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• 1. [Article] Identifying Clusters of Non-Farm Activity within Exclusive Farm Use Zones in the Northern Willamette Valley

  This thesis provides an extensive look at where permitted non-farm uses and dwellings have clustered within Exclusive Farm Use (EFU) zones in the Northern Willamette Valley in Oregon. There is a looming ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identifying Clusters of Non-Farm Activity within Exclusive Farm Use Zones in the Northern Willamette Valley Author: Chun, Nicholas Year: 2017 This thesis provides an extensive look at where permitted non-farm uses and dwellings have clustered within Exclusive Farm Use (EFU) zones in the Northern Willamette Valley in Oregon. There is a looming concern that non-farm related uses and dwellings, or non-farm development, are conflicting with agricultural preservation strategies. Specifically, non-farm developments can potentially undermine the critical mass of farmland needed to keep the agricultural economy sustainable, but until now, studies have lacked spatially precise data to systematically track these phenomena. This thesis offers methodological contributions towards analyzing these operations and presents a broad account of what has been occurring in the region. Using permit approval data from the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) and 2015 county tax lot shapefiles, I geocoded the locations of these uses and dwellings. I used location quotient and spatial autocorrelation coefficients to identify non-farm hotspots in the region and summarized different typologies that have developed. The findings reveal that viticulture operations have amassed near Dundee and Newberg in Yamhill County, while commercial activities and home occupations have clustered near the Salem-Keizer UGB. Concurrently, dwellings have clustered near the Yamhill-Polk County border. Finally, I offer suggestions to improve Oregon's agricultural land use policy and data management process, as well as advocate for more intensive research in the future to generate narratives for our results. Title: Identifying Clusters of Non-Farm Activity within Exclusive Farm Use Zones in the Northern Willamette Valley Author: Chun, Nicholas Year: 2017 This thesis provides an extensive look at where permitted non-farm uses and dwellings have clustered within Exclusive Farm Use (EFU) zones in the Northern Willamette Valley in Oregon. There is a looming concern that non-farm related uses and dwellings, or non-farm development, are conflicting with agricultural preservation strategies. Specifically, non-farm developments can potentially undermine the critical mass of farmland needed to keep the agricultural economy sustainable, but until now, studies have lacked spatially precise data to systematically track these phenomena. This thesis offers methodological contributions towards analyzing these operations and presents a broad account of what has been occurring in the region. Using permit approval data from the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) and 2015 county tax lot shapefiles, I geocoded the locations of these uses and dwellings. I used location quotient and spatial autocorrelation coefficients to identify non-farm hotspots in the region and summarized different typologies that have developed. The findings reveal that viticulture operations have amassed near Dundee and Newberg in Yamhill County, while commercial activities and home occupations have clustered near the Salem-Keizer UGB. Concurrently, dwellings have clustered near the Yamhill-Polk County border. Finally, I offer suggestions to improve Oregon's agricultural land use policy and data management process, as well as advocate for more intensive research in the future to generate narratives for our results. Close

• 2. [Article] Interview with Jacquin Dole, Riverside Farms, 2010 (audio)

  Interview of Jacquin Dole by Paul Hopper at Riverside Farm McMinnville, Oregon on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Jacquin Dole, Riverside Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Dole, Jacquin Year: 2010 Interview of Jacquin Dole by Paul Hopper at Riverside Farm McMinnville, Oregon on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Jacquin Dole, Riverside Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Dole, Jacquin Year: 2010 Interview of Jacquin Dole by Paul Hopper at Riverside Farm McMinnville, Oregon on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 3. [Article] Interview with Michael Menzies, Braeside Farms, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of Michael Menzies by Joel DaMetz at Braeside Farms in Estacada, Oregon on June 6th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Michael Menzies, Braeside Farms, 2008 (audio) Author: Menzies, Michael Year: 2008 Interview of Michael Menzies by Joel DaMetz at Braeside Farms in Estacada, Oregon on June 6th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Michael Menzies, Braeside Farms, 2008 (audio) Author: Menzies, Michael Year: 2008 Interview of Michael Menzies by Joel DaMetz at Braeside Farms in Estacada, Oregon on June 6th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 4. [Article] Local Lunches: Planning for Local Produce in Portland Schools

  In the 1990s, school districts across the country began to integrate fresh food grown by local producers into school meals and snacks. School food authorities and farmers have broadly defined this new ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Local Lunches: Planning for Local Produce in Portland Schools Author: Anderson, Lisa, Krajnak, Katherine, Libby, Lisa, MacKenzie, Meghan, Malik, Sumi, Shriver, Katie Year: 2006 In the 1990s, school districts across the country began to integrate fresh food grown by local producers into school meals and snacks. School food authorities and farmers have broadly defined this new movement, called “Farm to School,” as connecting schools and local and regional farmers. Farm to School programs benefit a community’s economy, improve student nutrition, and strengthen education curricula. Local Lunches seeks to initiate Farm to School efforts in Portland, Oregon, by identifying specific strategies that Portland’s school districts can use to incorporate more local produce in their school meals. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Deborah Howe, Connie Ozawa, and Sumner Sharpe. Title: Local Lunches: Planning for Local Produce in Portland Schools Author: Anderson, Lisa, Krajnak, Katherine, Libby, Lisa, MacKenzie, Meghan, Malik, Sumi, Shriver, Katie Year: 2006 In the 1990s, school districts across the country began to integrate fresh food grown by local producers into school meals and snacks. School food authorities and farmers have broadly defined this new movement, called “Farm to School,” as connecting schools and local and regional farmers. Farm to School programs benefit a community’s economy, improve student nutrition, and strengthen education curricula. Local Lunches seeks to initiate Farm to School efforts in Portland, Oregon, by identifying specific strategies that Portland’s school districts can use to incorporate more local produce in their school meals. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Deborah Howe, Connie Ozawa, and Sumner Sharpe. Close

• 5. [Article] Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012

  This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012 Author: Parker, Joseph Lynn Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice production in the village have been stressed by local weather events. It also argues that local villagers have not responded effectively to such changes, and that failure to adjust has contributed to social stress observed at the site. During the earlier years of the study period (1945 to 2012), improvements were made in local irrigation, which seem to have helped farmers continue with traditional subsistence wet-rice farming in a fragile mountain environment. However, in later years of the period village social order showed two significant signs of collapse: first, because of emigration, fewer people were left to farm higher mountain levels so farm land was being abandoned; second, social crowding in lower level riverside farming areas, partly the result of highland emigration, began reducing the amount of land being farmed there. While reducing intensive cropping of highland farming areas can result in spontaneous recovery of natural resources such as soil and water, crowding in lower areas can contribute to deterioration of natural resources in the lower village farmland. Crowding can, in addition, have a bearing on community health problems. The thesis results are of value to researchers concerned with the adaptive behavior of local farming communities trying to maintain their traditional irrigation-dependent way of life in a fragile mountain environment while experiencing the effects of changeable weather. Thesis results are of additional value to those who study the impact on society of earth-warming, especially if variable local weather in the Dabashan is shown to be related to global climate change. Title: Beyond Sustainable Bounds: Changing Weather, Emigration, and Irrigation in a Farming Village of Sichuan, China, 1945-2012 Author: Parker, Joseph Lynn Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of research in a small village located in the mountains of Sichuan Province in southwestern China. The thesis argues that traditional irrigation practices vital to paddy-rice production in the village have been stressed by local weather events. It also argues that local villagers have not responded effectively to such changes, and that failure to adjust has contributed to social stress observed at the site. During the earlier years of the study period (1945 to 2012), improvements were made in local irrigation, which seem to have helped farmers continue with traditional subsistence wet-rice farming in a fragile mountain environment. However, in later years of the period village social order showed two significant signs of collapse: first, because of emigration, fewer people were left to farm higher mountain levels so farm land was being abandoned; second, social crowding in lower level riverside farming areas, partly the result of highland emigration, began reducing the amount of land being farmed there. While reducing intensive cropping of highland farming areas can result in spontaneous recovery of natural resources such as soil and water, crowding in lower areas can contribute to deterioration of natural resources in the lower village farmland. Crowding can, in addition, have a bearing on community health problems. The thesis results are of value to researchers concerned with the adaptive behavior of local farming communities trying to maintain their traditional irrigation-dependent way of life in a fragile mountain environment while experiencing the effects of changeable weather. Thesis results are of additional value to those who study the impact on society of earth-warming, especially if variable local weather in the Dabashan is shown to be related to global climate change. Close

• 6. [Article] What is Driving Measure 37 Claims in Oregon?

  With over 7,500 claims covering 750,000 acres of farm and forestland, Measure 37 claims harbor the potential to change the landscape in Oregon. The majority of these claims are located in the Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What is Driving Measure 37 Claims in Oregon? Author: Martin, Sheila A., Merrick, Meg, Rundell, Erik, Shriver, Katie Year: 2007 With over 7,500 claims covering 750,000 acres of farm and forestland, Measure 37 claims harbor the potential to change the landscape in Oregon. The majority of these claims are located in the Willamette Valley, where growth pressures and the value gradient between land for farms and land for residential development is great. This paper explores those relationships by describing and mapping the claims in terms of location, size, and current and proposed use, and then analyzes factors that appear to be driving the claims. At a county level, variables such as population growth, farm income, farm tenure and average age of farmer are considered as explanations of claim density. Using maps, we also examine the impact of distance from urban growth boundary and proximity to public lands. We conclude with comments about the unforeseen consequences of the “time zone” zoning on agriculture and public services, and consider the fairness of the Measure 37 regime. Title: What is Driving Measure 37 Claims in Oregon? Author: Martin, Sheila A., Merrick, Meg, Rundell, Erik, Shriver, Katie Year: 2007 With over 7,500 claims covering 750,000 acres of farm and forestland, Measure 37 claims harbor the potential to change the landscape in Oregon. The majority of these claims are located in the Willamette Valley, where growth pressures and the value gradient between land for farms and land for residential development is great. This paper explores those relationships by describing and mapping the claims in terms of location, size, and current and proposed use, and then analyzes factors that appear to be driving the claims. At a county level, variables such as population growth, farm income, farm tenure and average age of farmer are considered as explanations of claim density. Using maps, we also examine the impact of distance from urban growth boundary and proximity to public lands. We conclude with comments about the unforeseen consequences of the “time zone” zoning on agriculture and public services, and consider the fairness of the Measure 37 regime. Close

• 7. [Article] Review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910" by James R. Rush

  Book review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860–1910," by James B. Rush, published by Cornell University Press, 1990.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910" by James R. Rush Author: Carstens, Sharon A. Year: 1991 Book review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860–1910," by James B. Rush, published by Cornell University Press, 1990. Title: Review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910" by James R. Rush Author: Carstens, Sharon A. Year: 1991 Book review of "Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860–1910," by James B. Rush, published by Cornell University Press, 1990. Close

• 8. [Article] Veterans' Home and Farm Loan Eligibility Changes (State Measure No. 4)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Veterans' Home and Farm Loan Eligibility Changes (State Measure No. 4) Author: City Club of Portland (Portland, Or.) Year: 1980 Title: Veterans' Home and Farm Loan Eligibility Changes (State Measure No. 4) Author: City Club of Portland (Portland, Or.) Year: 1980 Close

• 9. [Article] Interview with Anthony Boutaird, Ayers Creek Farm, 2007 (audio)

  Interview of Anthony Boutaird by Magda Gaytan at Ayers Creek Farm on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Anthony Boutaird, Ayers Creek Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Boutaird, Anthony Year: 2007 Interview of Anthony Boutaird by Magda Gaytan at Ayers Creek Farm on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Anthony Boutaird, Ayers Creek Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Boutaird, Anthony Year: 2007 Interview of Anthony Boutaird by Magda Gaytan at Ayers Creek Farm on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 10. [Article] Interview with Roger Allen Konka, Springwater Farm, 2007 (audio)

  Interview of Roger Allen Konka by Michael Schott on July 29th, 2007. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Roger Allen Konka, Springwater Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Konka, Roger Allen Year: 2007 Interview of Roger Allen Konka by Michael Schott on July 29th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Roger Allen Konka, Springwater Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Konka, Roger Allen Year: 2007 Interview of Roger Allen Konka by Michael Schott on July 29th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 11. [Article] Interview with David Shonk, Bumblebee Farm, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of David Shonk by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on June 4th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with David Shonk, Bumblebee Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Shonk, David Year: 2008 Interview of David Shonk by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on June 4th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with David Shonk, Bumblebee Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Shonk, David Year: 2008 Interview of David Shonk by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on June 4th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 12. [Article] Interview with Shari Sirkin, Dancing Roots Farm, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of Shari Sirkin by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Shari Sirkin, Dancing Roots Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Sirkin, Shari Year: 2008 Interview of Shari Sirkin by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Shari Sirkin, Dancing Roots Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Sirkin, Shari Year: 2008 Interview of Shari Sirkin by Brian Francetich at Troutdale, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 13. [Article] Interview with John Martinson Jr., Birds & Bees Community Farm, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of John Martinson Jr. by Clint Anderson in Oregon City, Oregon on May 8th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with John Martinson Jr., Birds & Bees Community Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Martinson, John, Jr. Year: 2008 Interview of John Martinson Jr. by Clint Anderson in Oregon City, Oregon on May 8th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with John Martinson Jr., Birds & Bees Community Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Martinson, John, Jr. Year: 2008 Interview of John Martinson Jr. by Clint Anderson in Oregon City, Oregon on May 8th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 14. [Article] A Summer in the Land of Milk

  Stearns County, Minnesota is the number-one dairy-producing county in the number-one dairy-producing region--the Midwest--in the country. The area has been home to German-Catholic immigrants from the Rheinland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Summer in the Land of Milk Author: Opatz, Louis Charles Year: 2013 Stearns County, Minnesota is the number-one dairy-producing county in the number-one dairy-producing region--the Midwest--in the country. The area has been home to German-Catholic immigrants from the Rheinland region of Germany since the mid- to late-1850s, when they traveled across Canada and the northeastern United States before finally settling on homesteads in Central Minnesota. 150 years later, the descendants of these settlers still live and farm the same area. Through it all, these farmers have kept a similar schedule: six days of fieldwork, Sunday for rest. And, nearly since the day they arrived in the area, that day of rest has featured one sacred leisure activity: baseball. The state of Minnesota boasts over 250 amateur baseball teams, the most of any state in the country. In the summer of 2012, I moved to Spring Hill, Minnesota, a town of 85, to play for the Spring Hill Chargers and work on the farm. My thesis lies at the intersection of farming and baseball, showing the reader both how little and how much has changed for these men who still farm their land of their forebears and still play America's game. A Summer in the Land of Milk tells my story of living and working in a rural area where the past hangs like a shadow and the future is frighteningly uncertain. Title: A Summer in the Land of Milk Author: Opatz, Louis Charles Year: 2013 Stearns County, Minnesota is the number-one dairy-producing county in the number-one dairy-producing region--the Midwest--in the country. The area has been home to German-Catholic immigrants from the Rheinland region of Germany since the mid- to late-1850s, when they traveled across Canada and the northeastern United States before finally settling on homesteads in Central Minnesota. 150 years later, the descendants of these settlers still live and farm the same area. Through it all, these farmers have kept a similar schedule: six days of fieldwork, Sunday for rest. And, nearly since the day they arrived in the area, that day of rest has featured one sacred leisure activity: baseball. The state of Minnesota boasts over 250 amateur baseball teams, the most of any state in the country. In the summer of 2012, I moved to Spring Hill, Minnesota, a town of 85, to play for the Spring Hill Chargers and work on the farm. My thesis lies at the intersection of farming and baseball, showing the reader both how little and how much has changed for these men who still farm their land of their forebears and still play America's game. A Summer in the Land of Milk tells my story of living and working in a rural area where the past hangs like a shadow and the future is frighteningly uncertain. Close

• 15. [Article] Growing Zenger Farm

  Zenger Farm is a working urban farm in outer southeast Portland, Oregon, that promotes sustainable food systems, environmental stewardship and local economic development. Currently operating on 6 acres ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growing Zenger Farm Author: Sonmez, Turhan, Milner, Elizabeth, Glenewinkel, Stacey, Carone, Kate Year: 2010 Zenger Farm is a working urban farm in outer southeast Portland, Oregon, that promotes sustainable food systems, environmental stewardship and local economic development. Currently operating on 6 acres of farmland and 10 acres of wetland, the farm has an opportunity to expand onto 4 additional acres of adjacent land, and has asked Ecotone to help maximize the potential of that expansion. Growing Zenger Farm is a unique opportunity to learn how urban agriculture can best address the needs of communities. Food security, community development, education, economic development and environmental stewardship are components of Zenger's stated mission and goals and are areas where urban agriculture has the potential to make meaningful contributions. Ecotone will complete a community needs assessment (CNA) of the Powellhurst-Gilbert and Lents communities, and will work with high school planning students from Catlin Gabel School to simultaneously carry out a youth-focused CNA of the same neighborhoods. The CNA findings, in conjunction with urban agriculture research and extensive outreach and collaboration with Zenger's neighbors, will help Ecotone develop programmatic, site design and urban agriculture policy recommendations. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sumner Sharpe and Ellen Bassett. Title: Growing Zenger Farm Author: Sonmez, Turhan, Milner, Elizabeth, Glenewinkel, Stacey, Carone, Kate Year: 2010 Zenger Farm is a working urban farm in outer southeast Portland, Oregon, that promotes sustainable food systems, environmental stewardship and local economic development. Currently operating on 6 acres of farmland and 10 acres of wetland, the farm has an opportunity to expand onto 4 additional acres of adjacent land, and has asked Ecotone to help maximize the potential of that expansion. Growing Zenger Farm is a unique opportunity to learn how urban agriculture can best address the needs of communities. Food security, community development, education, economic development and environmental stewardship are components of Zenger's stated mission and goals and are areas where urban agriculture has the potential to make meaningful contributions. Ecotone will complete a community needs assessment (CNA) of the Powellhurst-Gilbert and Lents communities, and will work with high school planning students from Catlin Gabel School to simultaneously carry out a youth-focused CNA of the same neighborhoods. The CNA findings, in conjunction with urban agriculture research and extensive outreach and collaboration with Zenger's neighbors, will help Ecotone develop programmatic, site design and urban agriculture policy recommendations. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sumner Sharpe and Ellen Bassett. Close

• 16. [Article] On the Edge of Agriculture: An Interview with Narendra Varma and Gianna Banducci of Our Table Cooperative

  One mile outside Portland’s urban growth boundary near Sherwood OR, a new farm business is modeling innovative practices that could become the future of Oregon agriculture. The Our Table Cooperative brings ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: On the Edge of Agriculture: An Interview with Narendra Varma and Gianna Banducci of Our Table Cooperative Author: Simpson, Mike Year: 2013 One mile outside Portland’s urban growth boundary near Sherwood OR, a new farm business is modeling innovative practices that could become the future of Oregon agriculture. The Our Table Cooperative brings stakeholders from all levels of the food system together as member-owners within the same organizational structure. By sharing costs and infrastructure, the cooperative seeks to show that small and medium scale agricultural production can be economically viable. The farm also emphasizes diversity of crops over industrial efficiency, and its management is based on dynamic governance.. Recently, Metroscape sat down with two members of the cooperative to discuss their vision, and how their approach to farming and farmland stewardship works within a system of land-use regulations that were designed to protect Oregon’s farmland at a time when large-scale industrial production was widely thought to the only viable agricultural model. Narendra Varma is a founding member of the cooperative. Gianna Banducci recently joined the cooperative as Marketing Director. Title: On the Edge of Agriculture: An Interview with Narendra Varma and Gianna Banducci of Our Table Cooperative Author: Simpson, Mike Year: 2013 One mile outside Portland’s urban growth boundary near Sherwood OR, a new farm business is modeling innovative practices that could become the future of Oregon agriculture. The Our Table Cooperative brings stakeholders from all levels of the food system together as member-owners within the same organizational structure. By sharing costs and infrastructure, the cooperative seeks to show that small and medium scale agricultural production can be economically viable. The farm also emphasizes diversity of crops over industrial efficiency, and its management is based on dynamic governance.. Recently, Metroscape sat down with two members of the cooperative to discuss their vision, and how their approach to farming and farmland stewardship works within a system of land-use regulations that were designed to protect Oregon’s farmland at a time when large-scale industrial production was widely thought to the only viable agricultural model. Narendra Varma is a founding member of the cooperative. Gianna Banducci recently joined the cooperative as Marketing Director. Close

• 17. [Article] The Future of Oregon’s Agricultural Land

  Sixty-four percent of Oregon's farmland is expected to change hands in the next 20 years, yet many Oregon farmers are unprepared for succession. Simultaneously, beginning farmers are finding it harder ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Future of Oregon’s Agricultural Land Author: Brekken, Christy Anderson, Gwin, Lauren, Horst, Megan, McAdams, Nellie, Martin, Sheila A Year: 2016 Sixty-four percent of Oregon's farmland is expected to change hands in the next 20 years, yet many Oregon farmers are unprepared for succession. Simultaneously, beginning farmers are finding it harder to start farmers because of dramatically increasing land prices. These distinct but interwined challenges are addressed in a new research report from the Oregon State University Center for Small Farms, Portland State University's Planning Oregon/Institute for Metropolitan Studies, and Rogue Farm Corps. The study examines trends in land tenure and the effects they might have on Oregon's economy, rural communities, and environment. The report was in many ways inspired and informed by the land access working group of the Oregon Community Food Systems Network. Title: The Future of Oregon’s Agricultural Land Author: Brekken, Christy Anderson, Gwin, Lauren, Horst, Megan, McAdams, Nellie, Martin, Sheila A Year: 2016 Sixty-four percent of Oregon's farmland is expected to change hands in the next 20 years, yet many Oregon farmers are unprepared for succession. Simultaneously, beginning farmers are finding it harder to start farmers because of dramatically increasing land prices. These distinct but interwined challenges are addressed in a new research report from the Oregon State University Center for Small Farms, Portland State University's Planning Oregon/Institute for Metropolitan Studies, and Rogue Farm Corps. The study examines trends in land tenure and the effects they might have on Oregon's economy, rural communities, and environment. The report was in many ways inspired and informed by the land access working group of the Oregon Community Food Systems Network. Close

• 18. [Article] A Parametric Study on Power Variation for Model Wind Turbine Arrays

  This thesis presents the results of wind tunnel experiments performed for various model wind turbine arrays. The aim is to understand how siting affects power output. To optimize wind farm efficiency the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Parametric Study on Power Variation for Model Wind Turbine Arrays Author: DeLucia, Dominic Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of wind tunnel experiments performed for various model wind turbine arrays. The aim is to understand how siting affects power output. To optimize wind farm efficiency the experiments vary the parameters of the model wind turbines and the layout of the wind turbine array. The parameters include the alignment, height, spacing, and the rotational direction of the model wind turbines. These experiments employ mechanical torque sensors to simultaneously measure the torque and rotor angular velocity, which yields a direct measurement of the fluid mechanical power extracted by the turbine at multiple locations. For a 4 × 3 array, the power is calculated at the center turbine in each of the rows. Variations in wind farm efficiency ranging from 55% to 90% are observed between the 13 different layouts tested. Modifications to the layout of the wind turbine array clearly affects the power output of the wind turbines downstream. The results of such experiments highlight the importance of studying the relationship between wind farm layout and power output. Title: A Parametric Study on Power Variation for Model Wind Turbine Arrays Author: DeLucia, Dominic Year: 2013 This thesis presents the results of wind tunnel experiments performed for various model wind turbine arrays. The aim is to understand how siting affects power output. To optimize wind farm efficiency the experiments vary the parameters of the model wind turbines and the layout of the wind turbine array. The parameters include the alignment, height, spacing, and the rotational direction of the model wind turbines. These experiments employ mechanical torque sensors to simultaneously measure the torque and rotor angular velocity, which yields a direct measurement of the fluid mechanical power extracted by the turbine at multiple locations. For a 4 × 3 array, the power is calculated at the center turbine in each of the rows. Variations in wind farm efficiency ranging from 55% to 90% are observed between the 13 different layouts tested. Modifications to the layout of the wind turbine array clearly affects the power output of the wind turbines downstream. The results of such experiments highlight the importance of studying the relationship between wind farm layout and power output. Close

• 19. [Article] Siting a Wind Farm in Oregon: Considering a Hierarchical Decision Model with Four Scenarios

  This paper primarily serves two purposes: first, it looks to develop a methodology that takes scenarios and certain hard-to-measure intangibles such as politics, social impact, and even religion; as well ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Siting a Wind Farm in Oregon: Considering a Hierarchical Decision Model with Four Scenarios Author: Yates, Diane Year: 2015 This paper primarily serves two purposes: first, it looks to develop a methodology that takes scenarios and certain hard-to-measure intangibles such as politics, social impact, and even religion; as well as more tangible and measurable variables such as environmental impacts, cost and types of materials, storage and wind turbine technologies, to name a few, that then could be used as input to a decision-making model on where to build a wind farm. The hierarchical decision model (HDM) then analyzes these variables, based on an independent judging panel, in order to come up with a recommendation for the best site on where to build the wind farm. Second, the preliminary discussion of this paper serves as a prototype of developing a methodology that might one day serve as part of an overall comprehensive energy policy for the State of Oregon. Title: Siting a Wind Farm in Oregon: Considering a Hierarchical Decision Model with Four Scenarios Author: Yates, Diane Year: 2015 This paper primarily serves two purposes: first, it looks to develop a methodology that takes scenarios and certain hard-to-measure intangibles such as politics, social impact, and even religion; as well as more tangible and measurable variables such as environmental impacts, cost and types of materials, storage and wind turbine technologies, to name a few, that then could be used as input to a decision-making model on where to build a wind farm. The hierarchical decision model (HDM) then analyzes these variables, based on an independent judging panel, in order to come up with a recommendation for the best site on where to build the wind farm. Second, the preliminary discussion of this paper serves as a prototype of developing a methodology that might one day serve as part of an overall comprehensive energy policy for the State of Oregon. Close

• 20. [Article] Distribution of Mean Kinetic Energy Around an Isolated Wind Turbine and a Characteristic Wind Turbine of a Very Large Wind Farm

  An isolated wind turbine and a very large wind farm are introduced into large-eddy simulations of an atmospheric boundary layer. The atmospheric flow is forced with a constant geostrophic wind and a time-varying ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution of Mean Kinetic Energy Around an Isolated Wind Turbine and a Characteristic Wind Turbine of a Very Large Wind Farm Author: Cortina, Gerard, Calaf, Marc, Cal, Raul Bayoan Year: 2016 An isolated wind turbine and a very large wind farm are introduced into large-eddy simulations of an atmospheric boundary layer. The atmospheric flow is forced with a constant geostrophic wind and a time-varying surface temperature extracted from a selected period of the CASES-99 field experiment. A control volume approach is used to directly compare the transfer of mean kinetic energy around a characteristic wind turbine throughout a diurnal cycle considering both scenarios. For the very large wind farm case, results illustrate that the recovery of mean kinetic energy around a wind turbine is dominated by the vertical flux, regardless of atmospheric stratification. Contrarily, for an isolated wind turbine, the recovery is dependent on the background atmospheric stratification and it is produced by a combination of advection, vertical flux, and pressure redistribution. The analysis also illustrates that during the unstable stratification periods vertical entrainment of mean kinetic energy dominates, whereas during the stable regime horizontal entrainment is predominant. Finally, it is observed that in both scenarios, the single wind turbine and the large wind farm cases, turbulent mixing is driven by the background convective stratification during the unstable period and by the effect of the wind turbine during the stable regime. Title: Distribution of Mean Kinetic Energy Around an Isolated Wind Turbine and a Characteristic Wind Turbine of a Very Large Wind Farm Author: Cortina, Gerard, Calaf, Marc, Cal, Raul Bayoan Year: 2016 An isolated wind turbine and a very large wind farm are introduced into large-eddy simulations of an atmospheric boundary layer. The atmospheric flow is forced with a constant geostrophic wind and a time-varying surface temperature extracted from a selected period of the CASES-99 field experiment. A control volume approach is used to directly compare the transfer of mean kinetic energy around a characteristic wind turbine throughout a diurnal cycle considering both scenarios. For the very large wind farm case, results illustrate that the recovery of mean kinetic energy around a wind turbine is dominated by the vertical flux, regardless of atmospheric stratification. Contrarily, for an isolated wind turbine, the recovery is dependent on the background atmospheric stratification and it is produced by a combination of advection, vertical flux, and pressure redistribution. The analysis also illustrates that during the unstable stratification periods vertical entrainment of mean kinetic energy dominates, whereas during the stable regime horizontal entrainment is predominant. Finally, it is observed that in both scenarios, the single wind turbine and the large wind farm cases, turbulent mixing is driven by the background convective stratification during the unstable period and by the effect of the wind turbine during the stable regime. Close

• 21. [Article] Agricultural Transitions in Northwestern Argentina

  Worldwide, agriculture has seen a transition from small scale subsistence farming to large scale commercial operations, often associated with green revolution technologies and support by government policies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural Transitions in Northwestern Argentina Author: Reynolds, Kimberly Year: 2013 Worldwide, agriculture has seen a transition from small scale subsistence farming to large scale commercial operations, often associated with green revolution technologies and support by government policies and western models of economic development. Argentina with its history as a salient agricultural exporter serves as a valuable example of the agricultural transition from subsistence to commercial production. In the small town of San Pedro de Cololao, Tucuman, we studied the agricultural transitions that are taking place and analyzed the role that socioeconomic, cultural and political factors play in the shift. Through the case studies of agricultural practices in San Pedro de Cololao this report will give greater insight into how agriculture in rural communities is responding to economic development. This paper finds that two types of agricultural transitions from subsistence to commercialized production are occurring in NW Argentina and evaluates how they follow trends in development theory to greater conceptualize the patterns that led to these transitions and the potential social, economic and environmental implications they present. The agriculture changes taking place in San Pedro can be viewed as a representation of two paradigm shifts in the rural development discourse, the "small-farm-first narrative" and the shift towards internal resources and markets. Three agricultural models are present in San Pedro, 1) subsistence, 2) agroecological, and 3) small scale commercialized production of vegetables. Subsistence agriculture is slowly being abandoned in a transition to agroecological, and small scale production of vegetables for commercialization. The transition to agroecology can be identified with both the small-farm-first approach as well the shift towards internal resources and markets. The transition to the small scale commercialization of vegetables while associated with the small-farm first approach, applies some industrial agriculture technologies. Title: Agricultural Transitions in Northwestern Argentina Author: Reynolds, Kimberly Year: 2013 Worldwide, agriculture has seen a transition from small scale subsistence farming to large scale commercial operations, often associated with green revolution technologies and support by government policies and western models of economic development. Argentina with its history as a salient agricultural exporter serves as a valuable example of the agricultural transition from subsistence to commercial production. In the small town of San Pedro de Cololao, Tucuman, we studied the agricultural transitions that are taking place and analyzed the role that socioeconomic, cultural and political factors play in the shift. Through the case studies of agricultural practices in San Pedro de Cololao this report will give greater insight into how agriculture in rural communities is responding to economic development. This paper finds that two types of agricultural transitions from subsistence to commercialized production are occurring in NW Argentina and evaluates how they follow trends in development theory to greater conceptualize the patterns that led to these transitions and the potential social, economic and environmental implications they present. The agriculture changes taking place in San Pedro can be viewed as a representation of two paradigm shifts in the rural development discourse, the "small-farm-first narrative" and the shift towards internal resources and markets. Three agricultural models are present in San Pedro, 1) subsistence, 2) agroecological, and 3) small scale commercialized production of vegetables. Subsistence agriculture is slowly being abandoned in a transition to agroecological, and small scale production of vegetables for commercialization. The transition to agroecology can be identified with both the small-farm-first approach as well the shift towards internal resources and markets. The transition to the small scale commercialization of vegetables while associated with the small-farm first approach, applies some industrial agriculture technologies. Close

• 22. [Article] Risk Management System for Vestas Wind Farms

  Improvements to the risk management system(RMS) and the means to implement this RMS within the project management group at Vestas Americas are proposed in this report. Wind farm construction is a complex ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Risk Management System for Vestas Wind Farms Author: Johnson, Todd, Peterman, Wendy, Talla, Rajesh, Yates, Diane, Yoon, Youngkoo Year: 2009 Improvements to the risk management system(RMS) and the means to implement this RMS within the project management group at Vestas Americas are proposed in this report. Wind farm construction is a complex process that does not require advanced innovative technology. Therefore this process requires a “qualitative” risk response plan [1]. Vestas’ current risk plan is not comprehensive. At present, project managers focus on the critical path and on managing current risks. They look at current risks using probability and impact assessments that vary from project to project and from manager to manager. Title: Risk Management System for Vestas Wind Farms Author: Johnson, Todd, Peterman, Wendy, Talla, Rajesh, Yates, Diane, Yoon, Youngkoo Year: 2009 Improvements to the risk management system(RMS) and the means to implement this RMS within the project management group at Vestas Americas are proposed in this report. Wind farm construction is a complex process that does not require advanced innovative technology. Therefore this process requires a “qualitative” risk response plan [1]. Vestas’ current risk plan is not comprehensive. At present, project managers focus on the critical path and on managing current risks. They look at current risks using probability and impact assessments that vary from project to project and from manager to manager. Close

• 23. [Article] Growing a Sustainable Portland Metropolitan Foodshed

  Project Description and Objectives: Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) provided funding for this study to examine key agricultural trends, identify producer needs and define ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growing a Sustainable Portland Metropolitan Foodshed Author: Martin, Sheila, Doherty-Chapman, Kathryn, Wise, Robert, Foust, Steve, Greene, Kirsten, Fiore, Ellie, Wyoming, Ellen, Seavert, Clark, Sullivan, Rebecca, Emshoff, Beth, Yap, Anita, Scolnik, Elise, Short, Bob Year: 2012 Project Description and Objectives: Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) provided funding for this study to examine key agricultural trends, identify producer needs and define strategies to strengthen the local food production system. The goals of the study are to: Define the Portland Metropolitan Foodshed; identify related agricultural and economic trends and develop a needs assessment based on input from producers and other stakeholders; assemble a regional toolkit of strategies to support evolution of a sustainable Portland Metropolitan Foodshed; work with the City of Damascus, Oregon to test the toolkit on a local level; Develop a research and educational program that supports these goals and supports small and medium farmers in the region. This project differs from many other studies of the barriers and opportunities faced by farmers because it focuses specifically on farms that are trying to survive within a growing metropolitan region. While these farms face significant challenges related to urban growth, they also have significant opportunities as urban consumers begin to demand food that is grown locally and sustainability and food related experiences that can supplement farm income. Title: Growing a Sustainable Portland Metropolitan Foodshed Author: Martin, Sheila, Doherty-Chapman, Kathryn, Wise, Robert, Foust, Steve, Greene, Kirsten, Fiore, Ellie, Wyoming, Ellen, Seavert, Clark, Sullivan, Rebecca, Emshoff, Beth, Yap, Anita, Scolnik, Elise, Short, Bob Year: 2012 Project Description and Objectives: Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) provided funding for this study to examine key agricultural trends, identify producer needs and define strategies to strengthen the local food production system. The goals of the study are to: Define the Portland Metropolitan Foodshed; identify related agricultural and economic trends and develop a needs assessment based on input from producers and other stakeholders; assemble a regional toolkit of strategies to support evolution of a sustainable Portland Metropolitan Foodshed; work with the City of Damascus, Oregon to test the toolkit on a local level; Develop a research and educational program that supports these goals and supports small and medium farmers in the region. This project differs from many other studies of the barriers and opportunities faced by farmers because it focuses specifically on farms that are trying to survive within a growing metropolitan region. While these farms face significant challenges related to urban growth, they also have significant opportunities as urban consumers begin to demand food that is grown locally and sustainability and food related experiences that can supplement farm income. Close

• 24. [Article] Blade Number Effects in a Scaled Down Wind Farm

  Two 3 × 4 scaled down wind farms were analyzed to understand differences in wind turbine boundary layers when turbines operating at identical power coefficients have two or three blades. Mean streamwise ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Blade Number Effects in a Scaled Down Wind Farm Author: Newman, A. Jensen, Cal, Raúl Bayoán, Castillo, Luciano Year: 2015 Two 3 × 4 scaled down wind farms were analyzed to understand differences in wind turbine boundary layers when turbines operating at identical power coefficients have two or three blades. Mean streamwise velocities in two bladed turbine near wakes ranged between 10 and 100% larger than those in the three bladed case with large differences just behind the nacelle. In the rotor swept region of far wakes, mean velocity differences between the two arrays were about 10% (max) and became smaller with increasing streamwise direction. Contrary to these findings, regions above and below rotors become less similar deep in the array. Incoming flow to downstream turbines was shown to have greater Reynolds streamwise normal stress for three bladed rotors. Percentage differences ranged between about 30% for the second turbine down to 10% for the fourth turbine. Additionally, there is qualitative evidence that suggests incoming streamwise Reynolds normal stress becomes similar between the two types of turbines, indicating that asymptotically two and three bladed turbines could have similar fatigue loading properties. These results show that use of two bladed turbines would have the most impact when used in a wind farm's first two rows. Title: Blade Number Effects in a Scaled Down Wind Farm Author: Newman, A. Jensen, Cal, Raúl Bayoán, Castillo, Luciano Year: 2015 Two 3 × 4 scaled down wind farms were analyzed to understand differences in wind turbine boundary layers when turbines operating at identical power coefficients have two or three blades. Mean streamwise velocities in two bladed turbine near wakes ranged between 10 and 100% larger than those in the three bladed case with large differences just behind the nacelle. In the rotor swept region of far wakes, mean velocity differences between the two arrays were about 10% (max) and became smaller with increasing streamwise direction. Contrary to these findings, regions above and below rotors become less similar deep in the array. Incoming flow to downstream turbines was shown to have greater Reynolds streamwise normal stress for three bladed rotors. Percentage differences ranged between about 30% for the second turbine down to 10% for the fourth turbine. Additionally, there is qualitative evidence that suggests incoming streamwise Reynolds normal stress becomes similar between the two types of turbines, indicating that asymptotically two and three bladed turbines could have similar fatigue loading properties. These results show that use of two bladed turbines would have the most impact when used in a wind farm's first two rows. Close

• 25. [Article] A New Era of Water Quality Management in Agriculture: From Best Management Practices to Watershed-based Whole Farm Approaches

  Why is reducing water pollution from agriculture such a stubbornly slow process? Despite several policy initiatives since the 1970s, farms and ranches rank as the primary contributors to impairments of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A New Era of Water Quality Management in Agriculture: From Best Management Practices to Watershed-based Whole Farm Approaches Author: Ervin, David E. Year: 1995 Why is reducing water pollution from agriculture such a stubbornly slow process? Despite several policy initiatives since the 1970s, farms and ranches rank as the primary contributors to impairments of the nation's surface waters [U.S.EPA, 1994b]. Emerging research also points to agricultural chemicals in many cases of groundwater contamination [Barbash and Resek; Mueller, et al.]. After a little reflection, the industry's negative distinction may not be surprising. Covering nearly half the U.S. land base, crop and livestock production inevitably alter natural vegetative cover, apply fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water, and involve animal wastes. All of these processes can degrade water quality. Without question, cases of water quality improvement as well as degradation occur within agriculture's number one ranking. Stream, lake, and groundwater success stories have come from federal, state, and local efforts. However, the overall weight of the evidence indicates the industry's performance needs to improve rather sharply if the nation's water quality is to advance to a higher plateau in line with broad public preference. This paper's central thesis is that dramatic changes in program approaches are necessary for that advance because of powerful budget, economic, and political forces. Continued reliance on programs subsidizing or regulating best management practices (BMPs) conflicts with those forces in fundamental ways. Moreover, promising technologies and improved water quality science support more flexible, whole farm approaches for targeted priority watersheds. Title: A New Era of Water Quality Management in Agriculture: From Best Management Practices to Watershed-based Whole Farm Approaches Author: Ervin, David E. Year: 1995 Why is reducing water pollution from agriculture such a stubbornly slow process? Despite several policy initiatives since the 1970s, farms and ranches rank as the primary contributors to impairments of the nation's surface waters [U.S.EPA, 1994b]. Emerging research also points to agricultural chemicals in many cases of groundwater contamination [Barbash and Resek; Mueller, et al.]. After a little reflection, the industry's negative distinction may not be surprising. Covering nearly half the U.S. land base, crop and livestock production inevitably alter natural vegetative cover, apply fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water, and involve animal wastes. All of these processes can degrade water quality. Without question, cases of water quality improvement as well as degradation occur within agriculture's number one ranking. Stream, lake, and groundwater success stories have come from federal, state, and local efforts. However, the overall weight of the evidence indicates the industry's performance needs to improve rather sharply if the nation's water quality is to advance to a higher plateau in line with broad public preference. This paper's central thesis is that dramatic changes in program approaches are necessary for that advance because of powerful budget, economic, and political forces. Continued reliance on programs subsidizing or regulating best management practices (BMPs) conflicts with those forces in fundamental ways. Moreover, promising technologies and improved water quality science support more flexible, whole farm approaches for targeted priority watersheds. Close

• 26. [Article] Policies Driving Wind Power Adoption in the Pacific Northwest

  Wind energy is generally the cheapest renewable energy technology, and it is the only one ready for large-scale deployment. Wind energy investment has been growing rapidly due to government support. In ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Policies Driving Wind Power Adoption in the Pacific Northwest Author: Lui, Jonathan, Gu, Yongwen, Martin, Brandon Year: 2014 Wind energy is generally the cheapest renewable energy technology, and it is the only one ready for large-scale deployment. Wind energy investment has been growing rapidly due to government support. In this project, we analyzed the policies driving wind power adoption in the Pacific Northwest. We built a HDM model to identify the driving forces behind wind power adoption from policy perspective, economic perspective, and environment perspective. For policy perspective, we considered production tax credit (PTC), Washington state initiative (I-937), energy trust policy, federal clean renewable energy bonds, over supply and subsidies, and wind farm location selection. For economic perspective, we considered job created for wind farms, tax revenue for rural communities, easement payment for farm owners, demand of wind turbines and turbine component, and stabilization of wholesale electricity costs. For environmental perspective, we considered reductions of ecological footprint, carbon emissions, water consumptions, and toxic pollutions thanks to wind energy. We identified that policy is still the main factor of wind adoption in the Pacific Northwest. Without additional tax incentives for the Pacific Northwest there will likely be a reduction in wind sites. We confirmed that wind energy benefits the economy and environment. As technology continues to improve, so will the benefits associated with this maturing technology. Title: Policies Driving Wind Power Adoption in the Pacific Northwest Author: Lui, Jonathan, Gu, Yongwen, Martin, Brandon Year: 2014 Wind energy is generally the cheapest renewable energy technology, and it is the only one ready for large-scale deployment. Wind energy investment has been growing rapidly due to government support. In this project, we analyzed the policies driving wind power adoption in the Pacific Northwest. We built a HDM model to identify the driving forces behind wind power adoption from policy perspective, economic perspective, and environment perspective. For policy perspective, we considered production tax credit (PTC), Washington state initiative (I-937), energy trust policy, federal clean renewable energy bonds, over supply and subsidies, and wind farm location selection. For economic perspective, we considered job created for wind farms, tax revenue for rural communities, easement payment for farm owners, demand of wind turbines and turbine component, and stabilization of wholesale electricity costs. For environmental perspective, we considered reductions of ecological footprint, carbon emissions, water consumptions, and toxic pollutions thanks to wind energy. We identified that policy is still the main factor of wind adoption in the Pacific Northwest. Without additional tax incentives for the Pacific Northwest there will likely be a reduction in wind sites. We confirmed that wind energy benefits the economy and environment. As technology continues to improve, so will the benefits associated with this maturing technology. Close

• 27. [Article] The defense system in Libya during the I-VI centuries A.D.

  This thesis will examine the significance of the defense system that was a result of the Libyan wars against the Romans, Byzantines, and the Vandals. For economic and strategic reasons these nations were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The defense system in Libya during the I-VI centuries A.D. Author: Geddeda, Ramadan A. Year: 1978 This thesis will examine the significance of the defense system that was a result of the Libyan wars against the Romans, Byzantines, and the Vandals. For economic and strategic reasons these nations were involved in long and bitter wars which lasted over six centuries. The policy of the long distance military expeditions, which was the main instrument of the Romans in subduing the natives in the early Empire, had failed to achieve its goals. Thus, the alternative was to erect a network of roads and forts in strategic spots such as water points, commanding hills, along the caravan routes and on the edges of fertile wadis. In fact, neither the roads, which were very well fortified, nor the massive front forts had solved the frontier problems, thus the Romans had no choice other than to leave the frontiers to be guarded by the natives themselves. To this end several civilian settlements (fortified farms) were established on the fertile wadis. "While a mixture of people coexisted in these fortified farms, the archaeological remains show that the prevailing culture belonged to the Libyan natives. Title: The defense system in Libya during the I-VI centuries A.D. Author: Geddeda, Ramadan A. Year: 1978 This thesis will examine the significance of the defense system that was a result of the Libyan wars against the Romans, Byzantines, and the Vandals. For economic and strategic reasons these nations were involved in long and bitter wars which lasted over six centuries. The policy of the long distance military expeditions, which was the main instrument of the Romans in subduing the natives in the early Empire, had failed to achieve its goals. Thus, the alternative was to erect a network of roads and forts in strategic spots such as water points, commanding hills, along the caravan routes and on the edges of fertile wadis. In fact, neither the roads, which were very well fortified, nor the massive front forts had solved the frontier problems, thus the Romans had no choice other than to leave the frontiers to be guarded by the natives themselves. To this end several civilian settlements (fortified farms) were established on the fertile wadis. "While a mixture of people coexisted in these fortified farms, the archaeological remains show that the prevailing culture belonged to the Libyan natives. Close

• 28. [Article] Technology Roadmap: Cattle Farming Sustainability in Germany

  Cattle farming is one of the most environmentally threatening industries worldwide. Its impact has been assessed as a main driver for soil degradation, deforestation, water bed contamination, and greenhouse ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technology Roadmap: Cattle Farming Sustainability in Germany Author: Gallegos Rivero, Alvaro Rigel, Daim, Tugrul U. Year: 2017 Cattle farming is one of the most environmentally threatening industries worldwide. Its impact has been assessed as a main driver for soil degradation, deforestation, water bed contamination, and greenhouse gas emissions. Germany is one of the largest consumers and producers of livestock products in the world. This high volume demand for livestock forces farmers and consumers to import from overseas and increase national yields. Technologies worldwide are being developed with a focus on sustainability and cleaner production; however, this may not necessarily be easily adapted and implemented by German farmers. This paper uses the technology roadmap approach to propose a plan for implementing these technologies by identifying the barriers and actions to remove them. Aquaponics, grazing management, and capturing methane are current global trends used in the effort to reduce the impact of livestock. While aquaponics are at an early stage of development and implementation in Germany, grazing management techniques and methane processing on free range cattle are mostly still unknown and not implemented by farmers producing in the country. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Title: Technology Roadmap: Cattle Farming Sustainability in Germany Author: Gallegos Rivero, Alvaro Rigel, Daim, Tugrul U. Year: 2017 Cattle farming is one of the most environmentally threatening industries worldwide. Its impact has been assessed as a main driver for soil degradation, deforestation, water bed contamination, and greenhouse gas emissions. Germany is one of the largest consumers and producers of livestock products in the world. This high volume demand for livestock forces farmers and consumers to import from overseas and increase national yields. Technologies worldwide are being developed with a focus on sustainability and cleaner production; however, this may not necessarily be easily adapted and implemented by German farmers. This paper uses the technology roadmap approach to propose a plan for implementing these technologies by identifying the barriers and actions to remove them. Aquaponics, grazing management, and capturing methane are current global trends used in the effort to reduce the impact of livestock. While aquaponics are at an early stage of development and implementation in Germany, grazing management techniques and methane processing on free range cattle are mostly still unknown and not implemented by farmers producing in the country. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd Close

• 29. [Article] Organics to You - Optimization of Produce Bins

  Organics to You (www.organicstoyou.org ) is a produce delivery company that focuses on bringing organic local food from local farms straight to the homes, schools, and businesses of its clients. Each week ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organics to You - Optimization of Produce Bins Author: Lerdphayakkarat, Rassaniya, Chieh Lu, Chuan, Roschke, Jon, Suzuki, Juliana, Truong, Jessie Year: 2017 Organics to You (www.organicstoyou.org ) is a produce delivery company that focuses on bringing organic local food from local farms straight to the homes, schools, and businesses of its clients. Each week a "Small Bin" is created using different varieties of local produce from various farms. Customers receive a bin that contains 12-14 varieties of produce with 2-6 "servings" of each variety (e.g., 1 melon, 4 apples, 1 head of lettuce, 2 lbs potatoes, etc). Our objective is to optimize the contents of the “Small Bin”. The decision we want to make is how much of each variety do we include in the bin while minimizing capital costs, thus maximizing profits. Constraints will aim to keep each variety within the appropriate "servings" range in order to ensure a well rounded bin and avoid overloading customers with too much of one thing, i.e. we cannot just give everyone twenty pounds of potatoes as cheap as that might be. Title: Organics to You - Optimization of Produce Bins Author: Lerdphayakkarat, Rassaniya, Chieh Lu, Chuan, Roschke, Jon, Suzuki, Juliana, Truong, Jessie Year: 2017 Organics to You (www.organicstoyou.org ) is a produce delivery company that focuses on bringing organic local food from local farms straight to the homes, schools, and businesses of its clients. Each week a "Small Bin" is created using different varieties of local produce from various farms. Customers receive a bin that contains 12-14 varieties of produce with 2-6 "servings" of each variety (e.g., 1 melon, 4 apples, 1 head of lettuce, 2 lbs potatoes, etc). Our objective is to optimize the contents of the “Small Bin”. The decision we want to make is how much of each variety do we include in the bin while minimizing capital costs, thus maximizing profits. Constraints will aim to keep each variety within the appropriate "servings" range in order to ensure a well rounded bin and avoid overloading customers with too much of one thing, i.e. we cannot just give everyone twenty pounds of potatoes as cheap as that might be. Close

• 30. [Article] Rural Water

  In Rural Water, Amos Durand struggles to bring in the year's corn crop amid constant rain, marital strife, and his son's peculiar role in a murder investigation.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rural Water Author: Mollet, Daniel Ray Year: 2013 In Rural Water, Amos Durand struggles to bring in the year's corn crop amid constant rain, marital strife, and his son's peculiar role in a murder investigation. Title: Rural Water Author: Mollet, Daniel Ray Year: 2013 In Rural Water, Amos Durand struggles to bring in the year's corn crop amid constant rain, marital strife, and his son's peculiar role in a murder investigation. Close

• 31. [Article] Heard on the Net: Ain’t Gonna Work on Charles’* Farm No More

  This column explores the lack of investment in middle management by the association of research libraries and looks at how community engagement can result in new ways to develop collections.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heard on the Net: Ain’t Gonna Work on Charles’* Farm No More Author: Emery, Jill Year: 2011 This column explores the lack of investment in middle management by the association of research libraries and looks at how community engagement can result in new ways to develop collections. Title: Heard on the Net: Ain’t Gonna Work on Charles’* Farm No More Author: Emery, Jill Year: 2011 This column explores the lack of investment in middle management by the association of research libraries and looks at how community engagement can result in new ways to develop collections. Close

• 32. [Article] Leaving Silos on the Farm: A Sustainable Solution for Distributing eBooks

  Douglas County Libraries won a grant based on their eBook model to provide a platform for the state, eVoke Colorado. Initiated several years ago, and discussed here previously, this session provides new ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Leaving Silos on the Farm: A Sustainable Solution for Distributing eBooks Author: Tibbetts, Hutch Year: 2015 Douglas County Libraries won a grant based on their eBook model to provide a platform for the state, eVoke Colorado. Initiated several years ago, and discussed here previously, this session provides new insight into their progress, partnering with Spain-based Odilo to deliver eBooks and eAudio, as well as downloadable music and video, through their catalog. Ideally suited for consortia, library networks, and statewide platforms, it eliminates content silos, making the patron experience second to none. Title: Leaving Silos on the Farm: A Sustainable Solution for Distributing eBooks Author: Tibbetts, Hutch Year: 2015 Douglas County Libraries won a grant based on their eBook model to provide a platform for the state, eVoke Colorado. Initiated several years ago, and discussed here previously, this session provides new insight into their progress, partnering with Spain-based Odilo to deliver eBooks and eAudio, as well as downloadable music and video, through their catalog. Ideally suited for consortia, library networks, and statewide platforms, it eliminates content silos, making the patron experience second to none. Close

• 33. [Article] Proposed Special Rehabilitation Farm, Police Academy Levy (Portland Measure)

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proposed Special Rehabilitation Farm, Police Academy Levy (Portland Measure) Author: City Club of Portland (Portland, Or.) Year: 1956 Title: Proposed Special Rehabilitation Farm, Police Academy Levy (Portland Measure) Author: City Club of Portland (Portland, Or.) Year: 1956 Close

• 34. [Article] Community Breeders: Animal Husbandry in Portlandia

  A brief exploration of animal husbandry within the city limits of Portland, Oregon, covering residents' experiences with raising chickens, goats, bees and other farm animals. Touches on new concerns relating ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community Breeders: Animal Husbandry in Portlandia Author: Spickerman, Kurt Year: 2013 A brief exploration of animal husbandry within the city limits of Portland, Oregon, covering residents' experiences with raising chickens, goats, bees and other farm animals. Touches on new concerns relating to local sources for food, community building, and drawbacks faced by some residents. Title: Community Breeders: Animal Husbandry in Portlandia Author: Spickerman, Kurt Year: 2013 A brief exploration of animal husbandry within the city limits of Portland, Oregon, covering residents' experiences with raising chickens, goats, bees and other farm animals. Touches on new concerns relating to local sources for food, community building, and drawbacks faced by some residents. Close

• 35. [Article] Vignettes and Havensville Farm

  This thesis includes a series of terse vignettes and a pastoral section. Both groups of poems share a connection to imagism and are invested in latency, given that the fraught images hint at violences ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vignettes and Havensville Farm Author: Green, Michael McKee Year: 2016 This thesis includes a series of terse vignettes and a pastoral section. Both groups of poems share a connection to imagism and are invested in latency, given that the fraught images hint at violences just beyond the reader's sensual periphery. Title: Vignettes and Havensville Farm Author: Green, Michael McKee Year: 2016 This thesis includes a series of terse vignettes and a pastoral section. Both groups of poems share a connection to imagism and are invested in latency, given that the fraught images hint at violences just beyond the reader's sensual periphery. Close

• 36. [Article] The Portland Spectator, May 2010

  Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What now, ASPSU?; Students for unity delivers; Conservative corner: taxed to death; Rebuilding a reputation; State elections; Saltzman fights - sort ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Portland Spectator, May 2010 Author: Portland State University. Student Publications Board Year: 2010 Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What now, ASPSU?; Students for unity delivers; Conservative corner: taxed to death; Rebuilding a reputation; State elections; Saltzman fights - sort of; Welcome to the federal farm; Discussing terrorism and Islamic radicalism; and You have to start somewhere Title: The Portland Spectator, May 2010 Author: Portland State University. Student Publications Board Year: 2010 Editor: Joe Wirtheim Articles in this issue include: What now, ASPSU?; Students for unity delivers; Conservative corner: taxed to death; Rebuilding a reputation; State elections; Saltzman fights - sort of; Welcome to the federal farm; Discussing terrorism and Islamic radicalism; and You have to start somewhere Close

• 37. [Article] Interview with Martin Barrett, City Garden Farms, 2009 (audio)

  Interview of Martin Barrett by Matthew Smith on July 30th, 2009.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Martin Barrett, City Garden Farms, 2009 (audio) Author: Barrett, Martin Year: 2009 Interview of Martin Barrett by Matthew Smith on July 30th, 2009. Title: Interview with Martin Barrett, City Garden Farms, 2009 (audio) Author: Barrett, Martin Year: 2009 Interview of Martin Barrett by Matthew Smith on July 30th, 2009. Close

• 38. [Article] Interview with Prairie Hale, Zenger Farm, 2009 (audio)

  Interview of Prairie Hale by Matthew Ford on July 24th, 2009.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Prairie Hale, Zenger Farm, 2009 (audio) Author: Hale, Prairie Year: 2009 Interview of Prairie Hale by Matthew Ford on July 24th, 2009. Title: Interview with Prairie Hale, Zenger Farm, 2009 (audio) Author: Hale, Prairie Year: 2009 Interview of Prairie Hale by Matthew Ford on July 24th, 2009. Close

• 39. [Article] Interview with Ben Johnson, Columbia Gorge Organics, 2006 (audio)

  Interview of Ben Johnson by David Kelty on August 2nd, 2006.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Ben Johnson, Columbia Gorge Organics, 2006 (audio) Author: Johnson, Ben Year: 2006 Interview of Ben Johnson by David Kelty on August 2nd, 2006. Title: Interview with Ben Johnson, Columbia Gorge Organics, 2006 (audio) Author: Johnson, Ben Year: 2006 Interview of Ben Johnson by David Kelty on August 2nd, 2006. Close

• 40. [Article] Interview with Sarah Patterson, Lettuce Grow Garden Foundation, 2009 (audio)

  Interview of Sarah Patterson by Diane Mahon in Portland, Oregon on July 29th, 2009. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Sarah Patterson, Lettuce Grow Garden Foundation, 2009 (audio) Author: Patterson, Sarah Year: 2009 Interview of Sarah Patterson by Diane Mahon in Portland, Oregon on July 29th, 2009. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Sarah Patterson, Lettuce Grow Garden Foundation, 2009 (audio) Author: Patterson, Sarah Year: 2009 Interview of Sarah Patterson by Diane Mahon in Portland, Oregon on July 29th, 2009. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 41. [Article] Interview with Deanna Quan, Q-Bar Farm, 2006 (audio)

  Interview of Deanna Quan by Erin Downey on August 10th, 2006.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Deanna Quan, Q-Bar Farm, 2006 (audio) Author: Quan, Deanna Year: 2006 Interview of Deanna Quan by Erin Downey on August 10th, 2006. Title: Interview with Deanna Quan, Q-Bar Farm, 2006 (audio) Author: Quan, Deanna Year: 2006 Interview of Deanna Quan by Erin Downey on August 10th, 2006. Close

• 42. [Article] Interview with Bernard Smith, Full of Life Farms, 2010 (audio)

  Interview of Bernard Smith by Kyle Dykstra on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Bernard Smith, Full of Life Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Smith, Bernard Year: 2010 Interview of Bernard Smith by Kyle Dykstra on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Bernard Smith, Full of Life Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Smith, Bernard Year: 2010 Interview of Bernard Smith by Kyle Dykstra on February 28th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 43. [Article] Interview with Lyle N. Stanley, Gee Creek Farm, 2007 (audio)

  Interview of Lyle N. Stanley by Aaron Veal at Portland State University on July 28th, 2007. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Lyle N. Stanley, Gee Creek Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Stanley, Lyle N. Year: 2007 Interview of Lyle N. Stanley by Aaron Veal at Portland State University on July 28th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Lyle N. Stanley, Gee Creek Farm, 2007 (audio) Author: Stanley, Lyle N. Year: 2007 Interview of Lyle N. Stanley by Aaron Veal at Portland State University on July 28th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 44. [Article] Interview with Allejandro Tecum, Adelante Mujeres, 2010 (audio)

  Interview of Allejandro Tecum by Adam Villareal at Forest Grove, Oregon on February 25th, 2010. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Allejandro Tecum, Adelante Mujeres, 2010 (audio) Author: Tecum, Allejandro Year: 2010 Interview of Allejandro Tecum by Adam Villareal at Forest Grove, Oregon on February 25th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Allejandro Tecum, Adelante Mujeres, 2010 (audio) Author: Tecum, Allejandro Year: 2010 Interview of Allejandro Tecum by Adam Villareal at Forest Grove, Oregon on February 25th, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 45. [Article] Interview with Kathy & Matt Unger, Unger Farms, 2007 (audio)

  Interview of Kathy and Matt Unger by Alix Lefler at Cornelius, Oregon on July 25th, 2007. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Kathy & Matt Unger, Unger Farms, 2007 (audio) Author: Unger, Kathy, Unger, Matt Year: 2007 Interview of Kathy and Matt Unger by Alix Lefler at Cornelius, Oregon on July 25th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Kathy & Matt Unger, Unger Farms, 2007 (audio) Author: Unger, Kathy, Unger, Matt Year: 2007 Interview of Kathy and Matt Unger by Alix Lefler at Cornelius, Oregon on July 25th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 46. [Article] Interview with Dan J. Wilson, SuDan Farms, 2007 (audio)

  Interview of Dan J. Wilson by Jason Keaton at Canby, Oregon on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Dan J. Wilson, SuDan Farms, 2007 (audio) Author: Wilson, Dan J. Year: 2007 Interview of Dan J. Wilson by Jason Keaton at Canby, Oregon on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Dan J. Wilson, SuDan Farms, 2007 (audio) Author: Wilson, Dan J. Year: 2007 Interview of Dan J. Wilson by Jason Keaton at Canby, Oregon on August 10th, 2007. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 47. [Article] Interview with John Witte, Tenino Farms, 2010 (audio)

  Interview of John Witte by Steve Rosin at Portland, Oregon on March 1st, 2010. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with John Witte, Tenino Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Witte, John Year: 2010 Interview of John Witte by Steve Rosin at Portland, Oregon on March 1st, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with John Witte, Tenino Farms, 2010 (audio) Author: Witte, John Year: 2010 Interview of John Witte by Steve Rosin at Portland, Oregon on March 1st, 2010. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 48. [Article] Interview with Myo DeMayo, Urbanstead Farm (audio)

  Interview of Myo DeMayo by Tyler Anderson. The interview index is available for download. The year is estimated.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Myo DeMayo, Urbanstead Farm (audio) Author: DeMayo, Myo Year: 2006 Interview of Myo DeMayo by Tyler Anderson. The interview index is available for download. The year is estimated. Title: Interview with Myo DeMayo, Urbanstead Farm (audio) Author: DeMayo, Myo Year: 2006 Interview of Myo DeMayo by Tyler Anderson. The interview index is available for download. The year is estimated. Close

• 49. [Article] Interview with Louisa DePaiva, Purple Rain Vineyard, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of Louisa DePaiva by Stephenie Bitz at Brush Prairie, Washington on May 10th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Louisa DePaiva, Purple Rain Vineyard, 2008 (audio) Author: DePaiva, Louisa Year: 2008 Interview of Louisa DePaiva by Stephenie Bitz at Brush Prairie, Washington on May 10th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Louisa DePaiva, Purple Rain Vineyard, 2008 (audio) Author: DePaiva, Louisa Year: 2008 Interview of Louisa DePaiva by Stephenie Bitz at Brush Prairie, Washington on May 10th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 50. [Article] Interview with Jill and Michael J. Paine, Gaining Ground Farm, 2008 (audio)

  Interview of Jill and Michael J. Pain by James Pritchett in Yamhill, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interview with Jill and Michael J. Paine, Gaining Ground Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Paine, Jill, Paine, Michael J. Year: 2008 Interview of Jill and Michael J. Pain by James Pritchett in Yamhill, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Title: Interview with Jill and Michael J. Paine, Gaining Ground Farm, 2008 (audio) Author: Paine, Jill, Paine, Michael J. Year: 2008 Interview of Jill and Michael J. Pain by James Pritchett in Yamhill, Oregon on May 28th, 2008. The interview index is available for download. Close

• 51. [Article] Business Plan For Riverside Energy LLC

  In 2008, $5.2 billion was spent on program management and supporting contractors in energy efficiency in the United States[1]. Funding for energy efficiency is expected to increase as the cost of power ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Business Plan For Riverside Energy LLC Author: Smeraglio, Matt Year: 2012 In 2008, $5.2 billion was spent on program management and supporting contractors in energy efficiency in the United States[1]. Funding for energy efficiency is expected to increase as the cost of power production rises. This report focuses primarily on energy efficiency available to dairy farms, located in the Northern Mid-West region of the United States. Dairy farms have seen sharp increases in feed prices, large fluctuations in milk prices, and a steady rise in electricity rates. Of these three, it is easiest for the farmer to lower energy consumption. Riverside Energy will enable farmers to realize maximum potential energy and cost savings by offering custom dairy energy audits. Riverside Energy is proposing to startup as a sole proprietorship energy efficiency company, focusing on the agricultural and industrial markets of Michigan, which was ranked most improved in energy efficiency in a recent study [2]. The primary revenue stream will be providing energy audits to dairy farms, which will help them to lower energy consumption, saving substantial money. The final deliverable from Riverside to the customer will be a detailed Dairy Audit Report, detailing the best ways to save energy, and the expected upgrade costs, dollar savings and payback (return on investment) for proposed upgrades. As the demand for energy increases, there is more and more pressure for electrical utilities to build new power plants. But it is more cost effective for utilities to pay energy consuming customers to use less energy than to build new power plants. This promotes the sale of energy efficient equipment and energy audits. For dairies, there are cash incentives to pay for a portion of auditing services, and for dairy equipment upgrades. This in turn promotes Riverside’s auditing revenue stream. The biggest challenge for Riverside will be to compete against established auditors in the Michigan area, which is a fragmented group of university programs, state programs, small companies, and electric utilities. Riverside hopes to differentiate by establishing itself as both agriculturally knowledgeable and highly skilled in detailed analysis. Five primary marketing strategies have been established, which include selling direct to farmers, presenting at trade shows, enrolling in the Michigan Farm Energy Audit Program, participating in utility incentive programs, and creating partnerships with dairy equipment vendors. The most promising will likely be dairy equipment vendor partnerships, because they have the highest amount of contact with dairies, strong generational relationships, and sell the efficient equipment that riverside will propose for upgrades. It is estimated that each audit will sell for between $1,000 to $2,000 dollars, and that there are a potential of 1,900 dairies available for audits in the region. Riverside hopes to capture up to 67 audits per year, which would yield $120,000 in sales per year, taking 4 years to ramp up to this sales level. Pro forma income statements predict a break even after 23 months, with estimated startup costs at $26,700. Funding for this startup will be comprised of owner investment and a small bank loan. Riverside believes it has found a niche in the energy efficiency market through dairy energy audits. Though prospects are promising, further details on additional revenue streams and development of key relationships should be pursued before launch. Riverside could be ready for launch in 6 months to a year. Title: Business Plan For Riverside Energy LLC Author: Smeraglio, Matt Year: 2012 In 2008, $5.2 billion was spent on program management and supporting contractors in energy efficiency in the United States[1]. Funding for energy efficiency is expected to increase as the cost of power production rises. This report focuses primarily on energy efficiency available to dairy farms, located in the Northern Mid-West region of the United States. Dairy farms have seen sharp increases in feed prices, large fluctuations in milk prices, and a steady rise in electricity rates. Of these three, it is easiest for the farmer to lower energy consumption. Riverside Energy will enable farmers to realize maximum potential energy and cost savings by offering custom dairy energy audits. Riverside Energy is proposing to startup as a sole proprietorship energy efficiency company, focusing on the agricultural and industrial markets of Michigan, which was ranked most improved in energy efficiency in a recent study [2]. The primary revenue stream will be providing energy audits to dairy farms, which will help them to lower energy consumption, saving substantial money. The final deliverable from Riverside to the customer will be a detailed Dairy Audit Report, detailing the best ways to save energy, and the expected upgrade costs, dollar savings and payback (return on investment) for proposed upgrades. As the demand for energy increases, there is more and more pressure for electrical utilities to build new power plants. But it is more cost effective for utilities to pay energy consuming customers to use less energy than to build new power plants. This promotes the sale of energy efficient equipment and energy audits. For dairies, there are cash incentives to pay for a portion of auditing services, and for dairy equipment upgrades. This in turn promotes Riverside’s auditing revenue stream. The biggest challenge for Riverside will be to compete against established auditors in the Michigan area, which is a fragmented group of university programs, state programs, small companies, and electric utilities. Riverside hopes to differentiate by establishing itself as both agriculturally knowledgeable and highly skilled in detailed analysis. Five primary marketing strategies have been established, which include selling direct to farmers, presenting at trade shows, enrolling in the Michigan Farm Energy Audit Program, participating in utility incentive programs, and creating partnerships with dairy equipment vendors. The most promising will likely be dairy equipment vendor partnerships, because they have the highest amount of contact with dairies, strong generational relationships, and sell the efficient equipment that riverside will propose for upgrades. It is estimated that each audit will sell for between $1,000 to $2,000 dollars, and that there are a potential of 1,900 dairies available for audits in the region. Riverside hopes to capture up to 67 audits per year, which would yield $120,000 in sales per year, taking 4 years to ramp up to this sales level. Pro forma income statements predict a break even after 23 months, with estimated startup costs at $26,700. Funding for this startup will be comprised of owner investment and a small bank loan. Riverside believes it has found a niche in the energy efficiency market through dairy energy audits. Though prospects are promising, further details on additional revenue streams and development of key relationships should be pursued before launch. Riverside could be ready for launch in 6 months to a year. Close

• 52. [Article] The Landscape: Sauvie Island

  A brief overview of the geography, history and outlook for Sauvie Island, an area situated at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers that is important as a wildlife refuge, farming areas, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Landscape: Sauvie Island Author: Roth, Rick Year: 2001 A brief overview of the geography, history and outlook for Sauvie Island, an area situated at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers that is important as a wildlife refuge, farming areas, and for recreation. Title: The Landscape: Sauvie Island Author: Roth, Rick Year: 2001 A brief overview of the geography, history and outlook for Sauvie Island, an area situated at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers that is important as a wildlife refuge, farming areas, and for recreation. Close

• 53. [Article] International Perspectives on Sustainable Agriculture in Cuba

  Since the economic crisis following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba has restructured their agriculture with a greater focus on domestic production of domestically consumed produce, and a dramatic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International Perspectives on Sustainable Agriculture in Cuba Author: Smith, B. Danielle Year: 2014 Since the economic crisis following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba has restructured their agriculture with a greater focus on domestic production of domestically consumed produce, and a dramatic reduction of petroleum products in all aspects of food production. This overhaul has included the broad application of what is termed agroecology – agricultural practices which focus on principles of biodiversity and sustainability – and inter-farm cooperation facilitated by the National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) and Campesino a Campesino. Academics and journalists from within and abroad have critically examined aspects of the novel reforms developed in the country in starkly contrasting terms, as either an impressive example of sustainability in farming meeting human needs, or as an inefficient, bureaucratically bloated attempt to cope with an enduring food crisis in the country. This author speculates that both perspectives have political agendas unrelated to the observable successes or failures of food production in Cuba. The challenge is in finding the common ground between these poles of argument to clarify how Cuba’s agricultural system has shown remarkable success in recovery from crisis, and in modeling sustainable agriculture; and how it is impeded from further success by circumstances such as governmental bureaucracy, social prejudice, and insufficient profit for farmers with which to motivate ingenuity. While both perspectives can provide insight into food production in Cuba, the context of the broader political debate is present in the data and arguments of both critics and proponents of sustainable agriculture in Cuba. Title: International Perspectives on Sustainable Agriculture in Cuba Author: Smith, B. Danielle Year: 2014 Since the economic crisis following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba has restructured their agriculture with a greater focus on domestic production of domestically consumed produce, and a dramatic reduction of petroleum products in all aspects of food production. This overhaul has included the broad application of what is termed agroecology – agricultural practices which focus on principles of biodiversity and sustainability – and inter-farm cooperation facilitated by the National Association of Small Farmers (ANAP) and Campesino a Campesino. Academics and journalists from within and abroad have critically examined aspects of the novel reforms developed in the country in starkly contrasting terms, as either an impressive example of sustainability in farming meeting human needs, or as an inefficient, bureaucratically bloated attempt to cope with an enduring food crisis in the country. This author speculates that both perspectives have political agendas unrelated to the observable successes or failures of food production in Cuba. The challenge is in finding the common ground between these poles of argument to clarify how Cuba’s agricultural system has shown remarkable success in recovery from crisis, and in modeling sustainable agriculture; and how it is impeded from further success by circumstances such as governmental bureaucracy, social prejudice, and insufficient profit for farmers with which to motivate ingenuity. While both perspectives can provide insight into food production in Cuba, the context of the broader political debate is present in the data and arguments of both critics and proponents of sustainable agriculture in Cuba. Close

• 54. [Article] Planning in the Portland Metropolitan Area after Measure 37

  Created in the aftermath of Measure 37, the Russill Fellowship is aimed at examining non-regulatory land use planning tools and their potential application in the Portland Metropolitan area, with a particular ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Planning in the Portland Metropolitan Area after Measure 37 Author: Reid, Ted Year: 2006 Created in the aftermath of Measure 37, the Russill Fellowship is aimed at examining non-regulatory land use planning tools and their potential application in the Portland Metropolitan area, with a particular emphasis on habitat conservation. The above-mentioned ballot initiative and the larger private property rights movement have given an indication that Oregon voters perceive inequities in the State’s land use planning system. It is also clear that Oregonians still place a high value on the conservation of our state’s natural resources. According to a March, 2005 statewide survey, protecting farmland for farming is very important to 67% of respondents, protecting the environment is very important to 61%, and protecting wildlife habitat is very important to 58% (CFM Research, 2005). According to a more recent survey commissioned by Metro, 72% of respondents indicated that a policy to “add houses in existing neighborhoods” comes closer to how they feel while only 16% chose “convert farm and forest land for growth” (12% responded with “don’t know”) (Davis, Hibbits, & Midghall, Inc., 2006). Regardless of the legal status of Measure 37 or any future regulatory takings initiatives, the planner’s toolbox needs to be expanded, providing a wider variety of options to accomplish the Statewide Planning Goals. However, as the research for this paper progressed, a more complicated picture of planning and the use of regulations has emerged. It has become clear that non-regulatory planning instruments are no substitute for regulation in upholding Oregon’s Statewide Planning Goals. The above-cited survey indicates that Oregonians do still see the importance of the Goals. Thus, this paper has focused on the need for long-range planning, the relationship between planning and property values, the threat of sprawl in the Portland region, planning instruments that help to control such sprawl, and whether such instruments are able to attain Oregon’s Statewide Planning Goals. Title: Planning in the Portland Metropolitan Area after Measure 37 Author: Reid, Ted Year: 2006 Created in the aftermath of Measure 37, the Russill Fellowship is aimed at examining non-regulatory land use planning tools and their potential application in the Portland Metropolitan area, with a particular emphasis on habitat conservation. The above-mentioned ballot initiative and the larger private property rights movement have given an indication that Oregon voters perceive inequities in the State’s land use planning system. It is also clear that Oregonians still place a high value on the conservation of our state’s natural resources. According to a March, 2005 statewide survey, protecting farmland for farming is very important to 67% of respondents, protecting the environment is very important to 61%, and protecting wildlife habitat is very important to 58% (CFM Research, 2005). According to a more recent survey commissioned by Metro, 72% of respondents indicated that a policy to “add houses in existing neighborhoods” comes closer to how they feel while only 16% chose “convert farm and forest land for growth” (12% responded with “don’t know”) (Davis, Hibbits, & Midghall, Inc., 2006). Regardless of the legal status of Measure 37 or any future regulatory takings initiatives, the planner’s toolbox needs to be expanded, providing a wider variety of options to accomplish the Statewide Planning Goals. However, as the research for this paper progressed, a more complicated picture of planning and the use of regulations has emerged. It has become clear that non-regulatory planning instruments are no substitute for regulation in upholding Oregon’s Statewide Planning Goals. The above-cited survey indicates that Oregonians do still see the importance of the Goals. Thus, this paper has focused on the need for long-range planning, the relationship between planning and property values, the threat of sprawl in the Portland region, planning instruments that help to control such sprawl, and whether such instruments are able to attain Oregon’s Statewide Planning Goals. Close

• 55. [Article] The Pursuit of Commerce: Agricultural Development in Western Oregon, 1825-1861

  This thesis examines how the pursuit of commercial gain affected the development of agriculture in western Oregon's Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue River Valleys. The period of study begins when the British ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Pursuit of Commerce: Agricultural Development in Western Oregon, 1825-1861 Author: Smith, Cessna R. Year: 2011 This thesis examines how the pursuit of commercial gain affected the development of agriculture in western Oregon's Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue River Valleys. The period of study begins when the British owned Hudson's Bay Company began to farm land in and around Fort Vancouver in 1825, and ends in 1861--during the time when agrarian settlement was beginning to expand east of the Cascade Mountains. Given that agriculture in Oregon, as elsewhere, would eventually reach a standard of national development, and given that most of Oregon's immigrants arrived poor and lacked the farm implements needed for subsistence, the question this study asks is what methods and motivations guided Oregon's first agrarian settlers to improve their industry? It is the central premise of this study that commerce was the sine qua non of agricultural development, and that commercial gain was the incentive that underpinned the improvements necessary to its progress. The question itself necessarily involves physiographical and climatological conditions, existing and potential markets, and a merchant class whose commercial motivations were beyond doubt. Two additional matters that weigh substantially through most of this paper need to be mentioned: First, because not all farmers were commercially-oriented, the focus is on individuals, including merchants, whose entrepreneurial activities contributed the most to agriculture; second, the discovery of gold in California in 1848, and in southern Oregon in the early 1850s, had a huge and lasting influence on Oregon agriculture and on the overall economy. Title: The Pursuit of Commerce: Agricultural Development in Western Oregon, 1825-1861 Author: Smith, Cessna R. Year: 2011 This thesis examines how the pursuit of commercial gain affected the development of agriculture in western Oregon's Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue River Valleys. The period of study begins when the British owned Hudson's Bay Company began to farm land in and around Fort Vancouver in 1825, and ends in 1861--during the time when agrarian settlement was beginning to expand east of the Cascade Mountains. Given that agriculture in Oregon, as elsewhere, would eventually reach a standard of national development, and given that most of Oregon's immigrants arrived poor and lacked the farm implements needed for subsistence, the question this study asks is what methods and motivations guided Oregon's first agrarian settlers to improve their industry? It is the central premise of this study that commerce was the sine qua non of agricultural development, and that commercial gain was the incentive that underpinned the improvements necessary to its progress. The question itself necessarily involves physiographical and climatological conditions, existing and potential markets, and a merchant class whose commercial motivations were beyond doubt. Two additional matters that weigh substantially through most of this paper need to be mentioned: First, because not all farmers were commercially-oriented, the focus is on individuals, including merchants, whose entrepreneurial activities contributed the most to agriculture; second, the discovery of gold in California in 1848, and in southern Oregon in the early 1850s, had a huge and lasting influence on Oregon agriculture and on the overall economy. Close

• 56. [Article] Chicanos in Oregon: An historical overview

  Spaniards were the first Europeans to explore the Pacific Northwest coastline, but the only evidence of these early visits is a sprinkling of Spanish place names commemorating the intrepid voyagers. The ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chicanos in Oregon: An historical overview Author: Slatta, Richard Wayne Year: 1974 Spaniards were the first Europeans to explore the Pacific Northwest coastline, but the only evidence of these early visits is a sprinkling of Spanish place names commemorating the intrepid voyagers. The more than four centuries of recorded history since that time are nearly devoid, of references to Spanish-speaking people, especially Mexicans and Americans of Mexican descent (Chicanos). Even the heavy influx of Chicano migrant farm workers in the 1950’s and 1960's failed to attract the attention of historians or social science researchers. By 1970, the Spanish-language population had become Oregon's largest ethnic minority and was exerting influence in most areas of state life. This study documents the depth and diversity of Oregon’s Chicano community and provides an historical context for the movement of Spanish-speaking people into the state. Even in the strongly Anglo-American milieu of the Northwest, Chicanos have retained their unique blend of Mexican and American cultural and linguistic characteristics. Through social clubs, cultural centers, economic and political organizations and an independent college, Chicanos in Oregon are preserving and proclaiming their heritage. Hopefully, this study will aid Anglo Americans in understanding and accepting cultural differences without prejudice or animosity, and help Chicanos to better appreciate their position in the state. The dominantly oral tradition of the Chicano coupled with the dearth of standard documentation, primary and secondary, required reliance upon interviews and conversations and generalization upon limited data. Research revealed that the migrant farm worker image of the Chicano has become obsolete as the Oregon population has become settled and primarily urban. If this study provides a frame of reference for and generates interest in further investigation of the migration of Chicanos into Oregon, it will have served its purpose. Title: Chicanos in Oregon: An historical overview Author: Slatta, Richard Wayne Year: 1974 Spaniards were the first Europeans to explore the Pacific Northwest coastline, but the only evidence of these early visits is a sprinkling of Spanish place names commemorating the intrepid voyagers. The more than four centuries of recorded history since that time are nearly devoid, of references to Spanish-speaking people, especially Mexicans and Americans of Mexican descent (Chicanos). Even the heavy influx of Chicano migrant farm workers in the 1950’s and 1960's failed to attract the attention of historians or social science researchers. By 1970, the Spanish-language population had become Oregon's largest ethnic minority and was exerting influence in most areas of state life. This study documents the depth and diversity of Oregon’s Chicano community and provides an historical context for the movement of Spanish-speaking people into the state. Even in the strongly Anglo-American milieu of the Northwest, Chicanos have retained their unique blend of Mexican and American cultural and linguistic characteristics. Through social clubs, cultural centers, economic and political organizations and an independent college, Chicanos in Oregon are preserving and proclaiming their heritage. Hopefully, this study will aid Anglo Americans in understanding and accepting cultural differences without prejudice or animosity, and help Chicanos to better appreciate their position in the state. The dominantly oral tradition of the Chicano coupled with the dearth of standard documentation, primary and secondary, required reliance upon interviews and conversations and generalization upon limited data. Research revealed that the migrant farm worker image of the Chicano has become obsolete as the Oregon population has become settled and primarily urban. If this study provides a frame of reference for and generates interest in further investigation of the migration of Chicanos into Oregon, it will have served its purpose. Close

• 57. [Article] Managing Activities at Wineries: Building and Sustaining a Place-Based Brand

  The Willamette Valley Winery Association, Oregon Winery Association, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development, and Oregon Department of Agriculture asked the authors to develop information ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Managing Activities at Wineries: Building and Sustaining a Place-Based Brand Author: Seltzer, Ethan, Bernard, Mark, McNeil, JP, Parks, Lori Year: 2013 The Willamette Valley Winery Association, Oregon Winery Association, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development, and Oregon Department of Agriculture asked the authors to develop information needed to help inform discussions regarding the replacement for the soon-to-sunset HB 3280. HB 3280, signed by the Governor in August of 2011, provided a means for defining and regulating wine-related and non-wine-related events occurring or proposed to occur at wineries and vineyards in Oregon, often in exclusive farm use zones. Our charge was to investigate the following policy issue: How have wine regions permitted and managed a range of uses and activities at wineries, some of which are indirectly connected to the making or selling of wine? How can wine region land use regulations contribute to sustaining the brand for a region? How can farmland winery codes best maintain compatibility with other crops and farming activities? This report is presented in three parts. We begin with the literature review, and the lessons learned from that research. We then present the four cases and the lessons learned from them. This report concludes with a synthesis of the findings from the literature review and the case studies, along with our recommendations for how this information might be applied to the development of a replacement for HB 3280 in the next legislative session. Title: Managing Activities at Wineries: Building and Sustaining a Place-Based Brand Author: Seltzer, Ethan, Bernard, Mark, McNeil, JP, Parks, Lori Year: 2013 The Willamette Valley Winery Association, Oregon Winery Association, Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development, and Oregon Department of Agriculture asked the authors to develop information needed to help inform discussions regarding the replacement for the soon-to-sunset HB 3280. HB 3280, signed by the Governor in August of 2011, provided a means for defining and regulating wine-related and non-wine-related events occurring or proposed to occur at wineries and vineyards in Oregon, often in exclusive farm use zones. Our charge was to investigate the following policy issue: How have wine regions permitted and managed a range of uses and activities at wineries, some of which are indirectly connected to the making or selling of wine? How can wine region land use regulations contribute to sustaining the brand for a region? How can farmland winery codes best maintain compatibility with other crops and farming activities? This report is presented in three parts. We begin with the literature review, and the lessons learned from that research. We then present the four cases and the lessons learned from them. This report concludes with a synthesis of the findings from the literature review and the case studies, along with our recommendations for how this information might be applied to the development of a replacement for HB 3280 in the next legislative session. Close

• 58. [Article] Environmental Middle School Making the Connection: Locally grown food and the Portland Public Schools' Meal program

  A recent "farms to school" movement designed to expand the range and quantity of local foods, especially produce, has taken root across the U.S, with support from the United States Department of Agriculture. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental Middle School Making the Connection: Locally grown food and the Portland Public Schools' Meal program Author: Bender, Paul, Brod, Daniela, Maloney, Lauren, Siebenaler, April, Stocker, David Year: 2002 A recent "farms to school" movement designed to expand the range and quantity of local foods, especially produce, has taken root across the U.S, with support from the United States Department of Agriculture. After finding a suitable client school willing to introduce this idea in Portland, this project, identifies incremental and feasible steps that can be taken toward including more locally gown food into the Environmental Middle School's meal service. The main objectives of this project are: To increase the availability of locally grown foods at EMS, and ultimately in the Portland Public Schools meal service program To encourage food literacy and awareness of the value of locally produced foods among students To engage students, parents, teachers, community members, school district administrators and farmers in dialogue about the community food system To stimulate markets for local farms This project has included conversations with stakeholders in the school food system designed to foster and increase overall communication between these stakeholders and to share information about what possible alternatives may exist to meet the project's goals. Sharing background research, relevant case studies, and the alternatives developed will ideally help others to move forward in bringing more locally grown food to both EMS and PPS. This project was conducted under the supervision of Ethan Seltzer and Thomas Sanchez. Title: Environmental Middle School Making the Connection: Locally grown food and the Portland Public Schools' Meal program Author: Bender, Paul, Brod, Daniela, Maloney, Lauren, Siebenaler, April, Stocker, David Year: 2002 A recent "farms to school" movement designed to expand the range and quantity of local foods, especially produce, has taken root across the U.S, with support from the United States Department of Agriculture. After finding a suitable client school willing to introduce this idea in Portland, this project, identifies incremental and feasible steps that can be taken toward including more locally gown food into the Environmental Middle School's meal service. The main objectives of this project are: To increase the availability of locally grown foods at EMS, and ultimately in the Portland Public Schools meal service program To encourage food literacy and awareness of the value of locally produced foods among students To engage students, parents, teachers, community members, school district administrators and farmers in dialogue about the community food system To stimulate markets for local farms This project has included conversations with stakeholders in the school food system designed to foster and increase overall communication between these stakeholders and to share information about what possible alternatives may exist to meet the project's goals. Sharing background research, relevant case studies, and the alternatives developed will ideally help others to move forward in bringing more locally grown food to both EMS and PPS. This project was conducted under the supervision of Ethan Seltzer and Thomas Sanchez. Close

• 59. [Article] Review of The American Far West in the Twentieth Century. By Earl Pomeroy

  After publishing his path breaking study The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada in 1965, Earl Pomeroy embarked on the even larger task of writing a history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Review of The American Far West in the Twentieth Century. By Earl Pomeroy Author: Abbott, Carl Year: 2009 After publishing his path breaking study The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada in 1965, Earl Pomeroy embarked on the even larger task of writing a history of the American West in the twentieth century. The present volume is the result, deeply researched by Pomeroy over four decades and completed after his death in 2005 by his student and friend Richard Etulain. The book is a fascinating mix of carefully presented details and wide-ranging topical coverage. Pomeroy expanded his "Pacific Slope" vision to include Alaska, Hawaii, the rest of the Rocky Mountain states, and five of the Great Plains states, but omitting Texas because he judged it more southern than western. After an introductory profile of "The West in 1901," the text breaks into four chunks. Four chapters deal with economic development, including family farming and industrial farming, industrial mining, petroleum extraction, and manufacturing. Two chapters examine "rails, roads, and cities," meaning the interaction of expanding transportation systems and commercial cities. Two chapters cover social relations (immigrant communities, religion, education) and two more examine local and state politics and the national influences of western political initiatives. Title: Review of The American Far West in the Twentieth Century. By Earl Pomeroy Author: Abbott, Carl Year: 2009 After publishing his path breaking study The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada in 1965, Earl Pomeroy embarked on the even larger task of writing a history of the American West in the twentieth century. The present volume is the result, deeply researched by Pomeroy over four decades and completed after his death in 2005 by his student and friend Richard Etulain. The book is a fascinating mix of carefully presented details and wide-ranging topical coverage. Pomeroy expanded his "Pacific Slope" vision to include Alaska, Hawaii, the rest of the Rocky Mountain states, and five of the Great Plains states, but omitting Texas because he judged it more southern than western. After an introductory profile of "The West in 1901," the text breaks into four chunks. Four chapters deal with economic development, including family farming and industrial farming, industrial mining, petroleum extraction, and manufacturing. Two chapters examine "rails, roads, and cities," meaning the interaction of expanding transportation systems and commercial cities. Two chapters cover social relations (immigrant communities, religion, education) and two more examine local and state politics and the national influences of western political initiatives. Close

• 60. [Article] Using Critical Physical Geography to Map the Unintended Consequences of Conservation Management Programs

  A variety of conservation trends have gained and lost favor throughout the years in agriculture, with U.S. Farm Bills often influencing what conservation practices are implemented by farming communities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Critical Physical Geography to Map the Unintended Consequences of Conservation Management Programs Author: Malone, Melanie Year: 2017 A variety of conservation trends have gained and lost favor throughout the years in agriculture, with U.S. Farm Bills often influencing what conservation practices are implemented by farming communities throughout the U.S. This dissertation focuses on the unintended consequences of conservation management practices in the Fifteenmile Watershed of Wasco County, Oregon. Specifically, I seek to address how farmer enrollment in various conservation techniques, loosely defined as no-till agriculture, has affected soil and water quality through the increased use of herbicide, and subsequently rendered ecological and human health vulnerable. Using a critical physical geography framework, I address both the biophysical factors and social structures that have co-produced changes in soil and water quality in the study area of this research through intensive physical field data collection, spatial analysis, social surveys, and interviews. I also demonstrate how three neoliberal sets of processes: market-friendly reregulation; state rollback and deregulation; and the creation of self-sufficient individuals and communities, have transformed the human socio-environmental relationship to agriculture. These processes have had significant effects on the policies governing how soil and water quality are managed on both a state and national level, and have created a dependence on enrollment in conservation practices that may ultimately prove counterproductive for long term goals of environmental protection and sustainability. Title: Using Critical Physical Geography to Map the Unintended Consequences of Conservation Management Programs Author: Malone, Melanie Year: 2017 A variety of conservation trends have gained and lost favor throughout the years in agriculture, with U.S. Farm Bills often influencing what conservation practices are implemented by farming communities throughout the U.S. This dissertation focuses on the unintended consequences of conservation management practices in the Fifteenmile Watershed of Wasco County, Oregon. Specifically, I seek to address how farmer enrollment in various conservation techniques, loosely defined as no-till agriculture, has affected soil and water quality through the increased use of herbicide, and subsequently rendered ecological and human health vulnerable. Using a critical physical geography framework, I address both the biophysical factors and social structures that have co-produced changes in soil and water quality in the study area of this research through intensive physical field data collection, spatial analysis, social surveys, and interviews. I also demonstrate how three neoliberal sets of processes: market-friendly reregulation; state rollback and deregulation; and the creation of self-sufficient individuals and communities, have transformed the human socio-environmental relationship to agriculture. These processes have had significant effects on the policies governing how soil and water quality are managed on both a state and national level, and have created a dependence on enrollment in conservation practices that may ultimately prove counterproductive for long term goals of environmental protection and sustainability. Close

• 61. [Article] What Drives Academic Bioscientists: Money or Values?

  The article determines the factors that drive academic bioscience to better understand the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the sustainability of U.S. agriculture. Some challenges brought about ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What Drives Academic Bioscientists: Money or Values? Author: Ervin, David E., Nag, Sharmistha, Yang, Hui, Buccola, Steven T. Year: 2010 The article determines the factors that drive academic bioscience to better understand the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the sustainability of U.S. agriculture. Some challenges brought about by GE crops in the U.S. farm sustainability include tracking and controlling water pollution, protecting against herbicide resistance and nitrogen fixation. Professional norms are also considered as a great factor driving the academic bioscience. Title: What Drives Academic Bioscientists: Money or Values? Author: Ervin, David E., Nag, Sharmistha, Yang, Hui, Buccola, Steven T. Year: 2010 The article determines the factors that drive academic bioscience to better understand the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in the sustainability of U.S. agriculture. Some challenges brought about by GE crops in the U.S. farm sustainability include tracking and controlling water pollution, protecting against herbicide resistance and nitrogen fixation. Professional norms are also considered as a great factor driving the academic bioscience. Close

• 62. [Article] Genetically Engineering Crops for a Sustainable Agriculture

  The article examines the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in fostering a more sustainable agriculture. An overview of the National Academy of Sciences metal study of the impacts of GE crops on ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Genetically Engineering Crops for a Sustainable Agriculture Author: Ervin, David E., Welsh, Rick Year: 2010 The article examines the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in fostering a more sustainable agriculture. An overview of the National Academy of Sciences metal study of the impacts of GE crops on farm sustainability in the U.S. is given. The two types of GE crops are discussed, one which produces its own insecticide called insect resistant (IR) crops and the other is engineered to resist particular herbicides. An explanation for sustainable agriculture is also presented. Title: Genetically Engineering Crops for a Sustainable Agriculture Author: Ervin, David E., Welsh, Rick Year: 2010 The article examines the role of genetically engineered (GE) crops in fostering a more sustainable agriculture. An overview of the National Academy of Sciences metal study of the impacts of GE crops on farm sustainability in the U.S. is given. The two types of GE crops are discussed, one which produces its own insecticide called insect resistant (IR) crops and the other is engineered to resist particular herbicides. An explanation for sustainable agriculture is also presented. Close

• 63. [Article] Country Natural Beef: A Maturing Co-op at the Crossroads

  A Business Base Study of a Group of Northwest Cattle Ranchers that Formed a Co-op to Market Natural Beef Products, in the Face of economic uncertainty and the rise of corporate farms and ranches. Provides ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Country Natural Beef: A Maturing Co-op at the Crossroads Author: Pullman, Madeleine E., Villa-Lobos, Victoria, Wu, Zhaohui Year: 2010 A Business Base Study of a Group of Northwest Cattle Ranchers that Formed a Co-op to Market Natural Beef Products, in the Face of economic uncertainty and the rise of corporate farms and ranches. Provides an overview of the cattle ranching industry, the history of the co-op, its economic outlook, and future challenges. Title: Country Natural Beef: A Maturing Co-op at the Crossroads Author: Pullman, Madeleine E., Villa-Lobos, Victoria, Wu, Zhaohui Year: 2010 A Business Base Study of a Group of Northwest Cattle Ranchers that Formed a Co-op to Market Natural Beef Products, in the Face of economic uncertainty and the rise of corporate farms and ranches. Provides an overview of the cattle ranching industry, the history of the co-op, its economic outlook, and future challenges. Close

• 64. [Article] Portland Farmer's Market 2006 Site Plan Update

  The team assisted the Portland Farmer's Market in updating their 5 Year Site Plan and to make site-related recommendations for the 2010 Growth/Vision document. This project was conducted under the supervision ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland Farmer's Market 2006 Site Plan Update Author: Barewin, Lesley, Gao, Steven Xuan, Lenahan, Megan, Van Wormer, Tim Year: 2006 The team assisted the Portland Farmer's Market in updating their 5 Year Site Plan and to make site-related recommendations for the 2010 Growth/Vision document. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Deborah Howe, Connie Ozawa, and Sumner Sharpe. Title: Portland Farmer's Market 2006 Site Plan Update Author: Barewin, Lesley, Gao, Steven Xuan, Lenahan, Megan, Van Wormer, Tim Year: 2006 The team assisted the Portland Farmer's Market in updating their 5 Year Site Plan and to make site-related recommendations for the 2010 Growth/Vision document. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Deborah Howe, Connie Ozawa, and Sumner Sharpe. Close

• 65. [Article] Burgerville: Sustainability and Sourcing in a QSR Supply Chain

  Jack Graves is considering buying chicken. More precisely, Jack is considering where to buy chicken. He needs to make a recommendation to the purchasing team soon, and the decision is complicated. Jack ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Burgerville: Sustainability and Sourcing in a QSR Supply Chain Author: Brown, Darrell, Berko, Phil, Dedrick, Patrick, Hilliard, Brie, Pfleeger, Joshua Year: 2011 Jack Graves is considering buying chicken. More precisely, Jack is considering where to buy chicken. He needs to make a recommendation to the purchasing team soon, and the decision is complicated. Jack is a long-time employee of the Burgerville restaurant chain, a quick-serve restaurant chain in the Northwest USA. Burgerville prides itself in being true to its long-held values while maintaining profitability and growth. Graves’ primary job at Burgerville is to assure that the company’s values are embedded in all its actions, including its relationships to its supply chain. His current concern is the dilemma of which values to promote. Burgerville sells chicken, lots of chicken. So the purchase of chicken has significant impacts on the social and environmental impacts of Burgerville’s supply chain. Should Burgerville buy local, with the inherent social and environmental benefits, while paying attention to concerns about labor issues, animal treatment, and non-organic stewardship? Or should it find a supplier with some assurance that these potential problems are eliminated, regardless of location? Jack knows that Burgerville needs to address this issue soon, as the supply of chicken that is produced to Burgerville’s high standards is small and there are sure to be competitors seeking the same products. He will have to weigh the company’s values and make a recommendation soon. As the Chief Cultural Officer of The Holland Inc., Burgerville’s parent company, Jack Graves is constantly aware of the need to align the Burgerville culture and identity throughout all units of the business, including vendor partners. The chain’s slogan: "Fresh. Local. Sustainable." proclaims its commitment to offering foods differently than other quick serve chains, with specific attention to where food is being sourced. Burgerville aims to deliver on this promise as often as possible, and has had success in the past. Over the past decade, Burgerville has made a concerted effort to ensure its purchasing supports it values. As of 2009, over 70% of Burgerville’s total spending on food products was from local suppliers, up from less than 60% in 2008. With chicken, though, Graves was faced with some difficult questions and hard choices: can Burgerville find a local supplier who can provide a sufficient quantity and quality of breaded and plain chicken breasts and chicken strips at a cost comparable to the existing national brand supplier? Is buying local the most important decision to make for Burgerville and its image? Is the issue more than simply reducing the distance the food travels from origin to the customer? Are Burgerville customers willing to pay a premium for locally sourced chicken? It makes sense to purchase from local farmers who may then become loyal customers, but what if distant farms operate more sustainably than the local farms? Is there a sustainable chicken farm that could handle Burgerville’s demand? These questions weigh on Graves’s mind as he struggles to balance the chain’s profitability with the company’s values. Title: Burgerville: Sustainability and Sourcing in a QSR Supply Chain Author: Brown, Darrell, Berko, Phil, Dedrick, Patrick, Hilliard, Brie, Pfleeger, Joshua Year: 2011 Jack Graves is considering buying chicken. More precisely, Jack is considering where to buy chicken. He needs to make a recommendation to the purchasing team soon, and the decision is complicated. Jack is a long-time employee of the Burgerville restaurant chain, a quick-serve restaurant chain in the Northwest USA. Burgerville prides itself in being true to its long-held values while maintaining profitability and growth. Graves’ primary job at Burgerville is to assure that the company’s values are embedded in all its actions, including its relationships to its supply chain. His current concern is the dilemma of which values to promote. Burgerville sells chicken, lots of chicken. So the purchase of chicken has significant impacts on the social and environmental impacts of Burgerville’s supply chain. Should Burgerville buy local, with the inherent social and environmental benefits, while paying attention to concerns about labor issues, animal treatment, and non-organic stewardship? Or should it find a supplier with some assurance that these potential problems are eliminated, regardless of location? Jack knows that Burgerville needs to address this issue soon, as the supply of chicken that is produced to Burgerville’s high standards is small and there are sure to be competitors seeking the same products. He will have to weigh the company’s values and make a recommendation soon. As the Chief Cultural Officer of The Holland Inc., Burgerville’s parent company, Jack Graves is constantly aware of the need to align the Burgerville culture and identity throughout all units of the business, including vendor partners. The chain’s slogan: "Fresh. Local. Sustainable." proclaims its commitment to offering foods differently than other quick serve chains, with specific attention to where food is being sourced. Burgerville aims to deliver on this promise as often as possible, and has had success in the past. Over the past decade, Burgerville has made a concerted effort to ensure its purchasing supports it values. As of 2009, over 70% of Burgerville’s total spending on food products was from local suppliers, up from less than 60% in 2008. With chicken, though, Graves was faced with some difficult questions and hard choices: can Burgerville find a local supplier who can provide a sufficient quantity and quality of breaded and plain chicken breasts and chicken strips at a cost comparable to the existing national brand supplier? Is buying local the most important decision to make for Burgerville and its image? Is the issue more than simply reducing the distance the food travels from origin to the customer? Are Burgerville customers willing to pay a premium for locally sourced chicken? It makes sense to purchase from local farmers who may then become loyal customers, but what if distant farms operate more sustainably than the local farms? Is there a sustainable chicken farm that could handle Burgerville’s demand? These questions weigh on Graves’s mind as he struggles to balance the chain’s profitability with the company’s values. Close

• 66. [Article] Portland Roasting Company: Farm Friendly Direct

  This case describes the issues and dilemmas facing a company in their efforts to differentiate their product through a social sustainability programme. Over the years, the company has built a strong reputation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland Roasting Company: Farm Friendly Direct Author: Pullman, Madeleine E., Arends, Brandon, Langston, Mark, Price, Greg, Stokes, Greg Year: 2010 This case describes the issues and dilemmas facing a company in their efforts to differentiate their product through a social sustainability programme. Over the years, the company has built a strong reputation with their sustainability efforts, particularly amongst their peers in the specialty coffee industry. There is some question as to whether this reputation has been visible to consumers and if consumers see the value-proposition. The case covers the history of coffee, the specialty coffee industry, the supply chain and roles of different participants, and the competitive landscape. Furthermore, most of the competitive eco-labels and certification schemes are discussed. The reader is asked to decide the appropriate method for conveying the company’s social sustainability efforts to the marketplace and beyond that, to consider how one might measure and monitor social programs in the developing world. The case is designed to highlight decisions related to marketing and operations strategy, pros and cons of certification, and particularly social sustainability versus the other aspects of sustainability. Title: Portland Roasting Company: Farm Friendly Direct Author: Pullman, Madeleine E., Arends, Brandon, Langston, Mark, Price, Greg, Stokes, Greg Year: 2010 This case describes the issues and dilemmas facing a company in their efforts to differentiate their product through a social sustainability programme. Over the years, the company has built a strong reputation with their sustainability efforts, particularly amongst their peers in the specialty coffee industry. There is some question as to whether this reputation has been visible to consumers and if consumers see the value-proposition. The case covers the history of coffee, the specialty coffee industry, the supply chain and roles of different participants, and the competitive landscape. Furthermore, most of the competitive eco-labels and certification schemes are discussed. The reader is asked to decide the appropriate method for conveying the company’s social sustainability efforts to the marketplace and beyond that, to consider how one might measure and monitor social programs in the developing world. The case is designed to highlight decisions related to marketing and operations strategy, pros and cons of certification, and particularly social sustainability versus the other aspects of sustainability. Close

• 67. [Article] Common Pool Resource Issues in Managing Herbicide Resistant Weeds

  Controlling herbicide resistance (HR) will require the integration of economics and social science with the biophysical and technological aspects of this growing problem. The existence of mobile herbicide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Common Pool Resource Issues in Managing Herbicide Resistant Weeds Author: Ervin, David E. Year: 2013 Controlling herbicide resistance (HR) will require the integration of economics and social science with the biophysical and technological aspects of this growing problem. The existence of mobile herbicide resistance and/or herbicide tolerance traits adds complexity as genetic susceptibility to the herbicide is a resource open to all farmers impacting the weed population. Weed scientists have recognized that the “tragedy of the commons” may appear when herbicide resistance is mobile across farms. However, the private and public institutions that can influence individual and group decisions about HR have received sparse analysis. When such conditions prevail, reliance on voluntary education, technical assistance and other incentives aimed at changing individual grower behavior likely will fail to stem the advance of HR. The design principles from Elinor Ostrom’s pioneering research on CPR can be used to inform the design and implementation of such approaches, as well as lessons from CPR approaches outside of HR. Title: Common Pool Resource Issues in Managing Herbicide Resistant Weeds Author: Ervin, David E. Year: 2013 Controlling herbicide resistance (HR) will require the integration of economics and social science with the biophysical and technological aspects of this growing problem. The existence of mobile herbicide resistance and/or herbicide tolerance traits adds complexity as genetic susceptibility to the herbicide is a resource open to all farmers impacting the weed population. Weed scientists have recognized that the “tragedy of the commons” may appear when herbicide resistance is mobile across farms. However, the private and public institutions that can influence individual and group decisions about HR have received sparse analysis. When such conditions prevail, reliance on voluntary education, technical assistance and other incentives aimed at changing individual grower behavior likely will fail to stem the advance of HR. The design principles from Elinor Ostrom’s pioneering research on CPR can be used to inform the design and implementation of such approaches, as well as lessons from CPR approaches outside of HR. Close

• 68. [Article] Will Business-Led Environmental Initiatives Grow in Agriculture?

  This article was stimulated by a 1997 American Agricultural Economics Association annual meeting preconference designed by Batie and Ervin. The authors felt that there was considerable interest and activity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Will Business-Led Environmental Initiatives Grow in Agriculture? Author: Batie, Sandra S., Ervin, David E. Year: 1998 This article was stimulated by a 1997 American Agricultural Economics Association annual meeting preconference designed by Batie and Ervin. The authors felt that there was considerable interest and activity in business-led environmental management (also caLLed corporate environmental management)-but most of the interest was found outside of the agricultural sector and the profession. The conference was a means to investigate the extent, motivation, and consequences of business-led poLLution prevention activities. The DuPont and the StahLbush Island Farms examples used in this article were drawn from discussions that took place at the conference and which were published in the proceedings. In the article, the authors draw lessons for agriculture informed by the experiences of nonagricultural businesses. They identify and distiLL from these experiences the major roles for the public sector to enable agricultural business-led initiatives to flourish and to be successful. Title: Will Business-Led Environmental Initiatives Grow in Agriculture? Author: Batie, Sandra S., Ervin, David E. Year: 1998 This article was stimulated by a 1997 American Agricultural Economics Association annual meeting preconference designed by Batie and Ervin. The authors felt that there was considerable interest and activity in business-led environmental management (also caLLed corporate environmental management)-but most of the interest was found outside of the agricultural sector and the profession. The conference was a means to investigate the extent, motivation, and consequences of business-led poLLution prevention activities. The DuPont and the StahLbush Island Farms examples used in this article were drawn from discussions that took place at the conference and which were published in the proceedings. In the article, the authors draw lessons for agriculture informed by the experiences of nonagricultural businesses. They identify and distiLL from these experiences the major roles for the public sector to enable agricultural business-led initiatives to flourish and to be successful. Close

• 69. [Article] The Role Of Soil Test Information In Reducing Groundwater Pollution

  Testing soils for nutrients is expected to improve groundwater quality. However, it is unknown whether soil testing will improve groundwater quality sufficiently to decrease the demand for direct regulation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role Of Soil Test Information In Reducing Groundwater Pollution Author: Fleming, Ronald A., Adams, Richard M., Ervin, David E. Year: 1998 Testing soils for nutrients is expected to improve groundwater quality. However, it is unknown whether soil testing will improve groundwater quality sufficiently to decrease the demand for direct regulation of agricultural practices. Focusing on an irrigated agricultural region in eastern Oregon, the economic and environmental aspects of soil testing are assessed using a spatially distributed, dynamic simulation model which links economic behavior with the physical processes that determine groundwater quality. Results indicate that soil testing of all fields increases farm profits and reduces groundwater nitrate concentration. However, the benefits are small in terms of potential improvements in groundwater quality. Title: The Role Of Soil Test Information In Reducing Groundwater Pollution Author: Fleming, Ronald A., Adams, Richard M., Ervin, David E. Year: 1998 Testing soils for nutrients is expected to improve groundwater quality. However, it is unknown whether soil testing will improve groundwater quality sufficiently to decrease the demand for direct regulation of agricultural practices. Focusing on an irrigated agricultural region in eastern Oregon, the economic and environmental aspects of soil testing are assessed using a spatially distributed, dynamic simulation model which links economic behavior with the physical processes that determine groundwater quality. Results indicate that soil testing of all fields increases farm profits and reduces groundwater nitrate concentration. However, the benefits are small in terms of potential improvements in groundwater quality. Close

• 70. [Article] If it is Unsightly, is it Less Healthy? Understanding the Consumer’s Desire for Aesthetically Perfect Produce

  Attention on organic produce and food waste is becoming increasingly intense in the United States. Consumers typically prefer aesthetically perfect produce, forcing grocery stores to throw away blemished ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: If it is Unsightly, is it Less Healthy? Understanding the Consumer’s Desire for Aesthetically Perfect Produce Author: VanderWaal, Dina Year: 2017 Attention on organic produce and food waste is becoming increasingly intense in the United States. Consumers typically prefer aesthetically perfect produce, forcing grocery stores to throw away blemished fruits and vegetables. Organic produce is typically more blemished than conventional produce. Little research has been done to examine the consumer’s preference for conventional versus organic produce, and the point, if any, where consumers are more likely to choose one over the other. We conducted a controlled online study where we showed participants various organic and conventional apples with varying degrees of imperfections, and asked participants a series of questions about which they preferred. From this study, we learned that typically, consumers believe organic produce is healthier than conventional produce and are more willing to accept blemished organic produce when they know which is organic and which is conventional. If neither is labeled, consumers will then judge solely off the aesthetics of the apple. With this information, farmers may be able to sell more of their produce to stores than they previously thought while grocery stores will want to consider how they are labeling and marketing their produce. Title: If it is Unsightly, is it Less Healthy? Understanding the Consumer’s Desire for Aesthetically Perfect Produce Author: VanderWaal, Dina Year: 2017 Attention on organic produce and food waste is becoming increasingly intense in the United States. Consumers typically prefer aesthetically perfect produce, forcing grocery stores to throw away blemished fruits and vegetables. Organic produce is typically more blemished than conventional produce. Little research has been done to examine the consumer’s preference for conventional versus organic produce, and the point, if any, where consumers are more likely to choose one over the other. We conducted a controlled online study where we showed participants various organic and conventional apples with varying degrees of imperfections, and asked participants a series of questions about which they preferred. From this study, we learned that typically, consumers believe organic produce is healthier than conventional produce and are more willing to accept blemished organic produce when they know which is organic and which is conventional. If neither is labeled, consumers will then judge solely off the aesthetics of the apple. With this information, farmers may be able to sell more of their produce to stores than they previously thought while grocery stores will want to consider how they are labeling and marketing their produce. Close

• 71. [Article] The Lents International Farmer’s Market: A Case and Comparative Study

  The Lents neighborhood is a designated urban renewal area that has historically lacked access to ample grocery stores offering fresh produce. The Lents International Farmer’s Market enhances health and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Lents International Farmer’s Market: A Case and Comparative Study Author: Egan, Sarah Year: 2013 The Lents neighborhood is a designated urban renewal area that has historically lacked access to ample grocery stores offering fresh produce. The Lents International Farmer’s Market enhances health and community by providing a community space to purchase fresh fruits and vegetables. Examining the Lents International Farmer’s Market is an invaluable opportunity to learn more about consumer shopping behavior and market expectations. This study also seeks to identify vendor opportunities and barriers when establishing themselves as retailers at Lents International Farmer’s Market. From both a business and consumer perspective, it is crucial for the market’s survival to gain a sense what is and is not working. Information obtained through customer surveys and structured vendor interviews could benefit the market and help secure its longevity in the Lents neighborhood. This market could also serve as a model to be replicated in other similar neighborhoods should it remain successful. Additionally, I will be comparing data from the Lents International Farmer’s Market to data collected from the more affluent Moreland Farmer’s Market, to compare information that comes from different demographic areas in Portland. Title: The Lents International Farmer’s Market: A Case and Comparative Study Author: Egan, Sarah Year: 2013 The Lents neighborhood is a designated urban renewal area that has historically lacked access to ample grocery stores offering fresh produce. The Lents International Farmer’s Market enhances health and community by providing a community space to purchase fresh fruits and vegetables. Examining the Lents International Farmer’s Market is an invaluable opportunity to learn more about consumer shopping behavior and market expectations. This study also seeks to identify vendor opportunities and barriers when establishing themselves as retailers at Lents International Farmer’s Market. From both a business and consumer perspective, it is crucial for the market’s survival to gain a sense what is and is not working. Information obtained through customer surveys and structured vendor interviews could benefit the market and help secure its longevity in the Lents neighborhood. This market could also serve as a model to be replicated in other similar neighborhoods should it remain successful. Additionally, I will be comparing data from the Lents International Farmer’s Market to data collected from the more affluent Moreland Farmer’s Market, to compare information that comes from different demographic areas in Portland. Close

• 72. [Article] Why Farm the City? Theorizing Urban Agriculture through a Lens of Metabolic Rift

  Urban agriculture (UA) is spreading across vacant and marginal land worldwide, embraced by government and civil society as source of food, ecosystems services and jobs, particularly in times of economic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Why Farm the City? Theorizing Urban Agriculture through a Lens of Metabolic Rift Author: McClintock, Nathan Year: 2010 Urban agriculture (UA) is spreading across vacant and marginal land worldwide, embraced by government and civil society as source of food, ecosystems services and jobs, particularly in times of economic crisis. ‘Metabolic rift' is an effective framework for differentiating UA's multiple origins and functions across the Global North and South. I examine how UA arises from three interrelated dimensions of metabolic rift—ecological, social and individual. By rescaling production, reclaiming vacant land and ‘de-alienating’ urban dwellers from their food, UA also attempts to overcome these forms of rift. Considering all three dimensions is valuable both for theory and practice. Title: Why Farm the City? Theorizing Urban Agriculture through a Lens of Metabolic Rift Author: McClintock, Nathan Year: 2010 Urban agriculture (UA) is spreading across vacant and marginal land worldwide, embraced by government and civil society as source of food, ecosystems services and jobs, particularly in times of economic crisis. ‘Metabolic rift' is an effective framework for differentiating UA's multiple origins and functions across the Global North and South. I examine how UA arises from three interrelated dimensions of metabolic rift—ecological, social and individual. By rescaling production, reclaiming vacant land and ‘de-alienating’ urban dwellers from their food, UA also attempts to overcome these forms of rift. Considering all three dimensions is valuable both for theory and practice. Close

• 73. [Article] Comparative Standards for Intensive Livestock Operations in Canada, Mexico, and the United States

  Livestock farming has been transformed in the past twenty years from a business dominated by relatively small producers to one dominated by large facilities raising thousands of animals. A side effect ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative Standards for Intensive Livestock Operations in Canada, Mexico, and the United States Author: Speir, Jerry, Bowden, Marie-Ann, Ervin, David E., McElfish, Jim, Espejo, Rosario P., Whitehouse, Tim, Carpentier, Chantal L. Year: 2003 Livestock farming has been transformed in the past twenty years from a business dominated by relatively small producers to one dominated by large facilities raising thousands of animals. A side effect of this development has been a new set of environmental concerns unique to this industry. While regulation of livestock agriculture has historically been a state/provincial and local matter, governments from the local to the federal level have found themselves grappling with the issues created by these new, concentrated facilities. This Report surveys the current environmental requirements for "intensive livestock operations" (ILOs) in the United States, Mexico and Canada. The Report draws conclusions about current regulatory regimes and makes recommendations on the management of environmental issues associated with ILOs. Title: Comparative Standards for Intensive Livestock Operations in Canada, Mexico, and the United States Author: Speir, Jerry, Bowden, Marie-Ann, Ervin, David E., McElfish, Jim, Espejo, Rosario P., Whitehouse, Tim, Carpentier, Chantal L. Year: 2003 Livestock farming has been transformed in the past twenty years from a business dominated by relatively small producers to one dominated by large facilities raising thousands of animals. A side effect of this development has been a new set of environmental concerns unique to this industry. While regulation of livestock agriculture has historically been a state/provincial and local matter, governments from the local to the federal level have found themselves grappling with the issues created by these new, concentrated facilities. This Report surveys the current environmental requirements for "intensive livestock operations" (ILOs) in the United States, Mexico and Canada. The Report draws conclusions about current regulatory regimes and makes recommendations on the management of environmental issues associated with ILOs. Close

• 74. [Article] Snowing in Kansas

  Set in rural Kansas, this story follows the lives of Jonathan Tate, his sister Lily Anne Tate, and their father, up until his death, Hershall Tate. They are an isolated family, seemingly living outside ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Snowing in Kansas Author: Courtney, Mackenzie Year: 2011 Set in rural Kansas, this story follows the lives of Jonathan Tate, his sister Lily Anne Tate, and their father, up until his death, Hershall Tate. They are an isolated family, seemingly living outside of time. John opens the novel with a walk into town to set the contrast between him and the rest of the world. Time is the theme and essence, because every scene and the tone of the scenes are weighted by the imminence of Hershall's death. He is dying slowly and so their lives move slowly. Lily can't help but be ornery, while John, assuming all the chores and anxiety of the future without his father, is reserved and reluctant. Hershall is set in his ways and not in a hurry to get the house in order before his death. There is the old-fashioned nature of Hershall, the isolated nature of the whole family, and the rest of the modern world to contend with. These beginning pages are setting up the next stage of the novel where Lily and John begin their journey after their father's death. Title: Snowing in Kansas Author: Courtney, Mackenzie Year: 2011 Set in rural Kansas, this story follows the lives of Jonathan Tate, his sister Lily Anne Tate, and their father, up until his death, Hershall Tate. They are an isolated family, seemingly living outside of time. John opens the novel with a walk into town to set the contrast between him and the rest of the world. Time is the theme and essence, because every scene and the tone of the scenes are weighted by the imminence of Hershall's death. He is dying slowly and so their lives move slowly. Lily can't help but be ornery, while John, assuming all the chores and anxiety of the future without his father, is reserved and reluctant. Hershall is set in his ways and not in a hurry to get the house in order before his death. There is the old-fashioned nature of Hershall, the isolated nature of the whole family, and the rest of the modern world to contend with. These beginning pages are setting up the next stage of the novel where Lily and John begin their journey after their father's death. Close

• 75. [Article] RAIN

  Volume 6, Number 5 Inside: Resources in Red Nations; Rental Weatherization; Keeping Family Farms RAIN began in October 1974 as a publication of ECO-NET, an environmental education network funded by the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: RAIN Author: ECO-NET Year: 1980 Volume 6, Number 5 Inside: Resources in Red Nations; Rental Weatherization; Keeping Family Farms RAIN began in October 1974 as a publication of ECO-NET, an environmental education network funded by the Hill Foundation and an Environmental Education grant. Its office was based in the Environmental Education Center at Portland State University. With a focus on the Pacific Northwest, particularly Oregon, RAIN originally described itself as a “bulletin board” with an “emphasis on environmental/energy related and communications kinds of information” and interested in “the evolutionary possibilities of inter-disciplinary connections.” Title: RAIN Author: ECO-NET Year: 1980 Volume 6, Number 5 Inside: Resources in Red Nations; Rental Weatherization; Keeping Family Farms RAIN began in October 1974 as a publication of ECO-NET, an environmental education network funded by the Hill Foundation and an Environmental Education grant. Its office was based in the Environmental Education Center at Portland State University. With a focus on the Pacific Northwest, particularly Oregon, RAIN originally described itself as a “bulletin board” with an “emphasis on environmental/energy related and communications kinds of information” and interested in “the evolutionary possibilities of inter-disciplinary connections.” Close

• 76. [Article] Wind Turbine Demolition Proposal

  Using wind turbines to harness the kinetic energy of the wind to produce electricity has been around for over a hundred years. Wind turbines are a key component in the movement toward reducing our dependency ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wind Turbine Demolition Proposal Author: Valentine, Timothy, Corban, Horatiu, Mueller, Randy Year: 2016 Using wind turbines to harness the kinetic energy of the wind to produce electricity has been around for over a hundred years. Wind turbines are a key component in the movement toward reducing our dependency on fossil fuels and replacing with renewable energy sources. However, as advances in wind turbine technology are made, older wind farms require “repowering”. Repowering is the process of replacing older wind turbines with newer, more efficient models that can generate more power. Part of the repowering process involves the demolition of existing wind turbines. This project proposal describes the project management procedures that will be required to complete the decommissioning and demolition of a single wind turbine. Appendix A presents the “matrix” organizational structure that will be utilized for this project. The president of the company will oversee the project, but will not be directly involved. Title: Wind Turbine Demolition Proposal Author: Valentine, Timothy, Corban, Horatiu, Mueller, Randy Year: 2016 Using wind turbines to harness the kinetic energy of the wind to produce electricity has been around for over a hundred years. Wind turbines are a key component in the movement toward reducing our dependency on fossil fuels and replacing with renewable energy sources. However, as advances in wind turbine technology are made, older wind farms require “repowering”. Repowering is the process of replacing older wind turbines with newer, more efficient models that can generate more power. Part of the repowering process involves the demolition of existing wind turbines. This project proposal describes the project management procedures that will be required to complete the decommissioning and demolition of a single wind turbine. Appendix A presents the “matrix” organizational structure that will be utilized for this project. The president of the company will oversee the project, but will not be directly involved. Close

• 77. [Article] The effect of human activity on the middle course of the Tualatin River, Oregon

  A diurnal study of biological, chemical, and physical parameters was made on the middle course of the, Tualatin River, which drains a 1840 km2 (711 mi2) basin adjacent to metropolitan Portland, Oregon. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of human activity on the middle course of the Tualatin River, Oregon Author: Carter, Lolita M. Year: 1975 A diurnal study of biological, chemical, and physical parameters was made on the middle course of the, Tualatin River, which drains a 1840 km2 (711 mi2) basin adjacent to metropolitan Portland, Oregon. This portion of the river lies along land in transition of use from rural agriculture to highly urbanized development. There is no nutrient loading of the river from farming practices because there was no return of water from summer, sprinkler irrigation of commercial crops. However, irrigation significantly reduces the volume of water in the river in the summers. Effluents from sewage treatment plants flowing into the tributaries that drain the highly urbanized eastern areas of the river basin are the main cause of degraded water quality and algal biomass in the lower reaches of the river. The Tualatin River above the mouth of Rock Creek is relatively unpolluted, but downstream from Rock Creek the river is highly eutrophic and during the periods of low flow in the summer serves as a sewage oxidation channel. In this same portion of the river there is also evidence that nitrification occurs. Winter floods leach nitrate-nitrogen from the basin, but in the summer the possibility exists. that nitrate-nitrogen may be a limiting nutrient for algal productivity in the river above Hillsboro. The principal source of poly-phosphates is from sewage treatment plant effluents, but concentrations of poly-phosphates in the middle reaches of the river indicate that there is a natural source of poly- and/or ortho-phosphates in the watershed. Removal of phosphorous compounds from the effluents probably would not affect the large algal blooms occurring in the river below Hillsboro. Trace metal analyses indicated that iron, potassium, nickel, zinc, lead, copper, cobalt, and chromium concentrations were higher during flooding. Turbidity readings suggest that these trace elements are deposited on the floodplain. Melted snow water, which caused one of the winter floods, contained concentrations of zinc, ·copper, and lead greater than those found in the river during the flood. Greater concentrations of arsenic and zinc came from farmland than from urban areas. Diversities of the net plankton as measured by the Shannon-Weaver Index did not change from season to season, nor with downstream flow. Species in the net plankton were benthic forms at the upper stations and planktonic forms downstream from Hillsboro, especially in the summer when the reduced flow caused the river to pond. The enriched effluents from Rock Creek did not affect the diversity of the organisms downstream, but supported a larger biomass. By rating the diversities with other studies it was found that the middle course of the Tualatin River is eutrophic but not heavily polluted. A diurnal study was especially valuable from April to September, inclusive, when insolation and temperatures favored biological activities such as photosynthesis and decomposition. From November to January little diurnal change in the water quality was found. Farming had its greatest impact in the quantity of water and municipalities had a more serious impact on the water quality in the middle course of the Tualatin River. Even with the reduced flow from agricultural irrigation, the river can maintain relatively good water quality, except when effluents from sewage plants caused highly eutrophic conditions. Title: The effect of human activity on the middle course of the Tualatin River, Oregon Author: Carter, Lolita M. Year: 1975 A diurnal study of biological, chemical, and physical parameters was made on the middle course of the, Tualatin River, which drains a 1840 km2 (711 mi2) basin adjacent to metropolitan Portland, Oregon. This portion of the river lies along land in transition of use from rural agriculture to highly urbanized development. There is no nutrient loading of the river from farming practices because there was no return of water from summer, sprinkler irrigation of commercial crops. However, irrigation significantly reduces the volume of water in the river in the summers. Effluents from sewage treatment plants flowing into the tributaries that drain the highly urbanized eastern areas of the river basin are the main cause of degraded water quality and algal biomass in the lower reaches of the river. The Tualatin River above the mouth of Rock Creek is relatively unpolluted, but downstream from Rock Creek the river is highly eutrophic and during the periods of low flow in the summer serves as a sewage oxidation channel. In this same portion of the river there is also evidence that nitrification occurs. Winter floods leach nitrate-nitrogen from the basin, but in the summer the possibility exists. that nitrate-nitrogen may be a limiting nutrient for algal productivity in the river above Hillsboro. The principal source of poly-phosphates is from sewage treatment plant effluents, but concentrations of poly-phosphates in the middle reaches of the river indicate that there is a natural source of poly- and/or ortho-phosphates in the watershed. Removal of phosphorous compounds from the effluents probably would not affect the large algal blooms occurring in the river below Hillsboro. Trace metal analyses indicated that iron, potassium, nickel, zinc, lead, copper, cobalt, and chromium concentrations were higher during flooding. Turbidity readings suggest that these trace elements are deposited on the floodplain. Melted snow water, which caused one of the winter floods, contained concentrations of zinc, ·copper, and lead greater than those found in the river during the flood. Greater concentrations of arsenic and zinc came from farmland than from urban areas. Diversities of the net plankton as measured by the Shannon-Weaver Index did not change from season to season, nor with downstream flow. Species in the net plankton were benthic forms at the upper stations and planktonic forms downstream from Hillsboro, especially in the summer when the reduced flow caused the river to pond. The enriched effluents from Rock Creek did not affect the diversity of the organisms downstream, but supported a larger biomass. By rating the diversities with other studies it was found that the middle course of the Tualatin River is eutrophic but not heavily polluted. A diurnal study was especially valuable from April to September, inclusive, when insolation and temperatures favored biological activities such as photosynthesis and decomposition. From November to January little diurnal change in the water quality was found. Farming had its greatest impact in the quantity of water and municipalities had a more serious impact on the water quality in the middle course of the Tualatin River. Even with the reduced flow from agricultural irrigation, the river can maintain relatively good water quality, except when effluents from sewage plants caused highly eutrophic conditions. Close

• 78. [Article] Minority without a champion: the Kanaka contribution to the western United States, 1750-1900

  Kanakas, Owhyees, Blue Men, were all names given to laborers from Hawaii, or the Sandwich Islands, who contributed significantly to the economic, cultural, and political history of the United States territory ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Minority without a champion: the Kanaka contribution to the western United States, 1750-1900 Author: Duncan, Janice K. Year: 1972 Kanakas, Owhyees, Blue Men, were all names given to laborers from Hawaii, or the Sandwich Islands, who contributed significantly to the economic, cultural, and political history of the United States territory west of the Mississippi River in the period 1750-1900. The Sandwich Islands first entered the international economic scene in the latter eighteenth century when its excellent ports and favorable climate made the Islands an ideal winter harbor and stopover for merchant ships, whalers, and explorers' vessels who needed to replenish food and water supplies, or make necessary repairs. Just as frequently the crews of these vessels needed to be supplemented, and the Kanakas were eager to travel and to receive wages paid to seamen. Kanaka seamen sailed with William Douglas, Robert Gray and George Vancouver; and as seamen and land based laborers for the North West Company, Astor's expedition, the Russian-American Company, Hudson's Bay Company, and Nathaniel Wyeth's Columbia River Fur and Trading Company. In 1834 the first American missionaries arrived in the Northwest, and they immediately made demands on the Islanders for labor supply. Both the Methodists and the ABCFM missionaries hired Kanakas for building, kitchen chores, farm labor, blacksmithing, and as herders. When the Oregon country began to attract annual emigrations from the East, the Kanakas found their skills also in demand by these new settlers. They were hired to work in the sawmills or as farm and house servants. Their seamanship opened doors all over the world for them, and involved the Islanders in various foreign intrigues. In Japan they were among deserters imprisoned and mistreated by the Oriental isolationists. During the American Civil War many were taken prisoner by Confederate ships. They also played a role in the movement to improve the lot of sailors by appearing before the British admiralty courts seeking redress for poor treatment aboard British ships. Those Kanakas who remained on the American mainland wanted to become citizens of the United States with their white neighbors. Their petition to the territorial government of Oregon, however, was refused. Restrictions were placed upon their continued immigration into the Northwest area, they were ignored by the 1849 Oregon census, the U.S. Consul in California received instructions from the Secretary of State barring the Kanakas from assistance or protection in California ports, and a long verbal battle ensued in the U.S. Congress over excluding them from the Donation Land Act. But the Kanakas were still recognized as excellent seamen and this occupation took them north to Kamchatka and south to California, Mexico, and around the tip of South America to ports of the eastern U.S. Those who left the sea worked in California gold fields, preached to Digger Indians, became part of the Mormon movement in Utah, or continued to serve the Hudson's Bay Company, Puget's Sound Agricultural Company, and the Russian-American Company. Throughout their historical journey in western America, they remained loyal, inconspicuous, and hardworking. But they also had dark skins and were foreign in origin. Once they threatened white superiority and white acquisition of land titles they became the targets of discrimination. They were not slaves so they could not be emancipated, but the white, Protestant ruling hierarchy could not allow them to become citizens and thereby free to settle land and demand the protection of American laws. They therefore found themselves classed with the Negro, Chinese, and Indians as undesirable elements in America's 'Manifest Destiny.' By 1900 most Kanakas had chosen to return to their homeland rather than recede into the shadows of American life, but their contributions to western American deserve recognition. Title: Minority without a champion: the Kanaka contribution to the western United States, 1750-1900 Author: Duncan, Janice K. Year: 1972 Kanakas, Owhyees, Blue Men, were all names given to laborers from Hawaii, or the Sandwich Islands, who contributed significantly to the economic, cultural, and political history of the United States territory west of the Mississippi River in the period 1750-1900. The Sandwich Islands first entered the international economic scene in the latter eighteenth century when its excellent ports and favorable climate made the Islands an ideal winter harbor and stopover for merchant ships, whalers, and explorers' vessels who needed to replenish food and water supplies, or make necessary repairs. Just as frequently the crews of these vessels needed to be supplemented, and the Kanakas were eager to travel and to receive wages paid to seamen. Kanaka seamen sailed with William Douglas, Robert Gray and George Vancouver; and as seamen and land based laborers for the North West Company, Astor's expedition, the Russian-American Company, Hudson's Bay Company, and Nathaniel Wyeth's Columbia River Fur and Trading Company. In 1834 the first American missionaries arrived in the Northwest, and they immediately made demands on the Islanders for labor supply. Both the Methodists and the ABCFM missionaries hired Kanakas for building, kitchen chores, farm labor, blacksmithing, and as herders. When the Oregon country began to attract annual emigrations from the East, the Kanakas found their skills also in demand by these new settlers. They were hired to work in the sawmills or as farm and house servants. Their seamanship opened doors all over the world for them, and involved the Islanders in various foreign intrigues. In Japan they were among deserters imprisoned and mistreated by the Oriental isolationists. During the American Civil War many were taken prisoner by Confederate ships. They also played a role in the movement to improve the lot of sailors by appearing before the British admiralty courts seeking redress for poor treatment aboard British ships. Those Kanakas who remained on the American mainland wanted to become citizens of the United States with their white neighbors. Their petition to the territorial government of Oregon, however, was refused. Restrictions were placed upon their continued immigration into the Northwest area, they were ignored by the 1849 Oregon census, the U.S. Consul in California received instructions from the Secretary of State barring the Kanakas from assistance or protection in California ports, and a long verbal battle ensued in the U.S. Congress over excluding them from the Donation Land Act. But the Kanakas were still recognized as excellent seamen and this occupation took them north to Kamchatka and south to California, Mexico, and around the tip of South America to ports of the eastern U.S. Those who left the sea worked in California gold fields, preached to Digger Indians, became part of the Mormon movement in Utah, or continued to serve the Hudson's Bay Company, Puget's Sound Agricultural Company, and the Russian-American Company. Throughout their historical journey in western America, they remained loyal, inconspicuous, and hardworking. But they also had dark skins and were foreign in origin. Once they threatened white superiority and white acquisition of land titles they became the targets of discrimination. They were not slaves so they could not be emancipated, but the white, Protestant ruling hierarchy could not allow them to become citizens and thereby free to settle land and demand the protection of American laws. They therefore found themselves classed with the Negro, Chinese, and Indians as undesirable elements in America's 'Manifest Destiny.' By 1900 most Kanakas had chosen to return to their homeland rather than recede into the shadows of American life, but their contributions to western American deserve recognition. Close

• 79. [Article] Wake Character in the Wind Turbine Array: (Dis-)Organization, Spatial and Dynamic Evolution and Low-dimensional Modeling

  To maximize the effectiveness of the rapidly increasing capacity of installed wind energy resources, new models must be developed that are capable of more nuanced control of each wind turbine so that each ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wake Character in the Wind Turbine Array: (Dis-)Organization, Spatial and Dynamic Evolution and Low-dimensional Modeling Author: Hamilton, Nicholas Michael Year: 2016 To maximize the effectiveness of the rapidly increasing capacity of installed wind energy resources, new models must be developed that are capable of more nuanced control of each wind turbine so that each device is more responsive to inflow events. Models used to plan wind turbine arrays and control behavior of devices within the farm currently make questionable estimates of the incoming atmospheric flow and update turbine configurations infrequently. As a result, wind turbines often operate at diminished capacities, especially in arrays where wind turbine wakes interact and inflow conditions are far from ideal. New turbine control and wake prediction models must be developed to tune individual devices and make accurate power predictions. To that end, wind tunnel experiments are conducted detailing the turbulent flow in the wake of a wind turbine in a model-scale array. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to characterize the spatial evolution of structures in the wake. Mode bases from distinct downstream locations are reconciled through a secondary decomposition, called double proper orthogonal decomposition (DPOD), indicating that modes of common rank in the wake share an ordered set of sub-modal projections whose organization delineates underlying wake structures and spatial evolution. The doubly truncated basis of sub-modal structures represents a reduction to 0.015% of the total degrees of freedom of the wind turbine wake. Low-order representations of the Reynolds stress tensor are made using only the most dominant DPOD modes, corrected to account for energy excluded from the truncated basis with a tensor of constant coefficients defined to rescale the low-order representation of the stresses to match the original statistics. Data from the wind turbine wake are contrasted against simulation data from a fully-developed channel flow, illuminating a range of anisotropic states of turbulence. Complexity of flow descriptions resulting from truncated POD bases is suppressed in severe basis truncations, exaggerating anisotropy of the modeled flow and, in extreme cases, can lead to the loss of three dimensionality. Constant corrections to the low-order descriptions of the Reynolds stress tensor reduce the root-mean-square error between low-order descriptions of the flow and the full statistics as much as 40% and, in some cases, reintroduce three-dimensionality to severe truncations of POD bases. Low-dimensional models are constructed by coupling the evolution of the dynamic mode coefficients through their respective time derivatives and successfully account for non-linear mode interaction. Deviation between time derivatives of mode coefficients and their least-squares fit is amplified in numerical integration of the system, leading to unstable long-time solutions. Periodic recalibration of the dynamical system is undertaken by limiting the integration time and using a virtual sensor upstream of the wind turbine actuator disk in to read the effective inflow velocity. A series of open-loop transfer functions are designed to inform the low-order dynamical system of the flow incident to the wind turbine rotor. Validation data shows that the model tuned to the inflow reproduces dynamic mode coefficients with little to no error given a sufficiently small interval between instances of recalibration. The reduced-order model makes accurate predictions of the wake when informed of turbulent inflow events. The modeling scheme represents a viable path for continuous time feedback and control that may be used to selectively tune a wind turbine in the effort to maximize power output of large wind farms. Title: Wake Character in the Wind Turbine Array: (Dis-)Organization, Spatial and Dynamic Evolution and Low-dimensional Modeling Author: Hamilton, Nicholas Michael Year: 2016 To maximize the effectiveness of the rapidly increasing capacity of installed wind energy resources, new models must be developed that are capable of more nuanced control of each wind turbine so that each device is more responsive to inflow events. Models used to plan wind turbine arrays and control behavior of devices within the farm currently make questionable estimates of the incoming atmospheric flow and update turbine configurations infrequently. As a result, wind turbines often operate at diminished capacities, especially in arrays where wind turbine wakes interact and inflow conditions are far from ideal. New turbine control and wake prediction models must be developed to tune individual devices and make accurate power predictions. To that end, wind tunnel experiments are conducted detailing the turbulent flow in the wake of a wind turbine in a model-scale array. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to characterize the spatial evolution of structures in the wake. Mode bases from distinct downstream locations are reconciled through a secondary decomposition, called double proper orthogonal decomposition (DPOD), indicating that modes of common rank in the wake share an ordered set of sub-modal projections whose organization delineates underlying wake structures and spatial evolution. The doubly truncated basis of sub-modal structures represents a reduction to 0.015% of the total degrees of freedom of the wind turbine wake. Low-order representations of the Reynolds stress tensor are made using only the most dominant DPOD modes, corrected to account for energy excluded from the truncated basis with a tensor of constant coefficients defined to rescale the low-order representation of the stresses to match the original statistics. Data from the wind turbine wake are contrasted against simulation data from a fully-developed channel flow, illuminating a range of anisotropic states of turbulence. Complexity of flow descriptions resulting from truncated POD bases is suppressed in severe basis truncations, exaggerating anisotropy of the modeled flow and, in extreme cases, can lead to the loss of three dimensionality. Constant corrections to the low-order descriptions of the Reynolds stress tensor reduce the root-mean-square error between low-order descriptions of the flow and the full statistics as much as 40% and, in some cases, reintroduce three-dimensionality to severe truncations of POD bases. Low-dimensional models are constructed by coupling the evolution of the dynamic mode coefficients through their respective time derivatives and successfully account for non-linear mode interaction. Deviation between time derivatives of mode coefficients and their least-squares fit is amplified in numerical integration of the system, leading to unstable long-time solutions. Periodic recalibration of the dynamical system is undertaken by limiting the integration time and using a virtual sensor upstream of the wind turbine actuator disk in to read the effective inflow velocity. A series of open-loop transfer functions are designed to inform the low-order dynamical system of the flow incident to the wind turbine rotor. Validation data shows that the model tuned to the inflow reproduces dynamic mode coefficients with little to no error given a sufficiently small interval between instances of recalibration. The reduced-order model makes accurate predictions of the wake when informed of turbulent inflow events. The modeling scheme represents a viable path for continuous time feedback and control that may be used to selectively tune a wind turbine in the effort to maximize power output of large wind farms. Close

• 80. [Article] Hedonic Analysis of Housing Prices Near the Portland Urban Growth Boundary, 1978-1990

  The cornerstones of Oregon's 1973 Senate Bill 100 are the preservation of farm, forest, and other resource lands and the containment of urban development within urban growth boundaries (UCB). The UCB is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hedonic Analysis of Housing Prices Near the Portland Urban Growth Boundary, 1978-1990 Author: Alkadi, Abdullah Year: 1996 The cornerstones of Oregon's 1973 Senate Bill 100 are the preservation of farm, forest, and other resource lands and the containment of urban development within urban growth boundaries (UCB). The UCB is a boundary around each incorporated city containing enough land to meet projected needs until the year 2000. The Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC), charged with adopting and implementing state planning policy, sought to keep UGBs small enough to contain urban sprawl. To avoid the potential effects of land price inflation, LCDC allowed UGBs to include more land supply than the forecasted demand. The Portland-Metropolitan region was allowed to have a 15.3-percent surplus. Policy makers are unsure what effect UGBs have on housing costs. The common belief is that by restricting the amount of land available for residential construction the market drives prices up. Contrasting opinions suggest that by substituting low-density with high-density development, per-unit construction costs are lower, thus reducing the costs of owning a home. Efforts to dispel some of the mystery about the relationship between UGBs and housing prices are needed. The objective of this research is to provide empirical evidence of the relationship between the Portland-Metropolitan area's UGB and housing prices. The study uses a hedonic model to conduct a time-series analysis for the years 1978 to 1990 for Washington County. This study found no relationship between housing price and the imposition of the UGB. In fact, the rate of increase in price for single-family housing after UGB implementation was found to be much less than before. Proximity as measured by distance of sale to the UGB was the only variable that was associated with a higher rate of increase in housing prices. All of these results, with the exception of those related to proximity, were unexpected but may be explained by several factors: imposition of the Metropolitan Housing Rule in 1981, a severe recession during the 1980s, and excess land supply. These influences do not support a conclusion that UGBs lead to an increase in housing prices, at least prior to 1990, when the UGB did not constrain the supply of land. Title: Hedonic Analysis of Housing Prices Near the Portland Urban Growth Boundary, 1978-1990 Author: Alkadi, Abdullah Year: 1996 The cornerstones of Oregon's 1973 Senate Bill 100 are the preservation of farm, forest, and other resource lands and the containment of urban development within urban growth boundaries (UCB). The UCB is a boundary around each incorporated city containing enough land to meet projected needs until the year 2000. The Land Conservation and Development Commission (LCDC), charged with adopting and implementing state planning policy, sought to keep UGBs small enough to contain urban sprawl. To avoid the potential effects of land price inflation, LCDC allowed UGBs to include more land supply than the forecasted demand. The Portland-Metropolitan region was allowed to have a 15.3-percent surplus. Policy makers are unsure what effect UGBs have on housing costs. The common belief is that by restricting the amount of land available for residential construction the market drives prices up. Contrasting opinions suggest that by substituting low-density with high-density development, per-unit construction costs are lower, thus reducing the costs of owning a home. Efforts to dispel some of the mystery about the relationship between UGBs and housing prices are needed. The objective of this research is to provide empirical evidence of the relationship between the Portland-Metropolitan area's UGB and housing prices. The study uses a hedonic model to conduct a time-series analysis for the years 1978 to 1990 for Washington County. This study found no relationship between housing price and the imposition of the UGB. In fact, the rate of increase in price for single-family housing after UGB implementation was found to be much less than before. Proximity as measured by distance of sale to the UGB was the only variable that was associated with a higher rate of increase in housing prices. All of these results, with the exception of those related to proximity, were unexpected but may be explained by several factors: imposition of the Metropolitan Housing Rule in 1981, a severe recession during the 1980s, and excess land supply. These influences do not support a conclusion that UGBs lead to an increase in housing prices, at least prior to 1990, when the UGB did not constrain the supply of land. Close

• 81. [Article] Teacher Enthusiasm and Implementation of Harvest for Healthy Kids Curriculum Activities: Descriptive Preliminary Data

  Harvest for Healthy Kids is a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project between Mt. Hood Community College (MHCC) Head Start and Dr. Betty Izumi at the School of Community Health, Portland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Teacher Enthusiasm and Implementation of Harvest for Healthy Kids Curriculum Activities: Descriptive Preliminary Data Author: Hallman, Jennifer, Izumi, Betty T. Year: 2013 Harvest for Healthy Kids is a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project between Mt. Hood Community College (MHCC) Head Start and Dr. Betty Izumi at the School of Community Health, Portland State University. Modeled after the "farm-to-school" concept, Harvest for Healthy Kids is a nutrition intervention designed to introduce children in early care and education settings to a wide variety of locally grown fruits and vegetables through their meals, snacks, and classroom activities. This year (2012-2013), research assistants conducted weekly check-in phone calls to evaluate the fidelity of the Harvest for Healthy Kids curriculum by ten MHCC Head Start teachers involved in the intervention. Teachers were asked what activities were completed, if they liked them and if they will use them in the future. Teachers were also asked to rank their personal enthusiasm level regarding implementation of the curriculum. Descriptions, adaptations and opinions of activities were noted. Data collection is ongoing through the end of the school year. Analysis of teacher check-in phone call findings will enrich the implementation of activities, address teachers experienced barriers, and show the significance and fidelity of the Harvest for Healthy Kids curriculum. Research findings will be used to adapt Harvest for Healthy Kids activities, and will assist in the development of future teacher training's and expand the curriculum's use in other early childhood education settings. Title: Teacher Enthusiasm and Implementation of Harvest for Healthy Kids Curriculum Activities: Descriptive Preliminary Data Author: Hallman, Jennifer, Izumi, Betty T. Year: 2013 Harvest for Healthy Kids is a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project between Mt. Hood Community College (MHCC) Head Start and Dr. Betty Izumi at the School of Community Health, Portland State University. Modeled after the "farm-to-school" concept, Harvest for Healthy Kids is a nutrition intervention designed to introduce children in early care and education settings to a wide variety of locally grown fruits and vegetables through their meals, snacks, and classroom activities. This year (2012-2013), research assistants conducted weekly check-in phone calls to evaluate the fidelity of the Harvest for Healthy Kids curriculum by ten MHCC Head Start teachers involved in the intervention. Teachers were asked what activities were completed, if they liked them and if they will use them in the future. Teachers were also asked to rank their personal enthusiasm level regarding implementation of the curriculum. Descriptions, adaptations and opinions of activities were noted. Data collection is ongoing through the end of the school year. Analysis of teacher check-in phone call findings will enrich the implementation of activities, address teachers experienced barriers, and show the significance and fidelity of the Harvest for Healthy Kids curriculum. Research findings will be used to adapt Harvest for Healthy Kids activities, and will assist in the development of future teacher training's and expand the curriculum's use in other early childhood education settings. Close

• 82. [Article] Does Gender Matter? Human Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka: A Gendered Analysis of Human Elephant Conflict and Natural Resource Management in a Rural Sri Lankan Village

  This study is a gendered analysis of natural resource management at the local scale of a poor rural Sri Lankan village in a conservation buffer zone. This village experiences destruction of forests and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Does Gender Matter? Human Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka: A Gendered Analysis of Human Elephant Conflict and Natural Resource Management in a Rural Sri Lankan Village Author: Griffin, Katherine Eileen Year: 2015 This study is a gendered analysis of natural resource management at the local scale of a poor rural Sri Lankan village in a conservation buffer zone. This village experiences destruction of forests and human elephant conflict. The objective of this study is to gain an in-depth knowledge of residents' use and understandings of environmental resources, and to investigate if gender helps shape these factors. This study relies on a social sustainability conceptual framework. It tracks participation of local women and men in natural resource management, and in conservation within and outside of the Bibile community. Local nongovernmental organizations focus on mitigating human elephant conflict and government policies influence particular farming practices. Unless socially and environmentally sustainable practices are developed, areas within and outside of the protected areas are not sustainable in their current state (Jayewardene 1998). Current interventions are failing to solve this problem in both rural communities and natural ecosystems, demonstrated most clearly by shrinking forest habitats and the frequency of human and elephant deaths (Bandara 2009). By broadening the analysis of natural resource management to examine possible social, economic, and political influences, my research examines how different resource management approaches might be filtered and reflected by variation in local residents' use and understanding of environmental resources. I suggest that gender, household decision-making, and equality are overlooked but potentially important aspects in the perception and implementation of natural resource management. Title: Does Gender Matter? Human Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka: A Gendered Analysis of Human Elephant Conflict and Natural Resource Management in a Rural Sri Lankan Village Author: Griffin, Katherine Eileen Year: 2015 This study is a gendered analysis of natural resource management at the local scale of a poor rural Sri Lankan village in a conservation buffer zone. This village experiences destruction of forests and human elephant conflict. The objective of this study is to gain an in-depth knowledge of residents' use and understandings of environmental resources, and to investigate if gender helps shape these factors. This study relies on a social sustainability conceptual framework. It tracks participation of local women and men in natural resource management, and in conservation within and outside of the Bibile community. Local nongovernmental organizations focus on mitigating human elephant conflict and government policies influence particular farming practices. Unless socially and environmentally sustainable practices are developed, areas within and outside of the protected areas are not sustainable in their current state (Jayewardene 1998). Current interventions are failing to solve this problem in both rural communities and natural ecosystems, demonstrated most clearly by shrinking forest habitats and the frequency of human and elephant deaths (Bandara 2009). By broadening the analysis of natural resource management to examine possible social, economic, and political influences, my research examines how different resource management approaches might be filtered and reflected by variation in local residents' use and understanding of environmental resources. I suggest that gender, household decision-making, and equality are overlooked but potentially important aspects in the perception and implementation of natural resource management. Close

• 83. [Article] Focused-Based Multifractal Analysis of the Wake in a Wind Turbine Array Utilizing Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

  Hot-wire anemometry measurements have been performed in a 3×3 wind turbine array to study the multifractality of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation. A multifractal spectrum and Hurst exponents are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Focused-Based Multifractal Analysis of the Wake in a Wind Turbine Array Utilizing Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Author: Ali, Naseem, Falih Kadum, Hawwa, Cal, Raúl Bayoán Year: 2016 Hot-wire anemometry measurements have been performed in a 3×3 wind turbine array to study the multifractality of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation. A multifractal spectrum and Hurst exponents are determined at nine locations downstream of the hub height, bottom and top tips. Higher multifractality is found at 0.5D and 1D downstream of the bottom tip and hub height. The second order of the Hurst exponent and combination factor shows the ability to predict the flow state in terms of its development. Snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used to identify the coherent and incoherent structures and to reconstruct the stochastic velocity signal using a specific number of the POD eigenfunctions. The accumulation of the turbulence kinetic energy in the top tip location exhibits fast convergence compared with the bottom tip and hub height. The dissipation of the large and small scales is determined using the reconstructed stochastic velocities. The higher multifractality is shown in the dissipation of the large scale compared with small scale dissipation showing consistency with the behavior of the original signals. Multifractality of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in the wind farm is examined and the effect of the reconstructed flow field via proper orthogonal decomposition on the multifractality behavior is investigated. Findings are relevant in wind energy as multifractal parameters identify the variation between the near- and far-wake regions. Title: Focused-Based Multifractal Analysis of the Wake in a Wind Turbine Array Utilizing Proper Orthogonal Decomposition Author: Ali, Naseem, Falih Kadum, Hawwa, Cal, Raúl Bayoán Year: 2016 Hot-wire anemometry measurements have been performed in a 3×3 wind turbine array to study the multifractality of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation. A multifractal spectrum and Hurst exponents are determined at nine locations downstream of the hub height, bottom and top tips. Higher multifractality is found at 0.5D and 1D downstream of the bottom tip and hub height. The second order of the Hurst exponent and combination factor shows the ability to predict the flow state in terms of its development. Snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used to identify the coherent and incoherent structures and to reconstruct the stochastic velocity signal using a specific number of the POD eigenfunctions. The accumulation of the turbulence kinetic energy in the top tip location exhibits fast convergence compared with the bottom tip and hub height. The dissipation of the large and small scales is determined using the reconstructed stochastic velocities. The higher multifractality is shown in the dissipation of the large scale compared with small scale dissipation showing consistency with the behavior of the original signals. Multifractality of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in the wind farm is examined and the effect of the reconstructed flow field via proper orthogonal decomposition on the multifractality behavior is investigated. Findings are relevant in wind energy as multifractal parameters identify the variation between the near- and far-wake regions. Close

• 84. [Article] Safety in Maize: Subsistence Agriculture in a Zapotec Migrant Town

  Subsistence maize production has long been a dominant economic activity of households in Santiago Apóstol, a Zapotec community in the Central Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. A baseline study from 1973 documents ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Safety in Maize: Subsistence Agriculture in a Zapotec Migrant Town Author: Gladstone, Fiona Joy Year: 2014 Subsistence maize production has long been a dominant economic activity of households in Santiago Apóstol, a Zapotec community in the Central Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. A baseline study from 1973 documents a regionally pervasive form of household level agriculture whereby cultivators prioritize land for subsistence maize above commercial crops. Since then, much has transformed the face of rural Mexico, including migration to the United States. Migration accelerated beginning in the 1970s as a response to government disinvestment in maize, but it may also be a new force of cultural and economic change impacting agriculture. The question arises, has migration modified longstanding subsistence agricultural practices centered on local varieties of rainfed maize? If not, what might explain the continuities and changes in agricultural practice observed? Ethnographic land use and maize consumption surveys among 19 migrant headed households conducted in Santiago Apóstol in the summer and winter of 2012 indicate that mean production of maize remains equivalent to that documented in the late 1960s, suggesting that migration has not engendered a generalized shift to commercial crops. Potential explanations for the persistent use of rainfed, local maize among migrant headed households are drawn from a mixed methods methodology involving triangulated analyses of household economic data, land tenure arrangements, perceptions of environmental change, participant observation, and archival research. Triangulated analyses allow speculation on linked human environmental changes in the landscape that may have reinforced use of a traditional, rainfed grain crop. Title: Safety in Maize: Subsistence Agriculture in a Zapotec Migrant Town Author: Gladstone, Fiona Joy Year: 2014 Subsistence maize production has long been a dominant economic activity of households in Santiago Apóstol, a Zapotec community in the Central Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. A baseline study from 1973 documents a regionally pervasive form of household level agriculture whereby cultivators prioritize land for subsistence maize above commercial crops. Since then, much has transformed the face of rural Mexico, including migration to the United States. Migration accelerated beginning in the 1970s as a response to government disinvestment in maize, but it may also be a new force of cultural and economic change impacting agriculture. The question arises, has migration modified longstanding subsistence agricultural practices centered on local varieties of rainfed maize? If not, what might explain the continuities and changes in agricultural practice observed? Ethnographic land use and maize consumption surveys among 19 migrant headed households conducted in Santiago Apóstol in the summer and winter of 2012 indicate that mean production of maize remains equivalent to that documented in the late 1960s, suggesting that migration has not engendered a generalized shift to commercial crops. Potential explanations for the persistent use of rainfed, local maize among migrant headed households are drawn from a mixed methods methodology involving triangulated analyses of household economic data, land tenure arrangements, perceptions of environmental change, participant observation, and archival research. Triangulated analyses allow speculation on linked human environmental changes in the landscape that may have reinforced use of a traditional, rainfed grain crop. Close

• 85. [Article] Selected Attitudes and Values of Young Adults in Northern Sierra Leone

  The Republic of Sierra Leone is situated on the Northwest African coast and occupies an area of 28,000 square miles. It is bounded on t he north and the east by the Republic of Guinea, on the south by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Selected Attitudes and Values of Young Adults in Northern Sierra Leone Author: Kamara, Fatu Y. Year: 1973 The Republic of Sierra Leone is situated on the Northwest African coast and occupies an area of 28,000 square miles. It is bounded on t he north and the east by the Republic of Guinea, on the south by Liberia, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of 2.5 million people, comprised of thirteen tribes. The main tribal grouping are the Limbas, Mendes, Temnes, and Creoles. With the exception of the descendants of former slaves residing in t he Colony area, most of t he occupants of the interior are believed to have emigrated into Sierra Leone from neighboring West African territories at an earlier period. Largely illiterate and primitive in some aspects, these interior tribes rely mainly on subsistence farming. They contrast sharply with the settlers or Creoles who reside in the colony area. The Creoles are highly literate, "civilized" and practice western culture and traditions more than any other group in Sierra Leone. Due to British policy and the obvious dislike of European influence by the inhabitants of the hinterland, it took a long time before development programs could be instituted in that part of the country. In fact, the northern tribes, the subject of my paper, because of their stranger traditional opposition to western culture lagged behind in improvement and social reforms. For instance, while schools were opened in the colony area in 1787, and in the southern and eastern provinces in 1906, the north did not get its first high school until 1950. In the first part of this work I intend to examine t he social institutions of the Northerners with particular emphasis on their family system. I shall devote the second part to analyzing the changing attitudes of literate and illiterate Sierra Leoneans from the North towards family relationships. I shall also explain how far the assimilation of European culture by these people has affected the traditional African Society. In my conclusion, I shall make recommendations and suggestions on how the two cultures, Western and African, can be used to benefit the inhabitants of the north. Title: Selected Attitudes and Values of Young Adults in Northern Sierra Leone Author: Kamara, Fatu Y. Year: 1973 The Republic of Sierra Leone is situated on the Northwest African coast and occupies an area of 28,000 square miles. It is bounded on t he north and the east by the Republic of Guinea, on the south by Liberia, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of 2.5 million people, comprised of thirteen tribes. The main tribal grouping are the Limbas, Mendes, Temnes, and Creoles. With the exception of the descendants of former slaves residing in t he Colony area, most of t he occupants of the interior are believed to have emigrated into Sierra Leone from neighboring West African territories at an earlier period. Largely illiterate and primitive in some aspects, these interior tribes rely mainly on subsistence farming. They contrast sharply with the settlers or Creoles who reside in the colony area. The Creoles are highly literate, "civilized" and practice western culture and traditions more than any other group in Sierra Leone. Due to British policy and the obvious dislike of European influence by the inhabitants of the hinterland, it took a long time before development programs could be instituted in that part of the country. In fact, the northern tribes, the subject of my paper, because of their stranger traditional opposition to western culture lagged behind in improvement and social reforms. For instance, while schools were opened in the colony area in 1787, and in the southern and eastern provinces in 1906, the north did not get its first high school until 1950. In the first part of this work I intend to examine t he social institutions of the Northerners with particular emphasis on their family system. I shall devote the second part to analyzing the changing attitudes of literate and illiterate Sierra Leoneans from the North towards family relationships. I shall also explain how far the assimilation of European culture by these people has affected the traditional African Society. In my conclusion, I shall make recommendations and suggestions on how the two cultures, Western and African, can be used to benefit the inhabitants of the north. Close

• 86. [Article] Application of GIS and Spatial Analysis of Golden Eagle Fatalities Caused by Wind Turbines at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource

  The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (Altamont) near Livermore, California is the oldest and largest wind farm in the United States. It is known as a location of high avian mortality, especially for diurnal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Application of GIS and Spatial Analysis of Golden Eagle Fatalities Caused by Wind Turbines at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Author: Pinger, Andrew James Year: 2013 The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (Altamont) near Livermore, California is the oldest and largest wind farm in the United States. It is known as a location of high avian mortality, especially for diurnal raptors such as the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Using the avian monitoring data collected at Altamont for over thirteen years (1998-2003, 2005- 2011), records were analyzed of 134 golden eagle deaths caused by wind turbine collisions. All wind turbines present during the same temporal range were characterized according to turbine variables, and geographic placement characteristics. Values of turbines that killed golden eagles were compared to values of turbnes that did not. It was discovered that turbines that have killed golden eagles (kill turbines) share characteristics that are significantly different from those that have not. Kill turbines are more often situated on lattice structure towers, have larger rotor blade-swept areas, placed in less dense turbine arrays, are further away from the next nearest turbine and are less often placed on top of ridgelines compared to nonkill turbines. Finally, kill turbines are more often situated at the end of a turbine row than are nonkill turbines. The differences between kill and nonkill turbine model, hill slope, tower height, generating capacity, array diversity, row count of turbines and placement in a hill saddle were found to be not significant. These findings support in part, earlier turbine studies at Altamont, but do not concur with all previous findings. The methods used in this study can be applied to any bird species at Altamont and at any wind resource area throughout the world. As the wind industry continues to grow, techniques used in studies such as this are an important tool that can be used to direct wildlife conservation policies. Title: Application of GIS and Spatial Analysis of Golden Eagle Fatalities Caused by Wind Turbines at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Author: Pinger, Andrew James Year: 2013 The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (Altamont) near Livermore, California is the oldest and largest wind farm in the United States. It is known as a location of high avian mortality, especially for diurnal raptors such as the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Using the avian monitoring data collected at Altamont for over thirteen years (1998-2003, 2005- 2011), records were analyzed of 134 golden eagle deaths caused by wind turbine collisions. All wind turbines present during the same temporal range were characterized according to turbine variables, and geographic placement characteristics. Values of turbines that killed golden eagles were compared to values of turbnes that did not. It was discovered that turbines that have killed golden eagles (kill turbines) share characteristics that are significantly different from those that have not. Kill turbines are more often situated on lattice structure towers, have larger rotor blade-swept areas, placed in less dense turbine arrays, are further away from the next nearest turbine and are less often placed on top of ridgelines compared to nonkill turbines. Finally, kill turbines are more often situated at the end of a turbine row than are nonkill turbines. The differences between kill and nonkill turbine model, hill slope, tower height, generating capacity, array diversity, row count of turbines and placement in a hill saddle were found to be not significant. These findings support in part, earlier turbine studies at Altamont, but do not concur with all previous findings. The methods used in this study can be applied to any bird species at Altamont and at any wind resource area throughout the world. As the wind industry continues to grow, techniques used in studies such as this are an important tool that can be used to direct wildlife conservation policies. Close

• 87. [Article] Addressing Cheating and Workload Characterization in Online Games

  The Internet has enabled the popular pastime of playing video games to grow rapidly by connecting game players in disparate locations. However, with popularity have come the two challenges of hosting a ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Addressing Cheating and Workload Characterization in Online Games Author: Chambers, Christopher Year: 2006 The Internet has enabled the popular pastime of playing video games to grow rapidly by connecting game players in disparate locations. However, with popularity have come the two challenges of hosting a large number of users and detecting cheating among users. For reasons of control, security, and ease of development, the most popular system for hosting on-line games is the client server architecture. This is also the most expensive and least scalable architecture for the game publisher, which drives hosting costs upwards with the success of the game. In addition to the expense of hosting, as a particular game grows more competitive and popular, the incentive to cheat for that game grows as well. All popular online games suffer from cheats in one form or another, and this cheating adversely affects game popularity and growth. In this dissertation we follow a hypothetical game company (GameCorp) as it surmounts challenges involved in running an on-line game. We develop a characterization of gamer habits and game workloads from data sampled over a period of years, and show the benefits and drawbacks of multiplexing online applications together in a single large server farm. We develop and evaluate a geographic redirection service for the public server architecture to match clients with servers. We show how the public server game architecture can be used to scalably host large persistent games such as massively multiplayer (MMO) games that previously used the client server architecture. Finally we develop a taxonomy for client cheating in on-line games to focus research efforts, and specifically treat one of the categories in detail: information exposure in peer-to-peer games. The thesis of this dissertation is: a methodology for accurate usage modeling of server resources can improve workload management; public-server resources can be leveraged in new ways to serve multiplayer on-line games; and that information exposure in peer-to-peer on-line games is preventable or detectable with the adoption of cryptographic protocols. Title: Addressing Cheating and Workload Characterization in Online Games Author: Chambers, Christopher Year: 2006 The Internet has enabled the popular pastime of playing video games to grow rapidly by connecting game players in disparate locations. However, with popularity have come the two challenges of hosting a large number of users and detecting cheating among users. For reasons of control, security, and ease of development, the most popular system for hosting on-line games is the client server architecture. This is also the most expensive and least scalable architecture for the game publisher, which drives hosting costs upwards with the success of the game. In addition to the expense of hosting, as a particular game grows more competitive and popular, the incentive to cheat for that game grows as well. All popular online games suffer from cheats in one form or another, and this cheating adversely affects game popularity and growth. In this dissertation we follow a hypothetical game company (GameCorp) as it surmounts challenges involved in running an on-line game. We develop a characterization of gamer habits and game workloads from data sampled over a period of years, and show the benefits and drawbacks of multiplexing online applications together in a single large server farm. We develop and evaluate a geographic redirection service for the public server architecture to match clients with servers. We show how the public server game architecture can be used to scalably host large persistent games such as massively multiplayer (MMO) games that previously used the client server architecture. Finally we develop a taxonomy for client cheating in on-line games to focus research efforts, and specifically treat one of the categories in detail: information exposure in peer-to-peer games. The thesis of this dissertation is: a methodology for accurate usage modeling of server resources can improve workload management; public-server resources can be leveraged in new ways to serve multiplayer on-line games; and that information exposure in peer-to-peer on-line games is preventable or detectable with the adoption of cryptographic protocols. Close

• 88. [Article] Is There Still a Need for the Special Assessment Program Within Oregon's Current Land-Use System?

  Based on the research completed to date regarding the various components of the Oregon farmland preservation program, one question begs to be asked: "Is there still a need for the Special Assessment Program ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is There Still a Need for the Special Assessment Program Within Oregon's Current Land-Use System? Author: Brooks, David R. Year: 1999 Based on the research completed to date regarding the various components of the Oregon farmland preservation program, one question begs to be asked: "Is there still a need for the Special Assessment Program within Oregon's current land use planning system?" This paper is an attempt to assess the role of the Special Assessment Program in the context of the overall land use planning system in Oregon. It is my contention that the Special Assessment Program no longer plays a meaningful role in the movement to preserve land in the rural areas of the state. Also, it may actually have perverse effects on the market for land in Oregon's urban areas. I believe that the state's much-heralded farmland protection program can continue to be effective at preserving land without the tax incentive component. Finally, I believe that the citizens of Oregon would be made better off by ending the program. The paper will begin with a brief discussion of farmland loss and the various programs used to prevent that loss. Next, there will be a review of the history and legislative intent behind both the Special Assessment Program and the statewide land use planning system. This will be followed by a demonstration of how both the Assessment Program and the planning system interact. Finally, based on the analysis of their effectiveness together and apart, I will recommend that the state government should phase out the Special Assessment Program. Title: Is There Still a Need for the Special Assessment Program Within Oregon's Current Land-Use System? Author: Brooks, David R. Year: 1999 Based on the research completed to date regarding the various components of the Oregon farmland preservation program, one question begs to be asked: "Is there still a need for the Special Assessment Program within Oregon's current land use planning system?" This paper is an attempt to assess the role of the Special Assessment Program in the context of the overall land use planning system in Oregon. It is my contention that the Special Assessment Program no longer plays a meaningful role in the movement to preserve land in the rural areas of the state. Also, it may actually have perverse effects on the market for land in Oregon's urban areas. I believe that the state's much-heralded farmland protection program can continue to be effective at preserving land without the tax incentive component. Finally, I believe that the citizens of Oregon would be made better off by ending the program. The paper will begin with a brief discussion of farmland loss and the various programs used to prevent that loss. Next, there will be a review of the history and legislative intent behind both the Special Assessment Program and the statewide land use planning system. This will be followed by a demonstration of how both the Assessment Program and the planning system interact. Finally, based on the analysis of their effectiveness together and apart, I will recommend that the state government should phase out the Special Assessment Program. Close

• 89. [Article] Production, Oxidation, and Emissions of Methane from Rice Fields in China

  Detailed field studies of methane emissions from rice fields show that when nitrogen fertilizers are used with intermittent irrigation the seasonal average flux is about 3 mg/m²/hr. When continuous flooding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Production, Oxidation, and Emissions of Methane from Rice Fields in China Author: Khalil, M. A. K., Shearer, Martha J., Rasmussen, R. A., Duan, Chang-Lin, Ren, Lixin Year: 2008 Detailed field studies of methane emissions from rice fields show that when nitrogen fertilizers are used with intermittent irrigation the seasonal average flux is about 3 mg/m²/hr. When continuous flooding and organic material is added to the same fields, the emissions rise to nearly 30 mg/m²/hr. Production rates measured during the two years when both organic material and water were applied to these fields were found to be 60 and 90 mg/m²/hr in consecutive years. The fraction oxidized is calculated to be about 80% one year and 43% the next year. The results suggest that high organic fertilizer increases production, but may affect the emissions more by reducing oxidation. The data show that seasonally averaged emissions vary by up to factor of 2 among adjacent fields but the variability of production is only about 20%. Information obtained from the farmers suggests that there is a trend towards less use of organic manure as nitrogen fertilizers have become available and the occurrence of intermittent flooding has increased for various reasons. These conditions have likely led to decreasing emissions of methane from rice fields in China in the recent decades. Title: Production, Oxidation, and Emissions of Methane from Rice Fields in China Author: Khalil, M. A. K., Shearer, Martha J., Rasmussen, R. A., Duan, Chang-Lin, Ren, Lixin Year: 2008 Detailed field studies of methane emissions from rice fields show that when nitrogen fertilizers are used with intermittent irrigation the seasonal average flux is about 3 mg/m²/hr. When continuous flooding and organic material is added to the same fields, the emissions rise to nearly 30 mg/m²/hr. Production rates measured during the two years when both organic material and water were applied to these fields were found to be 60 and 90 mg/m²/hr in consecutive years. The fraction oxidized is calculated to be about 80% one year and 43% the next year. The results suggest that high organic fertilizer increases production, but may affect the emissions more by reducing oxidation. The data show that seasonally averaged emissions vary by up to factor of 2 among adjacent fields but the variability of production is only about 20%. Information obtained from the farmers suggests that there is a trend towards less use of organic manure as nitrogen fertilizers have become available and the occurrence of intermittent flooding has increased for various reasons. These conditions have likely led to decreasing emissions of methane from rice fields in China in the recent decades. Close

• 90. [Article] A Survey of Urban Agriculture Organizations and Businesses in the US and Canada: Preliminary Results

  This report summarizes the results of an online survey, conducted during February and March 2013, of 251 groups involved with urban agriculture (UA) projects in approximately 84 cities in the US and Canada. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Survey of Urban Agriculture Organizations and Businesses in the US and Canada: Preliminary Results Author: McClintock, Nathan, Simpson, Mike Year: 2014 This report summarizes the results of an online survey, conducted during February and March 2013, of 251 groups involved with urban agriculture (UA) projects in approximately 84 cities in the US and Canada. This is only a preliminary report. As such, we present descriptive statistics rather than a interpretive analysis of the survey responses. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that these results are not necessarily representative of all urban agriculture businesses and organizations across North America. Nevertheless, these results point to certain trends and patterns that offer rich opportunities for further inquiry. Our preliminary results reveal that the UA landscape is highly diverse. From beekeeping on balconies to vegetable production on multi-acre farms, UA incorporates a broad range of practices on a diversity of types of urban spaces across North America. Survey results also reveal the wide diversity of groups practicing UA, from businesses to non-profits to public institutions to informal collectives. These groups vary in size; some are entirely focused on UA work, while for others, UA is a secondary activity. We highlight some of the differences in how these groups practice UA, and how these practices vary between cities. Groups face many similar challenges in terms of funding, labor, and access to space, but certain barriers and needs are greater in some cities than in others. Funding for UA projects – if there is any at all – can come from many different sources and, in some cases, the source of funding impacts the type of UA practiced. Finally, the motivations of groups practicing UA are diverse. While groups frame their engagement in UA a variety of ways, however, interest in community building, education, food quality, and sustainability drives most UA practice among our respondents. Title: A Survey of Urban Agriculture Organizations and Businesses in the US and Canada: Preliminary Results Author: McClintock, Nathan, Simpson, Mike Year: 2014 This report summarizes the results of an online survey, conducted during February and March 2013, of 251 groups involved with urban agriculture (UA) projects in approximately 84 cities in the US and Canada. This is only a preliminary report. As such, we present descriptive statistics rather than a interpretive analysis of the survey responses. Furthermore, it is important to recognize that these results are not necessarily representative of all urban agriculture businesses and organizations across North America. Nevertheless, these results point to certain trends and patterns that offer rich opportunities for further inquiry. Our preliminary results reveal that the UA landscape is highly diverse. From beekeeping on balconies to vegetable production on multi-acre farms, UA incorporates a broad range of practices on a diversity of types of urban spaces across North America. Survey results also reveal the wide diversity of groups practicing UA, from businesses to non-profits to public institutions to informal collectives. These groups vary in size; some are entirely focused on UA work, while for others, UA is a secondary activity. We highlight some of the differences in how these groups practice UA, and how these practices vary between cities. Groups face many similar challenges in terms of funding, labor, and access to space, but certain barriers and needs are greater in some cities than in others. Funding for UA projects – if there is any at all – can come from many different sources and, in some cases, the source of funding impacts the type of UA practiced. Finally, the motivations of groups practicing UA are diverse. While groups frame their engagement in UA a variety of ways, however, interest in community building, education, food quality, and sustainability drives most UA practice among our respondents. Close

• 91. [Article] Documenting the Impact of Measure 37: Selected Case Studies

  Oregon has long been known for progressive planning policies and visionary government. The passage of Senate Bill 100 in 1973 ushered in Oregon’s modern era of land use planning and reflected a commitment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documenting the Impact of Measure 37: Selected Case Studies Author: Martin, Sheila A., Shriver, Katie Year: 2006 Oregon has long been known for progressive planning policies and visionary government. The passage of Senate Bill 100 in 1973 ushered in Oregon’s modern era of land use planning and reflected a commitment by Oregonians to the protection of farm land and other natural resources while planning for substantial urban growth. Many other states have envied Oregon’s framework as they struggle with the pressures of urban sprawl. While other states were quickly converting farmland to residential uses, Oregon converted just over one percent of its farmland to other uses between 1982 and 1997. On November 2, voters in Oregon chose to approve Measure 37 by a fairly wide margin. Although the message implied by that vote is widely debated, one thing is clear: Measure 37 has disabled the tools used over the past four decades to prevent sprawl and preserve agricultural and forest land in Oregon. We suspect that, based on experience in Florida with a similar measure, Measure 37 will also have a chilling effect on innovation in land use planning within local government. Although the legal status of the Measure is currently unclear (see below), we expect opponents of the land use system to continue to press for weakening these tools in Oregon. Efforts are underway to pass similar measures in other states. For example, property rights advocates are working in the state of Washington to make another attempt similar to failed Referendum 48, which was rejected by Washington voters in 1995. Before such an initiative is approved by voters, it is important that they understand how Measure 37 will affect land use planning in Oregon. However, the full impact of Measure 37 will be slow to unfold, as the courts make decisions about issues such as the transferability of waivers, the applicability of exceptions, and the rights of local governments to create a cause of action for neighbors affected by Measure 37 waivers. Title: Documenting the Impact of Measure 37: Selected Case Studies Author: Martin, Sheila A., Shriver, Katie Year: 2006 Oregon has long been known for progressive planning policies and visionary government. The passage of Senate Bill 100 in 1973 ushered in Oregon’s modern era of land use planning and reflected a commitment by Oregonians to the protection of farm land and other natural resources while planning for substantial urban growth. Many other states have envied Oregon’s framework as they struggle with the pressures of urban sprawl. While other states were quickly converting farmland to residential uses, Oregon converted just over one percent of its farmland to other uses between 1982 and 1997. On November 2, voters in Oregon chose to approve Measure 37 by a fairly wide margin. Although the message implied by that vote is widely debated, one thing is clear: Measure 37 has disabled the tools used over the past four decades to prevent sprawl and preserve agricultural and forest land in Oregon. We suspect that, based on experience in Florida with a similar measure, Measure 37 will also have a chilling effect on innovation in land use planning within local government. Although the legal status of the Measure is currently unclear (see below), we expect opponents of the land use system to continue to press for weakening these tools in Oregon. Efforts are underway to pass similar measures in other states. For example, property rights advocates are working in the state of Washington to make another attempt similar to failed Referendum 48, which was rejected by Washington voters in 1995. Before such an initiative is approved by voters, it is important that they understand how Measure 37 will affect land use planning in Oregon. However, the full impact of Measure 37 will be slow to unfold, as the courts make decisions about issues such as the transferability of waivers, the applicability of exceptions, and the rights of local governments to create a cause of action for neighbors affected by Measure 37 waivers. Close

• 92. [Article] Measuring Dynamic Patterns in the Structure of Substate Economies

  The objective of this study was to explore a new method of analyzing the performance of substate economies. A major limitation of conventional analyses of economic diversity and growth is the reliance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring Dynamic Patterns in the Structure of Substate Economies Author: McHugh, Richard, Cooper, Ronald, Martin, Sheila A., Otto, Daniel, Johnson, Stanley R. Year: 1990 The objective of this study was to explore a new method of analyzing the performance of substate economies. A major limitation of conventional analyses of economic diversity and growth is the reliance on static measures of economic structure. Such measures do not capture the patterns of growth dynamics or structural change the region may be experiencing. This paper discusses a new measure of dynamic economic diversity and explores its relationship to economic performance. The measure is a statistical index that reflects the degree to which employment in a county's industries move together over time. The more the industries' employment levels move together, the higher the value of the index. A high index indicates a high degree of regional economic integration. The analysis was applied to county-level data from three states: Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The findings: • Metro areas showed the highest values of the dynamic coherence index, and farm counties had the lowest values. Nonfarm/nor~etro counties were in the middle range. • High-coherence counties tend to have higher levels of per capita income. • Dynamic coherence appears to be positively related to the rate of economic growth as measured by employment growth rates. These findings may indicate that conventional static measures do not capture the economic linkages between industry sectors that make them move together. The positive correlations between the index of dynamic coherence and both income and employment growth may be reflecting the importance of interindustry linkages to the growth process. Title: Measuring Dynamic Patterns in the Structure of Substate Economies Author: McHugh, Richard, Cooper, Ronald, Martin, Sheila A., Otto, Daniel, Johnson, Stanley R. Year: 1990 The objective of this study was to explore a new method of analyzing the performance of substate economies. A major limitation of conventional analyses of economic diversity and growth is the reliance on static measures of economic structure. Such measures do not capture the patterns of growth dynamics or structural change the region may be experiencing. This paper discusses a new measure of dynamic economic diversity and explores its relationship to economic performance. The measure is a statistical index that reflects the degree to which employment in a county's industries move together over time. The more the industries' employment levels move together, the higher the value of the index. A high index indicates a high degree of regional economic integration. The analysis was applied to county-level data from three states: Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The findings: • Metro areas showed the highest values of the dynamic coherence index, and farm counties had the lowest values. Nonfarm/nor~etro counties were in the middle range. • High-coherence counties tend to have higher levels of per capita income. • Dynamic coherence appears to be positively related to the rate of economic growth as measured by employment growth rates. These findings may indicate that conventional static measures do not capture the economic linkages between industry sectors that make them move together. The positive correlations between the index of dynamic coherence and both income and employment growth may be reflecting the importance of interindustry linkages to the growth process. Close

• 93. [Article] Floodplains: Balancing Nature and Human Needs

  For countless years, the interaction between climatic conditions and water flow has forged the rolling hills and rivers in the metroscape. The floods that forced a deluge of water down the Columbia River ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Floodplains: Balancing Nature and Human Needs Author: Shandas, Vivek, Merrick, Meg Year: 2008 For countless years, the interaction between climatic conditions and water flow has forged the rolling hills and rivers in the metroscape. The floods that forced a deluge of water down the Columbia River between 13 and 17 thousand years ago established the fertile and absorptive landscape of the Willamette Valley. The lush vegetation controlled the regional climate and stabilized the soils, while the thirsty wetlands reduced flood potential, provided habitat, and purified the water. Over geological time, these natural processes have created ideal conditions for humans. The Pacific Northwest was home to some of the most densely populated communities of Native Americans, due partly to mild climate, plentiful water, and abundant sources of food and shelter. In the 19th century, Anglo settlers flooded the region for the same amenities, which continues to create ideal conditions for all that the region is known for today, including hiking, kayaking, and sailing - not to mention the provision of climate, topography, and fertile soils for growing some of the world?s best wines! Land surveys from the 1860s suggest that the current form of the metroscape started to take shape at the end of the 19th century. The conifers, alders, and maples that covered the region were slowly removed to make way for new urban settlements, and wetlands were drained to create farms and agricultural areas. In this atlas, we journey 140 years into the past to examine how and where the metroscape has changed. Our aim is to illustrate historic flooding of the region, and ponder what changes might mean to its future. Title: Floodplains: Balancing Nature and Human Needs Author: Shandas, Vivek, Merrick, Meg Year: 2008 For countless years, the interaction between climatic conditions and water flow has forged the rolling hills and rivers in the metroscape. The floods that forced a deluge of water down the Columbia River between 13 and 17 thousand years ago established the fertile and absorptive landscape of the Willamette Valley. The lush vegetation controlled the regional climate and stabilized the soils, while the thirsty wetlands reduced flood potential, provided habitat, and purified the water. Over geological time, these natural processes have created ideal conditions for humans. The Pacific Northwest was home to some of the most densely populated communities of Native Americans, due partly to mild climate, plentiful water, and abundant sources of food and shelter. In the 19th century, Anglo settlers flooded the region for the same amenities, which continues to create ideal conditions for all that the region is known for today, including hiking, kayaking, and sailing - not to mention the provision of climate, topography, and fertile soils for growing some of the world?s best wines! Land surveys from the 1860s suggest that the current form of the metroscape started to take shape at the end of the 19th century. The conifers, alders, and maples that covered the region were slowly removed to make way for new urban settlements, and wetlands were drained to create farms and agricultural areas. In this atlas, we journey 140 years into the past to examine how and where the metroscape has changed. Our aim is to illustrate historic flooding of the region, and ponder what changes might mean to its future. Close

• 94. [Article] Streamwise Evolution of Statistical Events in a Model Wind-Turbine Array

  Hot-wire anemometry data, obtained from a wind-tunnel experiment containing a 3×3 3 × 3 model wind-turbine array, are used to conditionally average the Reynolds stresses. Nine profiles at the centreline ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Streamwise Evolution of Statistical Events in a Model Wind-Turbine Array Author: Viestenz, Kyle, Cal, Raul Bayoán Year: 2016 Hot-wire anemometry data, obtained from a wind-tunnel experiment containing a 3×3 3 × 3 model wind-turbine array, are used to conditionally average the Reynolds stresses. Nine profiles at the centreline behind the array are analyzed to characterize the turbulent velocity statistics of the wake flow. Quadrant analysis yields statistical events occurring in the wake of the wind farm where quadrants 2 and 4 produce ejections and sweeps, respectively. The scaled difference between these two events is expressed via the ΔR0 Δ R 0 parameter and is based on the ΔS0 Δ S 0 quantity as introduced by M. R. Raupach (J Fluid Mech 108:363–382, 1981). ΔR0 Δ R 0 attains a maximum value at hub height and changes sign near the top of the rotor. The ratio of quadrant events of upward momentum flux to those of the downward flux, known as the exuberance, is examined and reveals the effect of root vortices persisting to eight rotor diameters downstream. These events are then associated with the triple correlation term present in the turbulent kinetic energy equation of the fluctuations where it is found that ejections play the dual role of entraining mean kinetic energy while convecting turbulent kinetic energy out of the turbine canopy. The development of these various quantities possesses significance in closure models, and is assessed in light of wake remediation, energy transport and power fluctuations, where it is found that the maximum fluctuation is about 30% 30 % of the mean power produced. Title: Streamwise Evolution of Statistical Events in a Model Wind-Turbine Array Author: Viestenz, Kyle, Cal, Raul Bayoán Year: 2016 Hot-wire anemometry data, obtained from a wind-tunnel experiment containing a 3×3 3 × 3 model wind-turbine array, are used to conditionally average the Reynolds stresses. Nine profiles at the centreline behind the array are analyzed to characterize the turbulent velocity statistics of the wake flow. Quadrant analysis yields statistical events occurring in the wake of the wind farm where quadrants 2 and 4 produce ejections and sweeps, respectively. The scaled difference between these two events is expressed via the ΔR0 Δ R 0 parameter and is based on the ΔS0 Δ S 0 quantity as introduced by M. R. Raupach (J Fluid Mech 108:363–382, 1981). ΔR0 Δ R 0 attains a maximum value at hub height and changes sign near the top of the rotor. The ratio of quadrant events of upward momentum flux to those of the downward flux, known as the exuberance, is examined and reveals the effect of root vortices persisting to eight rotor diameters downstream. These events are then associated with the triple correlation term present in the turbulent kinetic energy equation of the fluctuations where it is found that ejections play the dual role of entraining mean kinetic energy while convecting turbulent kinetic energy out of the turbine canopy. The development of these various quantities possesses significance in closure models, and is assessed in light of wake remediation, energy transport and power fluctuations, where it is found that the maximum fluctuation is about 30% 30 % of the mean power produced. Close

• 95. [Article] Big Data & Big Money: The Integration of IoT’s into The National Football League

  Many corporations are leveraging connected devices and the associated data as a competitive advantage in product/service differentiation. The success of products, supply chains, and entire companies could ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Big Data & Big Money: The Integration of IoT’s into The National Football League Author: Almuzel, Mustafa, Fritz, Jesse, Sikapizye, Mitch, Saadatmand, Mohammadsaleh Year: 2017 Many corporations are leveraging connected devices and the associated data as a competitive advantage in product/service differentiation. The success of products, supply chains, and entire companies could very well depend on their effective integration into the connected world. Industries ranging from farming to energy distribution are using connected grids to maintain highly effective operating costs. Big data companies use consumer trends to evaluate specific markets and demands within. Even residential appliances, lighting, and heating systems are becoming controlled with cell phones and tablets. The concept that everything has capability and should be connected to the Internet through wi-fi and shared data on cloud based servers is commonly referred to as the Internet of Things, or IoT’s. The IoT’s infiltration into most every single aspect of modern civilization is developing at an incredible pace. The National Football League (NFL) is part of a major professional sporting industry with a variety of opportunities to connect and deliver data products with smart devices through the IoT’s. In addition to apparel trends, the players themselves could ultimately become the total consumer product through wearables delivering real time biometrics and performance data. Smart uniforms can indicate if players health becomes jeopardized during critical play or after high energy impacts. Connected fields and game pieces can eliminate the need for subjective replays and reviews. Stadiums one day may very well become highly effective scaled data centers and server hubs. All this integrated data will be delivered and consumed through fantasy style gaming and virtual/augmented reality point of view displays. Title: Big Data & Big Money: The Integration of IoT’s into The National Football League Author: Almuzel, Mustafa, Fritz, Jesse, Sikapizye, Mitch, Saadatmand, Mohammadsaleh Year: 2017 Many corporations are leveraging connected devices and the associated data as a competitive advantage in product/service differentiation. The success of products, supply chains, and entire companies could very well depend on their effective integration into the connected world. Industries ranging from farming to energy distribution are using connected grids to maintain highly effective operating costs. Big data companies use consumer trends to evaluate specific markets and demands within. Even residential appliances, lighting, and heating systems are becoming controlled with cell phones and tablets. The concept that everything has capability and should be connected to the Internet through wi-fi and shared data on cloud based servers is commonly referred to as the Internet of Things, or IoT’s. The IoT’s infiltration into most every single aspect of modern civilization is developing at an incredible pace. The National Football League (NFL) is part of a major professional sporting industry with a variety of opportunities to connect and deliver data products with smart devices through the IoT’s. In addition to apparel trends, the players themselves could ultimately become the total consumer product through wearables delivering real time biometrics and performance data. Smart uniforms can indicate if players health becomes jeopardized during critical play or after high energy impacts. Connected fields and game pieces can eliminate the need for subjective replays and reviews. Stadiums one day may very well become highly effective scaled data centers and server hubs. All this integrated data will be delivered and consumed through fantasy style gaming and virtual/augmented reality point of view displays. Close

• 96. [Article] Carlton, OR: Economic and Demographic Profile

  The Carlton Post Office was founded in 1874 along the railroad stretching from Portland to the unincorporated settlement known as St. Joe’s. According to local lore, a Mr. Wilson Carl traveled to the big ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Carlton, OR: Economic and Demographic Profile Author: Portland State University. Northwest Economic Research Center Year: 2017 The Carlton Post Office was founded in 1874 along the railroad stretching from Portland to the unincorporated settlement known as St. Joe’s. According to local lore, a Mr. Wilson Carl traveled to the big city to ask for an intermediate stop in what became known as Carl’s town, and later Carlton. Located in the heart of Yamhill County, Carlton enjoys a lively tourism industry for a town of its size, buoyed up by the proliferation of farms and wineries that the mild climate invites. Carlton is a small town, with a population of just over two thousand. It had a median age slightly below that for Yamhill County and the state of Oregon in 2010, due to relative abundance in the youth cohorts, but a larger share of working-age population than that observed in comparable small towns in Oregon. The local economy is dominated by the wine industry, but a sizeable percent of the population in Yamhill County is employed in the Education and Health Services sector, as well. Carlton has an above-average net migration rate, compared to both Yamhill County and the state. This report will use data from a variety of state and federal sources to describe the economic and demographic attributes of the town, provide forecasts from a number of sources for several economic and demographic factors, and outline factors to track going forwards. While small towns can be difficult to analyze due to a paucity of local-level data, information on Yamhill County at large provides considerable insight. Additionally, this report will discuss recommendations for future implementations of the Carlton Satisfaction Survey, in order to provide the City with trackable indicators going forwards. Title: Carlton, OR: Economic and Demographic Profile Author: Portland State University. Northwest Economic Research Center Year: 2017 The Carlton Post Office was founded in 1874 along the railroad stretching from Portland to the unincorporated settlement known as St. Joe’s. According to local lore, a Mr. Wilson Carl traveled to the big city to ask for an intermediate stop in what became known as Carl’s town, and later Carlton. Located in the heart of Yamhill County, Carlton enjoys a lively tourism industry for a town of its size, buoyed up by the proliferation of farms and wineries that the mild climate invites. Carlton is a small town, with a population of just over two thousand. It had a median age slightly below that for Yamhill County and the state of Oregon in 2010, due to relative abundance in the youth cohorts, but a larger share of working-age population than that observed in comparable small towns in Oregon. The local economy is dominated by the wine industry, but a sizeable percent of the population in Yamhill County is employed in the Education and Health Services sector, as well. Carlton has an above-average net migration rate, compared to both Yamhill County and the state. This report will use data from a variety of state and federal sources to describe the economic and demographic attributes of the town, provide forecasts from a number of sources for several economic and demographic factors, and outline factors to track going forwards. While small towns can be difficult to analyze due to a paucity of local-level data, information on Yamhill County at large provides considerable insight. Additionally, this report will discuss recommendations for future implementations of the Carlton Satisfaction Survey, in order to provide the City with trackable indicators going forwards. Close

• 97. [Article] Faces of a Growing Community: A Profile of the Hispanic Population of Hillsboro, Oregon

  Shortly after World War II, Mexican immigrants began moving to the Hillsboro area to take jobs as farm workers. Since 1980, the Hispanic population ofHillsboro has quintupled, and now exceeds 10% ofthe ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Faces of a Growing Community: A Profile of the Hispanic Population of Hillsboro, Oregon Author: Bannon, Sean, Boroski, John, Carter, Thomas E., Jimenez-Roig, Cristina, Seltzer, Dan Year: 1997 Shortly after World War II, Mexican immigrants began moving to the Hillsboro area to take jobs as farm workers. Since 1980, the Hispanic population ofHillsboro has quintupled, and now exceeds 10% ofthe total. Historically, though, Hillsboro's Hispanic residents have had little involvement in planning or other government issues. In keeping with Statewide Planning Goal One (citizen participation), the Hillsboro city government is seeking to incorporate the values and attitudes ofits Hispanic residents in the city's vision for the future. Discovering the characteristics, needs, and aspirations ofthe Hispanic community is a first step in involving Hispanic people in planning and in government generally. With this discovery as the goal, students from the Master of Urban and Regional Planning program at Portland State University have studied Hillsboro's Hispanic community for the Hillsboro Planning Department. This study contacted over 50 Hispanic community members, as well as many people who work with Hispanics in or near Hillsboro. Not all contacts live in Hillsboro, but the study found that the Hillsboro's Hispanic community extends beyond city boundaries. Information about the community comes from literature about Hispanic culture and Hispanic-Americans, census and other secondary data, four student-led group discussions, a community meeting at Centro Cultural in Cornelius, numerous individual interviews, a questionnaire survey, and even a call-in Spanish-language radio show. The study revealed a close-knit, family-oriented community growing in Hillsboro. It possesses unique characteristics as well as characteristics shared with other recently-immigrated groups. Some ofthese characteristics lend strength and vitality to the Hispanic community, while others pose challenges to the community's development. Title: Faces of a Growing Community: A Profile of the Hispanic Population of Hillsboro, Oregon Author: Bannon, Sean, Boroski, John, Carter, Thomas E., Jimenez-Roig, Cristina, Seltzer, Dan Year: 1997 Shortly after World War II, Mexican immigrants began moving to the Hillsboro area to take jobs as farm workers. Since 1980, the Hispanic population ofHillsboro has quintupled, and now exceeds 10% ofthe total. Historically, though, Hillsboro's Hispanic residents have had little involvement in planning or other government issues. In keeping with Statewide Planning Goal One (citizen participation), the Hillsboro city government is seeking to incorporate the values and attitudes ofits Hispanic residents in the city's vision for the future. Discovering the characteristics, needs, and aspirations ofthe Hispanic community is a first step in involving Hispanic people in planning and in government generally. With this discovery as the goal, students from the Master of Urban and Regional Planning program at Portland State University have studied Hillsboro's Hispanic community for the Hillsboro Planning Department. This study contacted over 50 Hispanic community members, as well as many people who work with Hispanics in or near Hillsboro. Not all contacts live in Hillsboro, but the study found that the Hillsboro's Hispanic community extends beyond city boundaries. Information about the community comes from literature about Hispanic culture and Hispanic-Americans, census and other secondary data, four student-led group discussions, a community meeting at Centro Cultural in Cornelius, numerous individual interviews, a questionnaire survey, and even a call-in Spanish-language radio show. The study revealed a close-knit, family-oriented community growing in Hillsboro. It possesses unique characteristics as well as characteristics shared with other recently-immigrated groups. Some ofthese characteristics lend strength and vitality to the Hispanic community, while others pose challenges to the community's development. Close

• 98. [Article] About a Girl

  About a Girl is a coming-of-age memoir set in Montana, a place that I yearned to belong to, but was also desperate to flee. My girlhood was in some ways idyllic--I was a bright child, the oldest of six, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: About a Girl Author: Graff, Haili Jones Year: 2010 About a Girl is a coming-of-age memoir set in Montana, a place that I yearned to belong to, but was also desperate to flee. My girlhood was in some ways idyllic--I was a bright child, the oldest of six, and the bulk of my early education took place in rural one-room schools. When school was out, I ran free and wild in the relative safety of several ranches and farms that my stepdad worked on over the years. But as I entered adolescence, I began experimenting with drugs, alcohol, promiscuity, and other high-risk behaviors. This memoir explores themes of family, identity, isolation, and longing for transformation. My shifting relation to self is mirrored in my shifting relation to place, as my family moves to increasingly isolated locales during my girlhood; as I bounce between my mom's and dad's homes during a turbulent adolescence; and as I seek to establish independence by moving to Denver as soon as I graduate high school. Like many rural kids, I was ill prepared for the urban existence I'd idealized, and once I was on my own, I quickly progressed from being evicted from my first apartment to living on the streets. By using techniques such as dialogue, characterization, and scene building to give my memories narrative form, I seek to reconcile the girl I was with the woman I have become. In exploring the distance between these two selves, I also attempt to make peace with the stories I tell about who I am and how I came to be. For some of us, it is only by nearly destroying ourselves that we are able to find out who we are, and only by leaving home that we are able to make our way back. Title: About a Girl Author: Graff, Haili Jones Year: 2010 About a Girl is a coming-of-age memoir set in Montana, a place that I yearned to belong to, but was also desperate to flee. My girlhood was in some ways idyllic--I was a bright child, the oldest of six, and the bulk of my early education took place in rural one-room schools. When school was out, I ran free and wild in the relative safety of several ranches and farms that my stepdad worked on over the years. But as I entered adolescence, I began experimenting with drugs, alcohol, promiscuity, and other high-risk behaviors. This memoir explores themes of family, identity, isolation, and longing for transformation. My shifting relation to self is mirrored in my shifting relation to place, as my family moves to increasingly isolated locales during my girlhood; as I bounce between my mom's and dad's homes during a turbulent adolescence; and as I seek to establish independence by moving to Denver as soon as I graduate high school. Like many rural kids, I was ill prepared for the urban existence I'd idealized, and once I was on my own, I quickly progressed from being evicted from my first apartment to living on the streets. By using techniques such as dialogue, characterization, and scene building to give my memories narrative form, I seek to reconcile the girl I was with the woman I have become. In exploring the distance between these two selves, I also attempt to make peace with the stories I tell about who I am and how I came to be. For some of us, it is only by nearly destroying ourselves that we are able to find out who we are, and only by leaving home that we are able to make our way back. Close

• 99. [Article] Conditional Averaging and Classification in the Near Wake of a Wind Turbine Array Boundary Layer

  Flow perturbation induced by interaction with a turbine rotor produces considerable turbulence which can alter the productivity of subsequent units within a wind farm. Previous methods have characterized ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conditional Averaging and Classification in the Near Wake of a Wind Turbine Array Boundary Layer Author: Smith, Sarah E. Year: 2017 Flow perturbation induced by interaction with a turbine rotor produces considerable turbulence which can alter the productivity of subsequent units within a wind farm. Previous methods have characterized near wake vorticity of a single turbine as well as recovery distance for various turbine array configurations. This study aims to build from previous methods of analysis from the perspective of the rotor well within a turbine array and develop a model to examine points of significant imposition in relation to rotational effects. Hot wire anemometry was employed downstream of a turbine located in the middle of the third row in a 3x3 array with data points selected in a plane parallel to the turbine rotor. Data was collected in two separate periods capturing simultaneous streamwise and wall normal velocity components and simultaneous streamwise and transverse velocity components. Contour plots of the data were constructed and analyzed in relation to rotor position. The proposed modeling method was successful in that Reynolds stresses induced by the rotor in the near wake region aligned with rotor position were visible and well-defined in expected locations. Furthermore, examination of stresses in terms of streamwise and transverse velocity components clearly depicted rotational effects induced by the rotor. Title: Conditional Averaging and Classification in the Near Wake of a Wind Turbine Array Boundary Layer Author: Smith, Sarah E. Year: 2017 Flow perturbation induced by interaction with a turbine rotor produces considerable turbulence which can alter the productivity of subsequent units within a wind farm. Previous methods have characterized near wake vorticity of a single turbine as well as recovery distance for various turbine array configurations. This study aims to build from previous methods of analysis from the perspective of the rotor well within a turbine array and develop a model to examine points of significant imposition in relation to rotational effects. Hot wire anemometry was employed downstream of a turbine located in the middle of the third row in a 3x3 array with data points selected in a plane parallel to the turbine rotor. Data was collected in two separate periods capturing simultaneous streamwise and wall normal velocity components and simultaneous streamwise and transverse velocity components. Contour plots of the data were constructed and analyzed in relation to rotor position. The proposed modeling method was successful in that Reynolds stresses induced by the rotor in the near wake region aligned with rotor position were visible and well-defined in expected locations. Furthermore, examination of stresses in terms of streamwise and transverse velocity components clearly depicted rotational effects induced by the rotor. Close

• 100. [Article] Continuity vs. Discontinuity: The Issue of Race and Forced Labor After Emancipation in the American South

  The United States emancipation narrative endures in the popular American conscious as a watershed moment in American history that marked the end of slavery and the beginning of freedom for African Americans. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Continuity vs. Discontinuity: The Issue of Race and Forced Labor After Emancipation in the American South Author: Clarke-Ritter, Alexander Elliott Year: 2015 The United States emancipation narrative endures in the popular American conscious as a watershed moment in American history that marked the end of slavery and the beginning of freedom for African Americans. Freedom is also commonly thought of as something that was bestowed upon African Americans by the benevolent Northern government and the efforts of Union forces. The popular American conscious has been hard-pressed to question this romanticized narrative in American history. It is thus the goal of this analysis to challenge these commonly held, popular beliefs. This study argues that emancipation in many ways did not truly mark the end of slavery in the South, and that while the old institution of chattel slavery may have dissolved with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, new forms of forced labor took its place. From the contracted labor of sharecropping and tenant farming, to the brutal systems of debt peonage and convict leasing, African Americans throughout all parts of the South continued to toil in conditions akin to slavery during the decades following the Civil War. Still wedded and wholly reliant on forced labor, southern governments and the white planter class elite did everything in their power to maintain control of the lives and labor of newly freedpeople, while newly freedpeople did everything in their power to claim their rights to freedom. Title: Continuity vs. Discontinuity: The Issue of Race and Forced Labor After Emancipation in the American South Author: Clarke-Ritter, Alexander Elliott Year: 2015 The United States emancipation narrative endures in the popular American conscious as a watershed moment in American history that marked the end of slavery and the beginning of freedom for African Americans. Freedom is also commonly thought of as something that was bestowed upon African Americans by the benevolent Northern government and the efforts of Union forces. The popular American conscious has been hard-pressed to question this romanticized narrative in American history. It is thus the goal of this analysis to challenge these commonly held, popular beliefs. This study argues that emancipation in many ways did not truly mark the end of slavery in the South, and that while the old institution of chattel slavery may have dissolved with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, new forms of forced labor took its place. From the contracted labor of sharecropping and tenant farming, to the brutal systems of debt peonage and convict leasing, African Americans throughout all parts of the South continued to toil in conditions akin to slavery during the decades following the Civil War. Still wedded and wholly reliant on forced labor, southern governments and the white planter class elite did everything in their power to maintain control of the lives and labor of newly freedpeople, while newly freedpeople did everything in their power to claim their rights to freedom. Close