high-technology complexes. This study concludes that there may be a need to incorporate market, time and place oriented concept to future study that will contribute more to the understanding of high technology development so that communities seeking to attract high-technology firms can understand the stages of a company's growth, the products it makes, the type of work force it employs, and the attributes of the area. Title: The Formation and Expansion of High Technology Firms in Metropolitan Areas Author: Orjiako, Oliver Ikeotuonye Year: 1989 The theme of high-technology economic base and regional development, around which this research is based, has been receiving increased attention from policy-makers and researchers in recent years. This partly reflects the reappraisal of the emerging structural changes which have been stimulated by the negative effects of the economic recessions of the past decade. It also reflects the rapid growth and expansion of high-technology firms in centers like the well-publicized Silicon Valley in California, Route 128 in Massachusetts, and the Research Triangle in North Carolina. Promoting a high-technology economic base thus has been widely adopted as a regional development policy for the 1980s. The objective of this research is to examine and analyze those attributes of the regional economy that contribute to the start-up and expansion of high-technology activity. It is hypothesized that the forces determining where new firms will locate are different from those determining whether existing firms expand, contract, or move. This study utilizes the product life cycle model as the conceptual framework, and seeks to identify factors and conditions which are critical in determining the growth and locational patterns of high technology firms. To address the suggested hypotheses, this study involves an analysis of the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas covering the period from 1976 to 1984. High-technology firms were selected as those Standard Industrial Classifications (SICs) with a proportion of technology-oriented workers equal to or greater than the average for all manufacturing industries, and whose ratios of R&D expenditures to sales were close to or above average for all industries. Data on birth rates, closure rates, expansion rates, contraction rates, and net change in number of firms were used as dependent variables in the analysis. Independent variables were various measures of high-technology employment, total employment, venture capital, research and development, average housing price, state corporate tax rate, tax effort, average manufacturing wage, industrial incentive, transportation access, climate index, effective property tax rate, unitary tax, and U.S. regions. A descriptive analysis of the geographic variations in dependent variables, and tests of significance to determine if there are differences in values among U.S. census regions, is reported. The result showed that high-technology firms growth rate is not distributed evenly across the regions. The regional differences in high-tech growth rates are largely due to differences in birth rates. The West South Central, Pacific, and South Atlantic regions have the highest birth rates of high-technology firms; while New England States and Northeast regions have the lowest birth rates of high-tech firms. Expansion and closure rates parallel the same pattern as birth rates, while contraction rates are relatively consistent in all regions. Multiple regression analysis was employed to test the relationships between dependent and independent variables. Results showed that high levels of high-technology employment were not positively associated with the growth rate of high-technology firms. The high-tech employment variable, however, did not distinguish between the proportion of low and high-tech occupations among high-tech industry grouping and, therefore, may not represent the availability of highly skilled labor. The wage rate variable, which reflects skill levels, indicates a positive relationship with birth and closure rates. This result is an indication that a high level of wage is positively associated with high-tech birth as well as closure, suggesting that the causal relationship may be operating in the opposite direction. That is, high-technology activity drives up wage rates thereby reflecting probable skill levels. Moreover, it appears that high-technology firms are less sensitive to wage rates. Housing price is both positively related and statistically significant to expansion rates. This did not, however imply that the cost of housing may be a cause for expansion, but rather may represent a growth pressure on the housing supply due to job location. Furthermore, from the results presented in this study, factors such as venture capital, industrial incentives, amenities, and transportation accessibility were found to have very low or negligible association with the growth rate of high-technology firms. Other location factors, such as taxes, were negatively related. The research findings of this study tended not to support the product cycle model. On the basis of these findings, the present research suggests caution in using the product cycle model for interpreting and explaining the development of high-technology complexes. This study concludes that there may be a need to incorporate market, time and place oriented concept to future study that will contribute more to the understanding of high technology development so that communities seeking to attract high-technology firms can understand the stages of a company's growth, the products it makes, the type of work force it employs, and the attributes of the area. Close

• 19. [Article] An Investigation of the Cultural Values and Beliefs in English Textbooks in Korea

  The purpose of his study was to investigate cultural values and beliefs embedded in high school English textbooks currently used in Korea. Specifically, this study addressed the following questions: (1) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Investigation of the Cultural Values and Beliefs in English Textbooks in Korea Author: Choi, Young Mi Year: 2011 The purpose of his study was to investigate cultural values and beliefs embedded in high school English textbooks currently used in Korea. Specifically, this study addressed the following questions: (1) What Korean cultural values and beliefs are conveyed to youth in high school English textbooks? (2) How do the textbooks' discourse and visuals convey these messages? For the study, five reading textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Korea, were analyzed. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was adopted as a main approach to investigate what cultural values and beliefs were presented in the selected chapters in these textbooks. The texts were analyzed as a whole, then on the sentence levels, and the word level. First, the themes in the chapters were examined and discussed by looking at narratives, images, and the choice of certain vocabulary. For the further analysis of linguistic features in the texts, the Mood systems, modality, and the use of personal pronouns were investigated. Four themes were found to convey what the authors or Korean society value and believe as ideal objectives for Korean youth: pursuing a successful life, getting a good job, having a positive mind and persistence, and mastering English for a career purpose. In addition, certain images and word choices supported and strengthened the authors' view on the topic. The analysis also revealed that certain linguistic features contributed authority and certainty to the authors: the frequent use of imperative and declarative mood, the frequent use of modal verbs expressing a strong degree of certainty, and the use of certain personal pronouns that established the relationship between the authors and the readers. The study shows that the texts situate the reader (Korean youths) in a position where they are expected to conform to social norms, restrain themselves, and remain blindly optimistic while ignoring their own interest, curiosities, and critical thoughts. Title: An Investigation of the Cultural Values and Beliefs in English Textbooks in Korea Author: Choi, Young Mi Year: 2011 The purpose of his study was to investigate cultural values and beliefs embedded in high school English textbooks currently used in Korea. Specifically, this study addressed the following questions: (1) What Korean cultural values and beliefs are conveyed to youth in high school English textbooks? (2) How do the textbooks' discourse and visuals convey these messages? For the study, five reading textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Korea, were analyzed. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was adopted as a main approach to investigate what cultural values and beliefs were presented in the selected chapters in these textbooks. The texts were analyzed as a whole, then on the sentence levels, and the word level. First, the themes in the chapters were examined and discussed by looking at narratives, images, and the choice of certain vocabulary. For the further analysis of linguistic features in the texts, the Mood systems, modality, and the use of personal pronouns were investigated. Four themes were found to convey what the authors or Korean society value and believe as ideal objectives for Korean youth: pursuing a successful life, getting a good job, having a positive mind and persistence, and mastering English for a career purpose. In addition, certain images and word choices supported and strengthened the authors' view on the topic. The analysis also revealed that certain linguistic features contributed authority and certainty to the authors: the frequent use of imperative and declarative mood, the frequent use of modal verbs expressing a strong degree of certainty, and the use of certain personal pronouns that established the relationship between the authors and the readers. The study shows that the texts situate the reader (Korean youths) in a position where they are expected to conform to social norms, restrain themselves, and remain blindly optimistic while ignoring their own interest, curiosities, and critical thoughts. Close

• 20. [Article] Longitudinal modes in a high-gain laser

  In lasers employing high‐gain narrow‐linewidth transitions the theory predicts major departures of the mode‐splitting frequencies from their low‐gain values as well as a new type of mode splitting. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Longitudinal modes in a high-gain laser Author: Casperson, Lee W., Yariv, Amon Year: 1970 In lasers employing high‐gain narrow‐linewidth transitions the theory predicts major departures of the mode‐splitting frequencies from their low‐gain values as well as a new type of mode splitting. The first of these effects consisting of a reduction by a factor of 2.5 of the mode splitting in a xenon 3.51‐μ laser is observed experimentally. Title: Longitudinal modes in a high-gain laser Author: Casperson, Lee W., Yariv, Amon Year: 1970 In lasers employing high‐gain narrow‐linewidth transitions the theory predicts major departures of the mode‐splitting frequencies from their low‐gain values as well as a new type of mode splitting. The first of these effects consisting of a reduction by a factor of 2.5 of the mode splitting in a xenon 3.51‐μ laser is observed experimentally. Close

• 21. [Article] High-Risk Prescribing and Opioid Overdose: Prospects for Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Based Proactive Alerts

  In order to develop a simple, valid model to identify patients at high risk for opioid overdose-related hospitalization and mortality Oregon PDMP, Vital Records, and Hospital Discharge data were linked ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High-Risk Prescribing and Opioid Overdose: Prospects for Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Based Proactive Alerts Author: Geissert, Peter, Hallvik,, Otterloo, Joshua Van, O'Kane, Nicole, Alley, Lindsey, Carson, Jody, Leichtling, Gillian, Hildebran, Christi, Wakeland, Wayne, Deyo, Richard A., McCarty, Dennis Year: 2017 In order to develop a simple, valid model to identify patients at high risk for opioid overdose-related hospitalization and mortality Oregon PDMP, Vital Records, and Hospital Discharge data were linked to estimate two logistic models; A first model that included a broad range of risk factors from the literature and a second simplified model. ROC curves, sensitivity and specificity of the models were analyzed. Variables retained in the final model were age categories over 35, number of prescribers, number of pharmacies, and prescriptions for long acting opioids, benzodiazepines/sedatives, or carisoprodol. The ability of the model to discriminate between patients who did and did not overdose was reasonably good (AUC = .82, Nagelkerke R2 = .11). The positive predictive value of the model was low. Computationally simple models can identify high risk patients based on prescription history alone, but improvement of the predictive value of models may require information from outside the PDMP. Patient or prescription features that predict opioid overdose may differ from those that predict diversion. Title: High-Risk Prescribing and Opioid Overdose: Prospects for Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Based Proactive Alerts Author: Geissert, Peter, Hallvik,, Otterloo, Joshua Van, O'Kane, Nicole, Alley, Lindsey, Carson, Jody, Leichtling, Gillian, Hildebran, Christi, Wakeland, Wayne, Deyo, Richard A., McCarty, Dennis Year: 2017 In order to develop a simple, valid model to identify patients at high risk for opioid overdose-related hospitalization and mortality Oregon PDMP, Vital Records, and Hospital Discharge data were linked to estimate two logistic models; A first model that included a broad range of risk factors from the literature and a second simplified model. ROC curves, sensitivity and specificity of the models were analyzed. Variables retained in the final model were age categories over 35, number of prescribers, number of pharmacies, and prescriptions for long acting opioids, benzodiazepines/sedatives, or carisoprodol. The ability of the model to discriminate between patients who did and did not overdose was reasonably good (AUC = .82, Nagelkerke R2 = .11). The positive predictive value of the model was low. Computationally simple models can identify high risk patients based on prescription history alone, but improvement of the predictive value of models may require information from outside the PDMP. Patient or prescription features that predict opioid overdose may differ from those that predict diversion. Close

• 22. [Article] The Characteristics of the Teacher Evaluation Process as Perceived by Elementary Teachers and Principals

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of elementary teachers and principals of the evaluation system used in two suburban school districts near Portland. Oregon. The two districts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Characteristics of the Teacher Evaluation Process as Perceived by Elementary Teachers and Principals Author: Taylor, Peter H. Year: 1989 The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of elementary teachers and principals of the evaluation system used in two suburban school districts near Portland. Oregon. The two districts involved in the study used the ITIP model for instruction and teacher evaluation over a period of several years. The Teacher Evaluation Profile (TEP) developed by the Northwest Regional Education Laboratory was the instrument used in the study of teachers. A modified version of the TEP was used with elementary principals. The population of the study consisted of 233 elementary teachers from grades K-6 and 14 elementary principals. The study examined their perceptions of the teacher characteristics, evaluator characteristics, evaluation procedures, the feedback, the evaluation context, and experience with Madeline Hunter's Instructional Theory into Practice. In addition to examining the general perceptions of teachers and the principals, the study also investigated four research questions: (I) Is the value that teachers place on teacher evaluation related to the characteristics of the evaluation? (2) Does the amount of training that teachers receive in ITIP affect the value they place on teacher evaluation? (3) Do probationary and tenured teachers have different perceptions about the nature and value of teacher evaluation? (4) Do principals and teachers have different perceptions about the nature and value of teacher evaluation? The results of the questionnaires were examined using ANOVA and correlational techniques. In addition, alpha coefficients were computed to estimate the internal reliability of the instruments. The findings suggest that teachers and principals had positive perceptions of the quality, impact, and value of the evaluation process. Teachers perceived a positive working relationship with their principals in the evaluation process, and they rated the principals high on their evaluation skills. Teachers reported that feedback from principals was specific and that feedback was generally helpful. Teachers and principals agreed that there was value in sharing a common terminology (from lTIP) for discussions in the evaluation conference. Title: The Characteristics of the Teacher Evaluation Process as Perceived by Elementary Teachers and Principals Author: Taylor, Peter H. Year: 1989 The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of elementary teachers and principals of the evaluation system used in two suburban school districts near Portland. Oregon. The two districts involved in the study used the ITIP model for instruction and teacher evaluation over a period of several years. The Teacher Evaluation Profile (TEP) developed by the Northwest Regional Education Laboratory was the instrument used in the study of teachers. A modified version of the TEP was used with elementary principals. The population of the study consisted of 233 elementary teachers from grades K-6 and 14 elementary principals. The study examined their perceptions of the teacher characteristics, evaluator characteristics, evaluation procedures, the feedback, the evaluation context, and experience with Madeline Hunter's Instructional Theory into Practice. In addition to examining the general perceptions of teachers and the principals, the study also investigated four research questions: (I) Is the value that teachers place on teacher evaluation related to the characteristics of the evaluation? (2) Does the amount of training that teachers receive in ITIP affect the value they place on teacher evaluation? (3) Do probationary and tenured teachers have different perceptions about the nature and value of teacher evaluation? (4) Do principals and teachers have different perceptions about the nature and value of teacher evaluation? The results of the questionnaires were examined using ANOVA and correlational techniques. In addition, alpha coefficients were computed to estimate the internal reliability of the instruments. The findings suggest that teachers and principals had positive perceptions of the quality, impact, and value of the evaluation process. Teachers perceived a positive working relationship with their principals in the evaluation process, and they rated the principals high on their evaluation skills. Teachers reported that feedback from principals was specific and that feedback was generally helpful. Teachers and principals agreed that there was value in sharing a common terminology (from lTIP) for discussions in the evaluation conference. Close

• 23. [Article] Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Mapping Landscape Values: Issues, Challenges and Lessons Learned from Field Work on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington

  In order to inform natural resource policy and land management decisions, landscape values mapping (LVM) is increasingly used to collect data about the meanings that people attach to places and the activities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Mapping Landscape Values: Issues, Challenges and Lessons Learned from Field Work on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington Author: Besser, Diane, McLain, Rebecca J., Cerveny, Lee, Biedenweg, Kelly, Banis, David Year: 2014 In order to inform natural resource policy and land management decisions, landscape values mapping (LVM) is increasingly used to collect data about the meanings that people attach to places and the activities associated with those places. This type of mapping provides geographically referenced data on areas of high density of values or associated with different types of values. This article focuses on issues and challenges that commonly occur in LVM, drawing on lessons learned in the US Forest Service Olympic Peninsula Human Ecology Mapping Project. The discussion covers choosing a spatial scale for collecting data, creating the base map, developing data collection strategies, the use of ascribed versus assigned values, and the pros and cons of different mapping formats. Understanding the common issues and challenges in LVM will assist policy makers, land managers, and researchers in designing a LVM project that effectively balances project goals, time and budgetary constraints, and personnel resources in a way that ensures the most robust data and inclusive public participation. Title: Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Mapping Landscape Values: Issues, Challenges and Lessons Learned from Field Work on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington Author: Besser, Diane, McLain, Rebecca J., Cerveny, Lee, Biedenweg, Kelly, Banis, David Year: 2014 In order to inform natural resource policy and land management decisions, landscape values mapping (LVM) is increasingly used to collect data about the meanings that people attach to places and the activities associated with those places. This type of mapping provides geographically referenced data on areas of high density of values or associated with different types of values. This article focuses on issues and challenges that commonly occur in LVM, drawing on lessons learned in the US Forest Service Olympic Peninsula Human Ecology Mapping Project. The discussion covers choosing a spatial scale for collecting data, creating the base map, developing data collection strategies, the use of ascribed versus assigned values, and the pros and cons of different mapping formats. Understanding the common issues and challenges in LVM will assist policy makers, land managers, and researchers in designing a LVM project that effectively balances project goals, time and budgetary constraints, and personnel resources in a way that ensures the most robust data and inclusive public participation. Close

• 24. [Article] Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy

  As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Burcsu, Theresa, Kagan, James S. Year: 2011 As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial modeling to identify conservation opportunity areas (COAs). To complete the project, INR analysts proposed a strategy that would map high value areas using a landscape approach that is focused on relatively high spatial resolution data sets available for the whole metropolitan region. The approach creates 2 main metrics: one focused on terrestrial organisms and the other focused on aquatic and riparian organisms. These are combined to create a map of highly ranked land areas that can be used to formulate a map of conservation opportunity areas. The purpose of the COA mapping project was to use geographic information system methods to identify landscape patches with conservation and restoration potential. The criteria used to identify these high value patches was based on a number of base- and derived-data sets that we call “data inputs.” The data ranged from recently mapped land use and land cover types, hydrological data to indicate species habitat requirements, and road influence on habitat patches. The project identified some areas in which data gaps exist (e.g., region-wide biodiversity data collected and mapped in consistent ways) and some opportunities for improving existent data sets (e.g., land use/land cover map). The project provided several layers that can be used to guide the final Regional Conservation Strategy in selecting conservation opportunity areas. The best layer will depend upon the needs of the RCS efforts, however, in our opinion the most appropriate layer to use is COA 3.11.1 which weights wetlands fairly high, but not as highly as the second data draft. COA 3.10.1 offers similar results as well. Overall it appears that the model results corroborate corridors analysis done previously (Hennings and Soll 2010). There are some issues remaining that we feel can most adequately be addressed by updating the base land use/land cover map. Title: Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Burcsu, Theresa, Kagan, James S. Year: 2011 As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial modeling to identify conservation opportunity areas (COAs). To complete the project, INR analysts proposed a strategy that would map high value areas using a landscape approach that is focused on relatively high spatial resolution data sets available for the whole metropolitan region. The approach creates 2 main metrics: one focused on terrestrial organisms and the other focused on aquatic and riparian organisms. These are combined to create a map of highly ranked land areas that can be used to formulate a map of conservation opportunity areas. The purpose of the COA mapping project was to use geographic information system methods to identify landscape patches with conservation and restoration potential. The criteria used to identify these high value patches was based on a number of base- and derived-data sets that we call “data inputs.” The data ranged from recently mapped land use and land cover types, hydrological data to indicate species habitat requirements, and road influence on habitat patches. The project identified some areas in which data gaps exist (e.g., region-wide biodiversity data collected and mapped in consistent ways) and some opportunities for improving existent data sets (e.g., land use/land cover map). The project provided several layers that can be used to guide the final Regional Conservation Strategy in selecting conservation opportunity areas. The best layer will depend upon the needs of the RCS efforts, however, in our opinion the most appropriate layer to use is COA 3.11.1 which weights wetlands fairly high, but not as highly as the second data draft. COA 3.10.1 offers similar results as well. Overall it appears that the model results corroborate corridors analysis done previously (Hennings and Soll 2010). There are some issues remaining that we feel can most adequately be addressed by updating the base land use/land cover map. Close

• 25. [Article] Isotopic Signatures and Concentration Profiles of Nitrous Oxide in a Rice-Based Ecosystem During the Drained Crop-Growing Season

  The stable isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N₂O) in agricultural soils can improve our understanding of the relative contributions of the main microbial processes (nitrification and denitrification) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Isotopic Signatures and Concentration Profiles of Nitrous Oxide in a Rice-Based Ecosystem During the Drained Crop-Growing Season Author: Xiong, Z. Q., Khalil, M. A. K., Xing, G., Shearer, Martha J., Butenhoff, Christopher Lee Year: 2009 The stable isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N₂O) in agricultural soils can improve our understanding of the relative contributions of the main microbial processes (nitrification and denitrification) responsible for N₂O formation in soils, and can provide constraints for the atmospheric N2O budget. Here, we present soil profiles featuring N₂O concentrations and δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values in N₂O over time, which permit the in situ identification of processes and sites of N₂O production in a rice-based ecosystem seeded with winter wheat. Our δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O soil profile values support the conclusion that denitrification is the dominant process behind N₂O production during the winter wheat season. The soil N₂O gas concentrations are higher below 10 cm than above 10 cm, and more depleted in ¹⁵N - N₂O at 10–15 cm depth compared to other soil depths, which indicates that the N₂O production zone is located at a depth of 10–15 cm within 0–20 cm. The δ¹⁵Nair and δ¹⁸OSMOW (δ¹⁸O of standard mean ocean water) values for soil gas N₂O averaged over the entire wheat growing season are +0.90 ± 2.9 (n = 64) and +39.3 ± 3.1 (n = 64), respectively. Given that paddy source N₂O is much heavier in both measured ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O compared to other fertilized soils, agricultural soils have been underestimated as a source of N₂O since isotopic constraints from rice agriculture have not been taken into account. Title: Isotopic Signatures and Concentration Profiles of Nitrous Oxide in a Rice-Based Ecosystem During the Drained Crop-Growing Season Author: Xiong, Z. Q., Khalil, M. A. K., Xing, G., Shearer, Martha J., Butenhoff, Christopher Lee Year: 2009 The stable isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N₂O) in agricultural soils can improve our understanding of the relative contributions of the main microbial processes (nitrification and denitrification) responsible for N₂O formation in soils, and can provide constraints for the atmospheric N2O budget. Here, we present soil profiles featuring N₂O concentrations and δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values in N₂O over time, which permit the in situ identification of processes and sites of N₂O production in a rice-based ecosystem seeded with winter wheat. Our δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O soil profile values support the conclusion that denitrification is the dominant process behind N₂O production during the winter wheat season. The soil N₂O gas concentrations are higher below 10 cm than above 10 cm, and more depleted in ¹⁵N - N₂O at 10–15 cm depth compared to other soil depths, which indicates that the N₂O production zone is located at a depth of 10–15 cm within 0–20 cm. The δ¹⁵Nair and δ¹⁸OSMOW (δ¹⁸O of standard mean ocean water) values for soil gas N₂O averaged over the entire wheat growing season are +0.90 ± 2.9 (n = 64) and +39.3 ± 3.1 (n = 64), respectively. Given that paddy source N₂O is much heavier in both measured ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O compared to other fertilized soils, agricultural soils have been underestimated as a source of N₂O since isotopic constraints from rice agriculture have not been taken into account. Close

• 26. [Article] When Perceived Innovation Job Requirement Increases Employee Innovative Behavior: A Sensemaking Perspective

  Building on the sensemaking perspective, we theorize and test conditions under which perceived innovation job requirement increases employee innovative behavior. Using data consisting of 311 employee–supervisor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: When Perceived Innovation Job Requirement Increases Employee Innovative Behavior: A Sensemaking Perspective Author: Shin, Shung Jae, Yuan, Feirong, Jones, Jesse H. Year: 2017 Building on the sensemaking perspective, we theorize and test conditions under which perceived innovation job requirement increases employee innovative behavior. Using data consisting of 311 employee–supervisor pairs from two companies in China, we found that perceived innovation job requirement had a more positive relation with innovative behavior for employees with low intrinsic interest in innovation than for those with high intrinsic interest. In addition, this positive effect for low-intrinsic-interest employees was achieved only when these employees interpreted the job requirement as important either because performance-reward expectancy was high or because perceived value for the organization was high. We discuss the implications of these results for research and practice. Title: When Perceived Innovation Job Requirement Increases Employee Innovative Behavior: A Sensemaking Perspective Author: Shin, Shung Jae, Yuan, Feirong, Jones, Jesse H. Year: 2017 Building on the sensemaking perspective, we theorize and test conditions under which perceived innovation job requirement increases employee innovative behavior. Using data consisting of 311 employee–supervisor pairs from two companies in China, we found that perceived innovation job requirement had a more positive relation with innovative behavior for employees with low intrinsic interest in innovation than for those with high intrinsic interest. In addition, this positive effect for low-intrinsic-interest employees was achieved only when these employees interpreted the job requirement as important either because performance-reward expectancy was high or because perceived value for the organization was high. We discuss the implications of these results for research and practice. Close

• 27. [Article] Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Surrounding Residential Property Values

  As bus rapid transit (BRT) grows in popularity in the United States, a better understanding of the mode’s impacts on land uses and property values is needed. Economic theory suggests, and literature has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Surrounding Residential Property Values Author: Perk, Victoria, Catalá, Martin, Mantius, Maximillian, Corcoran, Katrina Year: 2017 As bus rapid transit (BRT) grows in popularity in the United States, a better understanding of the mode’s impacts on land uses and property values is needed. Economic theory suggests, and literature has shown, that people are willing to pay higher housing costs to lower their costs of transportation to areas of economic activity. Does high-quality BRT service reliably provide such access and, thereby, increase residential property values? The hypothesis is that property values are higher closer to BRT stations, reflecting a premium for the access provided by the BRT service to various goods, services, employment, education, and recreation. There has been some work on this topic outside of the U.S.; however, due to various cultural, social, and institutional differences, those experiences may not be applicable to U.S. property values. The literature includes, to date, very little work on U.S. BRT systems’ impacts on property values using robust econometric techniques and/or spatial modeling. Further, because every BRT system is different, it is necessary to analyze additional case studies to provide a more robust understanding of how modern U.S. experiences with BRT services may affect surrounding property values. This research contributes to the relatively small body of literature on property value impacts of BRT in the U.S. by conducting a case study on Lane Transit District’s EmX BRT service (Eugene, Oregon) using econometric modeling techniques to estimate changes in property values associated with the BRT. The analysis is based on hedonic price regression analysis, where sale prices are modeled using several property characteristics that contribute to the market or sale price. The findings of this research indicate that the EmX BRT system does positively impact surrounding single-family home sale prices. Results are statistically significant yet, as expected, relatively small in magnitude. An interesting finding is that the impact of the EmX stations on property values increased in each of the three periods examined in this study. For 2005 single-family home sales, the price increased $823 on average for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2010, the marginal impact increased to an average of $1,056 for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2016, every 100 meters closer to a station adds an average of $1,128 to a home’s sale price. These results provide further insight into how BRT services can enhance the livability and economic development in a community, and provide policymakers and the transit industry throughout the U.S. with the best information possible to make informed transit investment decisions in their communities. Title: Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Surrounding Residential Property Values Author: Perk, Victoria, Catalá, Martin, Mantius, Maximillian, Corcoran, Katrina Year: 2017 As bus rapid transit (BRT) grows in popularity in the United States, a better understanding of the mode’s impacts on land uses and property values is needed. Economic theory suggests, and literature has shown, that people are willing to pay higher housing costs to lower their costs of transportation to areas of economic activity. Does high-quality BRT service reliably provide such access and, thereby, increase residential property values? The hypothesis is that property values are higher closer to BRT stations, reflecting a premium for the access provided by the BRT service to various goods, services, employment, education, and recreation. There has been some work on this topic outside of the U.S.; however, due to various cultural, social, and institutional differences, those experiences may not be applicable to U.S. property values. The literature includes, to date, very little work on U.S. BRT systems’ impacts on property values using robust econometric techniques and/or spatial modeling. Further, because every BRT system is different, it is necessary to analyze additional case studies to provide a more robust understanding of how modern U.S. experiences with BRT services may affect surrounding property values. This research contributes to the relatively small body of literature on property value impacts of BRT in the U.S. by conducting a case study on Lane Transit District’s EmX BRT service (Eugene, Oregon) using econometric modeling techniques to estimate changes in property values associated with the BRT. The analysis is based on hedonic price regression analysis, where sale prices are modeled using several property characteristics that contribute to the market or sale price. The findings of this research indicate that the EmX BRT system does positively impact surrounding single-family home sale prices. Results are statistically significant yet, as expected, relatively small in magnitude. An interesting finding is that the impact of the EmX stations on property values increased in each of the three periods examined in this study. For 2005 single-family home sales, the price increased $823 on average for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2010, the marginal impact increased to an average of $1,056 for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2016, every 100 meters closer to a station adds an average of $1,128 to a home’s sale price. These results provide further insight into how BRT services can enhance the livability and economic development in a community, and provide policymakers and the transit industry throughout the U.S. with the best information possible to make informed transit investment decisions in their communities. Close

• 28. [Article] Teaching Sculpture in High Schools

  This thesis proposes to develop a one-year sculpture program for high school art students. The intention is to present a reference and guide for those teachers interested in establishing their own sculpture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Teaching Sculpture in High Schools Author: Helzer, Richard Henry Year: 1971 This thesis proposes to develop a one-year sculpture program for high school art students. The intention is to present a reference and guide for those teachers interested in establishing their own sculpture program. Justifications for the course are discussed, including the importance of experiencing three-dimensional forms for any student interested in the visual experiences of life - be it nature or the man-made environment. The general approach to teaching sculpturing is presented along with a sequence of projects designed to provide the student with a variety of experiences with sculpturing as an art form and means of personal expression. Also included is a description of desirable classroom characteristics, materials and tools. The conclusion contains my personal views on the value of offering sculpturing at the high school level and the benefits to student, school and community. I also recommend a means of selecting students for the class and reasons for such selection. Here also, as a result of three year's of teaching at the high school level, I feel that it is necessary to make comment about the importance of the high school art teacher's commitment to their subject matter. Title: Teaching Sculpture in High Schools Author: Helzer, Richard Henry Year: 1971 This thesis proposes to develop a one-year sculpture program for high school art students. The intention is to present a reference and guide for those teachers interested in establishing their own sculpture program. Justifications for the course are discussed, including the importance of experiencing three-dimensional forms for any student interested in the visual experiences of life - be it nature or the man-made environment. The general approach to teaching sculpturing is presented along with a sequence of projects designed to provide the student with a variety of experiences with sculpturing as an art form and means of personal expression. Also included is a description of desirable classroom characteristics, materials and tools. The conclusion contains my personal views on the value of offering sculpturing at the high school level and the benefits to student, school and community. I also recommend a means of selecting students for the class and reasons for such selection. Here also, as a result of three year's of teaching at the high school level, I feel that it is necessary to make comment about the importance of the high school art teacher's commitment to their subject matter. Close

• 29. [Article] Measuring Dynamic Patterns in the Structure of Substate Economies

  The objective of this study was to explore a new method of analyzing the performance of substate economies. A major limitation of conventional analyses of economic diversity and growth is the reliance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring Dynamic Patterns in the Structure of Substate Economies Author: McHugh, Richard, Cooper, Ronald, Martin, Sheila A., Otto, Daniel, Johnson, Stanley R. Year: 1990 The objective of this study was to explore a new method of analyzing the performance of substate economies. A major limitation of conventional analyses of economic diversity and growth is the reliance on static measures of economic structure. Such measures do not capture the patterns of growth dynamics or structural change the region may be experiencing. This paper discusses a new measure of dynamic economic diversity and explores its relationship to economic performance. The measure is a statistical index that reflects the degree to which employment in a county's industries move together over time. The more the industries' employment levels move together, the higher the value of the index. A high index indicates a high degree of regional economic integration. The analysis was applied to county-level data from three states: Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The findings: • Metro areas showed the highest values of the dynamic coherence index, and farm counties had the lowest values. Nonfarm/nor~etro counties were in the middle range. • High-coherence counties tend to have higher levels of per capita income. • Dynamic coherence appears to be positively related to the rate of economic growth as measured by employment growth rates. These findings may indicate that conventional static measures do not capture the economic linkages between industry sectors that make them move together. The positive correlations between the index of dynamic coherence and both income and employment growth may be reflecting the importance of interindustry linkages to the growth process. Title: Measuring Dynamic Patterns in the Structure of Substate Economies Author: McHugh, Richard, Cooper, Ronald, Martin, Sheila A., Otto, Daniel, Johnson, Stanley R. Year: 1990 The objective of this study was to explore a new method of analyzing the performance of substate economies. A major limitation of conventional analyses of economic diversity and growth is the reliance on static measures of economic structure. Such measures do not capture the patterns of growth dynamics or structural change the region may be experiencing. This paper discusses a new measure of dynamic economic diversity and explores its relationship to economic performance. The measure is a statistical index that reflects the degree to which employment in a county's industries move together over time. The more the industries' employment levels move together, the higher the value of the index. A high index indicates a high degree of regional economic integration. The analysis was applied to county-level data from three states: Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The findings: • Metro areas showed the highest values of the dynamic coherence index, and farm counties had the lowest values. Nonfarm/nor~etro counties were in the middle range. • High-coherence counties tend to have higher levels of per capita income. • Dynamic coherence appears to be positively related to the rate of economic growth as measured by employment growth rates. These findings may indicate that conventional static measures do not capture the economic linkages between industry sectors that make them move together. The positive correlations between the index of dynamic coherence and both income and employment growth may be reflecting the importance of interindustry linkages to the growth process. Close

• 30. [Article] Interpreting Activation Energies in Digital Image Sensors

  We present a study demonstrating the dependence of apparent activation energies on signal charge in digital image sensors. The data presented in this paper are for a charge-coupled device imager, but the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interpreting Activation Energies in Digital Image Sensors Author: Dunlap, Justin C., Blouke, Morley M., Bodegom, Erik, Widenhorn, Ralf Year: 2015 We present a study demonstrating the dependence of apparent activation energies on signal charge in digital image sensors. The data presented in this paper are for a charge-coupled device imager, but the analysis can be applied to CMOS sensors or generally to any system that shows nonlinearity with respect to time. Activation energies for some pixels are observed to vary between values at about half the bandgap of silicon, when calculated at low signal-charge levels, to values approaching the bandgap when calculated at high signal-charge levels. As such, the traditional method of calculating activation energies using a single exposure time at varying temperatures will result in different activation energies dependent on the exposure time chosen, making it difficult to draw physically meaningful conclusions from its value. Therefore, a method of calculating activation energies using a single signal-charge level is proposed, making it easier to correlate activation energies with impurities. Further, we demonstrate how a model of a pixel with a fixed location impurity in conjunction with a moving depletion edge, due to a changing depletion region size, can lead to this behavior. Title: Interpreting Activation Energies in Digital Image Sensors Author: Dunlap, Justin C., Blouke, Morley M., Bodegom, Erik, Widenhorn, Ralf Year: 2015 We present a study demonstrating the dependence of apparent activation energies on signal charge in digital image sensors. The data presented in this paper are for a charge-coupled device imager, but the analysis can be applied to CMOS sensors or generally to any system that shows nonlinearity with respect to time. Activation energies for some pixels are observed to vary between values at about half the bandgap of silicon, when calculated at low signal-charge levels, to values approaching the bandgap when calculated at high signal-charge levels. As such, the traditional method of calculating activation energies using a single exposure time at varying temperatures will result in different activation energies dependent on the exposure time chosen, making it difficult to draw physically meaningful conclusions from its value. Therefore, a method of calculating activation energies using a single signal-charge level is proposed, making it easier to correlate activation energies with impurities. Further, we demonstrate how a model of a pixel with a fixed location impurity in conjunction with a moving depletion edge, due to a changing depletion region size, can lead to this behavior. Close

• 31. [Article] Transport of ozone across an air/water interface coupled with aqueous decomposition

  Photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to analyze the transport of ozone through the air/water interface. Experimental results showed that the ozone transport rate is similar to rates measured for other gases ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transport of ozone across an air/water interface coupled with aqueous decomposition Author: Mehrabzadeh, Ahmad Ali Year: 1980 Photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to analyze the transport of ozone through the air/water interface. Experimental results showed that the ozone transport rate is similar to rates measured for other gases of low solubility and low reactivity. The transport rate increases with increasing pH. The decomposition rate of ozone was studied in solutions. The decomposition rate also depends on the pH of the solution, and in high pHs both the deposition velocity and the decomposition rate constant of ozone have larger values. The value of the deposition velocity (Kd) is 3.7 ± .9 x 10-3 cm/sec and the decomposition rate constant is 5.3 ± 0.6 x 10-5 sec-l for distilled water. For ocean water, the respective values are 5.2 ± 0.4 x 10-3 sec-l and 7.8 ± 0.4 x 10-4 cm/sec respectively. Title: Transport of ozone across an air/water interface coupled with aqueous decomposition Author: Mehrabzadeh, Ahmad Ali Year: 1980 Photoacoustic spectroscopy was used to analyze the transport of ozone through the air/water interface. Experimental results showed that the ozone transport rate is similar to rates measured for other gases of low solubility and low reactivity. The transport rate increases with increasing pH. The decomposition rate of ozone was studied in solutions. The decomposition rate also depends on the pH of the solution, and in high pHs both the deposition velocity and the decomposition rate constant of ozone have larger values. The value of the deposition velocity (Kd) is 3.7 ± .9 x 10-3 cm/sec and the decomposition rate constant is 5.3 ± 0.6 x 10-5 sec-l for distilled water. For ocean water, the respective values are 5.2 ± 0.4 x 10-3 sec-l and 7.8 ± 0.4 x 10-4 cm/sec respectively. Close

• 32. [Article] Understanding the Contribution of Curb Appeal to Retail Real Estate Values

  The concept of curb appeal and its impact on property values has been largely neglected in the real estate literature. In the context of retail real estate, curb appeal represents the general attractiveness ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding the Contribution of Curb Appeal to Retail Real Estate Values Author: Freybote, Julia, Simon, Lauren, Beitelspacher, Lauren Year: 2016 The concept of curb appeal and its impact on property values has been largely neglected in the real estate literature. In the context of retail real estate, curb appeal represents the general attractiveness of a store viewed from the sidewalk or parking lot that is expected to affect consumer patronage decisions and consequently property values. We develop a measurement instrument for curb appeal and assess the validity of our measure using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Our results suggest that curb appeal is multi-dimensional and consists of an atmospheric, architectural and authenticity dimension. Using transaction data and a spatial autoregressive model, we find that the atmospheric and architectural component have a positive impact on sales prices of restaurants. We also show that curb appeal dimensions are highly correlated with observable building features traditionally included in hedonic pricing models. Title: Understanding the Contribution of Curb Appeal to Retail Real Estate Values Author: Freybote, Julia, Simon, Lauren, Beitelspacher, Lauren Year: 2016 The concept of curb appeal and its impact on property values has been largely neglected in the real estate literature. In the context of retail real estate, curb appeal represents the general attractiveness of a store viewed from the sidewalk or parking lot that is expected to affect consumer patronage decisions and consequently property values. We develop a measurement instrument for curb appeal and assess the validity of our measure using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Our results suggest that curb appeal is multi-dimensional and consists of an atmospheric, architectural and authenticity dimension. Using transaction data and a spatial autoregressive model, we find that the atmospheric and architectural component have a positive impact on sales prices of restaurants. We also show that curb appeal dimensions are highly correlated with observable building features traditionally included in hedonic pricing models. Close

• 33. [Article] The structure and stratigraphy of the Columbia River Basalt in the Hood River Valley, Oregon

  The Hood River Valley, located 100 kilometers east of Portland, Oregon, is in the transition zone between two geologic provinces--the High Cascades and the Columbia Plateau. The entire valley is probably ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The structure and stratigraphy of the Columbia River Basalt in the Hood River Valley, Oregon Author: Timm, Susan Year: 1979 The Hood River Valley, located 100 kilometers east of Portland, Oregon, is in the transition zone between two geologic provinces--the High Cascades and the Columbia Plateau. The entire valley is probably underlain by Columbia River Basalt, but it crops out only on steep hillsides and in stream valleys. The base of the basalt is not exposed in the thesis area. The basalt is overlain by Pliocene and Quaternary basalt and andesite, volcanic sediments and glacial debris. The stratigraphy of the Columbia River Basalt is useful in determining the path of the basalt flows into western Oregon, in mapping the structure and in reconstructing the tectonic development of the northern Oregon Cascades. Title: The structure and stratigraphy of the Columbia River Basalt in the Hood River Valley, Oregon Author: Timm, Susan Year: 1979 The Hood River Valley, located 100 kilometers east of Portland, Oregon, is in the transition zone between two geologic provinces--the High Cascades and the Columbia Plateau. The entire valley is probably underlain by Columbia River Basalt, but it crops out only on steep hillsides and in stream valleys. The base of the basalt is not exposed in the thesis area. The basalt is overlain by Pliocene and Quaternary basalt and andesite, volcanic sediments and glacial debris. The stratigraphy of the Columbia River Basalt is useful in determining the path of the basalt flows into western Oregon, in mapping the structure and in reconstructing the tectonic development of the northern Oregon Cascades. Close

• 34. [Article] Finex Marketing Plan

  The purpose of this marketing plan is to find an appropriate target market for the Finex 12” cast iron skillet. Within this market, a marketing strategy needs to be developed which caters to the need of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Finex Marketing Plan Author: Finn, Daragh, Boss, Viktoria, Kessler, Lukas, Krueger, Justin, Worcester, Amitabha Year: 2014 The purpose of this marketing plan is to find an appropriate target market for the Finex 12” cast iron skillet. Within this market, a marketing strategy needs to be developed which caters to the need of the customer and assures financial stability for the company. From extensive research and customer surveys, the most promising customer identified for the Finex skillet are “prestige customers” who value boutique goods with a superior design and very high quality. Accordingly, a price reflecting the high quality of the skillet is set within the marketing strategy section. Within the unique value proposition for this product, the features most desired by the customer segment are highlighted. Also the promotion and placement strategy are tuned to the needs of the prestige customer segment. Overall, the marketing plan allows Finex to continue to sell a successful and profitable product. Title: Finex Marketing Plan Author: Finn, Daragh, Boss, Viktoria, Kessler, Lukas, Krueger, Justin, Worcester, Amitabha Year: 2014 The purpose of this marketing plan is to find an appropriate target market for the Finex 12” cast iron skillet. Within this market, a marketing strategy needs to be developed which caters to the need of the customer and assures financial stability for the company. From extensive research and customer surveys, the most promising customer identified for the Finex skillet are “prestige customers” who value boutique goods with a superior design and very high quality. Accordingly, a price reflecting the high quality of the skillet is set within the marketing strategy section. Within the unique value proposition for this product, the features most desired by the customer segment are highlighted. Also the promotion and placement strategy are tuned to the needs of the prestige customer segment. Overall, the marketing plan allows Finex to continue to sell a successful and profitable product. Close

• 35. [Article] Multivalent Rechargeable Batteries

  Li+ ion batteries have been the mainstay of high energy storage devices that have revolutionized the operating life time of consumer electronic devices for the past two decades. However, there is a steady ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multivalent Rechargeable Batteries Author: Padigi, Sudhaprasanna Kumar Year: 2015 Li+ ion batteries have been the mainstay of high energy storage devices that have revolutionized the operating life time of consumer electronic devices for the past two decades. However, there is a steady increase in demand for energy storage devices with the ability to store more energy and deliver them at high power at low cost, without comprising safety and lifetime. Li-ion batteries have had significant challenges in increasing the amount of stored energy without affecting the overall lifetime and the ability to deliver stored energy. In order to store and deliver more energy, more lithium ions need to be inserted and extracted from a given electrode (cathode or anode). Upon inserting a large number of Li ions, the crystal lattice of the materials undergo severe mechanical distortions, leading to un-desirable structural changes. This results in underutilization of theoretical energy storage capacities of the electrodes and early failure of the batteries owing to instabilities in the electrode materials. Unlike monovalent Li+ ions, multivalent rechargeable batteries offer a potential solution to the above problems. Multivalent cations, such as Ca2+, are doubly-ionized as opposed to Li+ which is a monovalent cation. The advantages of using Ca2+ ions instead of Li+ ions are multifold. Due to the doubly-ionized nature, only half the number of Ca2+ ions need to be inserted and extracted from a given electrode to store and deliver energy from a high capacity cathode as compared to Li+ ions. This reduces the probability of lattice distortion and un-desirable structural changes, further leading to increased utilization of high theoretical energy storage capacities of the electrodes (cathode and anode). The use of Ca2+ ions also helps in delivering twice the amount of current density as compared to Li+ ions due to its doubly ionized nature. In this work, a set of eight metal hexacyanoferrate compounds were synthesized using the following metal ions: Ba2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Sn4+, Mo5+. The resulting metal hexacyanoferrate compounds were subjected to physical characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), to determine physical properties such as size, morphology, unit cell symmetry and unit cell parameters. This was followed by electrochemical characterization utilizing cyclic voltammetry and galvanic cycling, to determine the specific capacity and kinetics involved in the transport of Ca2+ ions to store charge. Optical characterization of the metal hexacyanoferrates using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, allowed for the identification of metal-nitrogen stretching frequency, which was used as a measure of the strength of the metal-nitrogen bond to understand the role of the above mentioned metal ions in electron density distribution across the unit cell of the metal hexacyanoferrates. The specific capacity utilization of the metal hexacyanoferrates, when compared to the electronegativity values (Xi) of the above mentioned metal ions, the σ- parameter, and the metal-nitrogen stretching frequency (v), revealed an empirical trend suggesting that the materials (FeHCF, CaCoHCF and CaZnHCF) that possessed intermediates values for the above mentioned parameters demonstrated high capacity utilization (≥50%). Based on these empirical trends, it is hypothesized that a uniform distribution of electron density around a unit cell, as reflected by intermediate values of the electronegativity (Xi) of the above mentioned metal ions, the σ-parameter and the metal-nitrogen stretching frequency (v), results in minimal electrostatic interactions between the intercalating cation and the host unit cell lattice. This results in relatively easy diffusion of the cations, leading to high specific capacity utilization for metal hexacyanoferrate cathodes. These parameters may be used to select high efficiency cathode materials for multivalent batteries. Title: Multivalent Rechargeable Batteries Author: Padigi, Sudhaprasanna Kumar Year: 2015 Li+ ion batteries have been the mainstay of high energy storage devices that have revolutionized the operating life time of consumer electronic devices for the past two decades. However, there is a steady increase in demand for energy storage devices with the ability to store more energy and deliver them at high power at low cost, without comprising safety and lifetime. Li-ion batteries have had significant challenges in increasing the amount of stored energy without affecting the overall lifetime and the ability to deliver stored energy. In order to store and deliver more energy, more lithium ions need to be inserted and extracted from a given electrode (cathode or anode). Upon inserting a large number of Li ions, the crystal lattice of the materials undergo severe mechanical distortions, leading to un-desirable structural changes. This results in underutilization of theoretical energy storage capacities of the electrodes and early failure of the batteries owing to instabilities in the electrode materials. Unlike monovalent Li+ ions, multivalent rechargeable batteries offer a potential solution to the above problems. Multivalent cations, such as Ca2+, are doubly-ionized as opposed to Li+ which is a monovalent cation. The advantages of using Ca2+ ions instead of Li+ ions are multifold. Due to the doubly-ionized nature, only half the number of Ca2+ ions need to be inserted and extracted from a given electrode to store and deliver energy from a high capacity cathode as compared to Li+ ions. This reduces the probability of lattice distortion and un-desirable structural changes, further leading to increased utilization of high theoretical energy storage capacities of the electrodes (cathode and anode). The use of Ca2+ ions also helps in delivering twice the amount of current density as compared to Li+ ions due to its doubly ionized nature. In this work, a set of eight metal hexacyanoferrate compounds were synthesized using the following metal ions: Ba2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Sn4+, Mo5+. The resulting metal hexacyanoferrate compounds were subjected to physical characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), to determine physical properties such as size, morphology, unit cell symmetry and unit cell parameters. This was followed by electrochemical characterization utilizing cyclic voltammetry and galvanic cycling, to determine the specific capacity and kinetics involved in the transport of Ca2+ ions to store charge. Optical characterization of the metal hexacyanoferrates using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, allowed for the identification of metal-nitrogen stretching frequency, which was used as a measure of the strength of the metal-nitrogen bond to understand the role of the above mentioned metal ions in electron density distribution across the unit cell of the metal hexacyanoferrates. The specific capacity utilization of the metal hexacyanoferrates, when compared to the electronegativity values (Xi) of the above mentioned metal ions, the σ- parameter, and the metal-nitrogen stretching frequency (v), revealed an empirical trend suggesting that the materials (FeHCF, CaCoHCF and CaZnHCF) that possessed intermediates values for the above mentioned parameters demonstrated high capacity utilization (≥50%). Based on these empirical trends, it is hypothesized that a uniform distribution of electron density around a unit cell, as reflected by intermediate values of the electronegativity (Xi) of the above mentioned metal ions, the σ-parameter and the metal-nitrogen stretching frequency (v), results in minimal electrostatic interactions between the intercalating cation and the host unit cell lattice. This results in relatively easy diffusion of the cations, leading to high specific capacity utilization for metal hexacyanoferrate cathodes. These parameters may be used to select high efficiency cathode materials for multivalent batteries. Close

• 36. [Article] Modeling and Mapping in Support of the Regional Conservational Strategy Framework

  Prior to November 2010, when The Intertwine Alliance launched the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) and Biodiversity Guide (RBG) efforts for the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region, conservation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling and Mapping in Support of the Regional Conservational Strategy Framework Author: Burcsu, Theresa, Albo, Thomas, Bernert, Joseph, Dimiceli, Jennifer, Kagan, James S., Noone, Matthew D. Year: 2013 Prior to November 2010, when The Intertwine Alliance launched the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) and Biodiversity Guide (RBG) efforts for the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region, conservation priorities in the metropolitan region were identified at a broad regional scale that generally excluded urban areas (e.g., state conservation strategies and Willamette Synthesis); were regional but based solely on expert opinion (e.g., Natural Features); and consisted of localized priorities that abruptly ended at jurisdiction boundaries. The goal of the RCS was to fill in the gaps between broad and local scales of information related to conservation priorities. RCS members envisioned a data-driven approach that could add a regional perspective to local efforts and facilitate cross-scale cooperation toward protecting remaining valuable habitat in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region. Also, RCS members expected that the product would complement rather than replace local knowledge, by validating what we know and expanding to areas we know less well. In June 2011, INR completed an initial proof-of-concept product describing high value conservation areas in the Portland-Vancouver region. The product demonstrated a methodology that enabled stakeholder involvement while also being data-driven. In September 2012, we completed a second version of this product that is reported on in this document. While the product is considered complete at this time, it is expected and hoped that the models and data will be updated and improved upon into the future as more and better information becomes available so that the product functions as a "living work" rather than a one-time snapshot in time. Several key products resulted from the project: the High Value Habitat data describing high value terrestrial habitat within the metropolitan region, the Riparian Habitat data describing high value habitat adjacent to streams and rivers, and the high spatial resolution land cover data set describing land cover at a 5 m spatial resolution. Title: Modeling and Mapping in Support of the Regional Conservational Strategy Framework Author: Burcsu, Theresa, Albo, Thomas, Bernert, Joseph, Dimiceli, Jennifer, Kagan, James S., Noone, Matthew D. Year: 2013 Prior to November 2010, when The Intertwine Alliance launched the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) and Biodiversity Guide (RBG) efforts for the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region, conservation priorities in the metropolitan region were identified at a broad regional scale that generally excluded urban areas (e.g., state conservation strategies and Willamette Synthesis); were regional but based solely on expert opinion (e.g., Natural Features); and consisted of localized priorities that abruptly ended at jurisdiction boundaries. The goal of the RCS was to fill in the gaps between broad and local scales of information related to conservation priorities. RCS members envisioned a data-driven approach that could add a regional perspective to local efforts and facilitate cross-scale cooperation toward protecting remaining valuable habitat in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan region. Also, RCS members expected that the product would complement rather than replace local knowledge, by validating what we know and expanding to areas we know less well. In June 2011, INR completed an initial proof-of-concept product describing high value conservation areas in the Portland-Vancouver region. The product demonstrated a methodology that enabled stakeholder involvement while also being data-driven. In September 2012, we completed a second version of this product that is reported on in this document. While the product is considered complete at this time, it is expected and hoped that the models and data will be updated and improved upon into the future as more and better information becomes available so that the product functions as a "living work" rather than a one-time snapshot in time. Several key products resulted from the project: the High Value Habitat data describing high value terrestrial habitat within the metropolitan region, the Riparian Habitat data describing high value habitat adjacent to streams and rivers, and the high spatial resolution land cover data set describing land cover at a 5 m spatial resolution. Close

• 37. [Article] LeadApp: Sales Opportunity Management

  When bringing a product to market, companies must attract customers and sell to those who are willing to buy. The model we use to describe that process is the sales funnel, and though it has been challenged ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: LeadApp: Sales Opportunity Management Author: Atkinson, Paul, Wease, Greg, Lui, Jonathan, Omulindi, Jared Year: 2015 When bringing a product to market, companies must attract customers and sell to those who are willing to buy. The model we use to describe that process is the sales funnel, and though it has been challenged it is still broadly accepted. This is particularly clear in high-tech markets where high-value products often have a very long sales cycle, but bringing a product to market is often a young tech company’s Achilles’ heel. We believe these companies would be well served by the combination of software and services we propose. Title: LeadApp: Sales Opportunity Management Author: Atkinson, Paul, Wease, Greg, Lui, Jonathan, Omulindi, Jared Year: 2015 When bringing a product to market, companies must attract customers and sell to those who are willing to buy. The model we use to describe that process is the sales funnel, and though it has been challenged it is still broadly accepted. This is particularly clear in high-tech markets where high-value products often have a very long sales cycle, but bringing a product to market is often a young tech company’s Achilles’ heel. We believe these companies would be well served by the combination of software and services we propose. Close

• 38. [Article] Characteristics of Marginally Achieving Secondary Students and the Nature of their School Experience

  In American high schools, students are sorted into three "tracks" to cluster resources for students of similar abilities and interests. Much is known about the high track student, and especially in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics of Marginally Achieving Secondary Students and the Nature of their School Experience Author: Summers, Aeylin Year: 1994 In American high schools, students are sorted into three "tracks" to cluster resources for students of similar abilities and interests. Much is known about the high track student, and especially in the past decade, the low track or "at-risk" student. However, the middle track--or marginally achieving student--has been largely overlooked in the literature. Acknowledged as "lost in the middle" (Judson, 1992), as well as deserving of higher quality of service in their school systems (Powell, Farrar, & Cohen, 1985), marginal achievers-defined here as having a GPA of 1.5-2.5, still maintain a profile of invisibility. Current reform efforts to increase student engagement and achievement increase the importance of understanding the characteristics of this student population to enhance the quality of instructional practices, program options, and support services. This study described the characteristics of marginal achievers and the nature of their school experiences. Five groups of students were interviewed in two local high schools. These data were combined with the results of a quantitative analysis of 165 variables from the National Longitudinal Educational study for a 500 case sample. The results indicated: • Gender, race, and socio-economic status could not be used to identify marginal achievers. Seventy-nine point four percent of the students reported being in two-parent families. Most students indicated feelings of high self-esteem. • No demographic characteristics could be used to identify any school structure that was more likely to foster marginality, however, several climate factors emerged. • Marginal achievers were not visible in their school's system of rewards or sanctions. • Marginal achievers did not believe they had much value in their school system. They believed high track achievers were most valued. • Marginal achievers had no intentions of dropping out of high school. They believed they would have little trouble being successful in college. They reported their parents had the same expectations. • The students reported the primary parental support activity was student-parent discussions about school. • The cost of college led many students to consider attendance at a community college. The reduced financial burden of a community college, along with lower GPA expectations, influenced how hard they worked in high school. Title: Characteristics of Marginally Achieving Secondary Students and the Nature of their School Experience Author: Summers, Aeylin Year: 1994 In American high schools, students are sorted into three "tracks" to cluster resources for students of similar abilities and interests. Much is known about the high track student, and especially in the past decade, the low track or "at-risk" student. However, the middle track--or marginally achieving student--has been largely overlooked in the literature. Acknowledged as "lost in the middle" (Judson, 1992), as well as deserving of higher quality of service in their school systems (Powell, Farrar, & Cohen, 1985), marginal achievers-defined here as having a GPA of 1.5-2.5, still maintain a profile of invisibility. Current reform efforts to increase student engagement and achievement increase the importance of understanding the characteristics of this student population to enhance the quality of instructional practices, program options, and support services. This study described the characteristics of marginal achievers and the nature of their school experiences. Five groups of students were interviewed in two local high schools. These data were combined with the results of a quantitative analysis of 165 variables from the National Longitudinal Educational study for a 500 case sample. The results indicated: • Gender, race, and socio-economic status could not be used to identify marginal achievers. Seventy-nine point four percent of the students reported being in two-parent families. Most students indicated feelings of high self-esteem. • No demographic characteristics could be used to identify any school structure that was more likely to foster marginality, however, several climate factors emerged. • Marginal achievers were not visible in their school's system of rewards or sanctions. • Marginal achievers did not believe they had much value in their school system. They believed high track achievers were most valued. • Marginal achievers had no intentions of dropping out of high school. They believed they would have little trouble being successful in college. They reported their parents had the same expectations. • The students reported the primary parental support activity was student-parent discussions about school. • The cost of college led many students to consider attendance at a community college. The reduced financial burden of a community college, along with lower GPA expectations, influenced how hard they worked in high school. Close

• 39. [Article] Association of Depressive Symptomology and Psychological Trauma with Diabetes Control Among Older American Indian Women: Does Social Support Matter?

  Aims—Among older American Indian women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we examined the association between mental health and T2DM control and if social support modifies the association. Methods—Survey data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Association of Depressive Symptomology and Psychological Trauma with Diabetes Control Among Older American Indian Women: Does Social Support Matter? Author: Goins, R. Turner, Noonan, Carolyn, Gonzales, Kelly, Winchester, Blythe, Bradley, Vickie L. Year: 2017 Aims—Among older American Indian women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we examined the association between mental health and T2DM control and if social support modifies the association. Methods—Survey data were linked to T2DM medical record information. Mental health measures were the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale and the National Anxiety Disorders Screening Day instrument. T2DM control was all HbA1c values taken post mental health measures. Results—There was not a significant association between depressive symptomatology and higher HbA1c although increased depressive symptomatology was associated with higher HbA1c values among participants with low social support. There was a significant association between psychological trauma and higher HbA1c values 12 months [mean 7.5, 95% CI 7.0–8.0 for no trauma vs. mean 7.0, 95% CI 6.3–7.6 for trauma with no symptoms vs. mean 8.4, 95% CI 7.7–9.1 for trauma with =1 symptom(s)] and 6 months later [mean 7.2, 95% CI 6.7–7.7 for no trauma vs. mean HbA1c 6.8, 95% CI 6.2–7.4 for trauma with no symptoms vs. mean 8.4, 95% CI 7.6–9.2 for trauma with ≥1 symptom(s)]. High social support attenuated the association between psychological trauma and HbA1c values. Conclusions—T2DM programs may consider activities that would strengthen participants’ social support and thereby building on an intrinsic community strength. Title: Association of Depressive Symptomology and Psychological Trauma with Diabetes Control Among Older American Indian Women: Does Social Support Matter? Author: Goins, R. Turner, Noonan, Carolyn, Gonzales, Kelly, Winchester, Blythe, Bradley, Vickie L. Year: 2017 Aims—Among older American Indian women with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we examined the association between mental health and T2DM control and if social support modifies the association. Methods—Survey data were linked to T2DM medical record information. Mental health measures were the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale and the National Anxiety Disorders Screening Day instrument. T2DM control was all HbA1c values taken post mental health measures. Results—There was not a significant association between depressive symptomatology and higher HbA1c although increased depressive symptomatology was associated with higher HbA1c values among participants with low social support. There was a significant association between psychological trauma and higher HbA1c values 12 months [mean 7.5, 95% CI 7.0–8.0 for no trauma vs. mean 7.0, 95% CI 6.3–7.6 for trauma with no symptoms vs. mean 8.4, 95% CI 7.7–9.1 for trauma with =1 symptom(s)] and 6 months later [mean 7.2, 95% CI 6.7–7.7 for no trauma vs. mean HbA1c 6.8, 95% CI 6.2–7.4 for trauma with no symptoms vs. mean 8.4, 95% CI 7.6–9.2 for trauma with ≥1 symptom(s)]. High social support attenuated the association between psychological trauma and HbA1c values. Conclusions—T2DM programs may consider activities that would strengthen participants’ social support and thereby building on an intrinsic community strength. Close

• 40. [Article] Impact of Bike Facilities on Residential Property Prices

  As many cities are investing in street improvement or transportation infrastructure upgrade projects to provide better bike access or more complete bike networks, the economic value of bike infrastructure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of Bike Facilities on Residential Property Prices Author: Shi, Wei Year: 2017 As many cities are investing in street improvement or transportation infrastructure upgrade projects to provide better bike access or more complete bike networks, the economic value of bike infrastructure and bike facilities remains an area where many practitioners, planners and policy makers are seeking more conclusive evidence. Using residential property values as indicators of consumer preferences for bicycle infrastructure, this study focuses on advanced bike facilities which represent higher levels of bike priority or bike infrastructure investments that have been shown to be more desirable to a larger portion of the population. Estimating ordinary least squares hedonic pricing models and spatial autoregressive hedonic models separately for single and multi-family properties, we find that proximity to advanced bike facilities (measured by distance) has significant and positive effects on all residential property values, highlighting household preferences for high quality bike infrastructure. Furthermore, we also show that the extensiveness of the bike network (measured by density) is a positive and statistically significant contributor to the property prices for all residential property types, even after controlling for proximity to bike facilities and other property, neighborhood and transaction characteristics. Finally, estimated coefficients are applied to assess property value impacts of a proposed Portland “Green Loop” signature bike infrastructure concept, illustrating the importance of considering both accessibility and extensiveness of bike facility networks. Title: Impact of Bike Facilities on Residential Property Prices Author: Shi, Wei Year: 2017 As many cities are investing in street improvement or transportation infrastructure upgrade projects to provide better bike access or more complete bike networks, the economic value of bike infrastructure and bike facilities remains an area where many practitioners, planners and policy makers are seeking more conclusive evidence. Using residential property values as indicators of consumer preferences for bicycle infrastructure, this study focuses on advanced bike facilities which represent higher levels of bike priority or bike infrastructure investments that have been shown to be more desirable to a larger portion of the population. Estimating ordinary least squares hedonic pricing models and spatial autoregressive hedonic models separately for single and multi-family properties, we find that proximity to advanced bike facilities (measured by distance) has significant and positive effects on all residential property values, highlighting household preferences for high quality bike infrastructure. Furthermore, we also show that the extensiveness of the bike network (measured by density) is a positive and statistically significant contributor to the property prices for all residential property types, even after controlling for proximity to bike facilities and other property, neighborhood and transaction characteristics. Finally, estimated coefficients are applied to assess property value impacts of a proposed Portland “Green Loop” signature bike infrastructure concept, illustrating the importance of considering both accessibility and extensiveness of bike facility networks. Close

• 41. [Article] Dendrochronology and Middle Miocene Petrified Oak: Modern Counterparts and Interpretation

  This study reports the first successful statistical crossdating among many ring width time series from petrified wood, thus providing a replicable continuous annual resolution window into tree growth and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dendrochronology and Middle Miocene Petrified Oak: Modern Counterparts and Interpretation Author: Wright, William E., Streck, Martin J., Baisan, Christopher, Wright, W. Walton, Szejner, Paul Year: 2015 This study reports the first successful statistical crossdating among many ring width time series from petrified wood, thus providing a replicable continuous annual resolution window into tree growth and environmental influences during the middle Miocene. The petrified samples, of the genus Quercus, originated at the Stinking Water (SW) locality in Oregon, a Miocene-aged exposure associated with the Columbia River Basalts. 40AR/39AR dating on pillow basalt from the locality yielded a weighted Plateau Age of 13.79 ±0.09 Ma placing the death of the trees at the end of the Langhian Stage of the Middle Miocene (15.97±0.05 to 13.65±0.05 Ma), during the middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT). Ring width time series from 26 radii, 17 different trees, show significant intercorrelation. A Modified Coexistence Approach was applied to determine the likely climate range when the SW trees were growing. The modified approach included regression of site-mean ring width time series statistic values on estimated soil moisture for the site locations, using site-mean data from 126 modern Quercus sites from across the United States. Identification of highly significant linearities indicated strong relationships between ring width intercorrelation and soil moisture and ring width variability and soil moisture. Comparison of individual modern site-mean statistical values with values calculated for the SW locality suggests a mesic growing environment for the SW Quercus, with moderate temperatures. Geographic placement of modern Quercus sites with site-mean statistics similar to the SW values indicates a modern analogue in the eastern United States. Modern distributions of mesic species in the genera present at the SW locality suggest similarities with the central and southern Appalachian Mountains and the Ozark/Ouachita Mountains, indicating a mean annual temperature range of between ring width intercorrelation and soil moisture and ring width variability and soil moisture. Comparison of individual modern site-mean statistical values with values calculated for the SW locality suggests a mesic growing environment for the SW Quercus, with moderate temperatures. Geographic placement of modern Quercus sites with site-mean statistics similar to the SW values indicates a modern analogue in the eastern United States. Modern distributions of mesic species in the genera present at the SW locality suggest similarities with the central and southern Appalachian Mountains and the Ozark/Ouachita Mountains, indicating a mean annual temperature range of ≅10 ˚C to ≅ 15 ˚C and a mean annual precipitation range of ≅750 mm to ≅1200 mm when the SW Quercus were growing. Title: Dendrochronology and Middle Miocene Petrified Oak: Modern Counterparts and Interpretation Author: Wright, William E., Streck, Martin J., Baisan, Christopher, Wright, W. Walton, Szejner, Paul Year: 2015 This study reports the first successful statistical crossdating among many ring width time series from petrified wood, thus providing a replicable continuous annual resolution window into tree growth and environmental influences during the middle Miocene. The petrified samples, of the genus Quercus, originated at the Stinking Water (SW) locality in Oregon, a Miocene-aged exposure associated with the Columbia River Basalts. 40AR/39AR dating on pillow basalt from the locality yielded a weighted Plateau Age of 13.79 ±0.09 Ma placing the death of the trees at the end of the Langhian Stage of the Middle Miocene (15.97±0.05 to 13.65±0.05 Ma), during the middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT). Ring width time series from 26 radii, 17 different trees, show significant intercorrelation. A Modified Coexistence Approach was applied to determine the likely climate range when the SW trees were growing. The modified approach included regression of site-mean ring width time series statistic values on estimated soil moisture for the site locations, using site-mean data from 126 modern Quercus sites from across the United States. Identification of highly significant linearities indicated strong relationships between ring width intercorrelation and soil moisture and ring width variability and soil moisture. Comparison of individual modern site-mean statistical values with values calculated for the SW locality suggests a mesic growing environment for the SW Quercus, with moderate temperatures. Geographic placement of modern Quercus sites with site-mean statistics similar to the SW values indicates a modern analogue in the eastern United States. Modern distributions of mesic species in the genera present at the SW locality suggest similarities with the central and southern Appalachian Mountains and the Ozark/Ouachita Mountains, indicating a mean annual temperature range of between ring width intercorrelation and soil moisture and ring width variability and soil moisture. Comparison of individual modern site-mean statistical values with values calculated for the SW locality suggests a mesic growing environment for the SW Quercus, with moderate temperatures. Geographic placement of modern Quercus sites with site-mean statistics similar to the SW values indicates a modern analogue in the eastern United States. Modern distributions of mesic species in the genera present at the SW locality suggest similarities with the central and southern Appalachian Mountains and the Ozark/Ouachita Mountains, indicating a mean annual temperature range of ≅10 ˚C to ≅ 15 ˚C and a mean annual precipitation range of ≅750 mm to ≅1200 mm when the SW Quercus were growing. Close

• 42. [Article] Textural and mineralogical characteristics of altered Grande Ronde basalt, northeastern Oregon : a natural analog for a nuclear waste repository in basalt

  Altered flows that are low-MgO chemical types of the Grande Ronde Basalt crop out in the steep walls of the Grande Ronde River canyon near Troy, Wallowa County, Oregon. The alteration effects in these ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Textural and mineralogical characteristics of altered Grande Ronde basalt, northeastern Oregon : a natural analog for a nuclear waste repository in basalt Author: Trone, Paul M. Year: 1987 Altered flows that are low-MgO chemical types of the Grande Ronde Basalt crop out in the steep walls of the Grande Ronde River canyon near Troy, Wallowa County, Oregon. The alteration effects in these flows are being investigated as a natural analog system to a high level nuclear waste repository in basalt. The flows within the study are referred to as the analog flow, in which the alteration effects are the strongest, and the superjacent flow. The analog flow crops out at Grande Ronde River level and a roadcut-outcrop is developed in the flow-top breccia of this flow. The two flows have been divided into flow zones based on intraflow structures observed in the field and primary igneous textures observed in thin section. These zones include, from the base upward, the flow interior, transition, and flow-top breccia zones of the analog flow, the interflow contact zone, and the flow interior and flow-top breccia zone of the superjacent flow. The intraflow structures and textures of the transition and interflow contact zones are atypical of Grande Ronde Basalt flows. The transition zone is transitional in textures between the flow interior zone and flow-top breccia zone, and includes holocrystalline spines mantled with fused in situ breccias. The interflow contact zone reflects the dynamic interaction during the emplacement of the superjacent flow manifested as invasive basalt tongues, clasts shed from tongues, pipe vesicles and tree molds, and pockets of breccia caught up in the base of the superjacent flow. Title: Textural and mineralogical characteristics of altered Grande Ronde basalt, northeastern Oregon : a natural analog for a nuclear waste repository in basalt Author: Trone, Paul M. Year: 1987 Altered flows that are low-MgO chemical types of the Grande Ronde Basalt crop out in the steep walls of the Grande Ronde River canyon near Troy, Wallowa County, Oregon. The alteration effects in these flows are being investigated as a natural analog system to a high level nuclear waste repository in basalt. The flows within the study are referred to as the analog flow, in which the alteration effects are the strongest, and the superjacent flow. The analog flow crops out at Grande Ronde River level and a roadcut-outcrop is developed in the flow-top breccia of this flow. The two flows have been divided into flow zones based on intraflow structures observed in the field and primary igneous textures observed in thin section. These zones include, from the base upward, the flow interior, transition, and flow-top breccia zones of the analog flow, the interflow contact zone, and the flow interior and flow-top breccia zone of the superjacent flow. The intraflow structures and textures of the transition and interflow contact zones are atypical of Grande Ronde Basalt flows. The transition zone is transitional in textures between the flow interior zone and flow-top breccia zone, and includes holocrystalline spines mantled with fused in situ breccias. The interflow contact zone reflects the dynamic interaction during the emplacement of the superjacent flow manifested as invasive basalt tongues, clasts shed from tongues, pipe vesicles and tree molds, and pockets of breccia caught up in the base of the superjacent flow. Close

• 43. [Article] SeQuential: Sustainability and Growth in the Biofuels Business

  SeQuential, a vertically-integrated biodiesel company based in Portland, Oregon, pursued a more sustainable supply and production strategy than many competitors by securing inputs from used cooking oil ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: SeQuential: Sustainability and Growth in the Biofuels Business Author: Garten, Dave, Greene, Jacen, Niehaus, Carolyn, Aikath, Devdeep Year: 2017 SeQuential, a vertically-integrated biodiesel company based in Portland, Oregon, pursued a more sustainable supply and production strategy than many competitors by securing inputs from used cooking oil (UCO) rather than new crops. A fragmented U.S. biodiesel industry produced more than 1.25 billion gallons of the fuel in 2016 from a mix of virgin materials and UCO, but the environmental impact of crop-based biodiesel was increasingly controversial. Meanwhile, UCO collection had grown rapidly in recent years, and with strong forecasted growth, offered a potential additional revenue stream for vertically-integrated biodiesel firms. The price of the UCO used to produce SeQuential’s biodiesel and the fuel itself were driven by commodity indices, creating a highly volatile market. In addition, industry profitability was heavily reliant on government support. This support was manifested through funding for Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) and tax credits. The recent election of a U.S. President publicly opposed to climate change mitigation, and the re-election of a sympathetic U.S. Congress, worsened perennial uncertainty around the renewal of these policies. Tyson Keever, President and CEO of SeQuential, had guided the company through a period of major growth and vertical integration by overseeing a series of regional mergers and acquisitions. As a result, the company now faced growing pains linked to employee turnover, operational integration and efficiency, and instilling a culture of sustainability in all SeQuential employees. At the same time, SeQuential was developing a new strategy for future growth, while attempting to mitigate increased regulatory and market uncertainty. In this case, students are tasked with developing a series of strategic, mission-aligned growth proposals that address these challenges. Title: SeQuential: Sustainability and Growth in the Biofuels Business Author: Garten, Dave, Greene, Jacen, Niehaus, Carolyn, Aikath, Devdeep Year: 2017 SeQuential, a vertically-integrated biodiesel company based in Portland, Oregon, pursued a more sustainable supply and production strategy than many competitors by securing inputs from used cooking oil (UCO) rather than new crops. A fragmented U.S. biodiesel industry produced more than 1.25 billion gallons of the fuel in 2016 from a mix of virgin materials and UCO, but the environmental impact of crop-based biodiesel was increasingly controversial. Meanwhile, UCO collection had grown rapidly in recent years, and with strong forecasted growth, offered a potential additional revenue stream for vertically-integrated biodiesel firms. The price of the UCO used to produce SeQuential’s biodiesel and the fuel itself were driven by commodity indices, creating a highly volatile market. In addition, industry profitability was heavily reliant on government support. This support was manifested through funding for Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) and tax credits. The recent election of a U.S. President publicly opposed to climate change mitigation, and the re-election of a sympathetic U.S. Congress, worsened perennial uncertainty around the renewal of these policies. Tyson Keever, President and CEO of SeQuential, had guided the company through a period of major growth and vertical integration by overseeing a series of regional mergers and acquisitions. As a result, the company now faced growing pains linked to employee turnover, operational integration and efficiency, and instilling a culture of sustainability in all SeQuential employees. At the same time, SeQuential was developing a new strategy for future growth, while attempting to mitigate increased regulatory and market uncertainty. In this case, students are tasked with developing a series of strategic, mission-aligned growth proposals that address these challenges. Close

• 44. [Article] Cultural Behavior in Post-Urbanized Brazil: The Cordial Man and Intrafamilial Conflict

  Cultures, subcultures, and individuals occupy different positions in the low-context/individualistic and the high-context/collectivistic spectrum, and they shift due to factors such as urbanization, economic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultural Behavior in Post-Urbanized Brazil: The Cordial Man and Intrafamilial Conflict Author: La Rosa, Thais Year: 2013 Cultures, subcultures, and individuals occupy different positions in the low-context/individualistic and the high-context/collectivistic spectrum, and they shift due to factors such as urbanization, economic development and cultural globalization. In this study, I examine Sérgio Buarque de Holanda's theory of the cordial man and how it illustrates qualities of the high-context Brazilian culture. Within the framework of grounded theory, these qualities are evaluated from the perspective of intergenerational dyads--fathers and sons--that have been exposed to an urbanized and globalized environment in order to determine whether and how a shift from high-context to low-context is occurring. The participants were interviewed to explore perception of self, upbringing, decision-making process within the family, father and son relationships, intrafamilial communication, ways to influence and be influenced, history of conflict, and urbanization and globalization. Their responses revealed the extent to which their values were individualistic or group-oriented and if the cordial man behavior was also present in the intimacy of their homes. In sum, I reach three conclusions: technological and cultural globalization propagates low-context values and behaviors; sons are in a transitional state, in which individual goals are relevant enough to challenge parental expectations, but still cause guilt when pursued; and, the cordial man still exists in the urban and globalized world. Implications for families, family therapists, counselors and mediators are discussed. Title: Cultural Behavior in Post-Urbanized Brazil: The Cordial Man and Intrafamilial Conflict Author: La Rosa, Thais Year: 2013 Cultures, subcultures, and individuals occupy different positions in the low-context/individualistic and the high-context/collectivistic spectrum, and they shift due to factors such as urbanization, economic development and cultural globalization. In this study, I examine Sérgio Buarque de Holanda's theory of the cordial man and how it illustrates qualities of the high-context Brazilian culture. Within the framework of grounded theory, these qualities are evaluated from the perspective of intergenerational dyads--fathers and sons--that have been exposed to an urbanized and globalized environment in order to determine whether and how a shift from high-context to low-context is occurring. The participants were interviewed to explore perception of self, upbringing, decision-making process within the family, father and son relationships, intrafamilial communication, ways to influence and be influenced, history of conflict, and urbanization and globalization. Their responses revealed the extent to which their values were individualistic or group-oriented and if the cordial man behavior was also present in the intimacy of their homes. In sum, I reach three conclusions: technological and cultural globalization propagates low-context values and behaviors; sons are in a transitional state, in which individual goals are relevant enough to challenge parental expectations, but still cause guilt when pursued; and, the cordial man still exists in the urban and globalized world. Implications for families, family therapists, counselors and mediators are discussed. Close

• 45. [Article] An Analysis of the Involvement of Ten High Schools in Scholastic Aptitude Testing Student Preparation

  The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is taken each year by two fifths of the high school graduates (Cameron, 1989). The perception that high SAT scores will either open the door of selective colleges and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Analysis of the Involvement of Ten High Schools in Scholastic Aptitude Testing Student Preparation Author: Drakulich, Elaine Year: 1993 The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is taken each year by two fifths of the high school graduates (Cameron, 1989). The perception that high SAT scores will either open the door of selective colleges and generate scholarships or that low SAT scores will close off opportunities for the rest of one’ life, makes virtually every student who invests the three hours of time required to take the test extremely anxious about doing as well as possible (Whitla, 1988). Significant relationships between identified preparation techniques and the perceived effectiveness of those techniques by students and staff can be very useful information for educators when counseling and/or assisting students who want to improve their performance on the SAT. This study describes perceptual opinions from students, teachers, counselors, and administrators from 10 Portland, Oregon metropolitan area schools about the effectiveness of three SAT preparation techniques. The following research questions were examined: 1. What is the perceived effectiveness of three SAT preparation techniques: SAT computer programs, SAT preparation classes, and specific SAT information taught in general classes? 2. Are students who regard the SAT as important more likely to know about, use, and perceive effective the three preparation techniques than students who do not? 3. Are students who regard the SAT as important more likely to perceive their teachers or administrators as valuing the SAT than students who do not? 4. Are students who perceive that their teachers or administrators regard the SAT as important more likely to perceive the preparation techniques effective than students who do not? The results of this study indicated some specific groups of students and teachers did perceive one preparation technique to be effective. Their perceptions validated belief in specific SAT information taught in general classes as an effective preparation technique. It also revealed that there was lack of awareness, use, and perceived effectiveness of both SAT computer programs and SAT preparation classes. Lastly, the study showed that both students and teachers who perceived the SAT to be important, agreed that their administrators valued the SAT. Title: An Analysis of the Involvement of Ten High Schools in Scholastic Aptitude Testing Student Preparation Author: Drakulich, Elaine Year: 1993 The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) is taken each year by two fifths of the high school graduates (Cameron, 1989). The perception that high SAT scores will either open the door of selective colleges and generate scholarships or that low SAT scores will close off opportunities for the rest of one’ life, makes virtually every student who invests the three hours of time required to take the test extremely anxious about doing as well as possible (Whitla, 1988). Significant relationships between identified preparation techniques and the perceived effectiveness of those techniques by students and staff can be very useful information for educators when counseling and/or assisting students who want to improve their performance on the SAT. This study describes perceptual opinions from students, teachers, counselors, and administrators from 10 Portland, Oregon metropolitan area schools about the effectiveness of three SAT preparation techniques. The following research questions were examined: 1. What is the perceived effectiveness of three SAT preparation techniques: SAT computer programs, SAT preparation classes, and specific SAT information taught in general classes? 2. Are students who regard the SAT as important more likely to know about, use, and perceive effective the three preparation techniques than students who do not? 3. Are students who regard the SAT as important more likely to perceive their teachers or administrators as valuing the SAT than students who do not? 4. Are students who perceive that their teachers or administrators regard the SAT as important more likely to perceive the preparation techniques effective than students who do not? The results of this study indicated some specific groups of students and teachers did perceive one preparation technique to be effective. Their perceptions validated belief in specific SAT information taught in general classes as an effective preparation technique. It also revealed that there was lack of awareness, use, and perceived effectiveness of both SAT computer programs and SAT preparation classes. Lastly, the study showed that both students and teachers who perceived the SAT to be important, agreed that their administrators valued the SAT. Close

• 46. [Article] Turkish Student Teachers' Early Experiences in Schools: Critical Incidents, Reflection, and a New Teacher Education Program

  In Turkey there is an old saying about how parents feel about the role of schools: "The bones are mine, but the flesh is yours." Turkish parents want schools to not only educate but to mold and shape the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Turkish Student Teachers' Early Experiences in Schools: Critical Incidents, Reflection, and a New Teacher Education Program Author: Stevens, Dannelle D., Sarigul, Serap, Deger, Hulya Year: 2002 In Turkey there is an old saying about how parents feel about the role of schools: "The bones are mine, but the flesh is yours." Turkish parents want schools to not only educate but to mold and shape the values of their children in ways that the educators think appropriate. Ever since Turkey became a republic in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, education has been highly valued. In 1924, Ataturk invited John Dewey to assess and report on the situation in Turkish schools. In Turkish villages, anyone with an education was highly respected. Old people stood up out of respect when a student returned to the village with a high school diploma or even better, a college degree. The saying echoes this blind trust in the ultimate authority and responsibility of schools to educate children. The primary purpose of this article is to report how Turkish student teachers identify and reflect on the "critical incidents" of schooling that they bring as they enter a new teacher education program. "Critical incidents" are descriptions of incidents in one's past that are viewed as significant in one's learning and development. The secondary purpose of this article is to analyze these incidents to inform the first author's teaching and field supervision. In this way, this study is an action research project designed to be a systematic study of her own practice of assessing the nature of students' background knowledge of teaching. Title: Turkish Student Teachers' Early Experiences in Schools: Critical Incidents, Reflection, and a New Teacher Education Program Author: Stevens, Dannelle D., Sarigul, Serap, Deger, Hulya Year: 2002 In Turkey there is an old saying about how parents feel about the role of schools: "The bones are mine, but the flesh is yours." Turkish parents want schools to not only educate but to mold and shape the values of their children in ways that the educators think appropriate. Ever since Turkey became a republic in 1923 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, education has been highly valued. In 1924, Ataturk invited John Dewey to assess and report on the situation in Turkish schools. In Turkish villages, anyone with an education was highly respected. Old people stood up out of respect when a student returned to the village with a high school diploma or even better, a college degree. The saying echoes this blind trust in the ultimate authority and responsibility of schools to educate children. The primary purpose of this article is to report how Turkish student teachers identify and reflect on the "critical incidents" of schooling that they bring as they enter a new teacher education program. "Critical incidents" are descriptions of incidents in one's past that are viewed as significant in one's learning and development. The secondary purpose of this article is to analyze these incidents to inform the first author's teaching and field supervision. In this way, this study is an action research project designed to be a systematic study of her own practice of assessing the nature of students' background knowledge of teaching. Close

• 47. [Article] The Future of Agriculture and Society in Iowa: Four Scenarios

  Iowa is a leader in crop and livestock production, but its high productivity has had concomitant negative environmental and societal impacts and large requirements for fossil-fuel-derived inputs. Maintaining ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Future of Agriculture and Society in Iowa: Four Scenarios Author: Jarchow, Meghann E., Larsen, G. L. Drake, Costanza, Robert, Zdorkowski, Gretchen, Gailans, Stefans R., Ohde, Nicholaus, Dietzel, Ranae, Kaplan, Sara, Neal, Jeri, Petrehn, Mae Rose, Gunther, Theodore, D’Adamo, Stephanie N., McCann, Nicholas, Larson, Andrew, Damery, Phillip, Gross, Lee, Merriman, Marc, Kubiszewski, Ida, Post, Julian, Sheradin, Meghan, Liebman, Matt Year: 2012 Iowa is a leader in crop and livestock production, but its high productivity has had concomitant negative environmental and societal impacts and large requirements for fossil-fuel-derived inputs. Maintaining agricultural productivity, economic prosperity and environmental integrity will become ever more challenging as the global demand for agricultural products increases and the resources needed become increasingly limited. Here we present four scenarios for Iowa in 2100, based on combinations of differing goals for the economy and differing energy availability. In scenarios focused on high material throughput, environmental degradation and social unrest will increase. In scenarios with a focus on human and environmental welfare, environmental damage will be ameliorated and societal happiness will increase. Movement towards a society focused on human and environmental welfare will require changes in the goals of the economy, whereas no major changes will be needed to maintain focus on high throughput. When energy sources are readily available and inexpensive, the goals of the economy will be more easily met, whereas energy limitations will restrict the options available to agriculture and society. Our scenarios can be used as tools to inform people about choices that must be made to reach more desirable futures for Iowa and similar agricultural regions Title: The Future of Agriculture and Society in Iowa: Four Scenarios Author: Jarchow, Meghann E., Larsen, G. L. Drake, Costanza, Robert, Zdorkowski, Gretchen, Gailans, Stefans R., Ohde, Nicholaus, Dietzel, Ranae, Kaplan, Sara, Neal, Jeri, Petrehn, Mae Rose, Gunther, Theodore, D’Adamo, Stephanie N., McCann, Nicholas, Larson, Andrew, Damery, Phillip, Gross, Lee, Merriman, Marc, Kubiszewski, Ida, Post, Julian, Sheradin, Meghan, Liebman, Matt Year: 2012 Iowa is a leader in crop and livestock production, but its high productivity has had concomitant negative environmental and societal impacts and large requirements for fossil-fuel-derived inputs. Maintaining agricultural productivity, economic prosperity and environmental integrity will become ever more challenging as the global demand for agricultural products increases and the resources needed become increasingly limited. Here we present four scenarios for Iowa in 2100, based on combinations of differing goals for the economy and differing energy availability. In scenarios focused on high material throughput, environmental degradation and social unrest will increase. In scenarios with a focus on human and environmental welfare, environmental damage will be ameliorated and societal happiness will increase. Movement towards a society focused on human and environmental welfare will require changes in the goals of the economy, whereas no major changes will be needed to maintain focus on high throughput. When energy sources are readily available and inexpensive, the goals of the economy will be more easily met, whereas energy limitations will restrict the options available to agriculture and society. Our scenarios can be used as tools to inform people about choices that must be made to reach more desirable futures for Iowa and similar agricultural regions Close

• 48. [Article] Geogenic Cadmium Pollution and Potential Health Risks, With Emphasis on Black Shale

  Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that is toxic to humans. Previous studies of Cd in the environment have primarily focused on pollution resulted from anthropogenic sources, but little is known ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geogenic Cadmium Pollution and Potential Health Risks, With Emphasis on Black Shale Author: Liu, Yizhang, Xiao, Tangfu, Perkins, Robert, Zhu, Jianming, Zhu, Zhengjie, Xiong, Yan, Ning, Zengping Year: 2016 Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that is toxic to humans. Previous studies of Cd in the environment have primarily focused on pollution resulted from anthropogenic sources, but little is known on naturally occurring sources of Cd. This paper aims to review the geochemical distribution of geogenic Cd and associated environmental risk. The source, accumulation, mobility, transportation, and health risk of Cd are discussed in a geo-environmental perspective, with an emphasis on black shale soils. Cadmium generally occurs in sulfides in black shale, and is easily released when exposed to oxygen and water. Leaching of these rocks tends to elevate Cd concentrations in aquatic systems, and may pose the potential to produce acid rock drainage (ARD) as well. Weathering of Cd-rich rocks also elevates soil Cd concentrations, and influence the geochemical species of Cd. Crops grown in these soils tend to accumulate higher Cd and threaten the food safety. Local inhabitant exposed to high geogenic Cd via food chains may experience Cd-related health risk. High Cd concentrations are observed in urine, and renal damage is also detected in Cd naturally enriched area based on low molecular weight proteins in urine. Overall, the findings in literature have provided with insights for potential health risk of Cd in areas with high Cd geochemical background levels, particular for the black shale exposed areas, more attentions should be paid on the geogenic Cd pollution, and suitable strategies of remediation and geo-environmental management for geogenic Cd pollution need further research. Title: Geogenic Cadmium Pollution and Potential Health Risks, With Emphasis on Black Shale Author: Liu, Yizhang, Xiao, Tangfu, Perkins, Robert, Zhu, Jianming, Zhu, Zhengjie, Xiong, Yan, Ning, Zengping Year: 2016 Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential trace element that is toxic to humans. Previous studies of Cd in the environment have primarily focused on pollution resulted from anthropogenic sources, but little is known on naturally occurring sources of Cd. This paper aims to review the geochemical distribution of geogenic Cd and associated environmental risk. The source, accumulation, mobility, transportation, and health risk of Cd are discussed in a geo-environmental perspective, with an emphasis on black shale soils. Cadmium generally occurs in sulfides in black shale, and is easily released when exposed to oxygen and water. Leaching of these rocks tends to elevate Cd concentrations in aquatic systems, and may pose the potential to produce acid rock drainage (ARD) as well. Weathering of Cd-rich rocks also elevates soil Cd concentrations, and influence the geochemical species of Cd. Crops grown in these soils tend to accumulate higher Cd and threaten the food safety. Local inhabitant exposed to high geogenic Cd via food chains may experience Cd-related health risk. High Cd concentrations are observed in urine, and renal damage is also detected in Cd naturally enriched area based on low molecular weight proteins in urine. Overall, the findings in literature have provided with insights for potential health risk of Cd in areas with high Cd geochemical background levels, particular for the black shale exposed areas, more attentions should be paid on the geogenic Cd pollution, and suitable strategies of remediation and geo-environmental management for geogenic Cd pollution need further research. Close

• 49. [Article] Job Attribute Preferences of the Workforce in Polish High Technology Enterprises

  A key precept in work place motivation theory is that management knows what job attributes are valued by the employee. Management can benefit by asking employees what they want from their work experience ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Job Attribute Preferences of the Workforce in Polish High Technology Enterprises Author: Sisavic, Florian Michael Year: 1993 A key precept in work place motivation theory is that management knows what job attributes are valued by the employee. Management can benefit by asking employees what they want from their work experience (i.e., job attribute preferences), rather than assume they know. This is particularly important to Polish high technology companies that are in transition to a free-market economy and to Polish workers who must be appropriately motivated to compete globally. This study attempts to better understand the job attribute preferences of Polish managers and workers, the potential gaps between Polish managers' perception of their workers' preferences (system), and how these preferences are affected by the worker’s personal economic situation (sub system) and by business organization type (supra system). Managers and workers from five Polish high technology enterprises were surveyed on-site regarding their job attribute preferences. The results compared to a similar survey done with six American high technology firms(Eder 1988). Consistent with Maslow’s prepotentcy theory, workers who tended to be optimistic about their personal economic situation rated all five extrinsic job attributes higher and four of the five intrinsics lower than those workers who tended to be pessimistic. Polish workers at firms that operated under central planning had only a few differences in their job attribute preferences indicating a strong supra-system or organizational effect on individuals in the firm. Contrary to what was expected, the Polish managers and workers rated a number of intrinsic attributes higher than their American counterparts suggesting a pent up need for intrinsic-type motivational policies. Polish managers appeared to be closer and more in touch with their workers than their American counterparts. American managers clearly underestimated the importance of intrinsic job attributes and overestimated the importance of the extrinsics, while Polish managers accurately predicted most of the workers’ job attribute preferences. The results also raised questions regarding the stability of job attributes and the concept of clusters of extrinsic and intrinsic groups of job attributes. Title: Job Attribute Preferences of the Workforce in Polish High Technology Enterprises Author: Sisavic, Florian Michael Year: 1993 A key precept in work place motivation theory is that management knows what job attributes are valued by the employee. Management can benefit by asking employees what they want from their work experience (i.e., job attribute preferences), rather than assume they know. This is particularly important to Polish high technology companies that are in transition to a free-market economy and to Polish workers who must be appropriately motivated to compete globally. This study attempts to better understand the job attribute preferences of Polish managers and workers, the potential gaps between Polish managers' perception of their workers' preferences (system), and how these preferences are affected by the worker’s personal economic situation (sub system) and by business organization type (supra system). Managers and workers from five Polish high technology enterprises were surveyed on-site regarding their job attribute preferences. The results compared to a similar survey done with six American high technology firms(Eder 1988). Consistent with Maslow’s prepotentcy theory, workers who tended to be optimistic about their personal economic situation rated all five extrinsic job attributes higher and four of the five intrinsics lower than those workers who tended to be pessimistic. Polish workers at firms that operated under central planning had only a few differences in their job attribute preferences indicating a strong supra-system or organizational effect on individuals in the firm. Contrary to what was expected, the Polish managers and workers rated a number of intrinsic attributes higher than their American counterparts suggesting a pent up need for intrinsic-type motivational policies. Polish managers appeared to be closer and more in touch with their workers than their American counterparts. American managers clearly underestimated the importance of intrinsic job attributes and overestimated the importance of the extrinsics, while Polish managers accurately predicted most of the workers’ job attribute preferences. The results also raised questions regarding the stability of job attributes and the concept of clusters of extrinsic and intrinsic groups of job attributes. Close

• 50. [Article] NEST 3rd Generation Thermostat: 2017 United States Marketing Plan

  Current-State Assessment ● The Nest thermostat is currently holding a leader position in the crowded U.S. smart thermostat market, with approximately 35 percent market share.1 ● American consumers are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: NEST 3rd Generation Thermostat: 2017 United States Marketing Plan Author: Viratos, Brea, Binus, Joshua, Dabab, Maoloud, Beltaif, Nader, Laraichi, Oussama, Hanayneh, Shihab Year: 2017 Current-State Assessment ● The Nest thermostat is currently holding a leader position in the crowded U.S. smart thermostat market, with approximately 35 percent market share.1 ● American consumers are increasingly purchasing smart thermostats; subsequently, market forecasts of consumer demand project a growth market.2 ● The smart thermostat market is a sub-market to a much larger smart home market, with billions of growth potential to Google/Nest in the coming years. Sales of smart thermostats offer a high-value opportunity to establish a beachhead in one of the most promising electronic device-related markets in the coming decades--possibly the most promising ● The biggest barrier capable of being addressed, directly, by Nest is the high purchase price ($250). 2017 U.S. Target Market ● Mid- and high-level income homeowners (with broadband internet access) ● Do-it-yourself (DIY) problem solvers 2017 Sales & Revenue Forecasts ● Total Achievable Market = $1.5B (6M units) ● Serviceable Available Market ○ Low Estimate = $480M total revenue (1.92M units) ■ Assumes 35 percent market share ○ High Estimate = $600M total revenue (2.4M units) ■ Assumes 40 percent market share 2017 Goals and Objectives ● Goals: Increase sales/profit and jump the chasm ● Objectives ○ Increase customer retention by providing high-quality customer services, solving issues quickly and effectively ○ Expand sales to existing customers who have a prior generation Nest thermostat. ○ Leverage utility relationships/programs to lower prices and gain access to midincome market. ○ Expand footprint in retail markets (do-it-yourselfers, home builders, service professionals). Title: NEST 3rd Generation Thermostat: 2017 United States Marketing Plan Author: Viratos, Brea, Binus, Joshua, Dabab, Maoloud, Beltaif, Nader, Laraichi, Oussama, Hanayneh, Shihab Year: 2017 Current-State Assessment ● The Nest thermostat is currently holding a leader position in the crowded U.S. smart thermostat market, with approximately 35 percent market share.1 ● American consumers are increasingly purchasing smart thermostats; subsequently, market forecasts of consumer demand project a growth market.2 ● The smart thermostat market is a sub-market to a much larger smart home market, with billions of growth potential to Google/Nest in the coming years. Sales of smart thermostats offer a high-value opportunity to establish a beachhead in one of the most promising electronic device-related markets in the coming decades--possibly the most promising ● The biggest barrier capable of being addressed, directly, by Nest is the high purchase price ($250). 2017 U.S. Target Market ● Mid- and high-level income homeowners (with broadband internet access) ● Do-it-yourself (DIY) problem solvers 2017 Sales & Revenue Forecasts ● Total Achievable Market = $1.5B (6M units) ● Serviceable Available Market ○ Low Estimate = $480M total revenue (1.92M units) ■ Assumes 35 percent market share ○ High Estimate = $600M total revenue (2.4M units) ■ Assumes 40 percent market share 2017 Goals and Objectives ● Goals: Increase sales/profit and jump the chasm ● Objectives ○ Increase customer retention by providing high-quality customer services, solving issues quickly and effectively ○ Expand sales to existing customers who have a prior generation Nest thermostat. ○ Leverage utility relationships/programs to lower prices and gain access to midincome market. ○ Expand footprint in retail markets (do-it-yourselfers, home builders, service professionals). Close

• 51. [Article] Measurements of the Mössbauer Fraction in Chromium

  Precision measurements of the Mossbauer fraction of Fe57 in chromium were made using the black absorber technique over a range of temperatures from 78K to 792K. Because of uncertainty in corrections at ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measurements of the Mössbauer Fraction in Chromium Author: Brace, B. Frederick, Jr. Year: 1972 Precision measurements of the Mossbauer fraction of Fe57 in chromium were made using the black absorber technique over a range of temperatures from 78K to 792K. Because of uncertainty in corrections at high temperatures, only the data collected from 78K to 600K was used in analyzing the results. The f values were analyzed in terms of a Debye approximmation. This analysis of the data yielded a theoretical fit which was based on two adjustable parameters (a Debye temperature of 438K and an anharmonicity parameter of 2 x 10-4K-1). The f measurements were also analyzed using a theory proposed by Mannheim in 1968. Two different phonon density of states functions (Feldman, Muhlestein) were applied to Mannheim’s theory, and the resulting theoretical fits to experimental values showed a decrease in the force constant as a result of introducing an impurity into the chromium. Feldman’s phonon spectrum yielded a force constant ratio of 1.30±.07 and an anharmoncity parameter of ℇ=2.5(±.5) x 10-4K-1. Title: Measurements of the Mössbauer Fraction in Chromium Author: Brace, B. Frederick, Jr. Year: 1972 Precision measurements of the Mossbauer fraction of Fe57 in chromium were made using the black absorber technique over a range of temperatures from 78K to 792K. Because of uncertainty in corrections at high temperatures, only the data collected from 78K to 600K was used in analyzing the results. The f values were analyzed in terms of a Debye approximmation. This analysis of the data yielded a theoretical fit which was based on two adjustable parameters (a Debye temperature of 438K and an anharmonicity parameter of 2 x 10-4K-1). The f measurements were also analyzed using a theory proposed by Mannheim in 1968. Two different phonon density of states functions (Feldman, Muhlestein) were applied to Mannheim’s theory, and the resulting theoretical fits to experimental values showed a decrease in the force constant as a result of introducing an impurity into the chromium. Feldman’s phonon spectrum yielded a force constant ratio of 1.30±.07 and an anharmoncity parameter of ℇ=2.5(±.5) x 10-4K-1. Close

• 52. [Article] A Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) for Exploring the Adoption of Electronic Health Records

  Information systems have been making a noticeable entrance in the healthcare, although their adoption has been slow. This paper examines the factors influencing the electronic healthcare records (EHR) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) for Exploring the Adoption of Electronic Health Records Author: Mudavadi, Caroline, Hogaboam, Liliya, Daim, Tugrul Unsal Year: 2016 Information systems have been making a noticeable entrance in the healthcare, although their adoption has been slow. This paper examines the factors influencing the electronic healthcare records (EHR) adoption by modeling behavioral intention of physicians towards EHR adoption. Three main criteria: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and external factors along with the subcriteria, are studied by the authors. Analytical hierarchical process (AHP) model is tested through the expert judgment quantification of physicians in Portland metro area. The results showed high importance of the Perceived Ease of Use criteria on the behavioral intensions of physicians towards EHR adoption. Search ability and user interface - subcriteria of Perceived Ease of Use had some of the highest values. Another important subcriterion in the analysis under External Factors Criteria was Cost. None of the criteria evaluated could be considered unimportant, i.e. having really low values after the analysis. The results indicate that EHR should be mandatory in terms of reducing of time spent and errors, improving the outcomes and productivity and in terms of optimum patient treatment. © 2016 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology, Inc. Title: A Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) for Exploring the Adoption of Electronic Health Records Author: Mudavadi, Caroline, Hogaboam, Liliya, Daim, Tugrul Unsal Year: 2016 Information systems have been making a noticeable entrance in the healthcare, although their adoption has been slow. This paper examines the factors influencing the electronic healthcare records (EHR) adoption by modeling behavioral intention of physicians towards EHR adoption. Three main criteria: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and external factors along with the subcriteria, are studied by the authors. Analytical hierarchical process (AHP) model is tested through the expert judgment quantification of physicians in Portland metro area. The results showed high importance of the Perceived Ease of Use criteria on the behavioral intensions of physicians towards EHR adoption. Search ability and user interface - subcriteria of Perceived Ease of Use had some of the highest values. Another important subcriterion in the analysis under External Factors Criteria was Cost. None of the criteria evaluated could be considered unimportant, i.e. having really low values after the analysis. The results indicate that EHR should be mandatory in terms of reducing of time spent and errors, improving the outcomes and productivity and in terms of optimum patient treatment. © 2016 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology, Inc. Close

• 53. [Article] Differences in U.S. Medical School Faculty Job Satisfaction by Gender

  Increased demands on academic medical faculty have raised awareness about faculty satisfaction and vitality, in part because of the demonstrated empirical link between job satisfaction and retention. Evidence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differences in U.S. Medical School Faculty Job Satisfaction by Gender Author: Bunton, Sarah A. Year: 2011 Increased demands on academic medical faculty have raised awareness about faculty satisfaction and vitality, in part because of the demonstrated empirical link between job satisfaction and retention. Evidence suggests that faculty are affected by their perceptions of what is valued and rewarded in their work environments, and that supportive environments can foster faculty satisfaction. Given the high costs of faculty turnover, it is imperative to understand the factors that contribute to the retention of faculty. A previous Analysis in Brief (AIB) examined key areas of U.S. medical faculty job satisfaction and the disconnect for some faculty between what they value in the workplace and actual workplace opportunities. In this AIB, the effects of gender are examined to obtain a more nuanced understanding of job satisfaction. Title: Differences in U.S. Medical School Faculty Job Satisfaction by Gender Author: Bunton, Sarah A. Year: 2011 Increased demands on academic medical faculty have raised awareness about faculty satisfaction and vitality, in part because of the demonstrated empirical link between job satisfaction and retention. Evidence suggests that faculty are affected by their perceptions of what is valued and rewarded in their work environments, and that supportive environments can foster faculty satisfaction. Given the high costs of faculty turnover, it is imperative to understand the factors that contribute to the retention of faculty. A previous Analysis in Brief (AIB) examined key areas of U.S. medical faculty job satisfaction and the disconnect for some faculty between what they value in the workplace and actual workplace opportunities. In this AIB, the effects of gender are examined to obtain a more nuanced understanding of job satisfaction. Close

• 54. [Article] Analysis and Evaluation of Criteria Impacting HER Adoption With AHP Model

  Information systems have been making a noticeable entrance in the healthcare, although their adoption has been slow. This paper examines the factors influencing the electronic healthcare records (EHR) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis and Evaluation of Criteria Impacting HER Adoption With AHP Model Author: Hogaboam, Liliya, Ju, Jiali, Ucar, Duygu, Mudavadi, Caroline Year: 2011 Information systems have been making a noticeable entrance in the healthcare, although their adoption has been slow. This paper examines the factors influencing the electronic healthcare records (EHR) adoption by modeling behavioral intention of physicians towards EHR adoption. Three main criteria: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and external factors along with the subcriteria, are studied by the authors. Analytical hierarchical process (AHP) model is tested through the expert judgment questionnaire of physicians in Portland metro area. PCM software and Excel were used analyze the results of the pairwise comparisons done by the experts. The results showed high importance of the Perceived Ease of Use criteria on the behavioral intensions of physicians towards EHR adoption. Search ability and user interface – subcriteria of Perceived Ease of Use had some of the highest values. Another important subcriterion in the analysis under External Factors Criteria was Cost. None of the criteria evaluated could be considered unimportant, i.e. having really low values after the analysis. All of the respondents think that EHR should be mandatory in terms of reducing of time spent and errors, improving the outcomes and productivity and in terms of optimum patient treatment. Title: Analysis and Evaluation of Criteria Impacting HER Adoption With AHP Model Author: Hogaboam, Liliya, Ju, Jiali, Ucar, Duygu, Mudavadi, Caroline Year: 2011 Information systems have been making a noticeable entrance in the healthcare, although their adoption has been slow. This paper examines the factors influencing the electronic healthcare records (EHR) adoption by modeling behavioral intention of physicians towards EHR adoption. Three main criteria: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and external factors along with the subcriteria, are studied by the authors. Analytical hierarchical process (AHP) model is tested through the expert judgment questionnaire of physicians in Portland metro area. PCM software and Excel were used analyze the results of the pairwise comparisons done by the experts. The results showed high importance of the Perceived Ease of Use criteria on the behavioral intensions of physicians towards EHR adoption. Search ability and user interface – subcriteria of Perceived Ease of Use had some of the highest values. Another important subcriterion in the analysis under External Factors Criteria was Cost. None of the criteria evaluated could be considered unimportant, i.e. having really low values after the analysis. All of the respondents think that EHR should be mandatory in terms of reducing of time spent and errors, improving the outcomes and productivity and in terms of optimum patient treatment. Close

• 55. [Article] Burgerville: Sustainability and Sourcing in a QSR Supply Chain

  Jack Graves is considering buying chicken. More precisely, Jack is considering where to buy chicken. He needs to make a recommendation to the purchasing team soon, and the decision is complicated. Jack ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Burgerville: Sustainability and Sourcing in a QSR Supply Chain Author: Brown, Darrell, Berko, Phil, Dedrick, Patrick, Hilliard, Brie, Pfleeger, Joshua Year: 2011 Jack Graves is considering buying chicken. More precisely, Jack is considering where to buy chicken. He needs to make a recommendation to the purchasing team soon, and the decision is complicated. Jack is a long-time employee of the Burgerville restaurant chain, a quick-serve restaurant chain in the Northwest USA. Burgerville prides itself in being true to its long-held values while maintaining profitability and growth. Graves’ primary job at Burgerville is to assure that the company’s values are embedded in all its actions, including its relationships to its supply chain. His current concern is the dilemma of which values to promote. Burgerville sells chicken, lots of chicken. So the purchase of chicken has significant impacts on the social and environmental impacts of Burgerville’s supply chain. Should Burgerville buy local, with the inherent social and environmental benefits, while paying attention to concerns about labor issues, animal treatment, and non-organic stewardship? Or should it find a supplier with some assurance that these potential problems are eliminated, regardless of location? Jack knows that Burgerville needs to address this issue soon, as the supply of chicken that is produced to Burgerville’s high standards is small and there are sure to be competitors seeking the same products. He will have to weigh the company’s values and make a recommendation soon. As the Chief Cultural Officer of The Holland Inc., Burgerville’s parent company, Jack Graves is constantly aware of the need to align the Burgerville culture and identity throughout all units of the business, including vendor partners. The chain’s slogan: "Fresh. Local. Sustainable." proclaims its commitment to offering foods differently than other quick serve chains, with specific attention to where food is being sourced. Burgerville aims to deliver on this promise as often as possible, and has had success in the past. Over the past decade, Burgerville has made a concerted effort to ensure its purchasing supports it values. As of 2009, over 70% of Burgerville’s total spending on food products was from local suppliers, up from less than 60% in 2008. With chicken, though, Graves was faced with some difficult questions and hard choices: can Burgerville find a local supplier who can provide a sufficient quantity and quality of breaded and plain chicken breasts and chicken strips at a cost comparable to the existing national brand supplier? Is buying local the most important decision to make for Burgerville and its image? Is the issue more than simply reducing the distance the food travels from origin to the customer? Are Burgerville customers willing to pay a premium for locally sourced chicken? It makes sense to purchase from local farmers who may then become loyal customers, but what if distant farms operate more sustainably than the local farms? Is there a sustainable chicken farm that could handle Burgerville’s demand? These questions weigh on Graves’s mind as he struggles to balance the chain’s profitability with the company’s values. Title: Burgerville: Sustainability and Sourcing in a QSR Supply Chain Author: Brown, Darrell, Berko, Phil, Dedrick, Patrick, Hilliard, Brie, Pfleeger, Joshua Year: 2011 Jack Graves is considering buying chicken. More precisely, Jack is considering where to buy chicken. He needs to make a recommendation to the purchasing team soon, and the decision is complicated. Jack is a long-time employee of the Burgerville restaurant chain, a quick-serve restaurant chain in the Northwest USA. Burgerville prides itself in being true to its long-held values while maintaining profitability and growth. Graves’ primary job at Burgerville is to assure that the company’s values are embedded in all its actions, including its relationships to its supply chain. His current concern is the dilemma of which values to promote. Burgerville sells chicken, lots of chicken. So the purchase of chicken has significant impacts on the social and environmental impacts of Burgerville’s supply chain. Should Burgerville buy local, with the inherent social and environmental benefits, while paying attention to concerns about labor issues, animal treatment, and non-organic stewardship? Or should it find a supplier with some assurance that these potential problems are eliminated, regardless of location? Jack knows that Burgerville needs to address this issue soon, as the supply of chicken that is produced to Burgerville’s high standards is small and there are sure to be competitors seeking the same products. He will have to weigh the company’s values and make a recommendation soon. As the Chief Cultural Officer of The Holland Inc., Burgerville’s parent company, Jack Graves is constantly aware of the need to align the Burgerville culture and identity throughout all units of the business, including vendor partners. The chain’s slogan: "Fresh. Local. Sustainable." proclaims its commitment to offering foods differently than other quick serve chains, with specific attention to where food is being sourced. Burgerville aims to deliver on this promise as often as possible, and has had success in the past. Over the past decade, Burgerville has made a concerted effort to ensure its purchasing supports it values. As of 2009, over 70% of Burgerville’s total spending on food products was from local suppliers, up from less than 60% in 2008. With chicken, though, Graves was faced with some difficult questions and hard choices: can Burgerville find a local supplier who can provide a sufficient quantity and quality of breaded and plain chicken breasts and chicken strips at a cost comparable to the existing national brand supplier? Is buying local the most important decision to make for Burgerville and its image? Is the issue more than simply reducing the distance the food travels from origin to the customer? Are Burgerville customers willing to pay a premium for locally sourced chicken? It makes sense to purchase from local farmers who may then become loyal customers, but what if distant farms operate more sustainably than the local farms? Is there a sustainable chicken farm that could handle Burgerville’s demand? These questions weigh on Graves’s mind as he struggles to balance the chain’s profitability with the company’s values. Close

• 56. [Article] Translated poems of Hazel Hall

  As Oregon grew and prospered, it cultivated a new crop of writers, among them, Hazel Hall, born in 1886. Hall’s sensitive, lyrical poetry has been compared to Emily Dickinson’s. This extraordinary Portland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Translated poems of Hazel Hall Author: Nunez, Eva Year: 2006 As Oregon grew and prospered, it cultivated a new crop of writers, among them, Hazel Hall, born in 1886. Hall’s sensitive, lyrical poetry has been compared to Emily Dickinson’s. This extraordinary Portland poet was published and actually did gain a national reputation. But her short-lived poetic career lasted only from 1916 through 1924. She published her first poem at the age of thirty, her first book at thirty-five. In her peak publishing year of 1923, she had more than forty-five poems published in such magazines as Poetry, Dial, Harpers, Yale Review, The Nation, Literary Review, Lyric, Contemporary Verse, and Bookman. And such diverse critics as William Troy, Ridgely Torrence, Clement Stone, and Harriett Monroe found high praise for her poetry. Two collections of poems were published while she lived, Curtains (New York: John Lane Co, 1921) and Walkers (New York: Dodd, Mead Co., 1923). Dutton published her posthumous book, Cry of Time, in 1928, four years after her death. Title: Translated poems of Hazel Hall Author: Nunez, Eva Year: 2006 As Oregon grew and prospered, it cultivated a new crop of writers, among them, Hazel Hall, born in 1886. Hall’s sensitive, lyrical poetry has been compared to Emily Dickinson’s. This extraordinary Portland poet was published and actually did gain a national reputation. But her short-lived poetic career lasted only from 1916 through 1924. She published her first poem at the age of thirty, her first book at thirty-five. In her peak publishing year of 1923, she had more than forty-five poems published in such magazines as Poetry, Dial, Harpers, Yale Review, The Nation, Literary Review, Lyric, Contemporary Verse, and Bookman. And such diverse critics as William Troy, Ridgely Torrence, Clement Stone, and Harriett Monroe found high praise for her poetry. Two collections of poems were published while she lived, Curtains (New York: John Lane Co, 1921) and Walkers (New York: Dodd, Mead Co., 1923). Dutton published her posthumous book, Cry of Time, in 1928, four years after her death. Close

• 57. [Article] Distribution and Behavior Study of Diurnal Tree Squirrels in Portland, Oregon, with Emphasis on the Western Gray Squirrel (Saiurus grieeus griseus Ord) and the Western Fox Squirrel (S. niger rufiventer E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire)

  Populations of diurnal tree squirrels in the Portland area were located by mail surveys, personal interviews, and field inspections. Pine squirrels were found to reside in thickly wooded residential areas ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and Behavior Study of Diurnal Tree Squirrels in Portland, Oregon, with Emphasis on the Western Gray Squirrel (Saiurus grieeus griseus Ord) and the Western Fox Squirrel (S. niger rufiventer E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire) Author: Rice, Ira Young Year: 1977 Populations of diurnal tree squirrels in the Portland area were located by mail surveys, personal interviews, and field inspections. Pine squirrels were found to reside in thickly wooded residential areas with dense understories and running water nearby. Western gray squirrels occupied habitats in relatively quiet residential neighborhoods, in areas well supplied with mast crops. Western fox squirrels were found to coexist with gray squirrels in their preferred habitat, and also to thrive in park settings with few mast trees and high activity and noise levels. In areas occupied by both fox and gray squirrels, dominant-subordinate relationships were noted. Each species tolerated the others. Title: Distribution and Behavior Study of Diurnal Tree Squirrels in Portland, Oregon, with Emphasis on the Western Gray Squirrel (Saiurus grieeus griseus Ord) and the Western Fox Squirrel (S. niger rufiventer E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire) Author: Rice, Ira Young Year: 1977 Populations of diurnal tree squirrels in the Portland area were located by mail surveys, personal interviews, and field inspections. Pine squirrels were found to reside in thickly wooded residential areas with dense understories and running water nearby. Western gray squirrels occupied habitats in relatively quiet residential neighborhoods, in areas well supplied with mast crops. Western fox squirrels were found to coexist with gray squirrels in their preferred habitat, and also to thrive in park settings with few mast trees and high activity and noise levels. In areas occupied by both fox and gray squirrels, dominant-subordinate relationships were noted. Each species tolerated the others. Close

• 58. [Article] The Schooling of Vietnamese-American High School Students in Oregon: Their Perspectives

  Research on the education of Vietnamese-Americans is very limited, and mainstream media continue to project Vietnamese students either as high achievers or gang affiliated (Castro, 1983; Davis & McDaid, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Schooling of Vietnamese-American High School Students in Oregon: Their Perspectives Author: Tran, Minh Van Year: 1994 Research on the education of Vietnamese-Americans is very limited, and mainstream media continue to project Vietnamese students either as high achievers or gang affiliated (Castro, 1983; Davis & McDaid, 1992). This kind of projection can mask the real issues that Vietnamese students are facing. Based on Cummins' (1979) Contextual Interaction Theory, this study examined the views of Vietnamese-American high school students in Oregon regarding their schooling under four major areas: Community Background Factors, Educational Input Factors, Instructional Treatment, and Student Input Factors. In particular, this study examined factors, within the above four areas, pertaining to the schooling of Vietnamese-American high school students such as parental concerns, peer relationships, language use in the classroom, ESL learning, subject areas, teacher support, first language usage, discipline issues, home/school communication, teacher knowledge about culture, extracurricular activity, drug/alcohol issues, gang affiliation, dropping out, student effort in learning, homework, career planning, and future concerns. A survey of 145 subjects was conducted in the Portland and surrounding high schools. The study was supplemented by two interviews of two unique students: a high-achiever and a high-risk case to illuminate the real life and school experiences they encountered in their schooling. The interviews added a holistic dimension to this study. The survey data were analyzed descriptively, statistically, and inferentially to provide answers for the research questions. The overall conclusion was Vietnamese-American high school students in this sample came from large families with strong family support and value for education. They brought with them a strong motivation for learning. They were committed to school work and put much effort in learning. They reported doing well in mathematics and science. They reported difficulties in English language comprehension, but only one third of them perceived ESL as a strong treatment. Very few were participating in extracurricular activities. Their relationships with American peers were poor. They perceived a good level of staff welcome and support but were not sure about the staffs understanding of their culture. These students showed a respect for school rules, but reported little school/home communication. Many worried about their future. Briefly, their perceptions regarding educational input factors and instructional programs were not as strong as community background factors and students' contributions. Title: The Schooling of Vietnamese-American High School Students in Oregon: Their Perspectives Author: Tran, Minh Van Year: 1994 Research on the education of Vietnamese-Americans is very limited, and mainstream media continue to project Vietnamese students either as high achievers or gang affiliated (Castro, 1983; Davis & McDaid, 1992). This kind of projection can mask the real issues that Vietnamese students are facing. Based on Cummins' (1979) Contextual Interaction Theory, this study examined the views of Vietnamese-American high school students in Oregon regarding their schooling under four major areas: Community Background Factors, Educational Input Factors, Instructional Treatment, and Student Input Factors. In particular, this study examined factors, within the above four areas, pertaining to the schooling of Vietnamese-American high school students such as parental concerns, peer relationships, language use in the classroom, ESL learning, subject areas, teacher support, first language usage, discipline issues, home/school communication, teacher knowledge about culture, extracurricular activity, drug/alcohol issues, gang affiliation, dropping out, student effort in learning, homework, career planning, and future concerns. A survey of 145 subjects was conducted in the Portland and surrounding high schools. The study was supplemented by two interviews of two unique students: a high-achiever and a high-risk case to illuminate the real life and school experiences they encountered in their schooling. The interviews added a holistic dimension to this study. The survey data were analyzed descriptively, statistically, and inferentially to provide answers for the research questions. The overall conclusion was Vietnamese-American high school students in this sample came from large families with strong family support and value for education. They brought with them a strong motivation for learning. They were committed to school work and put much effort in learning. They reported doing well in mathematics and science. They reported difficulties in English language comprehension, but only one third of them perceived ESL as a strong treatment. Very few were participating in extracurricular activities. Their relationships with American peers were poor. They perceived a good level of staff welcome and support but were not sure about the staffs understanding of their culture. These students showed a respect for school rules, but reported little school/home communication. Many worried about their future. Briefly, their perceptions regarding educational input factors and instructional programs were not as strong as community background factors and students' contributions. Close

• 59. [Article] Methodology for Estimating Bicyclist Acceleration and Speed Distributions at Intersections

  As cities across North America install infrastructure to accommodate a growing number and variety of bicyclists, installation of bicycle-specific traffic signals is a common design element. A recent survey ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Methodology for Estimating Bicyclist Acceleration and Speed Distributions at Intersections Author: Figliozzi, Miguel A., Wheeler, Nikki, Monsere, Christopher M. Year: 2013 As cities across North America install infrastructure to accommodate a growing number and variety of bicyclists, installation of bicycle-specific traffic signals is a common design element. A recent survey showed a lack of consistency in design and timing. In particular, minimum green signal timing is highly dependent on the assumed acceleration and speed performance of bicyclists, but no detailed methodology exists to estimate these performance values. However, recent American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Caltrans and National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) documents require that an adequate clearance interval shall be provided, and that in determining this minimum interval field investigation of bicyclists’ speeds is recommended. Furthermore, even if detailed video trajectories are available, the determination of a value for field speed and acceleration is not trivial because values of speeds and accelerations are a function of time and individual bicyclist performance. The purpose of this research is to develop and apply a general methodology to estimate bicyclists’ acceleration and speed for traffic signal timing applications. Utilizing physical equations of motion, this research analytically derives expressions that can be used to classify an individual bicyclist’s performance as a function of the observed acceleration profile. The analysis indicates that four basic acceleration profiles are possible and the profiles can be obtained using a parsimonious field-data collection method. The methodology is successfully applied to two intersections in Portland, OR. A detailed statistical analysis shows that the results are intuitive and that the methodology successfully categorizes bicyclists’ performance variations due to topography or demographic characteristics. Title: Methodology for Estimating Bicyclist Acceleration and Speed Distributions at Intersections Author: Figliozzi, Miguel A., Wheeler, Nikki, Monsere, Christopher M. Year: 2013 As cities across North America install infrastructure to accommodate a growing number and variety of bicyclists, installation of bicycle-specific traffic signals is a common design element. A recent survey showed a lack of consistency in design and timing. In particular, minimum green signal timing is highly dependent on the assumed acceleration and speed performance of bicyclists, but no detailed methodology exists to estimate these performance values. However, recent American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Caltrans and National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO) documents require that an adequate clearance interval shall be provided, and that in determining this minimum interval field investigation of bicyclists’ speeds is recommended. Furthermore, even if detailed video trajectories are available, the determination of a value for field speed and acceleration is not trivial because values of speeds and accelerations are a function of time and individual bicyclist performance. The purpose of this research is to develop and apply a general methodology to estimate bicyclists’ acceleration and speed for traffic signal timing applications. Utilizing physical equations of motion, this research analytically derives expressions that can be used to classify an individual bicyclist’s performance as a function of the observed acceleration profile. The analysis indicates that four basic acceleration profiles are possible and the profiles can be obtained using a parsimonious field-data collection method. The methodology is successfully applied to two intersections in Portland, OR. A detailed statistical analysis shows that the results are intuitive and that the methodology successfully categorizes bicyclists’ performance variations due to topography or demographic characteristics. Close

• 60. [Article] Unpacking Producer / Consumer Relationships in Ethical Markets: A Look at Portland's DIY Sector

  This presentation analyzes ethical consumption practices in alternative markets with a sector-specific focus evaluation of indicators and impacts. The paper reviews qualitative research conducted on Portland’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Unpacking Producer / Consumer Relationships in Ethical Markets: A Look at Portland's DIY Sector Author: Curtis, Renée Bogin Year: 2013 This presentation analyzes ethical consumption practices in alternative markets with a sector-specific focus evaluation of indicators and impacts. The paper reviews qualitative research conducted on Portland’s artisan economy with a focus on the independent or do-it-yourself (DIY) craft sector and presents follow up methods. General findings demonstrate ways market perceptions of sector participants reveal value-driven practices, illustrate impacts on production (through the role of place), and highlight impacts of market practices on producer accountability and consumer choices. Specific findings indicate drivers of the DIY market include integrity of production and consumption, communitarian values, minimal concern about competition, and attitudes of resistance to economic globalization with emphasis on alternatives to Fordist production processes in the context of consumer identity. Enabling characteristics include high producer/ consumer access to alternative markets, civic policies, cost of living, neighborhood culture, and collaboration with other artisan sectors and creative industries. Risks facing this sector include co-optation or imitation from mass-scale producers, temptation to sacrifice DIY values for increased profit, as well as debatable determination of its alternativeness. These findings have implications for further research which looks at ethical consumerism within place-based contexts, considers impacts and limits of ethical markets, examines equitable access to ethical markets, and explores implications for civic policies. Ultimately, the paper considers factors to determine effectiveness of ethical markets in the context of how to identify effective campaigns of ethical consumerism or how to validate exchange as an alternative to globalization. Title: Unpacking Producer / Consumer Relationships in Ethical Markets: A Look at Portland's DIY Sector Author: Curtis, Renée Bogin Year: 2013 This presentation analyzes ethical consumption practices in alternative markets with a sector-specific focus evaluation of indicators and impacts. The paper reviews qualitative research conducted on Portland’s artisan economy with a focus on the independent or do-it-yourself (DIY) craft sector and presents follow up methods. General findings demonstrate ways market perceptions of sector participants reveal value-driven practices, illustrate impacts on production (through the role of place), and highlight impacts of market practices on producer accountability and consumer choices. Specific findings indicate drivers of the DIY market include integrity of production and consumption, communitarian values, minimal concern about competition, and attitudes of resistance to economic globalization with emphasis on alternatives to Fordist production processes in the context of consumer identity. Enabling characteristics include high producer/ consumer access to alternative markets, civic policies, cost of living, neighborhood culture, and collaboration with other artisan sectors and creative industries. Risks facing this sector include co-optation or imitation from mass-scale producers, temptation to sacrifice DIY values for increased profit, as well as debatable determination of its alternativeness. These findings have implications for further research which looks at ethical consumerism within place-based contexts, considers impacts and limits of ethical markets, examines equitable access to ethical markets, and explores implications for civic policies. Ultimately, the paper considers factors to determine effectiveness of ethical markets in the context of how to identify effective campaigns of ethical consumerism or how to validate exchange as an alternative to globalization. Close

• 61. [Article] Will You Value Me and Do I Value You? The Effect of Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality on Organizational Evaluations

  This paper investigates whether within-group differences in phenotypic racial stereotypicality (i.e., extent to which individuals possess physical features typical of their racial group) of ingroup members ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Will You Value Me and Do I Value You? The Effect of Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality on Organizational Evaluations Author: Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian, Unzueta, Miguel M., Davies, Paul G., Alston, Aurelia T., Lee, J. Katherine Year: 2015 This paper investigates whether within-group differences in phenotypic racial stereotypicality (i.e., extent to which individuals possess physical features typical of their racial group) of ingroup members serve as social identity contingency cues for Blacks evaluating organizations. It is hypothesized that Blacks draw information about whether their social identity would be valued based on the represented phenotypic racial stereotypicality of Black organization members. Participants viewed organizations that included high phenotypically stereotypic (HPS) Black (e.g., darker skin tones, broader facial features), low phenotypically stereotypic (LPS) Black, or only White employees. Results confirmed that Black, but not White, evaluators reported more diversity, salary, desire to work, and social identity-related trust toward the HPS, compared to LPS and White, organizations. The relationships between phenotypic racial stereotypicality condition on organizational attractiveness and diversity perceptions were mediated by identity-related trust. Results suggest considering diversity at both the group level and within group level to achieve broader benefits. Title: Will You Value Me and Do I Value You? The Effect of Phenotypic Racial Stereotypicality on Organizational Evaluations Author: Kahn, Kimberly Barsamian, Unzueta, Miguel M., Davies, Paul G., Alston, Aurelia T., Lee, J. Katherine Year: 2015 This paper investigates whether within-group differences in phenotypic racial stereotypicality (i.e., extent to which individuals possess physical features typical of their racial group) of ingroup members serve as social identity contingency cues for Blacks evaluating organizations. It is hypothesized that Blacks draw information about whether their social identity would be valued based on the represented phenotypic racial stereotypicality of Black organization members. Participants viewed organizations that included high phenotypically stereotypic (HPS) Black (e.g., darker skin tones, broader facial features), low phenotypically stereotypic (LPS) Black, or only White employees. Results confirmed that Black, but not White, evaluators reported more diversity, salary, desire to work, and social identity-related trust toward the HPS, compared to LPS and White, organizations. The relationships between phenotypic racial stereotypicality condition on organizational attractiveness and diversity perceptions were mediated by identity-related trust. Results suggest considering diversity at both the group level and within group level to achieve broader benefits. Close

• 62. [Article] Distribution Drivers and Physiological Responses in Geothermal Bryophyte Communities

  Premise of Study: Our ability to explain community structure rests on our ability to define the importance of ecological niches, including realized ecological niches, in shaping communities, but few studies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution Drivers and Physiological Responses in Geothermal Bryophyte Communities Author: García, Estefanía Llaneza, Rosenstiel, Todd N., Graves, Camille Brianne, Shortlidge, Erin E., Eppley, Sarah M. Year: 2016 Premise of Study: Our ability to explain community structure rests on our ability to define the importance of ecological niches, including realized ecological niches, in shaping communities, but few studies of plant distributions have combined predictive models with physiological measures. Methods: Using field surveys and statistical modeling, we predicted distribution drivers in geothermal bryophyte (moss) communities of Lassen Volcanic National Park (California, USA). In the laboratory, we used drying and rewetting experiments to test whether the strong species-specific effects of relative humidity on distributions predicted by the models were correlated with physiological characters. Key Results: We found that the three most common bryophytes in geothermal communities were significantly affected by three distinct distribution drivers: temperature, light, and relative humidity. Aulacomnium palustre, whose distribution is significantly affected by relative humidity according to our model, and which occurs in high-humidity sites, showed extreme signs of stress after drying and never recovered optimal values of PSII efficiency after rewetting. Campylopus introflexus, whose distribution is not affected by humidity according to our model, was able to maintain optimal values of PSII efficiency for 48 hr at 50% water loss and recovered optimal values of PSII efficiency after rewetting. Conclusions: Our results suggest that species-specific environmental stressors tightly constrain the ecological niches of geothermal bryophytes. Tests of tolerance to drying in two bryophyte species corresponded with model predictions of the comparative importance of relative humidity as distribution drivers for these species. Title: Distribution Drivers and Physiological Responses in Geothermal Bryophyte Communities Author: García, Estefanía Llaneza, Rosenstiel, Todd N., Graves, Camille Brianne, Shortlidge, Erin E., Eppley, Sarah M. Year: 2016 Premise of Study: Our ability to explain community structure rests on our ability to define the importance of ecological niches, including realized ecological niches, in shaping communities, but few studies of plant distributions have combined predictive models with physiological measures. Methods: Using field surveys and statistical modeling, we predicted distribution drivers in geothermal bryophyte (moss) communities of Lassen Volcanic National Park (California, USA). In the laboratory, we used drying and rewetting experiments to test whether the strong species-specific effects of relative humidity on distributions predicted by the models were correlated with physiological characters. Key Results: We found that the three most common bryophytes in geothermal communities were significantly affected by three distinct distribution drivers: temperature, light, and relative humidity. Aulacomnium palustre, whose distribution is significantly affected by relative humidity according to our model, and which occurs in high-humidity sites, showed extreme signs of stress after drying and never recovered optimal values of PSII efficiency after rewetting. Campylopus introflexus, whose distribution is not affected by humidity according to our model, was able to maintain optimal values of PSII efficiency for 48 hr at 50% water loss and recovered optimal values of PSII efficiency after rewetting. Conclusions: Our results suggest that species-specific environmental stressors tightly constrain the ecological niches of geothermal bryophytes. Tests of tolerance to drying in two bryophyte species corresponded with model predictions of the comparative importance of relative humidity as distribution drivers for these species. Close

• 63. [Article] Apatite Crystal Populations of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption, Philippines: Implications for the Generation of High Sulfur Apatite in Silicic Melts

  On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, ejected 20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, significantly impacting global climate and stratospheric ozone. Recharging basaltic magma ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Apatite Crystal Populations of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption, Philippines: Implications for the Generation of High Sulfur Apatite in Silicic Melts Author: Van Hoose, Ashley Elizabeth Year: 2012 On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, ejected 20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, significantly impacting global climate and stratospheric ozone. Recharging basaltic magma mixed into the 50 km³ dacitic magma reservoir 6 to 11 km beneath Mount Pinatubo, and triggered the 1991 eruption. The result of the magma mixing was a hybrid andesite with quenched basalt inclusions that erupted as a dome between June 7 and June 12. On June 15, approximately 5 km³ of anhydrite-bearing magma was erupted from the main phenocryst-rich, dacitic reservoir. This study will utilize this extraordinary framework of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption to investigate the systematics of sulfur uptake by apatite in order to further develop apatite as a monitor for magmatic sulfur. In the dacite and hybrid andesite, apatite occurs as individual phenocrysts (up to ~200 μm diameter) or included within anhydrite, hornblende, and plagioclase phenocrysts. In the basaltic magmatic inclusions, apatite is found as acicular microphenocrysts. Electron microprobe data collected on apatite yield low- (0.7 wt.% SO₃) apatites in all juvenile products, and show that two distinct populations of apatites exist: "silicic" apatites (hosted in dacite and andesite) and basalt apatites. Apatites crystallizing from silicic melt have predominantly low- to medium-sulfur contents, but high-sulfur apatites with as much as 1.2-1.7 wt.% SO₃ occur sporadically as inclusions in plagioclase, hornblende, Fe-Ti oxide, and anhydrite. These concentrations are much higher than what could be achieved through equilibrium crystal-melt partitioning at pre-eruption conditions (760±20°C, 220MPa, NNO+1.7, 77 ppm S in melt inclusions) and a partition coefficient of 13. Apatite in the basalt is always sulfur-rich with compositions forming a continuous array between 0.7 to 2.6 wt.% SO₃. The population of apatite that crystallized from silicic melt has elevated cerium, fluorine, and chlorine and lower magnesium concentrations (average dacite values in wt.%: 0.21 Ce₂O₃, 1.4 F, 1.1 Cl, & 0.14 MgO) relative to the population of apatite from the basalt (average basalt values in wt.%: 0.05 Ce₂O₃, 1.0 F, 0.78 Cl, & 0.22 MgO). LA-ICP-MS trace element data also show distinct apatite populations between silicic and basalt apatites. Silicic apatites have elevated REE concentrations (La avg. = 750 ppm), lower Sr (avg.= 594 ppm), and a pronounced negative Eu anomaly (avg. Eu/Eu* = 0.57) relative to basalt apatites (avg. values: 217 ppm La, 975 ppm Sr, and Eu/Eu* = 1.16). The correlation of EMP sulfur data and LA-ICP-MS trace element data show no difference between high-S and low-S silicic apatites. These compositional systematics rule out the possibility that sulfur-rich apatite from dacite are inherited from mafic magma. Sulfur element maps of apatites show no evidence of S-diffusion from anhydrite hosts. Areas of high-S concentrations show complicated patterns that suggest multiple periods of sulfur enrichment. High-S silicic apatites are likely the product of "fluid-enhanced crystallization" from early enrichment of a SO₂ rich fluid phase from the underplating basalt, which occurred prior to or at anhydrite saturation. This fluid phase is the only possible sufficient source of sulfur for generating high-S apatites in a cool, "wet", dacitic melt. The dynamics of apatite sulfur enrichment via "fluid-enhanced crystallization" is yet unclear and requires further experimental laboratory investigation. Title: Apatite Crystal Populations of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption, Philippines: Implications for the Generation of High Sulfur Apatite in Silicic Melts Author: Van Hoose, Ashley Elizabeth Year: 2012 On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, ejected 20 million tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, significantly impacting global climate and stratospheric ozone. Recharging basaltic magma mixed into the 50 km³ dacitic magma reservoir 6 to 11 km beneath Mount Pinatubo, and triggered the 1991 eruption. The result of the magma mixing was a hybrid andesite with quenched basalt inclusions that erupted as a dome between June 7 and June 12. On June 15, approximately 5 km³ of anhydrite-bearing magma was erupted from the main phenocryst-rich, dacitic reservoir. This study will utilize this extraordinary framework of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption to investigate the systematics of sulfur uptake by apatite in order to further develop apatite as a monitor for magmatic sulfur. In the dacite and hybrid andesite, apatite occurs as individual phenocrysts (up to ~200 μm diameter) or included within anhydrite, hornblende, and plagioclase phenocrysts. In the basaltic magmatic inclusions, apatite is found as acicular microphenocrysts. Electron microprobe data collected on apatite yield low- (0.7 wt.% SO₃) apatites in all juvenile products, and show that two distinct populations of apatites exist: "silicic" apatites (hosted in dacite and andesite) and basalt apatites. Apatites crystallizing from silicic melt have predominantly low- to medium-sulfur contents, but high-sulfur apatites with as much as 1.2-1.7 wt.% SO₃ occur sporadically as inclusions in plagioclase, hornblende, Fe-Ti oxide, and anhydrite. These concentrations are much higher than what could be achieved through equilibrium crystal-melt partitioning at pre-eruption conditions (760±20°C, 220MPa, NNO+1.7, 77 ppm S in melt inclusions) and a partition coefficient of 13. Apatite in the basalt is always sulfur-rich with compositions forming a continuous array between 0.7 to 2.6 wt.% SO₃. The population of apatite that crystallized from silicic melt has elevated cerium, fluorine, and chlorine and lower magnesium concentrations (average dacite values in wt.%: 0.21 Ce₂O₃, 1.4 F, 1.1 Cl, & 0.14 MgO) relative to the population of apatite from the basalt (average basalt values in wt.%: 0.05 Ce₂O₃, 1.0 F, 0.78 Cl, & 0.22 MgO). LA-ICP-MS trace element data also show distinct apatite populations between silicic and basalt apatites. Silicic apatites have elevated REE concentrations (La avg. = 750 ppm), lower Sr (avg.= 594 ppm), and a pronounced negative Eu anomaly (avg. Eu/Eu* = 0.57) relative to basalt apatites (avg. values: 217 ppm La, 975 ppm Sr, and Eu/Eu* = 1.16). The correlation of EMP sulfur data and LA-ICP-MS trace element data show no difference between high-S and low-S silicic apatites. These compositional systematics rule out the possibility that sulfur-rich apatite from dacite are inherited from mafic magma. Sulfur element maps of apatites show no evidence of S-diffusion from anhydrite hosts. Areas of high-S concentrations show complicated patterns that suggest multiple periods of sulfur enrichment. High-S silicic apatites are likely the product of "fluid-enhanced crystallization" from early enrichment of a SO₂ rich fluid phase from the underplating basalt, which occurred prior to or at anhydrite saturation. This fluid phase is the only possible sufficient source of sulfur for generating high-S apatites in a cool, "wet", dacitic melt. The dynamics of apatite sulfur enrichment via "fluid-enhanced crystallization" is yet unclear and requires further experimental laboratory investigation. Close

• 64. [Article] Faculty Job Satisfaction and Morale in Biomedical Research

  High faculty morale and job satisfaction are vital for optimum performance and important to the quality and vitality of the academic enterprise. However, research on faculty morale and job satisfaction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Faculty Job Satisfaction and Morale in Biomedical Research Author: Goranflo III, Richard John Year: 2017 High faculty morale and job satisfaction are vital for optimum performance and important to the quality and vitality of the academic enterprise. However, research on faculty morale and job satisfaction has historically been limited to faculty at traditional comprehensive institutions and specific professional programs. Faculty who conduct biomedical research at academic health centers experience substantial differences in employment expectations and how they are funded than other faculty. The purpose of this study was to explore how personal and professional factors contribute toward positive morale and job satisfaction for faculty in biomedical research programs at one academic health center. This qualitative study used individual semi-structured interviews to explore work-life aspects associated with self-reported levels of morale and job satisfaction. Results from this study indicated that biomedical research faculty enjoy their work and highly value collaborating with their colleagues. The persistent need to fund at least half of their salaries through soft money, the loss of valued colleagues due to turnover, and a lack of identity with their institution decreases job satisfaction. It was also found that job satisfaction is expressed differently by gender and length of employment at one's current institution. Female faculty expressed feelings of limited support for those raising families while faculty employed longer expressed lower satisfaction than those recently hired. Better understanding of what influences job satisfaction and morale for this population will help academic health centers further support their research faculty as well as increase positive faculty identification with the institution. Title: Faculty Job Satisfaction and Morale in Biomedical Research Author: Goranflo III, Richard John Year: 2017 High faculty morale and job satisfaction are vital for optimum performance and important to the quality and vitality of the academic enterprise. However, research on faculty morale and job satisfaction has historically been limited to faculty at traditional comprehensive institutions and specific professional programs. Faculty who conduct biomedical research at academic health centers experience substantial differences in employment expectations and how they are funded than other faculty. The purpose of this study was to explore how personal and professional factors contribute toward positive morale and job satisfaction for faculty in biomedical research programs at one academic health center. This qualitative study used individual semi-structured interviews to explore work-life aspects associated with self-reported levels of morale and job satisfaction. Results from this study indicated that biomedical research faculty enjoy their work and highly value collaborating with their colleagues. The persistent need to fund at least half of their salaries through soft money, the loss of valued colleagues due to turnover, and a lack of identity with their institution decreases job satisfaction. It was also found that job satisfaction is expressed differently by gender and length of employment at one's current institution. Female faculty expressed feelings of limited support for those raising families while faculty employed longer expressed lower satisfaction than those recently hired. Better understanding of what influences job satisfaction and morale for this population will help academic health centers further support their research faculty as well as increase positive faculty identification with the institution. Close

• 65. [Article] Food-based Activities versus Material Possessions: Alternatives to Consumption

  We examine how food-related experiential activities offer different types of intrinsic pleasures, create an alternative path to consumerism, and subsequently affect happiness and well-being. Participant’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food-based Activities versus Material Possessions: Alternatives to Consumption Author: Wikoff, Robin René, Pullman, Madeleine E. Year: 2015 We examine how food-related experiential activities offer different types of intrinsic pleasures, create an alternative path to consumerism, and subsequently affect happiness and well-being. Participant’s perspectives on these activities are compared to those of their favourite material possessions to explore the differences in meaning and motivations. Phenomenological interviews centred on food activities and material possessions revealed that experiential food-related hobbies are valued highly and a source of great life satisfaction because of meeting a variety of psychological needs. These activities offer an alternative conception of what it is to flourish and to enjoy a ‘high’ standard of living as they were found to be mostly intrinsically motivated. Many material possessions also suggested intrinsic aspirations while others showed a mix of both intrinsic and extrinsic aspects. The data reveal that the need for adopting extrinsic life aspirations is not strongly expressed when food-related experiential activities, such as food growing and preparation, are a part of regular life. These food-based activities and certain types of material possessions with intrinsic values encourage a more ecologically sustainable use of resources and reduce social and environmental exploitation associated with consumerism. This research contributes to new modes of thinking about happiness and well-being by supporting the ‘alternative hedonism’ concept as remedy to consumerism. Title: Food-based Activities versus Material Possessions: Alternatives to Consumption Author: Wikoff, Robin René, Pullman, Madeleine E. Year: 2015 We examine how food-related experiential activities offer different types of intrinsic pleasures, create an alternative path to consumerism, and subsequently affect happiness and well-being. Participant’s perspectives on these activities are compared to those of their favourite material possessions to explore the differences in meaning and motivations. Phenomenological interviews centred on food activities and material possessions revealed that experiential food-related hobbies are valued highly and a source of great life satisfaction because of meeting a variety of psychological needs. These activities offer an alternative conception of what it is to flourish and to enjoy a ‘high’ standard of living as they were found to be mostly intrinsically motivated. Many material possessions also suggested intrinsic aspirations while others showed a mix of both intrinsic and extrinsic aspects. The data reveal that the need for adopting extrinsic life aspirations is not strongly expressed when food-related experiential activities, such as food growing and preparation, are a part of regular life. These food-based activities and certain types of material possessions with intrinsic values encourage a more ecologically sustainable use of resources and reduce social and environmental exploitation associated with consumerism. This research contributes to new modes of thinking about happiness and well-being by supporting the ‘alternative hedonism’ concept as remedy to consumerism. Close

• 66. [Article] Promoting Educational Opportunity and Achievement Through 1:1 iPads

  Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to expand the growing body of research on the educational impact of 1:1 mobile devices, investigating the iPad’s potential to reduce the disparity of access to high-quality ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Promoting Educational Opportunity and Achievement Through 1:1 iPads Author: Thieman, Gayle Y., Cevallos, Tatiana Year: 2017 Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to expand the growing body of research on the educational impact of 1:1 mobile devices, investigating the iPad’s potential to reduce the disparity of access to high-quality instructional technology and achievement for low income, racially, and linguistically diverse students. Design/methodology/approach: This three-year, mixed-method study investigated the degree to which a 1:1 iPad initiative reduced the disparity of technology access and instructional use and improved student learning and attendance. The research design included survey data on student technology skills, experiences and use and teacher focus groups to confirm and contextualize the survey data. Findings: Across all three years, ninth graders and students who were white, female, eligible for free/reduced lunch and those with stable enrollment were more likely to have an individual iPad (THP). Having a THP was associated with greater satisfaction, ease and frequency of technology use, higher attendance and GPA. Research limitations/implications: Inequitable distribution, inconsistent administrative support, and uneven faculty support for iPads limit generalizability. Practical implications: This research identifies barriers to successful technology integration and impact on student achievement including inequitable access, inconsistent administrative and teacher support, and limited professional development. Originality/value: This research focuses on an issue of digital equity that has not yet been studied in depth with 1:1 iPads and investigates students’ technology access, experiences and use to support student achievement in a high poverty, highly diverse high school. Title: Promoting Educational Opportunity and Achievement Through 1:1 iPads Author: Thieman, Gayle Y., Cevallos, Tatiana Year: 2017 Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to expand the growing body of research on the educational impact of 1:1 mobile devices, investigating the iPad’s potential to reduce the disparity of access to high-quality instructional technology and achievement for low income, racially, and linguistically diverse students. Design/methodology/approach: This three-year, mixed-method study investigated the degree to which a 1:1 iPad initiative reduced the disparity of technology access and instructional use and improved student learning and attendance. The research design included survey data on student technology skills, experiences and use and teacher focus groups to confirm and contextualize the survey data. Findings: Across all three years, ninth graders and students who were white, female, eligible for free/reduced lunch and those with stable enrollment were more likely to have an individual iPad (THP). Having a THP was associated with greater satisfaction, ease and frequency of technology use, higher attendance and GPA. Research limitations/implications: Inequitable distribution, inconsistent administrative support, and uneven faculty support for iPads limit generalizability. Practical implications: This research identifies barriers to successful technology integration and impact on student achievement including inequitable access, inconsistent administrative and teacher support, and limited professional development. Originality/value: This research focuses on an issue of digital equity that has not yet been studied in depth with 1:1 iPads and investigates students’ technology access, experiences and use to support student achievement in a high poverty, highly diverse high school. Close

• 67. [Article] Library Faculty and Instructional Assessment: Creating a Culture of Assessment through the High Performance Programming Model of Organizational Transformation

  In an environment in which libraries increasingly need to demonstrate their value to faculty and administrators, providing evidence of the library’s contribution to student learning through its instruction ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Library Faculty and Instructional Assessment: Creating a Culture of Assessment through the High Performance Programming Model of Organizational Transformation Author: Farkas, Meredith G., Hinchliffe, Lisa J. Year: 2013 In an environment in which libraries increasingly need to demonstrate their value to faculty and administrators, providing evidence of the library’s contribution to student learning through its instruction program is critical. However, building a culture of assessment can be a challenge, even if librarians recognize its importance. In order to lead change, coordinators of library instruction at institutions where librarians are also tenure-track faculty must build trust and collaboration, lead through influence, and garner support from administration for assessment initiatives. The purpose of this paper is to explore what it takes to build a culture of assessment in academic libraries where librarians are faculty through the High Performance Programming model of organizational change. The guidelines for building a culture of assessment will be exemplified by case studies at the authors’ libraries where instruction coordinators are using collaboration to build a culture of assessment with their colleagues. Title: Library Faculty and Instructional Assessment: Creating a Culture of Assessment through the High Performance Programming Model of Organizational Transformation Author: Farkas, Meredith G., Hinchliffe, Lisa J. Year: 2013 In an environment in which libraries increasingly need to demonstrate their value to faculty and administrators, providing evidence of the library’s contribution to student learning through its instruction program is critical. However, building a culture of assessment can be a challenge, even if librarians recognize its importance. In order to lead change, coordinators of library instruction at institutions where librarians are also tenure-track faculty must build trust and collaboration, lead through influence, and garner support from administration for assessment initiatives. The purpose of this paper is to explore what it takes to build a culture of assessment in academic libraries where librarians are faculty through the High Performance Programming model of organizational change. The guidelines for building a culture of assessment will be exemplified by case studies at the authors’ libraries where instruction coordinators are using collaboration to build a culture of assessment with their colleagues. Close

• 68. [Article] When Mathematicians and Mathematics Teachers Come Together

  In accordance with recommendations from educators and educational researchers [Wilcox, et a!, 1991; Schwab, 1976], recent attempts to integrate the communities of professional mathematicians and high school ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: When Mathematicians and Mathematics Teachers Come Together Author: Narode, Ronald B. Year: 1993 In accordance with recommendations from educators and educational researchers [Wilcox, et a!, 1991; Schwab, 1976], recent attempts to integrate the communities of professional mathematicians and high school mathematics teachers in the U.S A. have resulted in several summer institutes which bring these groups together for up to four weeks. Through living, working, and studying together, the two normally disparate groups are expected to develop a dialogue for the mutual benefit of the participants and for their students. The present study of one such institute was conducted with the use of interviews of the participants, examination of some of the teachers' daily journals, and naturalistic observations of classes, lectures, socializing, and dorm life. In addition to documenting the respective goals and activities of senior research geometers, seeking-to-be researchers, and high school mathematics teachers, this study also documents the types of mathematical discussions which characterize each of these groups. The study concludes that the mathematical discussions of mathematicians differ from the mathematical discussions of mathematics teachers with respect to goals, values, social configurations, and style. Furthermore, there are political ramifications in that the mathematicians are accorded status over the teachers. Title: When Mathematicians and Mathematics Teachers Come Together Author: Narode, Ronald B. Year: 1993 In accordance with recommendations from educators and educational researchers [Wilcox, et a!, 1991; Schwab, 1976], recent attempts to integrate the communities of professional mathematicians and high school mathematics teachers in the U.S A. have resulted in several summer institutes which bring these groups together for up to four weeks. Through living, working, and studying together, the two normally disparate groups are expected to develop a dialogue for the mutual benefit of the participants and for their students. The present study of one such institute was conducted with the use of interviews of the participants, examination of some of the teachers' daily journals, and naturalistic observations of classes, lectures, socializing, and dorm life. In addition to documenting the respective goals and activities of senior research geometers, seeking-to-be researchers, and high school mathematics teachers, this study also documents the types of mathematical discussions which characterize each of these groups. The study concludes that the mathematical discussions of mathematicians differ from the mathematical discussions of mathematics teachers with respect to goals, values, social configurations, and style. Furthermore, there are political ramifications in that the mathematicians are accorded status over the teachers. Close

• 69. [Article] Phenotypic Variation in the Model Organism, Danio Rerio

  Model organisms are used to study evolutionary conserved traits. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are used a model organism because of their highly fecundity, external fertilization, and robust nature, making them ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phenotypic Variation in the Model Organism, Danio Rerio Author: Champaigne, Rachel D, Brown, Kim H. Year: 2014 Model organisms are used to study evolutionary conserved traits. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are used a model organism because of their highly fecundity, external fertilization, and robust nature, making them highly adaptable to environmental and genetic variation. In an effort to limit data variation that lies outside of topic interest, phenotypic measures of variation must be performed, understood, and taken into consideration for future studies. A common measurement of phenotypic variation in fish is in the maximum (Ucrit) swimming speeds. Inter and intra-strain variation in zebrafish Ucrit swimming speeds will be observed in a swim tunnel. Baseline values will be recorded from ten fish from each of two families in each of three strains: WIK, Tubigan and AB. Environmental variation in zebrafish raised (beginning at one month of age) in tanks with various volumes and densities of fish will also be recorded from each strain. Mitochondrial density in white muscle will be compared in each strain in each condition. Diet, take salinity, pH, temperature, and light exposure will all remain constant for all fish. Title: Phenotypic Variation in the Model Organism, Danio Rerio Author: Champaigne, Rachel D, Brown, Kim H. Year: 2014 Model organisms are used to study evolutionary conserved traits. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are used a model organism because of their highly fecundity, external fertilization, and robust nature, making them highly adaptable to environmental and genetic variation. In an effort to limit data variation that lies outside of topic interest, phenotypic measures of variation must be performed, understood, and taken into consideration for future studies. A common measurement of phenotypic variation in fish is in the maximum (Ucrit) swimming speeds. Inter and intra-strain variation in zebrafish Ucrit swimming speeds will be observed in a swim tunnel. Baseline values will be recorded from ten fish from each of two families in each of three strains: WIK, Tubigan and AB. Environmental variation in zebrafish raised (beginning at one month of age) in tanks with various volumes and densities of fish will also be recorded from each strain. Mitochondrial density in white muscle will be compared in each strain in each condition. Diet, take salinity, pH, temperature, and light exposure will all remain constant for all fish. Close

• 70. [Article] Mergers and Acquisitions: Team Performance

  Many mergers and acquisitions in high technology do not yield the expected results and acquired technologies fail to create value as planned. One explanation is the difficulty to transfer and integrate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mergers and Acquisitions: Team Performance Author: Jetter, Antonie J., Sperry, Richard Year: 2007 Many mergers and acquisitions in high technology do not yield the expected results and acquired technologies fail to create value as planned. One explanation is the difficulty to transfer and integrate the tacit components of technological knowledge, when work groups and teams are disrupted. Mergers force work group and team members to redefine their roles, change their working approaches, and develop a shared vision and culture. The paper therefore researches high-tech mergers from a team perspective through an exploratory case study of two formerly separate Quality Assurance groups that were integrated into one. The case study identifies three factors that impact team performance after a merger: strong vision, clear communication, and operational synergy built on an open team culture and a common working approach. Title: Mergers and Acquisitions: Team Performance Author: Jetter, Antonie J., Sperry, Richard Year: 2007 Many mergers and acquisitions in high technology do not yield the expected results and acquired technologies fail to create value as planned. One explanation is the difficulty to transfer and integrate the tacit components of technological knowledge, when work groups and teams are disrupted. Mergers force work group and team members to redefine their roles, change their working approaches, and develop a shared vision and culture. The paper therefore researches high-tech mergers from a team perspective through an exploratory case study of two formerly separate Quality Assurance groups that were integrated into one. The case study identifies three factors that impact team performance after a merger: strong vision, clear communication, and operational synergy built on an open team culture and a common working approach. Close

• 71. [Article] Is Employee Development a Sound Investment for Employers?

  Training is a necessary part of all modern employment. Employee development is a different kind of process involving long term mentorship and continuing follow-up of results which can be particular to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is Employee Development a Sound Investment for Employers? Author: Nguyen, Hung, Nickeson, Matt, Provenzola, Jeremy, Siriwannangkul, Benjamas, Runde, Neil Year: 2011 Training is a necessary part of all modern employment. Employee development is a different kind of process involving long term mentorship and continuing follow-up of results which can be particular to high technology firms. However, significant costs are associated with both kinds of endeavors. Can a tangible, monetary value be placed on training and development? Our hypothesis is that it can, but that training offers largely intangible benefits to companies such as improvements in employee attraction, motivation, and retention. Examples from literature and a custom survey distributed to mid-level managers in several high-tech Portland firms resulted in confirmation of our hypotheses that employee development offers few tangible but many intangible benefits which can improve employee performance. Title: Is Employee Development a Sound Investment for Employers? Author: Nguyen, Hung, Nickeson, Matt, Provenzola, Jeremy, Siriwannangkul, Benjamas, Runde, Neil Year: 2011 Training is a necessary part of all modern employment. Employee development is a different kind of process involving long term mentorship and continuing follow-up of results which can be particular to high technology firms. However, significant costs are associated with both kinds of endeavors. Can a tangible, monetary value be placed on training and development? Our hypothesis is that it can, but that training offers largely intangible benefits to companies such as improvements in employee attraction, motivation, and retention. Examples from literature and a custom survey distributed to mid-level managers in several high-tech Portland firms resulted in confirmation of our hypotheses that employee development offers few tangible but many intangible benefits which can improve employee performance. Close

• 72. [Article] Ice and Other Stories

  From the Oregon coast to the steppes of Mongolia, the seven short stories in this collection take the reader on a journey through the landscape of human experience. In the high desert of southeast Idaho, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ice and Other Stories Author: Levesque, Constance D. Year: 2011 From the Oregon coast to the steppes of Mongolia, the seven short stories in this collection take the reader on a journey through the landscape of human experience. In the high desert of southeast Idaho, a mammalogist confronts his own predatory instincts. A sister laments the distance between herself and a brother studying climate change in Antarctica. A caregiver for an aging botanist learns the value of forgiveness. Love, loss and redemption--the relationships that define our lives--are here juxtaposed with the beauty and implacability of the natural world. Title: Ice and Other Stories Author: Levesque, Constance D. Year: 2011 From the Oregon coast to the steppes of Mongolia, the seven short stories in this collection take the reader on a journey through the landscape of human experience. In the high desert of southeast Idaho, a mammalogist confronts his own predatory instincts. A sister laments the distance between herself and a brother studying climate change in Antarctica. A caregiver for an aging botanist learns the value of forgiveness. Love, loss and redemption--the relationships that define our lives--are here juxtaposed with the beauty and implacability of the natural world. Close

• 73. [Article] Effective force constant ratios : iron in iridium and rhodium

  Classical methods of analyzing heat capacity data for the characteristic moments of the frequency distribution are applied to iridium and rhodium. Impurity moments are determined from high and low temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effective force constant ratios : iron in iridium and rhodium Author: Munsterman, Dennis Year: 1980 Classical methods of analyzing heat capacity data for the characteristic moments of the frequency distribution are applied to iridium and rhodium. Impurity moments are determined from high and low temperature f values. These moments are combined by modern theory to estimate the magnitude of the host-host to host-impurity force constant ratio. Ratios of the various host moments are also examined. Title: Effective force constant ratios : iron in iridium and rhodium Author: Munsterman, Dennis Year: 1980 Classical methods of analyzing heat capacity data for the characteristic moments of the frequency distribution are applied to iridium and rhodium. Impurity moments are determined from high and low temperature f values. These moments are combined by modern theory to estimate the magnitude of the host-host to host-impurity force constant ratio. Ratios of the various host moments are also examined. Close

• 74. [Article] High-resolution angular measurement using surface-plasmon-resonance via phase interrogation at optimal incident wavelengths

  It is demonstrated that ultrahigh-resolution angular measurement can be achieved via surface-plasmon-resonance excitation in which the phase difference between p- and s-polarized reflected waves is monitored ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High-resolution angular measurement using surface-plasmon-resonance via phase interrogation at optimal incident wavelengths Author: Leung, P.T., Chiang, Hai-Pang, Lin, Jing-Lun, Chang, Railing, Su, Sheng-Yu Year: 2005 It is demonstrated that ultrahigh-resolution angular measurement can be achieved via surface-plasmon-resonance excitation in which the phase difference between p- and s-polarized reflected waves is monitored as a function of the incidence angle. Resolutions down to 1.9 x 10(-6) deg are obtained by performing the measurements at optimal incident wavelengths. This represents an order of magnitude improvement compared with previously reported values. Title: High-resolution angular measurement using surface-plasmon-resonance via phase interrogation at optimal incident wavelengths Author: Leung, P.T., Chiang, Hai-Pang, Lin, Jing-Lun, Chang, Railing, Su, Sheng-Yu Year: 2005 It is demonstrated that ultrahigh-resolution angular measurement can be achieved via surface-plasmon-resonance excitation in which the phase difference between p- and s-polarized reflected waves is monitored as a function of the incidence angle. Resolutions down to 1.9 x 10(-6) deg are obtained by performing the measurements at optimal incident wavelengths. This represents an order of magnitude improvement compared with previously reported values. Close

• 75. [Article] Urban Universities: Anchors Generating Prosperity for America's Cities

  This paper articulates the value and role of urban universities as anchor institutions and engines of metropolitan success. Founded on their long-term commitment to the metropolitan areas they inhabit, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Urban Universities: Anchors Generating Prosperity for America's Cities Author: Martin, Sheila A. Year: 2010 This paper articulates the value and role of urban universities as anchor institutions and engines of metropolitan success. Founded on their long-term commitment to the metropolitan areas they inhabit, the power of urban universities is magnified by strong collaboration with their traditional partners in government and the nonprofit and for-profit sectors. By expanding the number and scope of these broad-based, robust partnerships supported by targeted federal investment?urban universities can help lead our cities and metropolitan regions to long-term competitiveness, environmental sustainability, and enduring vitality as healthy, high-quality communities. Title: Urban Universities: Anchors Generating Prosperity for America's Cities Author: Martin, Sheila A. Year: 2010 This paper articulates the value and role of urban universities as anchor institutions and engines of metropolitan success. Founded on their long-term commitment to the metropolitan areas they inhabit, the power of urban universities is magnified by strong collaboration with their traditional partners in government and the nonprofit and for-profit sectors. By expanding the number and scope of these broad-based, robust partnerships supported by targeted federal investment?urban universities can help lead our cities and metropolitan regions to long-term competitiveness, environmental sustainability, and enduring vitality as healthy, high-quality communities. Close

• 76. [Article] Influence of light on algal growth in the lower Willamette River

  During the summer of 1974 chemical conditions in the lower reaches of the Willamette River, Oregon were similar to those in other rivers currently experiencing nuisance algal growth problems. Temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influence of light on algal growth in the lower Willamette River Author: Wille, Stephen Arthur Year: 1976 During the summer of 1974 chemical conditions in the lower reaches of the Willamette River, Oregon were similar to those in other rivers currently experiencing nuisance algal growth problems. Temperature and chemical nutrients are not limiting. Relatively high populations of phytoplankton and productivity values for upstream periphyton beds and surface waters suggest moderately eutrophic conditions. However, with increased depth in the lower river, and a constant euphotic zone, the amount of photosynthetically available light is reduced. With sufficient depth and complete mixing the critical depth is exceeded. Primary productivity rates are subsequently limited by low light availability in the lower river. Title: Influence of light on algal growth in the lower Willamette River Author: Wille, Stephen Arthur Year: 1976 During the summer of 1974 chemical conditions in the lower reaches of the Willamette River, Oregon were similar to those in other rivers currently experiencing nuisance algal growth problems. Temperature and chemical nutrients are not limiting. Relatively high populations of phytoplankton and productivity values for upstream periphyton beds and surface waters suggest moderately eutrophic conditions. However, with increased depth in the lower river, and a constant euphotic zone, the amount of photosynthetically available light is reduced. With sufficient depth and complete mixing the critical depth is exceeded. Primary productivity rates are subsequently limited by low light availability in the lower river. Close

• 77. [Article] Quantum Phase Estimation Using Multivalued Logic

  We generalize the Quantum Phase Estimation algorithm to MVL logic. We show the quantum circuits for QPE using qudits. We derive the performance requirements of the QPE to achieve high probability of success. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantum Phase Estimation Using Multivalued Logic Author: Perkowski, Marek, Parasa, Vamsi Year: 2011 We generalize the Quantum Phase Estimation algorithm to MVL logic. We show the quantum circuits for QPE using qudits. We derive the performance requirements of the QPE to achieve high probability of success. We show how this leads to logarithmic decrease in the number of qudits and exponential decrease in error probability of the QPE algorithm as the value of the radix d increases. Title: Quantum Phase Estimation Using Multivalued Logic Author: Perkowski, Marek, Parasa, Vamsi Year: 2011 We generalize the Quantum Phase Estimation algorithm to MVL logic. We show the quantum circuits for QPE using qudits. We derive the performance requirements of the QPE to achieve high probability of success. We show how this leads to logarithmic decrease in the number of qudits and exponential decrease in error probability of the QPE algorithm as the value of the radix d increases. Close

• 78. [Article] Innovation Disrupted as Employees Cope With Organizational Changes – Observations from Conexant’s Cupertino Hardware Team

  With the recent slow-down in the high-tech sector, companies are increasingly seeking ways to streamline and add value to their businesses. Organizational changes such as downsizing and acquisitions are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Innovation Disrupted as Employees Cope With Organizational Changes – Observations from Conexant’s Cupertino Hardware Team Author: Lin, Linda H. Year: 2005 With the recent slow-down in the high-tech sector, companies are increasingly seeking ways to streamline and add value to their businesses. Organizational changes such as downsizing and acquisitions are becoming integral parts of today’s organizational fabric. When done correctly, organizational restructuring can be beneficial; however, in many cases, organizational changes proved to be detrimental to a company and its innovation process. This paper illustrates, through examples observed from Conexant’s Cupertino hardware team, how a team plagued by incessant organizational restructuring behaved and coped with changes and how those behaviors and attitudes disrupted innovation. Title: Innovation Disrupted as Employees Cope With Organizational Changes – Observations from Conexant’s Cupertino Hardware Team Author: Lin, Linda H. Year: 2005 With the recent slow-down in the high-tech sector, companies are increasingly seeking ways to streamline and add value to their businesses. Organizational changes such as downsizing and acquisitions are becoming integral parts of today’s organizational fabric. When done correctly, organizational restructuring can be beneficial; however, in many cases, organizational changes proved to be detrimental to a company and its innovation process. This paper illustrates, through examples observed from Conexant’s Cupertino hardware team, how a team plagued by incessant organizational restructuring behaved and coped with changes and how those behaviors and attitudes disrupted innovation. Close

• 79. [Article] Business Plan for NewDirection

  Every year more than 2 million students graduate from universities. However, due to the intense competition in the job market, about 10 percent graduates are unsuccessful in acquiring a job offer within ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Business Plan for NewDirection Author: Getman, Michael, Samal, Subasis, Suharto, Yulianto, Yang, Jiting Year: 2009 Every year more than 2 million students graduate from universities. However, due to the intense competition in the job market, about 10 percent graduates are unsuccessful in acquiring a job offer within six months of graduation. There are often more inherent constraints and challenges for international students. This is a high waste for both national labor resource and students' personal values. Besides the economic situation, the major reasons for graduate unemployment are they don't know which position fits their ability and they cannot pass either the general interview or the technical interviews. The international students have more difficulty due to language barriers and their lack of knowledge about American company cultures. Title: Business Plan for NewDirection Author: Getman, Michael, Samal, Subasis, Suharto, Yulianto, Yang, Jiting Year: 2009 Every year more than 2 million students graduate from universities. However, due to the intense competition in the job market, about 10 percent graduates are unsuccessful in acquiring a job offer within six months of graduation. There are often more inherent constraints and challenges for international students. This is a high waste for both national labor resource and students' personal values. Besides the economic situation, the major reasons for graduate unemployment are they don't know which position fits their ability and they cannot pass either the general interview or the technical interviews. The international students have more difficulty due to language barriers and their lack of knowledge about American company cultures. Close

• 80. [Article] A Way to Understand the Process, Improve and Come Up with Outstanding Outcomes in a Team

  Our team was committed to provide and encourage cohesion and collaboration between team members. Trust improved extensively compared to the initial stages of forming and storming. Our team valued each ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Way to Understand the Process, Improve and Come Up with Outstanding Outcomes in a Team Author: Hogaboam, Liliya, Gomez, Fredy, Balasubramanian, Aparna, Garcia, Jorge, Talla, Rajasree, Natarajan, Rupha Year: 2012 Our team was committed to provide and encourage cohesion and collaboration between team members. Trust improved extensively compared to the initial stages of forming and storming. Our team valued each other’s opinion and implemented this mandate into the rules. Team learned to appreciate the differences and strengthen relationships through positive and constructive feedback. Team confronted ‘issues but not the people’. Overall, our Norming stage was the inflection point which moved us towards the high performing team curve. Title: A Way to Understand the Process, Improve and Come Up with Outstanding Outcomes in a Team Author: Hogaboam, Liliya, Gomez, Fredy, Balasubramanian, Aparna, Garcia, Jorge, Talla, Rajasree, Natarajan, Rupha Year: 2012 Our team was committed to provide and encourage cohesion and collaboration between team members. Trust improved extensively compared to the initial stages of forming and storming. Our team valued each other’s opinion and implemented this mandate into the rules. Team learned to appreciate the differences and strengthen relationships through positive and constructive feedback. Team confronted ‘issues but not the people’. Overall, our Norming stage was the inflection point which moved us towards the high performing team curve. Close

• 81. [Article] Parameterizing a Water-Balance Model for Predicting Stormwater Runoff from Green Roofs

  Crop coefficients (kc) were calculated for three different species of common green roof succulents from March to November in 2011, to parameterize the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parameterizing a Water-Balance Model for Predicting Stormwater Runoff from Green Roofs Author: Starry, Olyssa, Lea-Cox, John, Ristvey, Andrew, Cohan, Steven Year: 2016 Crop coefficients (kc) were calculated for three different species of common green roof succulents from March to November in 2011, to parameterize the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Penman-Monteith equation for use in a mechanistic green roof water-balance model. Seasonally averaged kc values for each species for 2011 were used to predict plant evapotranspiration (ET) in 2012. The adjusted FAO Penman-Monteith equation predicted the total annual ET within 3–13 mm, a substantial improvement over model predictions with kc set to 1, which overpredicted ET by 100 mm or more, depending on the species. The adjusted equation was inserted in water-balance models, which predicted runoff within 2–13% of measured totals for 2012. This discrepancy may be explained by variability in maximum water-holding capacity, which is difficult for two-dimensional models to predict. Nevertheless, these results provide increased confidence in the use of models to predict stormwater runoff from green roofs, and evaluate performance. Monitoring multiple green roof installations with cost-effective sensor networks will increase the ability to identify the key components to enhance green roof function, reduce stormwater runoff, and inform future design. Title: Parameterizing a Water-Balance Model for Predicting Stormwater Runoff from Green Roofs Author: Starry, Olyssa, Lea-Cox, John, Ristvey, Andrew, Cohan, Steven Year: 2016 Crop coefficients (kc) were calculated for three different species of common green roof succulents from March to November in 2011, to parameterize the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Penman-Monteith equation for use in a mechanistic green roof water-balance model. Seasonally averaged kc values for each species for 2011 were used to predict plant evapotranspiration (ET) in 2012. The adjusted FAO Penman-Monteith equation predicted the total annual ET within 3–13 mm, a substantial improvement over model predictions with kc set to 1, which overpredicted ET by 100 mm or more, depending on the species. The adjusted equation was inserted in water-balance models, which predicted runoff within 2–13% of measured totals for 2012. This discrepancy may be explained by variability in maximum water-holding capacity, which is difficult for two-dimensional models to predict. Nevertheless, these results provide increased confidence in the use of models to predict stormwater runoff from green roofs, and evaluate performance. Monitoring multiple green roof installations with cost-effective sensor networks will increase the ability to identify the key components to enhance green roof function, reduce stormwater runoff, and inform future design. Close

• 82. [Article] Measurements of Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in China

  Rice fields have always been regarded as one of the largest anthropogenic sources of atmospheric methane. Here we report the results of a 7-year study of methane emissions from rice fields in the Sichuan ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measurements of Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in China Author: Khalil, M. A. K., Rasmussen, R. A., Shearer, Martha J., Dalluge, R. W., Ren, Lixin, Duan, Chang-Lin Year: 1998 Rice fields have always been regarded as one of the largest anthropogenic sources of atmospheric methane. Here we report the results of a 7-year study of methane emissions from rice fields in the Sichuan Province of China. In this region, there is one crop of rice per year, the fields are continuously flooded from transplanting to harvest, and there is heavy use of organic fertilizers. Emissions over the entire growing season were measured from each of up to 24 plots. Environmental variables were measured and relevant supporting data on the agricultural practices were recorded. The fields were studied under prevailing agricultural practices of the local farmers. The results represent emissions under standard agricultural practices and the year to year variability of climate, fertilizers, available irrigation water, and cultivars. Based on some 5000 flux measurements, the average emission rates between 1988 and 1994 were 30 mg/m²/h for a growing season of between 100 and 120 days. This emission rate is comparable to other published data from similar rice fields but somewhat on the high side of the range. There were no systematic trends of emissions during the 7 years of our experiment, but there was substantial year to year variability. The data have been subjected to exhaustive analyses for validity, accuracy, and reliability. From this, a high-quality, spatially averaged data set has been constructed representing average emissions from the rice fields for each day when measurements were taken. We describe here the main observational results and document the spatial and temporal variability observed on timescales ranging from a day to several years and on spatial scales ranging from 0.5 m² to 16 m². Title: Measurements of Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in China Author: Khalil, M. A. K., Rasmussen, R. A., Shearer, Martha J., Dalluge, R. W., Ren, Lixin, Duan, Chang-Lin Year: 1998 Rice fields have always been regarded as one of the largest anthropogenic sources of atmospheric methane. Here we report the results of a 7-year study of methane emissions from rice fields in the Sichuan Province of China. In this region, there is one crop of rice per year, the fields are continuously flooded from transplanting to harvest, and there is heavy use of organic fertilizers. Emissions over the entire growing season were measured from each of up to 24 plots. Environmental variables were measured and relevant supporting data on the agricultural practices were recorded. The fields were studied under prevailing agricultural practices of the local farmers. The results represent emissions under standard agricultural practices and the year to year variability of climate, fertilizers, available irrigation water, and cultivars. Based on some 5000 flux measurements, the average emission rates between 1988 and 1994 were 30 mg/m²/h for a growing season of between 100 and 120 days. This emission rate is comparable to other published data from similar rice fields but somewhat on the high side of the range. There were no systematic trends of emissions during the 7 years of our experiment, but there was substantial year to year variability. The data have been subjected to exhaustive analyses for validity, accuracy, and reliability. From this, a high-quality, spatially averaged data set has been constructed representing average emissions from the rice fields for each day when measurements were taken. We describe here the main observational results and document the spatial and temporal variability observed on timescales ranging from a day to several years and on spatial scales ranging from 0.5 m² to 16 m². Close

• 83. [Article] A Case Study of Instructional Improvement through Peer Observation in a Suburban High School

  This two-year case study investigated the effects of a peer observation process in a high school on the six selected areas listed below. Peer observation is a process to improve instruction by having teachers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Case Study of Instructional Improvement through Peer Observation in a Suburban High School Author: Hanna, Helen Jean Year: 1988 This two-year case study investigated the effects of a peer observation process in a high school on the six selected areas listed below. Peer observation is a process to improve instruction by having teachers observe and critique other teacher's videotapes of classroom teaching. 1. Changes in norms and expectations for sharing instructional ideas among teachers. 2. The perceived value of self-evaluation of videotapes and related peer discussions about teaching. 3. The perceived value of peer feedback exchanges for instructional improvement. 4. The use of other teachers as models for effective teaching. 5. The perceived value of peer exchanges in stimulating a desire to improve. 6. The effect of peer interaction on the school climate for teacher improvement. The case study design was effective for investigating subjects in their natural setting which was a faculty of approximately 65 veteran teachers who had participated in one or more activities of the peer observation process. Research methods included the use of multiple sources of data from observations, questionnaires, surveys, peer discussion reports, and interviews. Lines of inquiry were triangulated across methods to strengthen the results and to search for divergent findings. Descriptive analyses were used to present and discuss the findings. Seventy-three percent of the staff participated the first year, 43% participated in the second year. Results from the findings indicated that peer observation had the following effects in this setting: 1. Standards of behavior among teachers changed from closed to open after experience with the process. Teachers exchanged ideas on teaching beyond that requested and in situations outside the process activities. 2. Videotape replay of classroom teaching and peer group discussions were perceived as valuable for both observed and observing teachers. 3. Teachers preferred feedback from peers because of the varied ideas from credible sources, the time to exchange teaching strategies, and the nonthreatening environment. 4. Teachers used other teachers as models for generating effective methods for immediate classroom use. S. Teachers perceived exchanges to have stimulated a desire to improve on three levels; awareness, effort, and implementation. 6. A climate for instructional improvement evolved where teachers perceived a need to share information and generate ideas in a non-threatening manner. The peer observation process was found to be an effective program for teacher improvement of instruction in this setting. Title: A Case Study of Instructional Improvement through Peer Observation in a Suburban High School Author: Hanna, Helen Jean Year: 1988 This two-year case study investigated the effects of a peer observation process in a high school on the six selected areas listed below. Peer observation is a process to improve instruction by having teachers observe and critique other teacher's videotapes of classroom teaching. 1. Changes in norms and expectations for sharing instructional ideas among teachers. 2. The perceived value of self-evaluation of videotapes and related peer discussions about teaching. 3. The perceived value of peer feedback exchanges for instructional improvement. 4. The use of other teachers as models for effective teaching. 5. The perceived value of peer exchanges in stimulating a desire to improve. 6. The effect of peer interaction on the school climate for teacher improvement. The case study design was effective for investigating subjects in their natural setting which was a faculty of approximately 65 veteran teachers who had participated in one or more activities of the peer observation process. Research methods included the use of multiple sources of data from observations, questionnaires, surveys, peer discussion reports, and interviews. Lines of inquiry were triangulated across methods to strengthen the results and to search for divergent findings. Descriptive analyses were used to present and discuss the findings. Seventy-three percent of the staff participated the first year, 43% participated in the second year. Results from the findings indicated that peer observation had the following effects in this setting: 1. Standards of behavior among teachers changed from closed to open after experience with the process. Teachers exchanged ideas on teaching beyond that requested and in situations outside the process activities. 2. Videotape replay of classroom teaching and peer group discussions were perceived as valuable for both observed and observing teachers. 3. Teachers preferred feedback from peers because of the varied ideas from credible sources, the time to exchange teaching strategies, and the nonthreatening environment. 4. Teachers used other teachers as models for generating effective methods for immediate classroom use. S. Teachers perceived exchanges to have stimulated a desire to improve on three levels; awareness, effort, and implementation. 6. A climate for instructional improvement evolved where teachers perceived a need to share information and generate ideas in a non-threatening manner. The peer observation process was found to be an effective program for teacher improvement of instruction in this setting. Close

• 84. [Article] Organic Particulate Matter Formation at Varying Relative Humidity Using Surrogate Secondary and Primary Organic Compounds with Activity Corrections in the Condensed Phase Obtained Using a Method Based on the Wilson Equation

  Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere is currently often modeled using a multiple lumped "two-product" (N · 2p) approach. The N · 2p approach neglects: 1) variation of activity coefficient ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organic Particulate Matter Formation at Varying Relative Humidity Using Surrogate Secondary and Primary Organic Compounds with Activity Corrections in the Condensed Phase Obtained Using a Method Based on the Wilson Equation Author: Pankow, James F., Chang, E. I. Year: 2010 Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere is currently often modeled using a multiple lumped "two-product" (N · 2p) approach. The N · 2p approach neglects: 1) variation of activity coefficient (i) values and mean molecular weight MW in the particulate matter (PM) phase; 2) water uptake into the PM; and 3) the possibility of phase separation in the PM. This study considers these effects by adopting an (N ·2p)pMW, approach (is a phase index). Specific chemical structures are assigned to 25 lumped SOA compounds and to 15 representative primary organic aerosol (POA) compounds to allow calculation of i and MW values. The SOA structure assignments are based on chamber-derived 2p gas/particle partition coefficient values coupled with known effects of structure on vapor pressure pL,io (atm). To facilitate adoption of the (N · 2p)pMW, approach in large-scale models, this study also develops CP-Wilson.1 (Chang-Pankow-Wilson.1), a group-contribution ζi-prediction method that is more computationally economical than the UNIFAC model of Fredenslund et al. (1975). Group parameter values required by CP-Wilson.1 are obtained by fitting i values to predictions from UNIFAC. The (N · 2p)pMW,approach is applied (using CP-Wilson.1) to several real α-pinene/O3 chamber cases for high reacted hydrocarbon levels (HC400 to 1000 g m-3) when relative humidity (RH)50%. Good agreement between the chamber and predicted results is obtained using both the (N ·2p)pMW, and N ·2p approaches, indicating relatively small water effects under these conditions. However, for a hypothetical α-pinene/O3 case at HC=30 g m-3 and RH=50%, the (N·2p)pMW, approach predicts that water uptake will lead to an organic PM level that is more double that predicted by the N · 2p approach. Adoption of the (N · 2p)pMW, approach using reasonable lumped structures for SOA and POA compounds is recommended for ambient PM modeling. Title: Organic Particulate Matter Formation at Varying Relative Humidity Using Surrogate Secondary and Primary Organic Compounds with Activity Corrections in the Condensed Phase Obtained Using a Method Based on the Wilson Equation Author: Pankow, James F., Chang, E. I. Year: 2010 Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in the atmosphere is currently often modeled using a multiple lumped "two-product" (N · 2p) approach. The N · 2p approach neglects: 1) variation of activity coefficient (i) values and mean molecular weight MW in the particulate matter (PM) phase; 2) water uptake into the PM; and 3) the possibility of phase separation in the PM. This study considers these effects by adopting an (N ·2p)pMW, approach (is a phase index). Specific chemical structures are assigned to 25 lumped SOA compounds and to 15 representative primary organic aerosol (POA) compounds to allow calculation of i and MW values. The SOA structure assignments are based on chamber-derived 2p gas/particle partition coefficient values coupled with known effects of structure on vapor pressure pL,io (atm). To facilitate adoption of the (N · 2p)pMW, approach in large-scale models, this study also develops CP-Wilson.1 (Chang-Pankow-Wilson.1), a group-contribution ζi-prediction method that is more computationally economical than the UNIFAC model of Fredenslund et al. (1975). Group parameter values required by CP-Wilson.1 are obtained by fitting i values to predictions from UNIFAC. The (N · 2p)pMW,approach is applied (using CP-Wilson.1) to several real α-pinene/O3 chamber cases for high reacted hydrocarbon levels (HC400 to 1000 g m-3) when relative humidity (RH)50%. Good agreement between the chamber and predicted results is obtained using both the (N ·2p)pMW, and N ·2p approaches, indicating relatively small water effects under these conditions. However, for a hypothetical α-pinene/O3 case at HC=30 g m-3 and RH=50%, the (N·2p)pMW, approach predicts that water uptake will lead to an organic PM level that is more double that predicted by the N · 2p approach. Adoption of the (N · 2p)pMW, approach using reasonable lumped structures for SOA and POA compounds is recommended for ambient PM modeling. Close

• 85. [Article] An Assessment of Post-Encroachment Times for Bicycle-Vehicle Interactions Observed in the Field, a Driving Simulator, and in Traffic Simulation Models

  Most safety analysis is conducted using crash data. Surrogate safety measures, such as various time-based measures of time-to-collision can be related to crash potential and used to gain insight into the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Assessment of Post-Encroachment Times for Bicycle-Vehicle Interactions Observed in the Field, a Driving Simulator, and in Traffic Simulation Models Author: Razmpa, Ali Year: 2016 Most safety analysis is conducted using crash data. Surrogate safety measures, such as various time-based measures of time-to-collision can be related to crash potential and used to gain insight into the frequency and severity of crashes at a specific location. One of the most common and acknowledged measures is post-encroachment time (PET) which defines the time between vehicles occupying a conflicting space. While commonly used in studies of motor vehicle interactions, studies of PET for bicycle-vehicle interactions are few. In this research, the PET of bicycle-vehicle interactions measured in the field, a driving simulator, and in a micro-simulation are compared. A total of 52 right-hook conflicts were identified in 135 hours of video footage over 14 days at a signalized intersection in Portland, OR (SW Taylor and SW Naito Pkwy). The results showed that 4 of 17 high-risk conflicts could not be identified by the conventional definition of PET and PET values of some conflicts did not reflect true risk of collision. Therefore, right-hook conflicts were categorized into two types and a modified measure of PET was proposed so that their frequency and severity were properly measured. PETs from the field were then compared to those measures in the Oregon State University driving simulator during research conducted by Dr. Hurwitz et al. (2015) studying the right-hook conflicts. Statistical and graphical methods were used to compare field PETs to those in the simulator. The results suggest that the relative validity of the OSU driving simulator was good but not conclusive due to differences in traffic conditions and intersections. To further explore the field-observed PET values, traffic simulation models of the field intersection were developed and calibrated. Right-hook conflicts were extracted from the simulation files and conflicts observed in PM-peak hours over 6 days in the field were compared to those obtained from 24 traffic simulation runs. The field-observed PET values did not match the values from the simulation values very well. However, the approach does show promise. Further calibration of driving and bicycling behaviors would likely improve the result. Title: An Assessment of Post-Encroachment Times for Bicycle-Vehicle Interactions Observed in the Field, a Driving Simulator, and in Traffic Simulation Models Author: Razmpa, Ali Year: 2016 Most safety analysis is conducted using crash data. Surrogate safety measures, such as various time-based measures of time-to-collision can be related to crash potential and used to gain insight into the frequency and severity of crashes at a specific location. One of the most common and acknowledged measures is post-encroachment time (PET) which defines the time between vehicles occupying a conflicting space. While commonly used in studies of motor vehicle interactions, studies of PET for bicycle-vehicle interactions are few. In this research, the PET of bicycle-vehicle interactions measured in the field, a driving simulator, and in a micro-simulation are compared. A total of 52 right-hook conflicts were identified in 135 hours of video footage over 14 days at a signalized intersection in Portland, OR (SW Taylor and SW Naito Pkwy). The results showed that 4 of 17 high-risk conflicts could not be identified by the conventional definition of PET and PET values of some conflicts did not reflect true risk of collision. Therefore, right-hook conflicts were categorized into two types and a modified measure of PET was proposed so that their frequency and severity were properly measured. PETs from the field were then compared to those measures in the Oregon State University driving simulator during research conducted by Dr. Hurwitz et al. (2015) studying the right-hook conflicts. Statistical and graphical methods were used to compare field PETs to those in the simulator. The results suggest that the relative validity of the OSU driving simulator was good but not conclusive due to differences in traffic conditions and intersections. To further explore the field-observed PET values, traffic simulation models of the field intersection were developed and calibrated. Right-hook conflicts were extracted from the simulation files and conflicts observed in PM-peak hours over 6 days in the field were compared to those obtained from 24 traffic simulation runs. The field-observed PET values did not match the values from the simulation values very well. However, the approach does show promise. Further calibration of driving and bicycling behaviors would likely improve the result. Close

• 86. [Article] Webinar: Economic Impacts from Bicycle and Pedestrian Street Improvements

  As many cities are investing in street improvements to provide better biking and walking experiences, the economic value and impacts of these active transportation facilities remain areas where many practitioners, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Webinar: Economic Impacts from Bicycle and Pedestrian Street Improvements Author: Liu, Jenny H. Year: 2017 As many cities are investing in street improvements to provide better biking and walking experiences, the economic value and impacts of these active transportation facilities remain areas where many practitioners, planners and policy makers are seeking more conclusive evidence. With various modes competing for scarce resources, planners and transportation agencies often struggle with how to justify infrastructure investments for non-motorized modes, particularly when driving is still the predominant mode of transportation in most cities. In this project we assess property value impacts of Portland’s “Green Loop” signature bike infrastructure concept, illustrating the importance of considering both accessibility and extensiveness of bike facility networks. The Green Loop is a proposed 6-mile linear open space running through the heart of Portland, connecting existing and new open spaces, parks, gathering areas, and walking and biking pathways. As envisioned, the Green Loop concept requires significant infrastructure investments, and would result in both short-term and long-term impacts on transportation (for all travel modes), economic development and the environment. In collaboration with the Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability (BPS), the Portland State University Institute for Sustainable Solutions (ISS), and in partnership with PeopleForBikes and the Summit Foundation, the goal of this research is to characterize, quantify and analyze these costs, benefits and impacts, particularly focusing on case studies of similar infrastructure investments in active transportation. In this webinar, we will further focus on the residential property value impacts associated with advanced bike facilities. We find that proximity to advanced bike facilities has significant and positive effects on all property values, highlighting household preferences for high quality bike infrastructure. The lessons and research gaps identified in this work led to the development of two ongoing NITC-funded studies: "Understanding Economic and Business Impacts of Street Improvements for Bicycle and Pedestrian Mobility - A Multi-City Multi-Approach Exploration" and "Understanding the economic impacts of urban greenway infrastructure." We will share some updates on these ongoing projects as well. Key learning outcomes include: A framework for understanding the economic results of bicycle and pedestrian investments, with data to show: Evidence of impacts on residential property values Evidence of impacts on on business and retail activity Insight into potential short-term and long-term impacts of the Portland Green Loop A method for estimating economic impacts of similar proposed active transportation projects Title: Webinar: Economic Impacts from Bicycle and Pedestrian Street Improvements Author: Liu, Jenny H. Year: 2017 As many cities are investing in street improvements to provide better biking and walking experiences, the economic value and impacts of these active transportation facilities remain areas where many practitioners, planners and policy makers are seeking more conclusive evidence. With various modes competing for scarce resources, planners and transportation agencies often struggle with how to justify infrastructure investments for non-motorized modes, particularly when driving is still the predominant mode of transportation in most cities. In this project we assess property value impacts of Portland’s “Green Loop” signature bike infrastructure concept, illustrating the importance of considering both accessibility and extensiveness of bike facility networks. The Green Loop is a proposed 6-mile linear open space running through the heart of Portland, connecting existing and new open spaces, parks, gathering areas, and walking and biking pathways. As envisioned, the Green Loop concept requires significant infrastructure investments, and would result in both short-term and long-term impacts on transportation (for all travel modes), economic development and the environment. In collaboration with the Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability (BPS), the Portland State University Institute for Sustainable Solutions (ISS), and in partnership with PeopleForBikes and the Summit Foundation, the goal of this research is to characterize, quantify and analyze these costs, benefits and impacts, particularly focusing on case studies of similar infrastructure investments in active transportation. In this webinar, we will further focus on the residential property value impacts associated with advanced bike facilities. We find that proximity to advanced bike facilities has significant and positive effects on all property values, highlighting household preferences for high quality bike infrastructure. The lessons and research gaps identified in this work led to the development of two ongoing NITC-funded studies: "Understanding Economic and Business Impacts of Street Improvements for Bicycle and Pedestrian Mobility - A Multi-City Multi-Approach Exploration" and "Understanding the economic impacts of urban greenway infrastructure." We will share some updates on these ongoing projects as well. Key learning outcomes include: A framework for understanding the economic results of bicycle and pedestrian investments, with data to show: Evidence of impacts on residential property values Evidence of impacts on on business and retail activity Insight into potential short-term and long-term impacts of the Portland Green Loop A method for estimating economic impacts of similar proposed active transportation projects Close

• 87. [Article] A 30-Year Record of the Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Methane

  Methane (CH4) is one of the most important greenhouse gases after water vapor and carbon dioxide due to its high concentration and global warming potential 25 times than that of CO2 (based on a 100 year ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A 30-Year Record of the Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Methane Author: Teama, Doaa Galal Mohammed Year: 2013 Methane (CH4) is one of the most important greenhouse gases after water vapor and carbon dioxide due to its high concentration and global warming potential 25 times than that of CO2 (based on a 100 year time horizon). Its atmospheric concentration has more than doubled from the preindustrial era due to anthropogenic activities such as rice cultivation, biomass burning, and fossil fuel production. However, the rate of increase of atmospheric CH4 (or the growth rate) slowed from 1980 until present. The main reason for this trend is a slowdown in the trend of CH4 sources. Measuring stable isotopes of atmospheric CH4 can constrain changes of CH4 sources. The main goal of this work is to interpret the CH4 trend from 1978-2010 in terms of its sources using measurements of CH4 mixing ratio and its isotopes. The current work presents the measurements and analysis of CH4 and its isotopes (δ13C and δD) of four air archive sample sets collected by the Oregon Graduate Institute (OGI). CH4 isotope ratios (δ13C and δD) were measured by a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer technique developed at PSU. The first set is for Cape Meares, Oregon which is the oldest and longest set and spans 1977-1999. The integrity of this sample set was evaluated by comparing between our measured CH4 mixing ratio values with those measured values by OGI and was found to be stable. Resulting CH4 seasonal cycle was evaluated from the Cape Meares data. The CH4 seasonal cycle shows a broad maximum during October-April and a minimum between July and August. The seasonal cycles of δ13C and δD have maximum values in May for δ13C and in July for δD and minimum values between September-October for δ13C and in October for δD. These results indicate a CH4 source that is more enriched January-May (e.g. biomass burning) and a source that is more depleted August-October (e.g. microbial). In addition to Cape Meares, air archive sets were analyzed from: South Pole (SPO), Samoa (SMO), Mauna Loa (MLO) 1992-1996. The presented δD measurements are unique measured values during these time periods at these stations. To obtain the long-term in isotopic CH4 from 1978-2010, other datasets of Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude sites are included with Cape Meares. These sites are Olympic Peninsula, Washington; Montaña de Oro, California; and Niwot Ridge, Colorado. The seasonal cycles of CH4 and its isotopes from the composite dataset have the same phase and amplitudes as the Cape Meares site. CH4 growth rate shows a decrease over time 1978-2010 with three main spikes in 1992, 1998, and 2003 consistent with the literature from the global trend. CH4 lifetime is estimated to 9.7 yrs. The δ13C trend in the composite data shows a slow increase from 1978-1987, a more rapid rate of change 1987-2005, and a gradual depletion during 2005-2010. The δD trend in the composite data shows a gradual increase during 1978-2001 and decrease from 2001-2005. From these results, the global CH4 emissions are estimated and show a leveling off sources 1982-2010 with two large peak anomalies in 1998 and 2003. The global average δ13C and δD of CH4 sources are estimated from measured values. The results of these calculations indicate that there is more than one source which controls the decrease in the global CH4 trend. From 1982-2001, δ13C and δD of CH4 sources becomes more depleted due to a decrease in fossil and/or biomass burning sources relative to microbial sources. From 2005-2010, δ13C of CH4 sources returns to its 1981 value. There are two significant peaks in δ13C and δD of CH4 sources in 1998 and 2003 due to the wildfire emissions in boreal areas and in Europe. Title: A 30-Year Record of the Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric Methane Author: Teama, Doaa Galal Mohammed Year: 2013 Methane (CH4) is one of the most important greenhouse gases after water vapor and carbon dioxide due to its high concentration and global warming potential 25 times than that of CO2 (based on a 100 year time horizon). Its atmospheric concentration has more than doubled from the preindustrial era due to anthropogenic activities such as rice cultivation, biomass burning, and fossil fuel production. However, the rate of increase of atmospheric CH4 (or the growth rate) slowed from 1980 until present. The main reason for this trend is a slowdown in the trend of CH4 sources. Measuring stable isotopes of atmospheric CH4 can constrain changes of CH4 sources. The main goal of this work is to interpret the CH4 trend from 1978-2010 in terms of its sources using measurements of CH4 mixing ratio and its isotopes. The current work presents the measurements and analysis of CH4 and its isotopes (δ13C and δD) of four air archive sample sets collected by the Oregon Graduate Institute (OGI). CH4 isotope ratios (δ13C and δD) were measured by a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer technique developed at PSU. The first set is for Cape Meares, Oregon which is the oldest and longest set and spans 1977-1999. The integrity of this sample set was evaluated by comparing between our measured CH4 mixing ratio values with those measured values by OGI and was found to be stable. Resulting CH4 seasonal cycle was evaluated from the Cape Meares data. The CH4 seasonal cycle shows a broad maximum during October-April and a minimum between July and August. The seasonal cycles of δ13C and δD have maximum values in May for δ13C and in July for δD and minimum values between September-October for δ13C and in October for δD. These results indicate a CH4 source that is more enriched January-May (e.g. biomass burning) and a source that is more depleted August-October (e.g. microbial). In addition to Cape Meares, air archive sets were analyzed from: South Pole (SPO), Samoa (SMO), Mauna Loa (MLO) 1992-1996. The presented δD measurements are unique measured values during these time periods at these stations. To obtain the long-term in isotopic CH4 from 1978-2010, other datasets of Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude sites are included with Cape Meares. These sites are Olympic Peninsula, Washington; Montaña de Oro, California; and Niwot Ridge, Colorado. The seasonal cycles of CH4 and its isotopes from the composite dataset have the same phase and amplitudes as the Cape Meares site. CH4 growth rate shows a decrease over time 1978-2010 with three main spikes in 1992, 1998, and 2003 consistent with the literature from the global trend. CH4 lifetime is estimated to 9.7 yrs. The δ13C trend in the composite data shows a slow increase from 1978-1987, a more rapid rate of change 1987-2005, and a gradual depletion during 2005-2010. The δD trend in the composite data shows a gradual increase during 1978-2001 and decrease from 2001-2005. From these results, the global CH4 emissions are estimated and show a leveling off sources 1982-2010 with two large peak anomalies in 1998 and 2003. The global average δ13C and δD of CH4 sources are estimated from measured values. The results of these calculations indicate that there is more than one source which controls the decrease in the global CH4 trend. From 1982-2001, δ13C and δD of CH4 sources becomes more depleted due to a decrease in fossil and/or biomass burning sources relative to microbial sources. From 2005-2010, δ13C of CH4 sources returns to its 1981 value. There are two significant peaks in δ13C and δD of CH4 sources in 1998 and 2003 due to the wildfire emissions in boreal areas and in Europe. Close

• 88. [Article] Investigation in to the Effect of Spin Locking on Contrast Agent Relaxivity

  The current trend in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is towards higher external magnetic field strengths (B0) to take advantage of increased sensitivity and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Unfortunately, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation in to the Effect of Spin Locking on Contrast Agent Relaxivity Author: Haigh, Julian Saunders Year: 2015 The current trend in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is towards higher external magnetic field strengths (B0) to take advantage of increased sensitivity and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Unfortunately, as (B0) increases the effectiveness (relaxivity) of clinical gadolinium (Gd3+)-based contrast agents (CAs) administered to enhance image contrast is significantly reduced. Excellent soft tissue contrast can be generated with current agents despite their non-optimum relaxivities but necessitates large doses. The limits of detection of a CA at high B0 fields can be lowered by recovering the lost relaxivity and is a pre-requisite to the goal of molecular imaging in which CAs are bound to biomarkers of pathology that exist at very low concentrations. Traditional methods for increasing the detectability of CAs have focused on optimizing critical parameters identified from the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan (SBM) theory that affect relaxivity. Gains in relaxivity with these methods to date have been modest and are far from the theoretical maximum possible. Although researchers continue to investigate novel complexes that provide improved relaxivities, any such complex would require a lengthy and costly approval process with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Therefore, a method that affords improved relaxivities of current clinically approved CAs, particularly at high B0 fields, that could be adopted into clinical practice rapidly, is of great interest. Spin locking is a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique that was introduced for imaging in 1985, but has received very little attention in combination with Gd3+-based CAs. The technique employs a low power long duration radiofrequency (RF) pulse (B1) parallel to the net magnetization in the x,y-plane. This locks the magnetization into lower precessional frequencies around an "effective" field (Beff) that is reduced with respect to B0 but maintains the high field advantages required for imaging. When considered in the rotating frame, longitudinal relaxation of the magnetization against Beff exhibits shorter time constants (T1p) expected at these lower precessional frequencies. This leads to higher relaxivities, which has implications for increasing CA detectability. The experiments described herein show that rotating frame longitudinal relaxivities (r1p) for current clinical Gd3+-based CAs are essentially independent of the strength of the spin lock pulse (yB1) as predicted by theory. This result is important because it allows the value of yB1 to be neglected when comparing r1p of Gd3+-based CAs across several B0 fields. The magnetic field dependence of r1p for all clinical agents showed that relaxivity, lost by moving to higher fields, could be "recovered" and that r1p was sensitive to the rotational correlation time constant (TR) of the agent. Using high molecular weight Nanoassembled capsules (NACs) containing a Gd3+-based CA to probe this finding further, we were able to generate relaxivities at high field up to an order of magnitude greater than clinical agents at current imaging fields. These are beyond anything previously reported, or likely to be, with current techniques. Finally, we demonstrated that by spin locking Mn2+ agents, relaxivities at high field increased by a factor of ~ 30 than without spin locking, due to their larger dependence on scalar coupling. These findings show the potential of spin locking to increase detection limits dramatically at high field and are an exciting development towards the goal of molecular imaging. Title: Investigation in to the Effect of Spin Locking on Contrast Agent Relaxivity Author: Haigh, Julian Saunders Year: 2015 The current trend in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is towards higher external magnetic field strengths (B0) to take advantage of increased sensitivity and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Unfortunately, as (B0) increases the effectiveness (relaxivity) of clinical gadolinium (Gd3+)-based contrast agents (CAs) administered to enhance image contrast is significantly reduced. Excellent soft tissue contrast can be generated with current agents despite their non-optimum relaxivities but necessitates large doses. The limits of detection of a CA at high B0 fields can be lowered by recovering the lost relaxivity and is a pre-requisite to the goal of molecular imaging in which CAs are bound to biomarkers of pathology that exist at very low concentrations. Traditional methods for increasing the detectability of CAs have focused on optimizing critical parameters identified from the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan (SBM) theory that affect relaxivity. Gains in relaxivity with these methods to date have been modest and are far from the theoretical maximum possible. Although researchers continue to investigate novel complexes that provide improved relaxivities, any such complex would require a lengthy and costly approval process with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Therefore, a method that affords improved relaxivities of current clinically approved CAs, particularly at high B0 fields, that could be adopted into clinical practice rapidly, is of great interest. Spin locking is a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique that was introduced for imaging in 1985, but has received very little attention in combination with Gd3+-based CAs. The technique employs a low power long duration radiofrequency (RF) pulse (B1) parallel to the net magnetization in the x,y-plane. This locks the magnetization into lower precessional frequencies around an "effective" field (Beff) that is reduced with respect to B0 but maintains the high field advantages required for imaging. When considered in the rotating frame, longitudinal relaxation of the magnetization against Beff exhibits shorter time constants (T1p) expected at these lower precessional frequencies. This leads to higher relaxivities, which has implications for increasing CA detectability. The experiments described herein show that rotating frame longitudinal relaxivities (r1p) for current clinical Gd3+-based CAs are essentially independent of the strength of the spin lock pulse (yB1) as predicted by theory. This result is important because it allows the value of yB1 to be neglected when comparing r1p of Gd3+-based CAs across several B0 fields. The magnetic field dependence of r1p for all clinical agents showed that relaxivity, lost by moving to higher fields, could be "recovered" and that r1p was sensitive to the rotational correlation time constant (TR) of the agent. Using high molecular weight Nanoassembled capsules (NACs) containing a Gd3+-based CA to probe this finding further, we were able to generate relaxivities at high field up to an order of magnitude greater than clinical agents at current imaging fields. These are beyond anything previously reported, or likely to be, with current techniques. Finally, we demonstrated that by spin locking Mn2+ agents, relaxivities at high field increased by a factor of ~ 30 than without spin locking, due to their larger dependence on scalar coupling. These findings show the potential of spin locking to increase detection limits dramatically at high field and are an exciting development towards the goal of molecular imaging. Close

• 89. [Article] Interception in Open-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Urban Canopy

  I hypothesized that Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii) standing apart from other trees ('open-grown') will intercept more rainfall than Douglas-fir trees standing near other trees ('closed-canopy'). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interception in Open-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Urban Canopy Author: Bixby, Mitchell Year: 2011 I hypothesized that Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii) standing apart from other trees ('open-grown') will intercept more rainfall than Douglas-fir trees standing near other trees ('closed-canopy'). Open-grown trees differ structurally and are more common in urban settings, yet have been infrequently studied. Existing literature, based primarily on closed-canopy trees, suggests Douglas-fir trees in Pacific Northwest forests intercept approximately 25% of rainfall annually. Because open-grown trees have more vertical leaf area than individual trees in closed-canopy forests, I expected to find higher interception by open-grown trees. I collected throughfall under four open-grown Douglas-firs using six static collectors ('buckets') per tree, and two closed-canopy Douglas-firs using six buckets per tree. I compared their throughfall to the incident rainfall in two adjacent open-field buckets. Gross interception was measured in 53 collections during rainy weather from 16Nov07 to 31Mar08. Over the same period, rainfall per hour, wind speed, gust speed, wind direction, temperature and relative humidity were collected at a weather station located within 1 km of the site. For comparison, average hourly rainfall at Portland International Airport from 1950 to 2005, for the same months of the collection period, showed a comparable number of medium- to high-intensity storms, but more low-intensity storms. I found that incident rainfall for the adjacent open-field buckets totaled 65.6cm and 71.6cm over the study period. Interception values for closed-canopy trees averaged 26%, corresponding to the literature, with results of 22 and 30%. Interception values for open-grown trees averaged 31%, with results ranging from 15 to 45%. Three of the 24 buckets returned overall negative interception rates over five months. Given the lower storm intensity of 2007-08, interception rates may be somewhat high, compared to the historical average. The negative interception rates at three buckets were likely due to their locations under high drip points, as has been observed in other studies. Considering the wide range of canopy architecture among open-grown trees, the high variability in interception was not surprising. My hypothesis was supported by the data, but requires more testing to better generalize these results. Future studies that link open grown tree canopy morphological characteristics to interception are warranted. Title: Interception in Open-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Urban Canopy Author: Bixby, Mitchell Year: 2011 I hypothesized that Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii) standing apart from other trees ('open-grown') will intercept more rainfall than Douglas-fir trees standing near other trees ('closed-canopy'). Open-grown trees differ structurally and are more common in urban settings, yet have been infrequently studied. Existing literature, based primarily on closed-canopy trees, suggests Douglas-fir trees in Pacific Northwest forests intercept approximately 25% of rainfall annually. Because open-grown trees have more vertical leaf area than individual trees in closed-canopy forests, I expected to find higher interception by open-grown trees. I collected throughfall under four open-grown Douglas-firs using six static collectors ('buckets') per tree, and two closed-canopy Douglas-firs using six buckets per tree. I compared their throughfall to the incident rainfall in two adjacent open-field buckets. Gross interception was measured in 53 collections during rainy weather from 16Nov07 to 31Mar08. Over the same period, rainfall per hour, wind speed, gust speed, wind direction, temperature and relative humidity were collected at a weather station located within 1 km of the site. For comparison, average hourly rainfall at Portland International Airport from 1950 to 2005, for the same months of the collection period, showed a comparable number of medium- to high-intensity storms, but more low-intensity storms. I found that incident rainfall for the adjacent open-field buckets totaled 65.6cm and 71.6cm over the study period. Interception values for closed-canopy trees averaged 26%, corresponding to the literature, with results of 22 and 30%. Interception values for open-grown trees averaged 31%, with results ranging from 15 to 45%. Three of the 24 buckets returned overall negative interception rates over five months. Given the lower storm intensity of 2007-08, interception rates may be somewhat high, compared to the historical average. The negative interception rates at three buckets were likely due to their locations under high drip points, as has been observed in other studies. Considering the wide range of canopy architecture among open-grown trees, the high variability in interception was not surprising. My hypothesis was supported by the data, but requires more testing to better generalize these results. Future studies that link open grown tree canopy morphological characteristics to interception are warranted. Close

• 90. [Article] Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012

  This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012 Author: Parker, Joseph Lynn Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice production in the village have been stressed by local weather events. It also argues that local villagers have not responded effectively to such changes, and that failure to adjust has contributed to social stress observed at the site. During the earlier years of the study period (1945 to 2012), improvements were made in local irrigation, which seem to have helped farmers continue with traditional subsistence wet-rice farming in a fragile mountain environment. However, in later years of the period village social order showed two significant signs of collapse: first, because of emigration, fewer people were left to farm higher mountain levels so farm land was being abandoned; second, social crowding in lower level riverside farming areas, partly the result of highland emigration, began reducing the amount of land being farmed there. While reducing intensive cropping of highland farming areas can result in spontaneous recovery of natural resources such as soil and water, crowding in lower areas can contribute to deterioration of natural resources in the lower village farmland. Crowding can, in addition, have a bearing on community health problems. The thesis results are of value to researchers concerned with the adaptive behavior of local farming communities trying to maintain their traditional irrigation-dependent way of life in a fragile mountain environment while experiencing the effects of changeable weather. Thesis results are of additional value to those who study the impact on society of earth-warming, especially if variable local weather in the Dabashan is shown to be related to global climate change. Title: Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012 Author: Parker, Joseph Lynn Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice production in the village have been stressed by local weather events. It also argues that local villagers have not responded effectively to such changes, and that failure to adjust has contributed to social stress observed at the site. During the earlier years of the study period (1945 to 2012), improvements were made in local irrigation, which seem to have helped farmers continue with traditional subsistence wet-rice farming in a fragile mountain environment. However, in later years of the period village social order showed two significant signs of collapse: first, because of emigration, fewer people were left to farm higher mountain levels so farm land was being abandoned; second, social crowding in lower level riverside farming areas, partly the result of highland emigration, began reducing the amount of land being farmed there. While reducing intensive cropping of highland farming areas can result in spontaneous recovery of natural resources such as soil and water, crowding in lower areas can contribute to deterioration of natural resources in the lower village farmland. Crowding can, in addition, have a bearing on community health problems. The thesis results are of value to researchers concerned with the adaptive behavior of local farming communities trying to maintain their traditional irrigation-dependent way of life in a fragile mountain environment while experiencing the effects of changeable weather. Thesis results are of additional value to those who study the impact on society of earth-warming, especially if variable local weather in the Dabashan is shown to be related to global climate change. Close

• 91. [Article] The effect of human activity on the middle course of the Tualatin River, Oregon

  A diurnal study of biological, chemical, and physical parameters was made on the middle course of the, Tualatin River, which drains a 1840 km2 (711 mi2) basin adjacent to metropolitan Portland, Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of human activity on the middle course of the Tualatin River, Oregon Author: Carter, Lolita M. Year: 1975 A diurnal study of biological, chemical, and physical parameters was made on the middle course of the, Tualatin River, which drains a 1840 km2 (711 mi2) basin adjacent to metropolitan Portland, Oregon. This portion of the river lies along land in transition of use from rural agriculture to highly urbanized development. There is no nutrient loading of the river from farming practices because there was no return of water from summer, sprinkler irrigation of commercial crops. However, irrigation significantly reduces the volume of water in the river in the summers. Effluents from sewage treatment plants flowing into the tributaries that drain the highly urbanized eastern areas of the river basin are the main cause of degraded water quality and algal biomass in the lower reaches of the river. The Tualatin River above the mouth of Rock Creek is relatively unpolluted, but downstream from Rock Creek the river is highly eutrophic and during the periods of low flow in the summer serves as a sewage oxidation channel. In this same portion of the river there is also evidence that nitrification occurs. Winter floods leach nitrate-nitrogen from the basin, but in the summer the possibility exists. that nitrate-nitrogen may be a limiting nutrient for algal productivity in the river above Hillsboro. The principal source of poly-phosphates is from sewage treatment plant effluents, but concentrations of poly-phosphates in the middle reaches of the river indicate that there is a natural source of poly- and/or ortho-phosphates in the watershed. Removal of phosphorous compounds from the effluents probably would not affect the large algal blooms occurring in the river below Hillsboro. Trace metal analyses indicated that iron, potassium, nickel, zinc, lead, copper, cobalt, and chromium concentrations were higher during flooding. Turbidity readings suggest that these trace elements are deposited on the floodplain. Melted snow water, which caused one of the winter floods, contained concentrations of zinc, ·copper, and lead greater than those found in the river during the flood. Greater concentrations of arsenic and zinc came from farmland than from urban areas. Diversities of the net plankton as measured by the Shannon-Weaver Index did not change from season to season, nor with downstream flow. Species in the net plankton were benthic forms at the upper stations and planktonic forms downstream from Hillsboro, especially in the summer when the reduced flow caused the river to pond. The enriched effluents from Rock Creek did not affect the diversity of the organisms downstream, but supported a larger biomass. By rating the diversities with other studies it was found that the middle course of the Tualatin River is eutrophic but not heavily polluted. A diurnal study was especially valuable from April to September, inclusive, when insolation and temperatures favored biological activities such as photosynthesis and decomposition. From November to January little diurnal change in the water quality was found. Farming had its greatest impact in the quantity of water and municipalities had a more serious impact on the water quality in the middle course of the Tualatin River. Even with the reduced flow from agricultural irrigation, the river can maintain relatively good water quality, except when effluents from sewage plants caused highly eutrophic conditions. Title: The effect of human activity on the middle course of the Tualatin River, Oregon Author: Carter, Lolita M. Year: 1975 A diurnal study of biological, chemical, and physical parameters was made on the middle course of the, Tualatin River, which drains a 1840 km2 (711 mi2) basin adjacent to metropolitan Portland, Oregon. This portion of the river lies along land in transition of use from rural agriculture to highly urbanized development. There is no nutrient loading of the river from farming practices because there was no return of water from summer, sprinkler irrigation of commercial crops. However, irrigation significantly reduces the volume of water in the river in the summers. Effluents from sewage treatment plants flowing into the tributaries that drain the highly urbanized eastern areas of the river basin are the main cause of degraded water quality and algal biomass in the lower reaches of the river. The Tualatin River above the mouth of Rock Creek is relatively unpolluted, but downstream from Rock Creek the river is highly eutrophic and during the periods of low flow in the summer serves as a sewage oxidation channel. In this same portion of the river there is also evidence that nitrification occurs. Winter floods leach nitrate-nitrogen from the basin, but in the summer the possibility exists. that nitrate-nitrogen may be a limiting nutrient for algal productivity in the river above Hillsboro. The principal source of poly-phosphates is from sewage treatment plant effluents, but concentrations of poly-phosphates in the middle reaches of the river indicate that there is a natural source of poly- and/or ortho-phosphates in the watershed. Removal of phosphorous compounds from the effluents probably would not affect the large algal blooms occurring in the river below Hillsboro. Trace metal analyses indicated that iron, potassium, nickel, zinc, lead, copper, cobalt, and chromium concentrations were higher during flooding. Turbidity readings suggest that these trace elements are deposited on the floodplain. Melted snow water, which caused one of the winter floods, contained concentrations of zinc, ·copper, and lead greater than those found in the river during the flood. Greater concentrations of arsenic and zinc came from farmland than from urban areas. Diversities of the net plankton as measured by the Shannon-Weaver Index did not change from season to season, nor with downstream flow. Species in the net plankton were benthic forms at the upper stations and planktonic forms downstream from Hillsboro, especially in the summer when the reduced flow caused the river to pond. The enriched effluents from Rock Creek did not affect the diversity of the organisms downstream, but supported a larger biomass. By rating the diversities with other studies it was found that the middle course of the Tualatin River is eutrophic but not heavily polluted. A diurnal study was especially valuable from April to September, inclusive, when insolation and temperatures favored biological activities such as photosynthesis and decomposition. From November to January little diurnal change in the water quality was found. Farming had its greatest impact in the quantity of water and municipalities had a more serious impact on the water quality in the middle course of the Tualatin River. Even with the reduced flow from agricultural irrigation, the river can maintain relatively good water quality, except when effluents from sewage plants caused highly eutrophic conditions. Close

• 92. [Article] Assessment of an Optimal Bus Stop Spacing Model Using High Resolution Archived Stop-Level Data

  In practice, the design of bus routes and stop placement involves calculated trade-offs between service frequency, quality, and access. Increased stop density improves access but contributes to slow operating ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessment of an Optimal Bus Stop Spacing Model Using High Resolution Archived Stop-Level Data Author: Li, Huan Year: 2011 In practice, the design of bus routes and stop placement involves calculated trade-offs between service frequency, quality, and access. Increased stop density improves access but contributes to slow operating speeds and increased operating costs. In this thesis, a optimized bus stop spacing model is applied using the high resolution archived stop-level bus performance data from the Bus Dispatch System (BDS) provided by TriMet, the regional transit provider for the Portland metropolitan area. Two cost components are considered in the stop spacing model including passenger access cost and in-vehicle passenger stopping cost, and are combined and optimized to minimize total cost. A case-study is presented using one year's stop-level data from one bus route 19 in Portland, Oregon. The analysis considered both inbound and outbound stop spacing and determined the optimal average stop spacing based on an all-day, peak and off-peak time periods. Based on the analysis considering inbound trips over the entire day, the theoretical optimized bus stop spacing was about 1,200 feet, as compared to the current value of 890 feet. This paper also builds on the all day analysis and focuses on inbound and outbound trips during peak periods, resulting in optimized spacing of about 1,300 feet. The peak hour demand has a significant impact on the transit operation. A bus stop consolidation scheme is proposed for the analyzed bus route considering the peak hour transit demand. Finally, the thesis discusses trade-offs and presents an estimate of transit operating cost savings based on the optimized spacing. Given the growing availability of high-resolution archived data, the thesis illustrates that this modeling tool can be applied in a routine way across multiple routes as part of an ongoing service planning and performance measurement process. Title: Assessment of an Optimal Bus Stop Spacing Model Using High Resolution Archived Stop-Level Data Author: Li, Huan Year: 2011 In practice, the design of bus routes and stop placement involves calculated trade-offs between service frequency, quality, and access. Increased stop density improves access but contributes to slow operating speeds and increased operating costs. In this thesis, a optimized bus stop spacing model is applied using the high resolution archived stop-level bus performance data from the Bus Dispatch System (BDS) provided by TriMet, the regional transit provider for the Portland metropolitan area. Two cost components are considered in the stop spacing model including passenger access cost and in-vehicle passenger stopping cost, and are combined and optimized to minimize total cost. A case-study is presented using one year's stop-level data from one bus route 19 in Portland, Oregon. The analysis considered both inbound and outbound stop spacing and determined the optimal average stop spacing based on an all-day, peak and off-peak time periods. Based on the analysis considering inbound trips over the entire day, the theoretical optimized bus stop spacing was about 1,200 feet, as compared to the current value of 890 feet. This paper also builds on the all day analysis and focuses on inbound and outbound trips during peak periods, resulting in optimized spacing of about 1,300 feet. The peak hour demand has a significant impact on the transit operation. A bus stop consolidation scheme is proposed for the analyzed bus route considering the peak hour transit demand. Finally, the thesis discusses trade-offs and presents an estimate of transit operating cost savings based on the optimized spacing. Given the growing availability of high-resolution archived data, the thesis illustrates that this modeling tool can be applied in a routine way across multiple routes as part of an ongoing service planning and performance measurement process. Close

• 93. [Article] The Value of Color Systems in Education

  Color is with us everywhere, all the time. It is an integral part of our existence. Sensitivity to color and awareness of color's physical and psychological qualities is undeveloped in the normal, average ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Value of Color Systems in Education Author: Brehm, Shirley Jo Year: 1974 Color is with us everywhere, all the time. It is an integral part of our existence. Sensitivity to color and awareness of color's physical and psychological qualities is undeveloped in the normal, average human being. What can be done about this? Where can it be done? The answers to these two questions form the basis for this thesis. Color awareness as part of visual education and environmental sensitivity can be taught and should be taught in every educational institution. The key to BUCcessful instruction is informed, knowledgeable, color sensitive teachers and the exposure of students to workable color systems. Color instruction can be approached from many directions; an observation and study of nature, a research of man's uses of color, past and present, and the examination of the scientific aspects of color to name a few. All are expressed in some kind of color systems. Whether the systems are identified to the students is of less importance than the instructors having a good understanding of these systems to help guide the students to more complete color awareness. Research for this thesis consisted of an examination of available material on color in the Portland area. In addition a questionnaire was given to all teachers at the elementary level and to teachers of Art, Science and Home Economics at the junior high and senior high level in a test school district to determine the color curriculum, at what grade levels color was introduced and the methods of introducing color. Also a color quiz was given to first year art students in one of the three high schools in the district to determine the amount of color knowledge or information retained from previous schooling. All instructional material in the same district was examined and evaluated. The results from the questionnaire and the quiz indicated a lack of color awareness by the elementary teachers and, consequently, the students in first year art classes. This was felt to be in part due to the minimal Oregon state requirements in Art for elementary teachers, which therefore would result in inadequately trained teachers. The lack of acknowledgement of the importance of color awareness by faculty and administration were also prevailing influences. This thesis is being written in the hope of enlightening teachers on the importance and necessity of color awareness and sensitivity at all grade levels. Title: The Value of Color Systems in Education Author: Brehm, Shirley Jo Year: 1974 Color is with us everywhere, all the time. It is an integral part of our existence. Sensitivity to color and awareness of color's physical and psychological qualities is undeveloped in the normal, average human being. What can be done about this? Where can it be done? The answers to these two questions form the basis for this thesis. Color awareness as part of visual education and environmental sensitivity can be taught and should be taught in every educational institution. The key to BUCcessful instruction is informed, knowledgeable, color sensitive teachers and the exposure of students to workable color systems. Color instruction can be approached from many directions; an observation and study of nature, a research of man's uses of color, past and present, and the examination of the scientific aspects of color to name a few. All are expressed in some kind of color systems. Whether the systems are identified to the students is of less importance than the instructors having a good understanding of these systems to help guide the students to more complete color awareness. Research for this thesis consisted of an examination of available material on color in the Portland area. In addition a questionnaire was given to all teachers at the elementary level and to teachers of Art, Science and Home Economics at the junior high and senior high level in a test school district to determine the color curriculum, at what grade levels color was introduced and the methods of introducing color. Also a color quiz was given to first year art students in one of the three high schools in the district to determine the amount of color knowledge or information retained from previous schooling. All instructional material in the same district was examined and evaluated. The results from the questionnaire and the quiz indicated a lack of color awareness by the elementary teachers and, consequently, the students in first year art classes. This was felt to be in part due to the minimal Oregon state requirements in Art for elementary teachers, which therefore would result in inadequately trained teachers. The lack of acknowledgement of the importance of color awareness by faculty and administration were also prevailing influences. This thesis is being written in the hope of enlightening teachers on the importance and necessity of color awareness and sensitivity at all grade levels. Close

• 94. [Article] Rational Design of Materials for the Protection of Outdoor Metalworks

  Protective coatings are commonly used to protect culturally significant works, such as outdoor sculptures and architectural elements. Given the valuable nature of such metalworks, there is a surprising ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rational Design of Materials for the Protection of Outdoor Metalworks Author: Swartz, Natasja Alexandria Year: 2015 Protective coatings are commonly used to protect culturally significant works, such as outdoor sculptures and architectural elements. Given the valuable nature of such metalworks, there is a surprising lack of environmentally sustainable coatings available for their conservation. High performance clear coatings are not developed or thoroughly tested for compatibility and longevity on outdoor sculptures. This can make the implementation of both methods and materials, no matter how promising in a lab, a significant hurdle for the conservation science community. This dissertation work initially aims to replace high-VOC formulations such as acrylic lacquers and waxes currently used as protective coatings for bronze with a waterborne coating by investigating the film formation differences between coating types. Such differences likely have implications for initial film barrier properties as well as long-term performance. For coating any large-scale metal object, cost-effectiveness limits applicable coatings to commercially available resins with some minor adjustments. Additional requirements for protective coatings for artwork require they must also be transparent, reversible, easily applied and environmentally sustainable. The chemical and physical properties of polymeric coatings with nanoclays modifiers were investigated as they may offer superior weatherability and act as better barriers to water absorption than commonly used lacquers and waxes. This work ultimately finds that nanocomposites with poly(vinylidene fluoride) latex and chemically stabilized nanoclays significantly improved performance and may be a viable option in the protection of material cultural heritage. Protection of high value objects where aesthetics is also important, such as airplanes, buildings, and sculptures are among the possible applications for this research. Title: Rational Design of Materials for the Protection of Outdoor Metalworks Author: Swartz, Natasja Alexandria Year: 2015 Protective coatings are commonly used to protect culturally significant works, such as outdoor sculptures and architectural elements. Given the valuable nature of such metalworks, there is a surprising lack of environmentally sustainable coatings available for their conservation. High performance clear coatings are not developed or thoroughly tested for compatibility and longevity on outdoor sculptures. This can make the implementation of both methods and materials, no matter how promising in a lab, a significant hurdle for the conservation science community. This dissertation work initially aims to replace high-VOC formulations such as acrylic lacquers and waxes currently used as protective coatings for bronze with a waterborne coating by investigating the film formation differences between coating types. Such differences likely have implications for initial film barrier properties as well as long-term performance. For coating any large-scale metal object, cost-effectiveness limits applicable coatings to commercially available resins with some minor adjustments. Additional requirements for protective coatings for artwork require they must also be transparent, reversible, easily applied and environmentally sustainable. The chemical and physical properties of polymeric coatings with nanoclays modifiers were investigated as they may offer superior weatherability and act as better barriers to water absorption than commonly used lacquers and waxes. This work ultimately finds that nanocomposites with poly(vinylidene fluoride) latex and chemically stabilized nanoclays significantly improved performance and may be a viable option in the protection of material cultural heritage. Protection of high value objects where aesthetics is also important, such as airplanes, buildings, and sculptures are among the possible applications for this research. Close

• 95. [Article] High Frequency Pure Tone Audiometry and High Frequency Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions: A Correlational Analysis

  Previous studies show that pure tone thresholds are strongly correlated with distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes when evaluating the frequency range from 1 to 8 kHz (Avan & Bonfils, 1993). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High Frequency Pure Tone Audiometry and High Frequency Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions: A Correlational Analysis Author: Lavoie, Kimberly J. Year: 2003 Previous studies show that pure tone thresholds are strongly correlated with distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes when evaluating the frequency range from 1 to 8 kHz (Avan & Bonfils, 1993). Little is known about correlations between these two measures at higher frequencies from 9-16 kHz. This study compared pure tone thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in this high frequency range for 29 normal hearing subjects ages 18-30. Pure tone thresholds were obtained at 250-16 kHz and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) 2,211-17,675 were measured in the same ears. DPOAE amplitudes were measured using a constant F1/F2 ratio of 1.2, with F2 values ranging from 2,211-17,675 Hz. Data obtained from 50 ears showed a decline in DPOAE amplitude with increasing frequency of the F1 and F2 primary stimulus tones. Behavioral thresholds demonstrated an increase with increasing frequency of the pure tone stimulus. Pearson r-correlation analysis demonstrated a weak relationship between measures. Further investigation revealed that equipment variables prevented accurate readings. Title: High Frequency Pure Tone Audiometry and High Frequency Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions: A Correlational Analysis Author: Lavoie, Kimberly J. Year: 2003 Previous studies show that pure tone thresholds are strongly correlated with distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes when evaluating the frequency range from 1 to 8 kHz (Avan & Bonfils, 1993). Little is known about correlations between these two measures at higher frequencies from 9-16 kHz. This study compared pure tone thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) in this high frequency range for 29 normal hearing subjects ages 18-30. Pure tone thresholds were obtained at 250-16 kHz and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) 2,211-17,675 were measured in the same ears. DPOAE amplitudes were measured using a constant F1/F2 ratio of 1.2, with F2 values ranging from 2,211-17,675 Hz. Data obtained from 50 ears showed a decline in DPOAE amplitude with increasing frequency of the F1 and F2 primary stimulus tones. Behavioral thresholds demonstrated an increase with increasing frequency of the pure tone stimulus. Pearson r-correlation analysis demonstrated a weak relationship between measures. Further investigation revealed that equipment variables prevented accurate readings. Close

• 96. [Article] Quasispecies-Like Behavior Observed in Catalytic RNA Populations Evolving in a Test Tube

  Background: During the RNA World, molecular populations were probably very small and highly susceptible to the force of strong random drift. In conjunction with Muller's Ratchet, this would have imposed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quasispecies-Like Behavior Observed in Catalytic RNA Populations Evolving in a Test Tube Author: Diaz Arenas, Carolina, Lehman, Niles Year: 2010 Background: During the RNA World, molecular populations were probably very small and highly susceptible to the force of strong random drift. In conjunction with Muller's Ratchet, this would have imposed difficulties for the preservation of the genetic information and the survival of the populations. Mechanisms that allowed these nascent populations to overcome this problem must have been advantageous. Results: Using continuous in vitro evolution experimentation with an increased mutation rate imposed by MnCl2, it was found that clonal 100-molecule populations of ribozymes clearly exhibit certain characteristics of a quasispecies. This is the first time this has been seen with a catalytic RNA. Extensive genotypic sampling from two replicate lineages was gathered and phylogenetic networks were constructed to elucidate the structure of the evolving RNA populations. A common distribution was found in which a mutant sequence was present at high frequency, surrounded by a cloud of mutant with lower frequencies. This is a typical distribution of quasispecies. Most of the mutants in these clouds were connected by short Hamming distance values, indicating their close relatedness. Conclusions: The quasispecies nature of mutant RNA clouds facilitates the recovery of genotypes under pressure of being removed from the population by random drift. The empirical populations therefore evolved a genotypic resiliency despite a high mutation rate by adopting the characteristics of quasispecies, implying that primordial RNA pools could have used this strategy to avoid extinction. Title: Quasispecies-Like Behavior Observed in Catalytic RNA Populations Evolving in a Test Tube Author: Diaz Arenas, Carolina, Lehman, Niles Year: 2010 Background: During the RNA World, molecular populations were probably very small and highly susceptible to the force of strong random drift. In conjunction with Muller's Ratchet, this would have imposed difficulties for the preservation of the genetic information and the survival of the populations. Mechanisms that allowed these nascent populations to overcome this problem must have been advantageous. Results: Using continuous in vitro evolution experimentation with an increased mutation rate imposed by MnCl2, it was found that clonal 100-molecule populations of ribozymes clearly exhibit certain characteristics of a quasispecies. This is the first time this has been seen with a catalytic RNA. Extensive genotypic sampling from two replicate lineages was gathered and phylogenetic networks were constructed to elucidate the structure of the evolving RNA populations. A common distribution was found in which a mutant sequence was present at high frequency, surrounded by a cloud of mutant with lower frequencies. This is a typical distribution of quasispecies. Most of the mutants in these clouds were connected by short Hamming distance values, indicating their close relatedness. Conclusions: The quasispecies nature of mutant RNA clouds facilitates the recovery of genotypes under pressure of being removed from the population by random drift. The empirical populations therefore evolved a genotypic resiliency despite a high mutation rate by adopting the characteristics of quasispecies, implying that primordial RNA pools could have used this strategy to avoid extinction. Close

• 97. [Article] Defining Conservation Priorities for Freshwater Fishes According to Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Diversity

  To date, the predominant use of systematic conservation planning has been to evaluate and conserve areas of high terrestrial biodiversity. Although studies in freshwater ecosystems have received recent ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Defining Conservation Priorities for Freshwater Fishes According to Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Diversity Author: Strecker, Angela L., Olden, Julian D., Whittier, Joanna B., Paukert, Craig Patrick Year: 2011 To date, the predominant use of systematic conservation planning has been to evaluate and conserve areas of high terrestrial biodiversity. Although studies in freshwater ecosystems have received recent attention, research has rarely considered the potential trade-offs between protecting different dimensions of biodiversity and the ecological processes that maintain diversity. We provide the first systematic prioritization for freshwaters (focusing on the highly threatened and globally distinct fish fauna of the Lower Colorado River Basin, USA) simultaneously considering scenarios of: taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity; contemporary threats to biodiversity (including interactions with nonnative species); and future climate change and human population growth. There was 75% congruence between areas of highest conservation priority for different aspects of biodiversity, suggesting that conservation efforts can concurrently achieve strong complementarity among all types of diversity. However, sizable fractions of the landscape were incongruent across conservation priorities for different diversity scenarios, underscoring the importance of considering multiple dimensions of biodiversity and highlighting catchments that contribute disproportionately to taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in the region. Regions of projected human population growth were not concordant with conservation priorities; however, higher human population abundance will likely have indirect effects on native biodiversity by increasing demand for water. This will come in direct conflict with projected reductions in precipitation and warmer temperatures, which have substantial overlap with regions of high contemporary diversity. Native and endemic fishes in arid ecosystems are critically endangered by both current and future threats, but our results highlight the use of systematic conservation planning for the optimal allocation of limited resources that incorporates multiple and complementary conservation values describing taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity. Title: Defining Conservation Priorities for Freshwater Fishes According to Taxonomic, Functional, and Phylogenetic Diversity Author: Strecker, Angela L., Olden, Julian D., Whittier, Joanna B., Paukert, Craig Patrick Year: 2011 To date, the predominant use of systematic conservation planning has been to evaluate and conserve areas of high terrestrial biodiversity. Although studies in freshwater ecosystems have received recent attention, research has rarely considered the potential trade-offs between protecting different dimensions of biodiversity and the ecological processes that maintain diversity. We provide the first systematic prioritization for freshwaters (focusing on the highly threatened and globally distinct fish fauna of the Lower Colorado River Basin, USA) simultaneously considering scenarios of: taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity; contemporary threats to biodiversity (including interactions with nonnative species); and future climate change and human population growth. There was 75% congruence between areas of highest conservation priority for different aspects of biodiversity, suggesting that conservation efforts can concurrently achieve strong complementarity among all types of diversity. However, sizable fractions of the landscape were incongruent across conservation priorities for different diversity scenarios, underscoring the importance of considering multiple dimensions of biodiversity and highlighting catchments that contribute disproportionately to taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in the region. Regions of projected human population growth were not concordant with conservation priorities; however, higher human population abundance will likely have indirect effects on native biodiversity by increasing demand for water. This will come in direct conflict with projected reductions in precipitation and warmer temperatures, which have substantial overlap with regions of high contemporary diversity. Native and endemic fishes in arid ecosystems are critically endangered by both current and future threats, but our results highlight the use of systematic conservation planning for the optimal allocation of limited resources that incorporates multiple and complementary conservation values describing taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity. Close

• 98. [Article] How Do Youth and Adults at a Rural High School Conceptualize the Role of Student? An Investigation of the Student Role Identity Standard at the Intersection of Student and Teacher Perspectives

  Over the past decade, engaging student voice has emerged as an approach to increasing meaningful student involvement in schools towards meeting adolescents' developmental needs for agency, efficacy, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Do Youth and Adults at a Rural High School Conceptualize the Role of Student? An Investigation of the Student Role Identity Standard at the Intersection of Student and Teacher Perspectives Author: Zenisek, Joseph M. Year: 2014 Over the past decade, engaging student voice has emerged as an approach to increasing meaningful student involvement in schools towards meeting adolescents' developmental needs for agency, efficacy, and sense of belonging. Central to student voice work is the re-creation of student-teacher and student-organization relationships, generating student identity roles that are fundamentally different from the roles traditionally allocated to students. Conventional concepts of student roles by both adults and youth can act as barriers to increasing student voice. The goal of this study was to develop a better understanding of student role identity. Applying a critical ethnography approach in the context of participatory action research, a situated description of the student role within the organizational context of a rural high school was developed from the perspectives of students and teachers through the use of an online software platform. Keeping with student voice values and participatory action research protocols, students took a central role in developing and piloting survey questions, interpreting and organizing responses, reviewing the results, and presenting them to the school community. The data revealed both the aspirations and limitations of the student and teacher conceptions of the student role. Conventional notions of student identity dominated the role descriptions, and were generally consistent across student and teacher responses. Significant areas of divergence between student and teacher constructs included the explicit temporal orientation toward the future exclusive to the student responses, the engagement in academics that dominated the teacher submissions and rankings, and the conception of the student as a citizen/community member that was found only in the teacher responses. The results suggested an inclination on the part of both students and teachers to increase opportunities for students to inform and influence policies and practices at all levels of the school organization. Presentations of the study results to the school community by the student researchers have induced some systemic reform toward promoting student voice. Title: How Do Youth and Adults at a Rural High School Conceptualize the Role of Student? An Investigation of the Student Role Identity Standard at the Intersection of Student and Teacher Perspectives Author: Zenisek, Joseph M. Year: 2014 Over the past decade, engaging student voice has emerged as an approach to increasing meaningful student involvement in schools towards meeting adolescents' developmental needs for agency, efficacy, and sense of belonging. Central to student voice work is the re-creation of student-teacher and student-organization relationships, generating student identity roles that are fundamentally different from the roles traditionally allocated to students. Conventional concepts of student roles by both adults and youth can act as barriers to increasing student voice. The goal of this study was to develop a better understanding of student role identity. Applying a critical ethnography approach in the context of participatory action research, a situated description of the student role within the organizational context of a rural high school was developed from the perspectives of students and teachers through the use of an online software platform. Keeping with student voice values and participatory action research protocols, students took a central role in developing and piloting survey questions, interpreting and organizing responses, reviewing the results, and presenting them to the school community. The data revealed both the aspirations and limitations of the student and teacher conceptions of the student role. Conventional notions of student identity dominated the role descriptions, and were generally consistent across student and teacher responses. Significant areas of divergence between student and teacher constructs included the explicit temporal orientation toward the future exclusive to the student responses, the engagement in academics that dominated the teacher submissions and rankings, and the conception of the student as a citizen/community member that was found only in the teacher responses. The results suggested an inclination on the part of both students and teachers to increase opportunities for students to inform and influence policies and practices at all levels of the school organization. Presentations of the study results to the school community by the student researchers have induced some systemic reform toward promoting student voice. Close

• 99. [Article] “It’s Been an Experience, a Life Learning Experience”: A Qualitative Study of Hospitalized Patients with Substance Use Disorders

  Background: Individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) have high rates of chronic illness and readmission, yet few are engaged in addiction treatment. Hospitalization may be a reachable moment for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: “It’s Been an Experience, a Life Learning Experience”: A Qualitative Study of Hospitalized Patients with Substance Use Disorders Author: Velez, Christine M., Nicolaidis, Christina, Korthuis, P. Todd, Englander, Honora Year: 2017 Background: Individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) have high rates of chronic illness and readmission, yet few are engaged in addiction treatment. Hospitalization may be a reachable moment for initiating and coordinating addiction care, but little is known about motivation for change in the inpatient setting. Objective: To explore the experiences of hospitalized adults with SUD and to better understand patient and system level factors impacting readiness for change. Design: We performed a qualitative study using individual interviews. The study was nested within a larger mixed-methods needs assessment. Participants and Setting: Hospitalized adults admitted to medical or surgical units at an urban academic medical center who reported high-risk alcohol or drug use on AUDIT-C or single-item drug use screener. Approach: We conducted a thematic analysis, using an inductive approach at a semantic level. Key Results: Thirty-two patients participated. The mean age was 43 years; 75% were men, and 68% identified as white. Participants reported moderate to high-risk alcohol (39%), amphetamine (46%), and opioid (65%) use. Emergent themes highlight the influence of hospitalization at the patient, provider, and health system levels. Many patients experienced hospitalization as a wake-up call, where mortality was motivation for change and hospitalization disrupted substance use. However, many participants voiced complex narratives of social chaos, trauma, homelessness, and chronic pain. Participants valued providers who understood SUD and the importance of treatment choice. Patient experience suggests the importance of peers in the hospital setting, access to medication-assisted treatment, and coordinated care post-discharge. Conclusions: This study supports that hospitalization offers an opportunity to initiate and coordinate addiction care, and provides insights into patient, provider, and health system factors which can leverage the reachability of this moment. Title: “It’s Been an Experience, a Life Learning Experience”: A Qualitative Study of Hospitalized Patients with Substance Use Disorders Author: Velez, Christine M., Nicolaidis, Christina, Korthuis, P. Todd, Englander, Honora Year: 2017 Background: Individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) have high rates of chronic illness and readmission, yet few are engaged in addiction treatment. Hospitalization may be a reachable moment for initiating and coordinating addiction care, but little is known about motivation for change in the inpatient setting. Objective: To explore the experiences of hospitalized adults with SUD and to better understand patient and system level factors impacting readiness for change. Design: We performed a qualitative study using individual interviews. The study was nested within a larger mixed-methods needs assessment. Participants and Setting: Hospitalized adults admitted to medical or surgical units at an urban academic medical center who reported high-risk alcohol or drug use on AUDIT-C or single-item drug use screener. Approach: We conducted a thematic analysis, using an inductive approach at a semantic level. Key Results: Thirty-two patients participated. The mean age was 43 years; 75% were men, and 68% identified as white. Participants reported moderate to high-risk alcohol (39%), amphetamine (46%), and opioid (65%) use. Emergent themes highlight the influence of hospitalization at the patient, provider, and health system levels. Many patients experienced hospitalization as a wake-up call, where mortality was motivation for change and hospitalization disrupted substance use. However, many participants voiced complex narratives of social chaos, trauma, homelessness, and chronic pain. Participants valued providers who understood SUD and the importance of treatment choice. Patient experience suggests the importance of peers in the hospital setting, access to medication-assisted treatment, and coordinated care post-discharge. Conclusions: This study supports that hospitalization offers an opportunity to initiate and coordinate addiction care, and provides insights into patient, provider, and health system factors which can leverage the reachability of this moment. Close

• 100. [Article] Exploring High-Resolution Data Obtained from ASC/3 Controller of Intersection SE Division St & SE 122nd Ave, Portland, Oregon.

  High-resolution data obtained from ASC/3 controllers can be used to create a variety of performance measures, helping engineers and professionals in monitoring intersection performance, identifying issues, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Exploring High-Resolution Data Obtained from ASC/3 Controller of Intersection SE Division St & SE 122nd Ave, Portland, Oregon. Author: Al-Abbas, Naowar Year: 2018 High-resolution data obtained from ASC/3 controllers can be used to create a variety of performance measures, helping engineers and professionals in monitoring intersection performance, identifying issues, and making proper improvements. These measures concern the intersection quality of the progression, capacity, and non-vehicular operations (e.g. pedestrian crossings). In this report, we explored high-resolution data obtained from the intersection of SE Division Street and 122nd Avenue. This intersection had some safety concerns as it is considered one of most dangerous intersections in Portland, Oregon. Thus, the first variable we examined from the data was pedestrian wait time when a cross request is made until pass indication is shown. It was found around 60% of pedestrians who crossed in an east-west direction experienced a delay of 30 seconds or more. Although there was more pedestrian demand from the south to west direction, 70% of these pedestrians received a 30 second delay or longer. Delay values determined from controller data in this report only refer to pedestrians who made a request/call to cross at a particular direction in each cycle. Additionally, an alternate means of calculating actual pedestrian delay was also addressed. The other part of the analysis regarded vehicle operations and signal indications. Green time, cycle length, green-to-cycle ratio, and vehicle count per each cycle were all explored. Furthermore, the quality of the progression of coordinated phases of the through vehicular movement on SE division was quantitatively examined using the proportion of vehicles that had arrived during green indication and Arrival Type (AT), and visually, using the Purdue Coordination Diagram (PCD). The results showed that quality of progression was in good standard. Finally, errors found in the data and the accuracy of the results were also addressed. Title: Exploring High-Resolution Data Obtained from ASC/3 Controller of Intersection SE Division St & SE 122nd Ave, Portland, Oregon. Author: Al-Abbas, Naowar Year: 2018 High-resolution data obtained from ASC/3 controllers can be used to create a variety of performance measures, helping engineers and professionals in monitoring intersection performance, identifying issues, and making proper improvements. These measures concern the intersection quality of the progression, capacity, and non-vehicular operations (e.g. pedestrian crossings). In this report, we explored high-resolution data obtained from the intersection of SE Division Street and 122nd Avenue. This intersection had some safety concerns as it is considered one of most dangerous intersections in Portland, Oregon. Thus, the first variable we examined from the data was pedestrian wait time when a cross request is made until pass indication is shown. It was found around 60% of pedestrians who crossed in an east-west direction experienced a delay of 30 seconds or more. Although there was more pedestrian demand from the south to west direction, 70% of these pedestrians received a 30 second delay or longer. Delay values determined from controller data in this report only refer to pedestrians who made a request/call to cross at a particular direction in each cycle. Additionally, an alternate means of calculating actual pedestrian delay was also addressed. The other part of the analysis regarded vehicle operations and signal indications. Green time, cycle length, green-to-cycle ratio, and vehicle count per each cycle were all explored. Furthermore, the quality of the progression of coordinated phases of the through vehicular movement on SE division was quantitatively examined using the proportion of vehicles that had arrived during green indication and Arrival Type (AT), and visually, using the Purdue Coordination Diagram (PCD). The results showed that quality of progression was in good standard. Finally, errors found in the data and the accuracy of the results were also addressed. Close