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• 1. [Article] An Examination of the Relationship Between Professional Development Providers' Epistemological and Nature of Science Beliefs and their Professional Development Programs

  In the last twenty years in US science education, professional development has emphasized the need to change science instruction from a direct instruction model to a more participatory and constructivist ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Examination of the Relationship Between Professional Development Providers' Epistemological and Nature of Science Beliefs and their Professional Development Programs Author: Garcia Arriola, Alfonso Year: 2017 In the last twenty years in US science education, professional development has emphasized the need to change science instruction from a direct instruction model to a more participatory and constructivist learning model. The result of these reform efforts has seen an increase in science education professional development that is focused on providing teaching strategies that promote inquiry learning to learn science content. Given these reform efforts and teacher responses to professional development, research seems to indicate that whether teachers actually change their practice may depend on the teachers' basic epistemological beliefs about the nature of science. The person who builds the bridge between teacher beliefs and teacher practice is the designer and facilitator of science teacher professional development. Even though these designers and facilitators of professional development are critical to science teacher change, few have studied how these professionals approach their work and what influence their beliefs have on their professional development activities. Eight developers and designers of science education professional development participated in this study through interviews and the completion of an online questionnaire. To examine the relationship between professional development providers' science beliefs and their design, development, and implementation of professional development experiences for science teachers, this study used the Views on Science Education Questionnaire (VOSE), and interview transcripts as well as analysis of the documents from teacher professional development experiences. Through a basic interpretive qualitative analysis, the predominant themes that emerged from this study suggest that the nature of science is often equated with the practice of science, personal beliefs about the nature of science have a minimal impact on the design of professional development experiences, current reform efforts in science education have a strong influence on the design of professional development, and those providing science education professional development have diverse views about epistemology and the nature of science. The results and conclusions from this study lead to a discussion of implications and recommendations for the planning and design of professional development for science teachers, including the need to making equity and social justice issues an integral part of inquiry and scientific practice. Title: An Examination of the Relationship Between Professional Development Providers' Epistemological and Nature of Science Beliefs and their Professional Development Programs Author: Garcia Arriola, Alfonso Year: 2017 In the last twenty years in US science education, professional development has emphasized the need to change science instruction from a direct instruction model to a more participatory and constructivist learning model. The result of these reform efforts has seen an increase in science education professional development that is focused on providing teaching strategies that promote inquiry learning to learn science content. Given these reform efforts and teacher responses to professional development, research seems to indicate that whether teachers actually change their practice may depend on the teachers' basic epistemological beliefs about the nature of science. The person who builds the bridge between teacher beliefs and teacher practice is the designer and facilitator of science teacher professional development. Even though these designers and facilitators of professional development are critical to science teacher change, few have studied how these professionals approach their work and what influence their beliefs have on their professional development activities. Eight developers and designers of science education professional development participated in this study through interviews and the completion of an online questionnaire. To examine the relationship between professional development providers' science beliefs and their design, development, and implementation of professional development experiences for science teachers, this study used the Views on Science Education Questionnaire (VOSE), and interview transcripts as well as analysis of the documents from teacher professional development experiences. Through a basic interpretive qualitative analysis, the predominant themes that emerged from this study suggest that the nature of science is often equated with the practice of science, personal beliefs about the nature of science have a minimal impact on the design of professional development experiences, current reform efforts in science education have a strong influence on the design of professional development, and those providing science education professional development have diverse views about epistemology and the nature of science. The results and conclusions from this study lead to a discussion of implications and recommendations for the planning and design of professional development for science teachers, including the need to making equity and social justice issues an integral part of inquiry and scientific practice. Close

• 2. [Article] Economic Development and Gender Equality: Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve?

  This research note examines the relationship between economic development and gender equality. Drawing on the concept of the Kuznets curve, the authors hypothesize that the relationship between economic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Economic Development and Gender Equality: Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve? Author: Eastin, Joshua, Prakash, Aseem Year: 2013 This research note examines the relationship between economic development and gender equality. Drawing on the concept of the Kuznets curve, the authors hypothesize that the relationship between economic development and gender inequality is curvilinear (S shaped), with three distinct stages. In the first stage, economic development improves gender equality because it enables greater female labor-force participation. An independent income stream increases women's intrahousehold bargaining power. The opportunity to develop human capital confers greater political and social recognition. In the second stage, labor-force stratification and gender discrimination encourage divergent male/female income trajectories, which decrease the opportunity costs of female labor-force withdrawal and lend traction to social resistance against burgeoning gender norms. Consequently, there is a deceleration in initial equality gains. In the final stage, gender equality again improves, as greater educational participation and technological advancement provide new employment opportunities for women, increase the opportunity costs of staying home, and encourage the evolution of new social institutions and norms that overcome prior discriminatory practices. The authors find support for this argument in statistical tests of the relationship between economic development and gender equality on a panel of 146 developing countries for the period 1980–2005. They employ four indicators that reflect distinct dimensions of women's political, social, and economic status. They find economic development positively influences gender equality when per capita incomes are below $8,000–$10,000. These equality gains level off or decline slightly in the second stage, from $8,000–10,000 to about $25,000–$30,000. Beyond this level, economic development is again associated with improvements in gender equality. The key implication is that the effect of economic development on gender equality is contingent on the level of development. Policymakers and social activists should develop policy correctives to ensure that economic development confers improvements in gender equality across phases of development. Title: Economic Development and Gender Equality: Is There a Gender Kuznets Curve? Author: Eastin, Joshua, Prakash, Aseem Year: 2013 This research note examines the relationship between economic development and gender equality. Drawing on the concept of the Kuznets curve, the authors hypothesize that the relationship between economic development and gender inequality is curvilinear (S shaped), with three distinct stages. In the first stage, economic development improves gender equality because it enables greater female labor-force participation. An independent income stream increases women's intrahousehold bargaining power. The opportunity to develop human capital confers greater political and social recognition. In the second stage, labor-force stratification and gender discrimination encourage divergent male/female income trajectories, which decrease the opportunity costs of female labor-force withdrawal and lend traction to social resistance against burgeoning gender norms. Consequently, there is a deceleration in initial equality gains. In the final stage, gender equality again improves, as greater educational participation and technological advancement provide new employment opportunities for women, increase the opportunity costs of staying home, and encourage the evolution of new social institutions and norms that overcome prior discriminatory practices. The authors find support for this argument in statistical tests of the relationship between economic development and gender equality on a panel of 146 developing countries for the period 1980–2005. They employ four indicators that reflect distinct dimensions of women's political, social, and economic status. They find economic development positively influences gender equality when per capita incomes are below $8,000–$10,000. These equality gains level off or decline slightly in the second stage, from $8,000–10,000 to about $25,000–$30,000. Beyond this level, economic development is again associated with improvements in gender equality. The key implication is that the effect of economic development on gender equality is contingent on the level of development. Policymakers and social activists should develop policy correctives to ensure that economic development confers improvements in gender equality across phases of development. Close

• 3. [Article] Smart Wallet New Product Development Log

  The “Smart Wallet” (Dolor Peram) is a wallet that can easily fits within an individual’s daily activities. This paper details the new product development process that the team followed for developing this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Smart Wallet New Product Development Log Author: Boss, Viktoria, Kessler, Lukas, Kongsansatean, Paweena, McGraw, Sean, Nour, Alaa Year: 2014 The “Smart Wallet” (Dolor Peram) is a wallet that can easily fits within an individual’s daily activities. This paper details the new product development process that the team followed for developing this product including product planning and concept development, followed by the design phase, product development economics, and lessons learned. The team will follow the development process used in Product Design and Development book by Ulrich. Title: Smart Wallet New Product Development Log Author: Boss, Viktoria, Kessler, Lukas, Kongsansatean, Paweena, McGraw, Sean, Nour, Alaa Year: 2014 The “Smart Wallet” (Dolor Peram) is a wallet that can easily fits within an individual’s daily activities. This paper details the new product development process that the team followed for developing this product including product planning and concept development, followed by the design phase, product development economics, and lessons learned. The team will follow the development process used in Product Design and Development book by Ulrich. Close

• 4. [Article] The Kelsey: A Development Proposal, NAIOP Workshop Project

  Master in Real Estate Development Program students produce a development plan for a property site in Bellevue Washington. They form a real estate development team and produce an original development plan, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Kelsey: A Development Proposal, NAIOP Workshop Project Author: Arnold, Jennifer, Holden, Scott, Wise, Lisa, Brown, Cameron, Lawrence, Alec, Strabic, Marc, Brightman, Darrin, Joyce, Alex, Steinmetz, Kerry, Chester, Cameron, Seidman, Adam, Hubbard, Jeff Year: 2016 Master in Real Estate Development Program students produce a development plan for a property site in Bellevue Washington. They form a real estate development team and produce an original development plan, including the development concept, the market analysis, the conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. The students' plan demonstrates and applies mastery of the development concepts and tools learned through their Master of Real Estate Development (MRED) coursework. The Center greatly appreciates the support of the National Association of Industrial and Office Properties (NAIOP), the Building and Owners Management Association (BOMA), and numerous private sponsors and real estate industry mentors over the years. Title: The Kelsey: A Development Proposal, NAIOP Workshop Project Author: Arnold, Jennifer, Holden, Scott, Wise, Lisa, Brown, Cameron, Lawrence, Alec, Strabic, Marc, Brightman, Darrin, Joyce, Alex, Steinmetz, Kerry, Chester, Cameron, Seidman, Adam, Hubbard, Jeff Year: 2016 Master in Real Estate Development Program students produce a development plan for a property site in Bellevue Washington. They form a real estate development team and produce an original development plan, including the development concept, the market analysis, the conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. The students' plan demonstrates and applies mastery of the development concepts and tools learned through their Master of Real Estate Development (MRED) coursework. The Center greatly appreciates the support of the National Association of Industrial and Office Properties (NAIOP), the Building and Owners Management Association (BOMA), and numerous private sponsors and real estate industry mentors over the years. Close

• 5. [Article] Case Study: The Optimization of Information Flow & Organization in Software Development

  Trial and error are inevitable in the process of software development; the redesign is wasteful when unfocused communication occurs within the development process. To speed up this development process, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Case Study: The Optimization of Information Flow & Organization in Software Development Author: Madani, Farshad, Wang, Bing, Wang, Xiaowen, White, Corey, Wang, Liying Year: 2012 Trial and error are inevitable in the process of software development; the redesign is wasteful when unfocused communication occurs within the development process. To speed up this development process, we optimized the information flow and redesigned the development organization into chunks. First, we investigated the information flow between tasks and coupled tasks into phases utilizing the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) so that the information exchange among chunks of tasks is as few as possible. In this way, the redundant iterations of tasks are eliminated. Meanwhile, we also grouped the engineers into groups according to the tasks, in this; we eliminated wasteful communications between the groups of engineers. We depict the social network defined by the information flow within the software development sector and compared the new arrangement to the old arrangement in a visible way. This new arrangement will facilitate the communications between engineers and speed up the process of software development. Title: Case Study: The Optimization of Information Flow & Organization in Software Development Author: Madani, Farshad, Wang, Bing, Wang, Xiaowen, White, Corey, Wang, Liying Year: 2012 Trial and error are inevitable in the process of software development; the redesign is wasteful when unfocused communication occurs within the development process. To speed up this development process, we optimized the information flow and redesigned the development organization into chunks. First, we investigated the information flow between tasks and coupled tasks into phases utilizing the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) so that the information exchange among chunks of tasks is as few as possible. In this way, the redundant iterations of tasks are eliminated. Meanwhile, we also grouped the engineers into groups according to the tasks, in this; we eliminated wasteful communications between the groups of engineers. We depict the social network defined by the information flow within the software development sector and compared the new arrangement to the old arrangement in a visible way. This new arrangement will facilitate the communications between engineers and speed up the process of software development. Close

• 6. [Article] Miami Voter Dispositions toward the Development ‘Boom’ and Economic Development Policy: A Report on Focus Group Research among City of Miami Voters

  The purpose of this project is to assess City of Miami residents’ opinions about Miami’s building boom of the past few years. We were concerned with how development directly affects the lives of individuals ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Miami Voter Dispositions toward the Development ‘Boom’ and Economic Development Policy: A Report on Focus Group Research among City of Miami Voters Author: Stepick, Alex, Feldman, Marcos Year: 2007 The purpose of this project is to assess City of Miami residents’ opinions about Miami’s building boom of the past few years. We were concerned with how development directly affects the lives of individuals in Miami, especially in the areas where development is concentrated. We wanted to learn what residents view as the positive and negative impacts of development and what path they felt development should follow. Title: Miami Voter Dispositions toward the Development ‘Boom’ and Economic Development Policy: A Report on Focus Group Research among City of Miami Voters Author: Stepick, Alex, Feldman, Marcos Year: 2007 The purpose of this project is to assess City of Miami residents’ opinions about Miami’s building boom of the past few years. We were concerned with how development directly affects the lives of individuals in Miami, especially in the areas where development is concentrated. We wanted to learn what residents view as the positive and negative impacts of development and what path they felt development should follow. Close

• 7. [Article] Financial Development and Financial Liberalization in Asia: Thresholds, Institutions and the Sequence of Liberalization

  I investigate whether financial openness leads to financial development after controlling for the level of legal/institutional development, and whether trade opening is a precondition for financial opening, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Financial Development and Financial Liberalization in Asia: Thresholds, Institutions and the Sequence of Liberalization Author: Ito, Hiro Year: 2005 I investigate whether financial openness leads to financial development after controlling for the level of legal/institutional development, and whether trade opening is a precondition for financial opening, focusing on Asia. Utilizing a panel encompassing 87 less developed countries over the period 1980 to 2000, I find that a higher level of financial openness spurs equity market development only if a threshold level of legal development has been attained, a condition prevalent particularly among emerging market Asian countries. On the issue of sequencing, trade openness is found to be a prerequisite for successful inducement of financial development via capital account liberalization. Title: Financial Development and Financial Liberalization in Asia: Thresholds, Institutions and the Sequence of Liberalization Author: Ito, Hiro Year: 2005 I investigate whether financial openness leads to financial development after controlling for the level of legal/institutional development, and whether trade opening is a precondition for financial opening, focusing on Asia. Utilizing a panel encompassing 87 less developed countries over the period 1980 to 2000, I find that a higher level of financial openness spurs equity market development only if a threshold level of legal development has been attained, a condition prevalent particularly among emerging market Asian countries. On the issue of sequencing, trade openness is found to be a prerequisite for successful inducement of financial development via capital account liberalization. Close

• 8. [Article] What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions, and Interactions

  We extend our earlier work, focusing on the links between capital account liberalization, legal and institutional development, and financial development, especially that in equity markets. In a panel data ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions, and Interactions Author: Chinn, Menzie David, Ito, Hiro Year: 2005 We extend our earlier work, focusing on the links between capital account liberalization, legal and institutional development, and financial development, especially that in equity markets. In a panel data analysis encompassing 108 countries and twenty years ranging from 1980 to 2000, we explore several dimensions of the financial sector. First, we test whether financial openness can lead to equity market development when we control for the level of legal and institutional development. Then, we examine whether the opening of the goods sector is a precondition for financial opening. Finally, we investigate whether a well-developed banking sector is a precondition for financial liberalization to lead to equity market development and also whether bank and equity market development complements or substitutes. Our empirical results suggest that a higher level of financial openness contributes to the development of equity markets only if a threshold level of general legal systems and institutions is attained, which is more prevalent among emerging market countries. Among emerging market countries, a higher level of bureaucratic quality and law and order, as well as the lower levels of corruption, increases the effect of financial opening in fostering the development of equity markets. We also find that the finance-related legal/institutional variables do not enhance the effect of capital account opening as strongly as the general legal/institutional variables. In examining the issue of the sequencing, we find that the liberalization in cross-border goods transactions is found to be a precondition for capital account liberalization. Our findings also indicate that the development in the banking sector is a precondition for equity market development, and that the developments in these two types of financial markets have synergistic effects. Title: What Matters for Financial Development? Capital Controls, Institutions, and Interactions Author: Chinn, Menzie David, Ito, Hiro Year: 2005 We extend our earlier work, focusing on the links between capital account liberalization, legal and institutional development, and financial development, especially that in equity markets. In a panel data analysis encompassing 108 countries and twenty years ranging from 1980 to 2000, we explore several dimensions of the financial sector. First, we test whether financial openness can lead to equity market development when we control for the level of legal and institutional development. Then, we examine whether the opening of the goods sector is a precondition for financial opening. Finally, we investigate whether a well-developed banking sector is a precondition for financial liberalization to lead to equity market development and also whether bank and equity market development complements or substitutes. Our empirical results suggest that a higher level of financial openness contributes to the development of equity markets only if a threshold level of general legal systems and institutions is attained, which is more prevalent among emerging market countries. Among emerging market countries, a higher level of bureaucratic quality and law and order, as well as the lower levels of corruption, increases the effect of financial opening in fostering the development of equity markets. We also find that the finance-related legal/institutional variables do not enhance the effect of capital account opening as strongly as the general legal/institutional variables. In examining the issue of the sequencing, we find that the liberalization in cross-border goods transactions is found to be a precondition for capital account liberalization. Our findings also indicate that the development in the banking sector is a precondition for equity market development, and that the developments in these two types of financial markets have synergistic effects. Close

• 9. [Article] Mitigating the impacts of Measure 37 : implementing a statewide transferable development rights program in Oregon

  Nonregulatory land use planning tools can be effective for achieving statewide planning goals, but only in a regulatory context. Measure 37 makes that regulatory context problematic, with planners’ flexibility ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mitigating the impacts of Measure 37 : implementing a statewide transferable development rights program in Oregon Author: Grothaus, Mary L. Year: 2007 Nonregulatory land use planning tools can be effective for achieving statewide planning goals, but only in a regulatory context. Measure 37 makes that regulatory context problematic, with planners’ flexibility in making regulatory changes stymied. To conserve wildlife habitat after Measure 37, Oregon’s planners need to turn to these non-regulatory tools. One such tool is transferable development rights (TDRs). TDRs equitably preserve the ecosystem services of rural lands and promote efficient land use patterns. A rural property owner “transfers” her development rights to an urban developer by placing a conservation easement on her property and accepting payment from the developer, who profits from development bonuses. This payment could be declared compensation under Measure 37 and could mitigate the Measure’s potential development impacts. Title: Mitigating the impacts of Measure 37 : implementing a statewide transferable development rights program in Oregon Author: Grothaus, Mary L. Year: 2007 Nonregulatory land use planning tools can be effective for achieving statewide planning goals, but only in a regulatory context. Measure 37 makes that regulatory context problematic, with planners’ flexibility in making regulatory changes stymied. To conserve wildlife habitat after Measure 37, Oregon’s planners need to turn to these non-regulatory tools. One such tool is transferable development rights (TDRs). TDRs equitably preserve the ecosystem services of rural lands and promote efficient land use patterns. A rural property owner “transfers” her development rights to an urban developer by placing a conservation easement on her property and accepting payment from the developer, who profits from development bonuses. This payment could be declared compensation under Measure 37 and could mitigate the Measure’s potential development impacts. Close

• 10. [Article] A Study of Successful Management of New Product Development in High Tech Industry

  This report studies management of new product development. A mail survey was developed to assess current trends in the management of new product development, activities in development process, and major ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Study of Successful Management of New Product Development in High Tech Industry Author: Yuwono, Dharwin Year: 1990 This report studies management of new product development. A mail survey was developed to assess current trends in the management of new product development, activities in development process, and major factors that contribute to success in management of the process in high tech industry. The survey results are analyzed and compared to historical theoretical approaches. Suggestions and topics for future projects are presented. Title: A Study of Successful Management of New Product Development in High Tech Industry Author: Yuwono, Dharwin Year: 1990 This report studies management of new product development. A mail survey was developed to assess current trends in the management of new product development, activities in development process, and major factors that contribute to success in management of the process in high tech industry. The survey results are analyzed and compared to historical theoretical approaches. Suggestions and topics for future projects are presented. Close

• 11. [Article] The Lloyd 700 Superblock: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop

  Portland State University's Center for Real Estate Students produce a development plan for a property site in the Lloyd District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Lloyd 700 Superblock: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Portland State University Year: 2011 Portland State University's Center for Real Estate Students produce a development plan for a property site in the Lloyd District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: The Lloyd 700 Superblock: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Portland State University Year: 2011 Portland State University's Center for Real Estate Students produce a development plan for a property site in the Lloyd District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 12. [Article] Assessing Portland's Smart Growth: A Comprehensive Housing Supply and Location Choice Modeling Approach

  There are extensive empirical studies on the impacts and effectiveness of Smart Growth policies; however, very few of them consider the perspective of individual decision makers and, to this author's knowledge, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Portland's Smart Growth: A Comprehensive Housing Supply and Location Choice Modeling Approach Author: Dong, Hongwei Year: 2010 There are extensive empirical studies on the impacts and effectiveness of Smart Growth policies; however, very few of them consider the perspective of individual decision makers and, to this author's knowledge, none have studied developers as location-aware decision-making agents. This study tries to fill this gap partially by assessing the impacts of Portland's smart growth policies on developers' location choice behavior with developer-based location choice models. The dissertation has two purposes. By assessing the impacts of Smart Growth policies on individual home developer's location choice, it provides a micro- and behavioral foundation for the understanding of Smart Growth policies. As a bi-state metropolitan area located on the border between Oregon and Washington, the Portland region provides a unique environment that allows my research to examine whether home developers react to Smart Growth policies differently in the two states with different land use policy systems. The dissertation also aims to create a developer-based land development forecast model, which can be used as a scenario analysis tool for the Portland region's long-term land use and transportation planning. Besides the developer location choice model mentioned above, the components of this comprehensive developer-based land development model also include a time series regression model that predicts annual new housing supply in the region and a model that synthesizes housing projects in a forecast year. The study shows that home developers in the Portland metropolitan area are sensitive to most Smart Growth policies that have been implemented in the region, but they react to them differently across the border between Oregon and Washington. Single-family home (SFH) and multi-family home (MFH) developers show different preferences for location attributes. The most significant predictors of where a developer will choose to locate a project are the locations of previous projects. After controlling for all of the other factors discussed above, there remains a strong preference for developing SFH units outside of the UGB in both Oregon and Washington sides of the Portland metropolitan area. Latent class models have been developed to detect taste variations among home developers in the SFH and MFH markets separately. Estimation results show clear taste variations across developers and housing projects with respect to site attributes in their location choice. With other variables in the segmentation model being the same, project size provides a better fit to the data than developer size, indicating that developers have taste variations among their different projects. Large size SFH projects developed by contractor-owners are more likely to be within the UGB and their locations tend to have higher residential density, housing diversity, transportation accessibility, road density, and land price. With most MFH projects within the UGB, estimation results show that large size MFH projects prefer the locations with higher residential density, housing diversity, mixed use, road density, land price, average household income, and proportion of young and middle age households. The three-step new housing supply and location choice forecast model seem to be able to capture the basic trend of housing market and land development in the Portland region. Three different aggregate housing supply forecast models, an conditional time series regressive model, a unconditional time series regression model, and an auto-regression integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were tested and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Both the SFH and MFH project synthesis models can simulate housing projects well for a forecast year. Three location choice models were developed to allocate synthesized housing projects into space. The three models are characterized separately as: (1) assumed market homogeneity and atomization of development projects; (2) deterministic market segmentation and synthesis of projects by size; and (3) probabilistic market segmentation and synthesis of projects by size, using a latent class approach. Examination of forecast results shows that all three models can successfully capture the basic spatial pattern of housing development in the region; however, the spatial distribution of MFH development is lumpier and more unpredictable. While Models 2 and 3 are more sophisticated and make more sense from a theoretical perspective, they do not return better forecast results than Model 1 due to some practical issues. Models 2 and 3 would be expected to perform better when those practical issues are solved, at least partially, in future research. Title: Assessing Portland's Smart Growth: A Comprehensive Housing Supply and Location Choice Modeling Approach Author: Dong, Hongwei Year: 2010 There are extensive empirical studies on the impacts and effectiveness of Smart Growth policies; however, very few of them consider the perspective of individual decision makers and, to this author's knowledge, none have studied developers as location-aware decision-making agents. This study tries to fill this gap partially by assessing the impacts of Portland's smart growth policies on developers' location choice behavior with developer-based location choice models. The dissertation has two purposes. By assessing the impacts of Smart Growth policies on individual home developer's location choice, it provides a micro- and behavioral foundation for the understanding of Smart Growth policies. As a bi-state metropolitan area located on the border between Oregon and Washington, the Portland region provides a unique environment that allows my research to examine whether home developers react to Smart Growth policies differently in the two states with different land use policy systems. The dissertation also aims to create a developer-based land development forecast model, which can be used as a scenario analysis tool for the Portland region's long-term land use and transportation planning. Besides the developer location choice model mentioned above, the components of this comprehensive developer-based land development model also include a time series regression model that predicts annual new housing supply in the region and a model that synthesizes housing projects in a forecast year. The study shows that home developers in the Portland metropolitan area are sensitive to most Smart Growth policies that have been implemented in the region, but they react to them differently across the border between Oregon and Washington. Single-family home (SFH) and multi-family home (MFH) developers show different preferences for location attributes. The most significant predictors of where a developer will choose to locate a project are the locations of previous projects. After controlling for all of the other factors discussed above, there remains a strong preference for developing SFH units outside of the UGB in both Oregon and Washington sides of the Portland metropolitan area. Latent class models have been developed to detect taste variations among home developers in the SFH and MFH markets separately. Estimation results show clear taste variations across developers and housing projects with respect to site attributes in their location choice. With other variables in the segmentation model being the same, project size provides a better fit to the data than developer size, indicating that developers have taste variations among their different projects. Large size SFH projects developed by contractor-owners are more likely to be within the UGB and their locations tend to have higher residential density, housing diversity, transportation accessibility, road density, and land price. With most MFH projects within the UGB, estimation results show that large size MFH projects prefer the locations with higher residential density, housing diversity, mixed use, road density, land price, average household income, and proportion of young and middle age households. The three-step new housing supply and location choice forecast model seem to be able to capture the basic trend of housing market and land development in the Portland region. Three different aggregate housing supply forecast models, an conditional time series regressive model, a unconditional time series regression model, and an auto-regression integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were tested and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Both the SFH and MFH project synthesis models can simulate housing projects well for a forecast year. Three location choice models were developed to allocate synthesized housing projects into space. The three models are characterized separately as: (1) assumed market homogeneity and atomization of development projects; (2) deterministic market segmentation and synthesis of projects by size; and (3) probabilistic market segmentation and synthesis of projects by size, using a latent class approach. Examination of forecast results shows that all three models can successfully capture the basic spatial pattern of housing development in the region; however, the spatial distribution of MFH development is lumpier and more unpredictable. While Models 2 and 3 are more sophisticated and make more sense from a theoretical perspective, they do not return better forecast results than Model 1 due to some practical issues. Models 2 and 3 would be expected to perform better when those practical issues are solved, at least partially, in future research. Close

• 13. [Article] Sustainable, Affordable Housing for Older Adults: A Case Study of Factors that Affect Development in Portland, Oregon

  Portland, Oregon, is considered to be a leader in sustainable development. Government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and businesses have been innovators in policymaking and practice that is aimed at ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustainable, Affordable Housing for Older Adults: A Case Study of Factors that Affect Development in Portland, Oregon Author: DeLaTorre, Alan Kenneth Year: 2013 Portland, Oregon, is considered to be a leader in sustainable development. Government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and businesses have been innovators in policymaking and practice that is aimed at creating a more sustainable city. Despite population aging, little is known about how or whether planners and developers consider older persons in terms of sustainable development. Thus, this study examined the case of sustainable, affordable housing developed for low-income adults aged 55 and older. Interviews with 31 key informants were conducted in order to answer three research questions: What is the meaning of sustainable development in Portland, Oregon, as it pertains to affordable housing for an aging society? How and why has sustainable, affordable housing for older adults been developed in Portland? What are the policies that affect the availability and appropriateness of sustainable, affordable housing for older adults in Portland? The sample included individuals who influenced the creation of senior housing (e.g., urban planners, architects, nonprofit directors) and who were identified either because of their roles within local housing development or through snowball sampling. Six Portland-area developments provided the context for studying how and why sustainable, affordable housing for older adults was planned and created in the city. The findings suggested that introducing the topic of aging into the discourse of sustainable development will lead to a more robust meaning of the concept, which can aid future research, policy, and practice. Five elements characterizing sustainable housing for older adults were identified: physical accessibility; proximity to community services; infrastructure that connects housing with services; healthy living environments; and high-quality social spaces in and near housing developments. The findings also pointed to the need for sustainable development practices to pay attention to social equity and the equitable distribution of affordable housing, including housing for older adults. Several insights into how sustainable, affordable housing for older adults developed in Portland were gained (e.g., using government subsidies; involving aging experts in integrated design processes; intersectoral partnerships that led to the city becoming an early adopter in greening its affordable housing), as well as why such housing was completed (e.g., there was a collective public-sector response to meet the need for creating sustainable, affordable housing; an emerging culture of sustainable development in Portland; urban and regional planning efforts have begun to address population aging). However, the amount of sustainable, affordable housing remains insufficient to meet Portland's aging population. Reasons identified include: the absence of specific housing policy attuned to the needs of older adults in Portland; disconnects between housing and health care and supportive services; and lack of integration of older adults in the planning, design, and development processes. Room for innovation and improvement exists in regard to healthy, accessible, green, and affordable housing policies and the development of new models of housing for an aging population. Based on this research, 10 guiding principles of sustainable development for an aging society were proposed to inform future research, as well as planning and development efforts. Title: Sustainable, Affordable Housing for Older Adults: A Case Study of Factors that Affect Development in Portland, Oregon Author: DeLaTorre, Alan Kenneth Year: 2013 Portland, Oregon, is considered to be a leader in sustainable development. Government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and businesses have been innovators in policymaking and practice that is aimed at creating a more sustainable city. Despite population aging, little is known about how or whether planners and developers consider older persons in terms of sustainable development. Thus, this study examined the case of sustainable, affordable housing developed for low-income adults aged 55 and older. Interviews with 31 key informants were conducted in order to answer three research questions: What is the meaning of sustainable development in Portland, Oregon, as it pertains to affordable housing for an aging society? How and why has sustainable, affordable housing for older adults been developed in Portland? What are the policies that affect the availability and appropriateness of sustainable, affordable housing for older adults in Portland? The sample included individuals who influenced the creation of senior housing (e.g., urban planners, architects, nonprofit directors) and who were identified either because of their roles within local housing development or through snowball sampling. Six Portland-area developments provided the context for studying how and why sustainable, affordable housing for older adults was planned and created in the city. The findings suggested that introducing the topic of aging into the discourse of sustainable development will lead to a more robust meaning of the concept, which can aid future research, policy, and practice. Five elements characterizing sustainable housing for older adults were identified: physical accessibility; proximity to community services; infrastructure that connects housing with services; healthy living environments; and high-quality social spaces in and near housing developments. The findings also pointed to the need for sustainable development practices to pay attention to social equity and the equitable distribution of affordable housing, including housing for older adults. Several insights into how sustainable, affordable housing for older adults developed in Portland were gained (e.g., using government subsidies; involving aging experts in integrated design processes; intersectoral partnerships that led to the city becoming an early adopter in greening its affordable housing), as well as why such housing was completed (e.g., there was a collective public-sector response to meet the need for creating sustainable, affordable housing; an emerging culture of sustainable development in Portland; urban and regional planning efforts have begun to address population aging). However, the amount of sustainable, affordable housing remains insufficient to meet Portland's aging population. Reasons identified include: the absence of specific housing policy attuned to the needs of older adults in Portland; disconnects between housing and health care and supportive services; and lack of integration of older adults in the planning, design, and development processes. Room for innovation and improvement exists in regard to healthy, accessible, green, and affordable housing policies and the development of new models of housing for an aging population. Based on this research, 10 guiding principles of sustainable development for an aging society were proposed to inform future research, as well as planning and development efforts. Close

• 14. [Article] Teachers Teaching Teachers: A Sustainable and Inexpensive Professional Development Program to Improve Instruction

  School districts face tremendous budget challenges and, as a result, professional development has been "trimmed" from many school budgets. (Habegger & Hodanbosi, 2011). School administrators responsible ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Teachers Teaching Teachers: A Sustainable and Inexpensive Professional Development Program to Improve Instruction Author: Campbell, Carol L. Year: 2014 School districts face tremendous budget challenges and, as a result, professional development has been "trimmed" from many school budgets. (Habegger & Hodanbosi, 2011). School administrators responsible for planning professional development face a daunting task and often focus on PowerPoints, district mandated training, one-shot presentations, and workshops that are delivered by expensive experts. These types of activities lack teacher collaboration, time for sharing of ideas and opportunity for reflection and analysis (Torff & Byrnes, 2011, Coggins, Zuckerman & Mckelvey, 2010). The problem addressed in this study is that teacher professional development is usually planned by school administrators who are provided little support or training. This study used the problem-based learning approach designed by Bridges and Hallinger (1995) to determine the usefulness of a handbook for principals to utilize as they plan professional development. The handbook was developed, field tested and revised using Borg and Gall's (2003) research and development cycle. This qualitative study included surveys, observations, interviews and workshops to determine the usefulness of the handbook. The study consisted of preliminary field testing and product revision followed by the main field testing. The main field test was a workshop for K-12 school and district level administrators on how to use the handbook in planning meaningful, ongoing teacher professional development. The data collected in this study determined that the handbook,Teachers Teaching Teachers: Designing Successful Teacher Professional Development on a Shoestring Budget, is a useful tool for school administrators responsible for planning teacher professional development. Title: Teachers Teaching Teachers: A Sustainable and Inexpensive Professional Development Program to Improve Instruction Author: Campbell, Carol L. Year: 2014 School districts face tremendous budget challenges and, as a result, professional development has been "trimmed" from many school budgets. (Habegger & Hodanbosi, 2011). School administrators responsible for planning professional development face a daunting task and often focus on PowerPoints, district mandated training, one-shot presentations, and workshops that are delivered by expensive experts. These types of activities lack teacher collaboration, time for sharing of ideas and opportunity for reflection and analysis (Torff & Byrnes, 2011, Coggins, Zuckerman & Mckelvey, 2010). The problem addressed in this study is that teacher professional development is usually planned by school administrators who are provided little support or training. This study used the problem-based learning approach designed by Bridges and Hallinger (1995) to determine the usefulness of a handbook for principals to utilize as they plan professional development. The handbook was developed, field tested and revised using Borg and Gall's (2003) research and development cycle. This qualitative study included surveys, observations, interviews and workshops to determine the usefulness of the handbook. The study consisted of preliminary field testing and product revision followed by the main field testing. The main field test was a workshop for K-12 school and district level administrators on how to use the handbook in planning meaningful, ongoing teacher professional development. The data collected in this study determined that the handbook,Teachers Teaching Teachers: Designing Successful Teacher Professional Development on a Shoestring Budget, is a useful tool for school administrators responsible for planning teacher professional development. Close

• 15. [Article] The Sunset District: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for a property site in Washington County, Oregon known as the Sunset District. Their task was to produce an original development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Sunset District: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Cheong, Bryant, Craigie, Matthew, Le, Khoa, Sakamoto, Jeff, Weidmann, Michael, Wu, Kent Year: 2012 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for a property site in Washington County, Oregon known as the Sunset District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: The Sunset District: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Cheong, Bryant, Craigie, Matthew, Le, Khoa, Sakamoto, Jeff, Weidmann, Michael, Wu, Kent Year: 2012 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for a property site in Washington County, Oregon known as the Sunset District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 16. [Article] The Water Tower: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for a property site in Portland known as The Water Tower. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Water Tower: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Gum, Michael, Meinhold, Travis, Brakken, Morgan, Pile, Robert, Rahimi, Noshad, Tea, Frank, Powell, Mitch, Bader, Kali Year: 2013 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for a property site in Portland known as The Water Tower. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, the market analysis, the conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: The Water Tower: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Gum, Michael, Meinhold, Travis, Brakken, Morgan, Pile, Robert, Rahimi, Noshad, Tea, Frank, Powell, Mitch, Bader, Kali Year: 2013 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for a property site in Portland known as The Water Tower. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, the market analysis, the conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 17. [Article] The Benson Blocks: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop

  Portland State University's Center for Real Estate students produce a development plan for a property site in Portland known as the Benson Blocks. Their task was to produce an original development plan, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Benson Blocks: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Wesa, Suvi, Abramowitz, Evan, Brown, Kyle, Hanna, Jennifer, Longfield, Chris, Reeves, Karen Year: 2011 Portland State University's Center for Real Estate students produce a development plan for a property site in Portland known as the Benson Blocks. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. The students' plan demonstrates and applies mastery of the development concepts and tools learned through their real estate certificate coursework. Title: The Benson Blocks: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Wesa, Suvi, Abramowitz, Evan, Brown, Kyle, Hanna, Jennifer, Longfield, Chris, Reeves, Karen Year: 2011 Portland State University's Center for Real Estate students produce a development plan for a property site in Portland known as the Benson Blocks. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. The students' plan demonstrates and applies mastery of the development concepts and tools learned through their real estate certificate coursework. Close

• 18. [Article] The Eastside Central: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for Portland's Central Eastside District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Eastside Central: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Wu, Kent, Schindler, Jeff, Faro, Jana, Falkenberg, Geoff, Delascio, Blas, Guo, Angela, Heredia, Elizabeth Year: 2014 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for Portland's Central Eastside District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: The Eastside Central: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Wu, Kent, Schindler, Jeff, Faro, Jana, Falkenberg, Geoff, Delascio, Blas, Guo, Angela, Heredia, Elizabeth Year: 2014 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for Portland's Central Eastside District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 19. [Article] 1631 NW Thurman: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for a property site in Portland's Pearl District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 1631 NW Thurman: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Wang, James, West, Jovan, Faro, Jana, West, Jason, McMonies, Maddie, Remmers, Tom Year: 2014 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for a property site in Portland's Pearl District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, the market analysis, the conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: 1631 NW Thurman: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Wang, James, West, Jovan, Faro, Jana, West, Jason, McMonies, Maddie, Remmers, Tom Year: 2014 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for a property site in Portland's Pearl District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, the market analysis, the conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 20. [Article] Presentation: Proving Sustainability: The International Development Monitoring Initiative

  Presentation detailing the activities and products of the Sustainable Water, Energy and Environmental Technologies Laboratory at Portland State University (SWEETLab). The lab also works to develop standards ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Presentation: Proving Sustainability: The International Development Monitoring Initiative Author: Thomas, Evan A. Year: 2011 Presentation detailing the activities and products of the Sustainable Water, Energy and Environmental Technologies Laboratory at Portland State University (SWEETLab). The lab also works to develop standards to help evaluate and compare projects and outcomes around the world. Water treatment and sanitation practices, as well as newly designed cookstoves, are highlighted. Title: Presentation: Proving Sustainability: The International Development Monitoring Initiative Author: Thomas, Evan A. Year: 2011 Presentation detailing the activities and products of the Sustainable Water, Energy and Environmental Technologies Laboratory at Portland State University (SWEETLab). The lab also works to develop standards to help evaluate and compare projects and outcomes around the world. Water treatment and sanitation practices, as well as newly designed cookstoves, are highlighted. Close

• 21. [Article] The Morrison Mercantile: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for 12 properties located on the Central Eastside Industrial District (CEID). These properties are owned by the Pelett Family. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Morrison Mercantile: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Alballaa, Khalid, Clark, Kevin, Fryer, Barbara, Harrison, Carly, Harrison, A. Synkai, Hutchinson, Liz, Kueny, Scott, Pattison, Erik, Raynor, Nate, Terry, Clancy, Thomas, Joel Year: 2015 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for 12 properties located on the Central Eastside Industrial District (CEID). These properties are owned by the Pelett Family. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, the market analysis, the conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: The Morrison Mercantile: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Alballaa, Khalid, Clark, Kevin, Fryer, Barbara, Harrison, Carly, Harrison, A. Synkai, Hutchinson, Liz, Kueny, Scott, Pattison, Erik, Raynor, Nate, Terry, Clancy, Thomas, Joel Year: 2015 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for 12 properties located on the Central Eastside Industrial District (CEID). These properties are owned by the Pelett Family. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, the market analysis, the conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 22. [Article] Capital Flows, Political Performance, and Development

  This research explores the impact of various forms of capital flows on economic growth and development for a group of 120 countries from 1980-2007. Traditional growth literature as well as the textbook ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capital Flows, Political Performance, and Development Author: Umar Wahedi, Ayesha Year: 2011 This research explores the impact of various forms of capital flows on economic growth and development for a group of 120 countries from 1980-2007. Traditional growth literature as well as the textbook theory of economic growth looks at capital flows as playing a vital role in fostering economic growth and development. The textbook theories, as well as the existing approaches to study the capital flows and economic development connection, use growth and development interchangeably. This analysis, examines the consequences of different capital flows on growth and development separately because the determinants of growth may not be the same as the determinants of development. This distinction becomes even more applicable when observing the cases of countries that have experienced economic growth during certain periods but were unable to translate the increase in economic growth to development. To investigate the impact of various forms of capital flows, this dissertation utilizes life expectancy in addition to economic growth, as a measure of development. The results from using the two measures show that capital flows have dissimilar impact on life expectancy as well as economic growth. The central proposition of this dissertation is that not all forms of capital flows are created equal. Furthermore, countries at different levels of development may differ in their absorptive capacity of the capital. Thus, the ability of a country to harness capital for development depends upon its absorptive capacity, presence of domestic resources and the capabilities of national governments. This study therefore not only looks at the role played by various forms of capital flows on growth and development, but also takes into account the role of political performance of national governments that can play an important role in maximizing the efficiency of the investments. To investigate what kinds of flows are beneficial at different levels of development, this analysis further divides the dataset into three samples of developed countries, emerging markets and less developed countries. The results indicate that the impact of different capital flows varies across the three subsamples. By categorizing capital flows into categories of international capital flows, domestic capital, and remittances, this research also finds that the type of investment, as well as the source of investment (foreign vs. domestic), indeed does matter. The analysis suggests that the key to harnessing capital for development lies with capable governments and efficient use of domestic resources. In absence of capable governments, influx of foreign capital flows can manifest itself in ways that are harmful to the progress of developing societies. Title: Capital Flows, Political Performance, and Development Author: Umar Wahedi, Ayesha Year: 2011 This research explores the impact of various forms of capital flows on economic growth and development for a group of 120 countries from 1980-2007. Traditional growth literature as well as the textbook theory of economic growth looks at capital flows as playing a vital role in fostering economic growth and development. The textbook theories, as well as the existing approaches to study the capital flows and economic development connection, use growth and development interchangeably. This analysis, examines the consequences of different capital flows on growth and development separately because the determinants of growth may not be the same as the determinants of development. This distinction becomes even more applicable when observing the cases of countries that have experienced economic growth during certain periods but were unable to translate the increase in economic growth to development. To investigate the impact of various forms of capital flows, this dissertation utilizes life expectancy in addition to economic growth, as a measure of development. The results from using the two measures show that capital flows have dissimilar impact on life expectancy as well as economic growth. The central proposition of this dissertation is that not all forms of capital flows are created equal. Furthermore, countries at different levels of development may differ in their absorptive capacity of the capital. Thus, the ability of a country to harness capital for development depends upon its absorptive capacity, presence of domestic resources and the capabilities of national governments. This study therefore not only looks at the role played by various forms of capital flows on growth and development, but also takes into account the role of political performance of national governments that can play an important role in maximizing the efficiency of the investments. To investigate what kinds of flows are beneficial at different levels of development, this analysis further divides the dataset into three samples of developed countries, emerging markets and less developed countries. The results indicate that the impact of different capital flows varies across the three subsamples. By categorizing capital flows into categories of international capital flows, domestic capital, and remittances, this research also finds that the type of investment, as well as the source of investment (foreign vs. domestic), indeed does matter. The analysis suggests that the key to harnessing capital for development lies with capable governments and efficient use of domestic resources. In absence of capable governments, influx of foreign capital flows can manifest itself in ways that are harmful to the progress of developing societies. Close

• 23. [Article] State Economic Development Information Systems

  The expanded role of state governments in economic development has increased their need for a wide variety of economic, demographic, and marketing information. Many state governments have responded to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: State Economic Development Information Systems Author: Martin, Sheila A. Year: 1991 The expanded role of state governments in economic development has increased their need for a wide variety of economic, demographic, and marketing information. Many state governments have responded to these needs by developing systems to deliver economic and related information to state and local economic development offices, businesses, and the general public. This paper reports the results of a survey of economic development officials designed to disclose information about how extensive automated system development is, as well as to learn about system structure and operating characteristics, the quality and quantity of the data distributed, and any particular system strengths and weaknesses. A clear definition of agency goals, cooperation among state agencies, and communication with the targeted users are found to be important to the success of a development data system. Title: State Economic Development Information Systems Author: Martin, Sheila A. Year: 1991 The expanded role of state governments in economic development has increased their need for a wide variety of economic, demographic, and marketing information. Many state governments have responded to these needs by developing systems to deliver economic and related information to state and local economic development offices, businesses, and the general public. This paper reports the results of a survey of economic development officials designed to disclose information about how extensive automated system development is, as well as to learn about system structure and operating characteristics, the quality and quantity of the data distributed, and any particular system strengths and weaknesses. A clear definition of agency goals, cooperation among state agencies, and communication with the targeted users are found to be important to the success of a development data system. Close

• 24. [Article] A Comprehensive Strategic Model for the Commercialization of New Product Development Technologies

  A significant amount of time, money and resources can be invested into a new product development effort. In this era of “open innovation,” organizations have additional external commercialization options ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Comprehensive Strategic Model for the Commercialization of New Product Development Technologies Author: Baltz, Angie, Bobek, Adam, Combs, Trevor, Imondi, Chris, Soysa, Dinesh, Trippel, Matt Year: 2011 A significant amount of time, money and resources can be invested into a new product development effort. In this era of “open innovation,” organizations have additional external commercialization options to consider compared to development of technology internally. An effective strategic model utilizing open innovation development options is required to exploit market opportunities for commercialization of technologies. These decisions need to be made in the early stages of development to optimize project selection and investment. This paper provides a model to aid the decision maker in identifying the optimal product development approach based upon a methodology grounded in accredited literature and the input of new product development experts. The effectiveness of this model is validated using case studies and interview of past product development efforts. Title: A Comprehensive Strategic Model for the Commercialization of New Product Development Technologies Author: Baltz, Angie, Bobek, Adam, Combs, Trevor, Imondi, Chris, Soysa, Dinesh, Trippel, Matt Year: 2011 A significant amount of time, money and resources can be invested into a new product development effort. In this era of “open innovation,” organizations have additional external commercialization options to consider compared to development of technology internally. An effective strategic model utilizing open innovation development options is required to exploit market opportunities for commercialization of technologies. These decisions need to be made in the early stages of development to optimize project selection and investment. This paper provides a model to aid the decision maker in identifying the optimal product development approach based upon a methodology grounded in accredited literature and the input of new product development experts. The effectiveness of this model is validated using case studies and interview of past product development efforts. Close

• 25. [Article] The Costs of Sprawl: Environmental and Economic Costs of Alternative Residential Development Patterns at the Urban Fringe

  Local government officials devote a large proportion of their time to considering and acting upon development proposals which substantially affect their communities in many ways. While information bearing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Costs of Sprawl: Environmental and Economic Costs of Alternative Residential Development Patterns at the Urban Fringe Author: Real Estate Research Corporation Year: 1974 Local government officials devote a large proportion of their time to considering and acting upon development proposals which substantially affect their communities in many ways. While information bearing on development proposals has been increasingly broader in scope, more specific, and of higher quality, local government officials continue to have considerable difficulty in assessing the relative merits of alternative types of housing, general development patterns, and commercial strip versus center developments. To help compensate for this knowledge deficiency, the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), in cooperation with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), has commissioned the Real Estate Research Corporation (RERC) to undertake a study of the environmental and economic effects of alternative development patterns. The results of that study are presented in two documents, The Costs of Sprawl — Literature Review and Bibliography and The Costs of Sprawl — Detailed Cost Analysis. The literature review and bibliography summarizes the existing knowledge available to local government officials faced with development decision-making, and presents extensive bibliographies pertaining to that knowledge. Title: The Costs of Sprawl: Environmental and Economic Costs of Alternative Residential Development Patterns at the Urban Fringe Author: Real Estate Research Corporation Year: 1974 Local government officials devote a large proportion of their time to considering and acting upon development proposals which substantially affect their communities in many ways. While information bearing on development proposals has been increasingly broader in scope, more specific, and of higher quality, local government officials continue to have considerable difficulty in assessing the relative merits of alternative types of housing, general development patterns, and commercial strip versus center developments. To help compensate for this knowledge deficiency, the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), in cooperation with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), has commissioned the Real Estate Research Corporation (RERC) to undertake a study of the environmental and economic effects of alternative development patterns. The results of that study are presented in two documents, The Costs of Sprawl — Literature Review and Bibliography and The Costs of Sprawl — Detailed Cost Analysis. The literature review and bibliography summarizes the existing knowledge available to local government officials faced with development decision-making, and presents extensive bibliographies pertaining to that knowledge. Close

• 26. [Article] Connecting People and Place Prosperity: Workforce Development and Urban Planning in Scholarship and Practice

  In recent years, the field of workforce development has emerged as a distinct area of policy and practice. While planning scholars have begun to engage with the workforce development field, its relevance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Connecting People and Place Prosperity: Workforce Development and Urban Planning in Scholarship and Practice Author: Schrock, Greg Year: 2014 In recent years, the field of workforce development has emerged as a distinct area of policy and practice. While planning scholars have begun to engage with the workforce development field, its relevance and points of connection to planning scholarship remain underexplored. This article attempts to define the workforce development field by articulating its core concerns as well as its domains of practice and scholarship outside the planning field. The article locates workforce development within three stands of planning scholarship, concluding that workforce development represents an important bridge for planners between “place” and “people” prosperity within communities. Title: Connecting People and Place Prosperity: Workforce Development and Urban Planning in Scholarship and Practice Author: Schrock, Greg Year: 2014 In recent years, the field of workforce development has emerged as a distinct area of policy and practice. While planning scholars have begun to engage with the workforce development field, its relevance and points of connection to planning scholarship remain underexplored. This article attempts to define the workforce development field by articulating its core concerns as well as its domains of practice and scholarship outside the planning field. The article locates workforce development within three stands of planning scholarship, concluding that workforce development represents an important bridge for planners between “place” and “people” prosperity within communities. Close

• 27. [Article] Workforce Development Network Project Final Contract: Planning Workshop Fall/Winter 1997-1998

  This project will analyze the current workforce development programs and services provided by Community Based Organizations (CBBs), Community Development Corporations (CDCs), community colleges, and the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Workforce Development Network Project Final Contract: Planning Workshop Fall/Winter 1997-1998 Author: Burnett, Kim, Jackson, Ray, Parrott, Britt, Ransom, Matt, Smith, Claire Year: 1998 This project will analyze the current workforce development programs and services provided by Community Based Organizations (CBBs), Community Development Corporations (CDCs), community colleges, and the Workforce Development Board (formerly TPIC) in Multnomah and Washington counties. Documentation of the gaps and/or redundancies in the provision of workforce development will be provided to the Workforce Development Network (WDN) based upon service provider interviews and research on national models in workforce development. This documentation will be provided in three forms: as a database; as a resource directory; and as an analysis of the gaps in the current system. Title: Workforce Development Network Project Final Contract: Planning Workshop Fall/Winter 1997-1998 Author: Burnett, Kim, Jackson, Ray, Parrott, Britt, Ransom, Matt, Smith, Claire Year: 1998 This project will analyze the current workforce development programs and services provided by Community Based Organizations (CBBs), Community Development Corporations (CDCs), community colleges, and the Workforce Development Board (formerly TPIC) in Multnomah and Washington counties. Documentation of the gaps and/or redundancies in the provision of workforce development will be provided to the Workforce Development Network (WDN) based upon service provider interviews and research on national models in workforce development. This documentation will be provided in three forms: as a database; as a resource directory; and as an analysis of the gaps in the current system. Close

• 28. [Article] Team Building Challenge in New Product Development Teams

  Developing a new product is a complex process that typically involves contributions from many disciplines. The more complex the product, the larger the number and greater heterogeneity of people involved ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Team Building Challenge in New Product Development Teams Author: Haciane, Gaya, Church, Hanni, Xiao, Liyan, Lerdphayakkarat, Rassniya Year: 2016 Developing a new product is a complex process that typically involves contributions from many disciplines. The more complex the product, the larger the number and greater heterogeneity of people involved in the development effort are required. Speed to market, adherence to budget, scale of innovation and creativity are key success factors of a new product development team. How a new product development team should be organized to maximize the output while minimizing the input is a fundamental question global innovation companies are facing. We conducted an article review on 25 influential academic literatures on NPD team challenges and success factors and distilled them into the main points related to team building and leadership. By analyzing four types of prevalent new product development teams’ organization structures, including traditional functional team, cross functional team, multi-cultural innovation team, and global virtual team, we developed four propositions that help to overcome the challenges all new product development teams face. Title: Team Building Challenge in New Product Development Teams Author: Haciane, Gaya, Church, Hanni, Xiao, Liyan, Lerdphayakkarat, Rassniya Year: 2016 Developing a new product is a complex process that typically involves contributions from many disciplines. The more complex the product, the larger the number and greater heterogeneity of people involved in the development effort are required. Speed to market, adherence to budget, scale of innovation and creativity are key success factors of a new product development team. How a new product development team should be organized to maximize the output while minimizing the input is a fundamental question global innovation companies are facing. We conducted an article review on 25 influential academic literatures on NPD team challenges and success factors and distilled them into the main points related to team building and leadership. By analyzing four types of prevalent new product development teams’ organization structures, including traditional functional team, cross functional team, multi-cultural innovation team, and global virtual team, we developed four propositions that help to overcome the challenges all new product development teams face. Close

• 29. [Article] Wherefore by Their Fruits Ye Shall Know Them: An Actor-Network Theory Analysis of Mercy Corps' Peaceful Communities Initiative in Central Asia

  The motivation for this research comes from the belief that an over reliance on a social constructivist perspective has caused development studies in general, and post-development in particular, to under-theorize ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wherefore by Their Fruits Ye Shall Know Them: An Actor-Network Theory Analysis of Mercy Corps' Peaceful Communities Initiative in Central Asia Author: Westerman, John Thomas Year: 2011 The motivation for this research comes from the belief that an over reliance on a social constructivist perspective has caused development studies in general, and post-development in particular, to under-theorize the role of discourse in development. A key issue in post-development studies concerns whether or not development organizations depoliticize their interventions. The notion of depoliticization provides a perfect occasion for examining more deeply the role of discourse in development. This research uses the actor-network theory constructivist framework to analyze a USAID funded development program in Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan): Mercy Corps' Peaceful Communities Initiative (PCI). The research approach used in this study involved both traditional ethnographic methods and document analysis. The ethnographic case material comes from multiple field visits to PCI offices in Central Asia and multiple visits to a variety of PCI community sites. The documentary evidence comes from a variety of organization and project specific documents. The embedded case studies demonstrate that materiality cannot be easily separated from sociality and that indeed the two are inseparable. Thus development discourse cannot be solely understood as a social phenomenon but could instead be understood as an assemblage of material elements through which both power and sociality flow. Title: Wherefore by Their Fruits Ye Shall Know Them: An Actor-Network Theory Analysis of Mercy Corps' Peaceful Communities Initiative in Central Asia Author: Westerman, John Thomas Year: 2011 The motivation for this research comes from the belief that an over reliance on a social constructivist perspective has caused development studies in general, and post-development in particular, to under-theorize the role of discourse in development. A key issue in post-development studies concerns whether or not development organizations depoliticize their interventions. The notion of depoliticization provides a perfect occasion for examining more deeply the role of discourse in development. This research uses the actor-network theory constructivist framework to analyze a USAID funded development program in Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan): Mercy Corps' Peaceful Communities Initiative (PCI). The research approach used in this study involved both traditional ethnographic methods and document analysis. The ethnographic case material comes from multiple field visits to PCI offices in Central Asia and multiple visits to a variety of PCI community sites. The documentary evidence comes from a variety of organization and project specific documents. The embedded case studies demonstrate that materiality cannot be easily separated from sociality and that indeed the two are inseparable. Thus development discourse cannot be solely understood as a social phenomenon but could instead be understood as an assemblage of material elements through which both power and sociality flow. Close

• 30. [Article] Developing a Strategic Policy Choice Framework for Technological Innovation: Case of Chinese Pharmaceuticals

  With the growing trend of globalization and rapid development of high technologies, emerging economies face more challenges in technology development because they are chasing a fast-moving frontier. They ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Developing a Strategic Policy Choice Framework for Technological Innovation: Case of Chinese Pharmaceuticals Author: Chan, Leong Year: 2013 With the growing trend of globalization and rapid development of high technologies, emerging economies face more challenges in technology development because they are chasing a fast-moving frontier. They need to identify global technology trends and adapt to local needs and capabilities. Strategies for technology development differ among countries at different developmental stages. In this research, a technology policy choice framework is developed to link prospective high-tech areas, technology development strategies, and various innovative resources. The research approach is to develop a hierarchical decision model (HDM) and apply the analytic hierarchical process (AHP). Experts are invited from diverse sources to provide a balanced perspective representing different stakeholders. This research focuses on the fast developing Chinese biopharmaceutical industry as a case study. The results of this research have identified thirteen prospective biotech areas that China should invest more resources for development. These technology areas include: recombinant therapeutic proteins, recombinant vaccines, monoclonal antibody technology, cell and tissue engineering, gene therapy, antisense therapy, RNAi, nanobiotechnology, synthetic biology, bioinformatics, pharmacogenetics, gene sequencing, and biotechnology diagnostics. For most of these technology areas, the results have indicated an imitative innovation strategy should be taken as a better strategy under current technological conditions in China. The research has further found that high-tech small-to-medium companies and multinational corporations are major innovation contributors in the Chinese biopharmaceutical sector. The research outcomes can serve as guidelines in resource allocation and policy making for technology development. Based on the overall research findings, policy-makers can apply more specific policy instruments to support innovation activities. Appropriate policy measures may help the country to construct an innovative ecosystem that can serve as the driving force for future technology development. Title: Developing a Strategic Policy Choice Framework for Technological Innovation: Case of Chinese Pharmaceuticals Author: Chan, Leong Year: 2013 With the growing trend of globalization and rapid development of high technologies, emerging economies face more challenges in technology development because they are chasing a fast-moving frontier. They need to identify global technology trends and adapt to local needs and capabilities. Strategies for technology development differ among countries at different developmental stages. In this research, a technology policy choice framework is developed to link prospective high-tech areas, technology development strategies, and various innovative resources. The research approach is to develop a hierarchical decision model (HDM) and apply the analytic hierarchical process (AHP). Experts are invited from diverse sources to provide a balanced perspective representing different stakeholders. This research focuses on the fast developing Chinese biopharmaceutical industry as a case study. The results of this research have identified thirteen prospective biotech areas that China should invest more resources for development. These technology areas include: recombinant therapeutic proteins, recombinant vaccines, monoclonal antibody technology, cell and tissue engineering, gene therapy, antisense therapy, RNAi, nanobiotechnology, synthetic biology, bioinformatics, pharmacogenetics, gene sequencing, and biotechnology diagnostics. For most of these technology areas, the results have indicated an imitative innovation strategy should be taken as a better strategy under current technological conditions in China. The research has further found that high-tech small-to-medium companies and multinational corporations are major innovation contributors in the Chinese biopharmaceutical sector. The research outcomes can serve as guidelines in resource allocation and policy making for technology development. Based on the overall research findings, policy-makers can apply more specific policy instruments to support innovation activities. Appropriate policy measures may help the country to construct an innovative ecosystem that can serve as the driving force for future technology development. Close

• 31. [Article] Organizational development: an investigation into the knowledge obsolescence of engineers in the electronics industry

  Purpose. This study investigated organizational development climate within the context of an organization experiencing rapid change in its environment resulting in employee knowledge obsolescence. Secondary ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organizational development: an investigation into the knowledge obsolescence of engineers in the electronics industry Author: Hubbard, Cheryl J. Year: 1986 Purpose. This study investigated organizational development climate within the context of an organization experiencing rapid change in its environment resulting in employee knowledge obsolescence. Secondary purposes were: (1) determine current development methods and behavior; (2) identify preferred development methods; (3) examine the influence of educational background on development; (4) examine the influence length of service on development and (5) investigate reward preferences and their link to development. Procedure. The data were collected through a sample of 550 nonmanager engineers. The questionnaire consisted of individual background information and a modified version of the Work Description Questionnaire for Engineers (WDQE). Environment factors investigated were: (1) organization; (2) management and (3) peer support; (4) communication and involvement and (5) work assignments. Responses were obtained from 320 nonmanager engineers. A chi-square analysis tested hypotheses for education and length of service groups. Summary of Findings and Conclusions. (1) The engineering population differed significantly in their education and length of service backgrounds. (2) Knowledge foundation requirements for entry in the organization in the past five years have increased. (3) Non-degree development is more important for the majority, while degree development is important to bachelor-degreed and shorter length-of-service employees. (4) Reported non-degreed development averaged one course/seminar per year, 2-4 hours of independent reading per week and discussions within the immediate work group. Education groups reported significant differences in internal course/seminar participation and reading behavior. (5) The most effective development methods included a challenging job, reading, an advanced degree, courses/seminars, interdisciplinary teams and internal networking. Education groups showed significant differences for reading and interdisciplinary terms. (6) Primary barriers to development included time, cost, management and workload. (7) The work environment climate for development in the organization was moderate. Peer support received the highest rating; organization, management, and work assignments were rated moderately. (8) The most preferred rewards included salary/merit increases, achievement, advancement, recognition and challenging work. Education groups reported differences in preferred rewards. (9) Moderate opportunity for rewards occurred independent of development behavior. Education groups showed differences in opportunity for challenging work with improved development. Length of service groups reported differences for opportunity of rewards even with increased development. Title: Organizational development: an investigation into the knowledge obsolescence of engineers in the electronics industry Author: Hubbard, Cheryl J. Year: 1986 Purpose. This study investigated organizational development climate within the context of an organization experiencing rapid change in its environment resulting in employee knowledge obsolescence. Secondary purposes were: (1) determine current development methods and behavior; (2) identify preferred development methods; (3) examine the influence of educational background on development; (4) examine the influence length of service on development and (5) investigate reward preferences and their link to development. Procedure. The data were collected through a sample of 550 nonmanager engineers. The questionnaire consisted of individual background information and a modified version of the Work Description Questionnaire for Engineers (WDQE). Environment factors investigated were: (1) organization; (2) management and (3) peer support; (4) communication and involvement and (5) work assignments. Responses were obtained from 320 nonmanager engineers. A chi-square analysis tested hypotheses for education and length of service groups. Summary of Findings and Conclusions. (1) The engineering population differed significantly in their education and length of service backgrounds. (2) Knowledge foundation requirements for entry in the organization in the past five years have increased. (3) Non-degree development is more important for the majority, while degree development is important to bachelor-degreed and shorter length-of-service employees. (4) Reported non-degreed development averaged one course/seminar per year, 2-4 hours of independent reading per week and discussions within the immediate work group. Education groups reported significant differences in internal course/seminar participation and reading behavior. (5) The most effective development methods included a challenging job, reading, an advanced degree, courses/seminars, interdisciplinary teams and internal networking. Education groups showed significant differences for reading and interdisciplinary terms. (6) Primary barriers to development included time, cost, management and workload. (7) The work environment climate for development in the organization was moderate. Peer support received the highest rating; organization, management, and work assignments were rated moderately. (8) The most preferred rewards included salary/merit increases, achievement, advancement, recognition and challenging work. Education groups reported differences in preferred rewards. (9) Moderate opportunity for rewards occurred independent of development behavior. Education groups showed differences in opportunity for challenging work with improved development. Length of service groups reported differences for opportunity of rewards even with increased development. Close

• 32. [Article] Improving Global Impact: How the Integration of Remotely Reporting Sensors in Water Projects may Demonstrate and Enhance Positive Change

  This article argues that improved feedback on the actual impact of development programs may ensure the success of poverty reduction interventions such as water filters, water pumps, latrines, and cooks...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Improving Global Impact: How the Integration of Remotely Reporting Sensors in Water Projects may Demonstrate and Enhance Positive Change Author: Thomas, Evan A. Year: 2013 This article argues that improved feedback on the actual impact of development programs may ensure the success of poverty reduction interventions such as water filters, water pumps, latrines, and cookstoves. Title: Improving Global Impact: How the Integration of Remotely Reporting Sensors in Water Projects may Demonstrate and Enhance Positive Change Author: Thomas, Evan A. Year: 2013 This article argues that improved feedback on the actual impact of development programs may ensure the success of poverty reduction interventions such as water filters, water pumps, latrines, and cookstoves. Close

• 33. [Article] Travel Drink Heater: New Product Development Log

  The purpose of the development log is to convey the readers and the audience about the development of our product from initiating idea until developing the prototype and also analyzing product development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Travel Drink Heater: New Product Development Log Author: Ashokkumar, Ramkumar, Hsieh, Yi-Lung, Lin, Yu-Hsiang, Mahaphol, Inthrayuth Year: 2010 The purpose of the development log is to convey the readers and the audience about the development of our product from initiating idea until developing the prototype and also analyzing product development economics for the product. The readers and the intended audience of the development log can be anybody who is willing to know about choosing a technology in developing a Travel Beverage Heater. The problem that was not currently addressed by various other technologies and products was to heat the drink anywhere and at anytime. The current technologies that are used to heat the drink are not safer which could cause burns and hurt the customers, not easy to carry, not compact, some chemical based products have also caused injuries to the customers and were not eco friendly. Hence, to address these needs we have developed a product through our thorough research and analysis. The scope of the development log report doesn’t cover much in depth about the circuit design or in depth product specifications. It discusses about various possible technologies in high level that can be used such as chemical based, Butane fuel based and finally battery power based technology which could heat the drink. Hence, having a some prior knowledge about these chemicals and technologies would help to better understand the product but it is not mandatory. The methodology adopted was finding market opportunity through gap analysis of the competitors’ products which were customer complaints unaddressed by the other products which lead to the initiation of idea of developing a product which could heat the drink that is light, easy to use and safe to carry. Further we considered various potential customer segments that may be willing to buy this product, followed by selecting a potential target segment who were parents having babies and on further interviewing we found the customer needs and then interpreted the needs. The technology was selected based on interviewing the Mothers who have babies which was finally found to be battery based and later we used needs-metrics matrix to come up with product specifications. Final stage of developing the product was product design which was found to be spiral type design after evaluating various other designs. Finally, we calculated product development economics which includes unit production cost, net present value and break even analysis. The development log report starts with product development process which includes product planning and concept development, followed by design phase, product development economics, lessons learned and follow on research. Title: Travel Drink Heater: New Product Development Log Author: Ashokkumar, Ramkumar, Hsieh, Yi-Lung, Lin, Yu-Hsiang, Mahaphol, Inthrayuth Year: 2010 The purpose of the development log is to convey the readers and the audience about the development of our product from initiating idea until developing the prototype and also analyzing product development economics for the product. The readers and the intended audience of the development log can be anybody who is willing to know about choosing a technology in developing a Travel Beverage Heater. The problem that was not currently addressed by various other technologies and products was to heat the drink anywhere and at anytime. The current technologies that are used to heat the drink are not safer which could cause burns and hurt the customers, not easy to carry, not compact, some chemical based products have also caused injuries to the customers and were not eco friendly. Hence, to address these needs we have developed a product through our thorough research and analysis. The scope of the development log report doesn’t cover much in depth about the circuit design or in depth product specifications. It discusses about various possible technologies in high level that can be used such as chemical based, Butane fuel based and finally battery power based technology which could heat the drink. Hence, having a some prior knowledge about these chemicals and technologies would help to better understand the product but it is not mandatory. The methodology adopted was finding market opportunity through gap analysis of the competitors’ products which were customer complaints unaddressed by the other products which lead to the initiation of idea of developing a product which could heat the drink that is light, easy to use and safe to carry. Further we considered various potential customer segments that may be willing to buy this product, followed by selecting a potential target segment who were parents having babies and on further interviewing we found the customer needs and then interpreted the needs. The technology was selected based on interviewing the Mothers who have babies which was finally found to be battery based and later we used needs-metrics matrix to come up with product specifications. Final stage of developing the product was product design which was found to be spiral type design after evaluating various other designs. Finally, we calculated product development economics which includes unit production cost, net present value and break even analysis. The development log report starts with product development process which includes product planning and concept development, followed by design phase, product development economics, lessons learned and follow on research. Close

• 34. [Article] Investigation of the Duration and Efficiency of New Product Development Programs

  This report examines the duration and efficiency of new product development programs. The objective is to investigate engineering trends, and to identify program characteristics that shorten the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigation of the Duration and Efficiency of New Product Development Programs Author: Cross, Darrell K. Year: 1988 This report examines the duration and efficiency of new product development programs. The objective is to investigate engineering trends, and to identify program characteristics that shorten the development cycle and/or reduce the resources required to develop new products. We chose the automobile industry as the target industry due to the availability of information, but our findings can be applied to other products and industries. Title: Investigation of the Duration and Efficiency of New Product Development Programs Author: Cross, Darrell K. Year: 1988 This report examines the duration and efficiency of new product development programs. The objective is to investigate engineering trends, and to identify program characteristics that shorten the development cycle and/or reduce the resources required to develop new products. We chose the automobile industry as the target industry due to the availability of information, but our findings can be applied to other products and industries. Close

• 35. [Article] Identity Development of Adolescent Gay Black Males

  During adolescence, self-identified gay black males may develop their identities differently than their gay white male counterparts. This may be attributed to the reconciliation of stressors when developing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Identity Development of Adolescent Gay Black Males Author: Crumley, Miles J. Year: 2013 During adolescence, self-identified gay black males may develop their identities differently than their gay white male counterparts. This may be attributed to the reconciliation of stressors when developing gay, black, and male identities within certain environmental contexts. To investigate this, twelve qualitative interviews were conducted of gay black males from which developmental themes were extracted. While many of the developmental processes are similar to their white homosexual counterparts, some differences were noted regarding racism, objectification by the white gay community, and use of the internet to develop particular identities. A new theory using dynamic systems theory that includes many complexities of identity development is proposed. A hybrid story-like model was developed to illustrate the roles of lenses and buffers as they pertain to how an identity functions. Lenses allow a person to see their way through a variety of experiences; buffers contain coping mechanisms and skills to alleviate tension from negative experiences. Future research should include other minority groups and women for a more complete picture of identity development processes. This would allow better tools to be built that can be utilized by intervention designers. Title: Identity Development of Adolescent Gay Black Males Author: Crumley, Miles J. Year: 2013 During adolescence, self-identified gay black males may develop their identities differently than their gay white male counterparts. This may be attributed to the reconciliation of stressors when developing gay, black, and male identities within certain environmental contexts. To investigate this, twelve qualitative interviews were conducted of gay black males from which developmental themes were extracted. While many of the developmental processes are similar to their white homosexual counterparts, some differences were noted regarding racism, objectification by the white gay community, and use of the internet to develop particular identities. A new theory using dynamic systems theory that includes many complexities of identity development is proposed. A hybrid story-like model was developed to illustrate the roles of lenses and buffers as they pertain to how an identity functions. Lenses allow a person to see their way through a variety of experiences; buffers contain coping mechanisms and skills to alleviate tension from negative experiences. Future research should include other minority groups and women for a more complete picture of identity development processes. This would allow better tools to be built that can be utilized by intervention designers. Close

• 36. [Article] Overlooked Density: Re-Thinking Transportation Options in Suburbia

  Suburban multifamily housing is an often overlooked housing typology that is the fasted growing housing market in the country and holds strong potential for achieving smart growth goals in suburbia. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Overlooked Density: Re-Thinking Transportation Options in Suburbia Author: Larco, Nico Year: 2010 Suburban multifamily housing is an often overlooked housing typology that is the fasted growing housing market in the country and holds strong potential for achieving smart growth goals in suburbia. This housing type is ubiquitous throughout all regions in the nation, is a widespread example of density in suburbia, and is typically located next to commercial uses. The proximity between suburban multifamily housing and commercial uses creates the potential for nodes of concentrated activity, mixed use, and the possibility of substantial non-auto transport in suburbia. While this potential exists, the design of this housing type often follows an enclaved pattern of development, negating any synergy, minimizing the possibility of non-auto transport, and denying any potential for sustainable development. Through case studies of suburban multifamily development in Oregon, Arizona, Florida, and Massachusetts, this report looks at the specific ways in which regulation, typical development practice, and design culture have shaped the current pattern of suburban multifamily development. Each case study includes graphic analysis of physical development patterns, interviews with planners, architects, property managers and developers who worked on the case study projects, regulatory analysis of case study jurisdictions, and surveys of residents. Title: Overlooked Density: Re-Thinking Transportation Options in Suburbia Author: Larco, Nico Year: 2010 Suburban multifamily housing is an often overlooked housing typology that is the fasted growing housing market in the country and holds strong potential for achieving smart growth goals in suburbia. This housing type is ubiquitous throughout all regions in the nation, is a widespread example of density in suburbia, and is typically located next to commercial uses. The proximity between suburban multifamily housing and commercial uses creates the potential for nodes of concentrated activity, mixed use, and the possibility of substantial non-auto transport in suburbia. While this potential exists, the design of this housing type often follows an enclaved pattern of development, negating any synergy, minimizing the possibility of non-auto transport, and denying any potential for sustainable development. Through case studies of suburban multifamily development in Oregon, Arizona, Florida, and Massachusetts, this report looks at the specific ways in which regulation, typical development practice, and design culture have shaped the current pattern of suburban multifamily development. Each case study includes graphic analysis of physical development patterns, interviews with planners, architects, property managers and developers who worked on the case study projects, regulatory analysis of case study jurisdictions, and surveys of residents. Close

• 37. [Article] Spirituality and Religion in Women's Leadership for Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions: The Case of Burma

  This research focuses on women's leadership roles for sustainable development in crisis conditions with particular attention to the foundations of the leadership roles of women based in spirituality and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spirituality and Religion in Women's Leadership for Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions: The Case of Burma Author: Myint, Phyusin Myo Kyaw Year: 2014 This research focuses on women's leadership roles for sustainable development in crisis conditions with particular attention to the foundations of the leadership roles of women based in spirituality and religion. The research question for this study ask: How do religious and spiritual traditions contribute to the leadership roles of women that can be effective in building sustainable development in crisis conditions? The study uses a content analysis of a key body of women's writings from Burma. The findings from the data explain some of the ways in which spirituality and religion have played significant roles in promoting the leadership of women at the community level for sustainable development under crisis conditions. The study contributes to theory development by generating a set of propositions on the leadership roles of women drawing from religious and spiritual traditions that can be tested in other regions and countries. The study also offers a set of lessons for sustainable development practice. Title: Spirituality and Religion in Women's Leadership for Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions: The Case of Burma Author: Myint, Phyusin Myo Kyaw Year: 2014 This research focuses on women's leadership roles for sustainable development in crisis conditions with particular attention to the foundations of the leadership roles of women based in spirituality and religion. The research question for this study ask: How do religious and spiritual traditions contribute to the leadership roles of women that can be effective in building sustainable development in crisis conditions? The study uses a content analysis of a key body of women's writings from Burma. The findings from the data explain some of the ways in which spirituality and religion have played significant roles in promoting the leadership of women at the community level for sustainable development under crisis conditions. The study contributes to theory development by generating a set of propositions on the leadership roles of women drawing from religious and spiritual traditions that can be tested in other regions and countries. The study also offers a set of lessons for sustainable development practice. Close

• 38. [Article] Technology Roadmap Through Fuzzy Cognitive Map-Based Scenarios: The Case of Wind Energy Sector of a Developing Country

  In this research, a national-level wind energy roadmap is developed through scenario planning. Multiple future scenarios are developed using the fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) approach. This research has extended ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technology Roadmap Through Fuzzy Cognitive Map-Based Scenarios: The Case of Wind Energy Sector of a Developing Country Author: Amer, Muhammad, Daim, Tugrul Unsal, Jetter, Antonie J. Year: 2015 In this research, a national-level wind energy roadmap is developed through scenario planning. Multiple future scenarios are developed using the fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) approach. This research has extended technology roadmapping (TRM) through FCM-based scenario analysis. Building scenarios with FCM is a new approach, and for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, FCM-based scenarios are developed for the wind energy sector of a developing country. Based on these multiple scenarios, a TRM has been developed. Scenario planning and TRM techniques are combined in this study. This research approach is applied to the wind energy sector of Pakistan as a research case. The TRM has four layers: strategic objectives, targets, barriers, and action items. Expert judgement is used to develop scenarios and TRMs. Title: Technology Roadmap Through Fuzzy Cognitive Map-Based Scenarios: The Case of Wind Energy Sector of a Developing Country Author: Amer, Muhammad, Daim, Tugrul Unsal, Jetter, Antonie J. Year: 2015 In this research, a national-level wind energy roadmap is developed through scenario planning. Multiple future scenarios are developed using the fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) approach. This research has extended technology roadmapping (TRM) through FCM-based scenario analysis. Building scenarios with FCM is a new approach, and for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, FCM-based scenarios are developed for the wind energy sector of a developing country. Based on these multiple scenarios, a TRM has been developed. Scenario planning and TRM techniques are combined in this study. This research approach is applied to the wind energy sector of Pakistan as a research case. The TRM has four layers: strategic objectives, targets, barriers, and action items. Expert judgement is used to develop scenarios and TRMs. Close

• 39. [Article] Following the Teacher’s Lead in Professional Development to Improve Classroom Talk Around Texts

  This study examines the process of teacher learning in the context of highly responsive, ongoing professional development centered on classroom talk around texts. A classroom teacher and a university researcher ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Following the Teacher’s Lead in Professional Development to Improve Classroom Talk Around Texts Author: McElhone, Dot, Tilley, Teri Year: 2013 This study examines the process of teacher learning in the context of highly responsive, ongoing professional development centered on classroom talk around texts. A classroom teacher and a university researcher met weekly to view, analyze, and discuss videos of reading instruction recorded in the teacher's fifthgrade classroom. The professional development sessions were framed as teacherdriven action research. This paper traces the evolution of the intensive professional development activity across one semester and describes the process by which the teacher-researcher appropriated practical and conceptual tools for facilitating class discussions of texts. Results highlight the value of positioning teachers as intellectually capable and honoring their agendas for professional development. Insights are offered regarding a model of professional development that can support teacher agency, address local problems of practice, and simultaneously leverage professional developer expertise to build both new practices and new concepts that can be used to solve novel problems. Title: Following the Teacher’s Lead in Professional Development to Improve Classroom Talk Around Texts Author: McElhone, Dot, Tilley, Teri Year: 2013 This study examines the process of teacher learning in the context of highly responsive, ongoing professional development centered on classroom talk around texts. A classroom teacher and a university researcher met weekly to view, analyze, and discuss videos of reading instruction recorded in the teacher's fifthgrade classroom. The professional development sessions were framed as teacherdriven action research. This paper traces the evolution of the intensive professional development activity across one semester and describes the process by which the teacher-researcher appropriated practical and conceptual tools for facilitating class discussions of texts. Results highlight the value of positioning teachers as intellectually capable and honoring their agendas for professional development. Insights are offered regarding a model of professional development that can support teacher agency, address local problems of practice, and simultaneously leverage professional developer expertise to build both new practices and new concepts that can be used to solve novel problems. Close

• 40. [Article] Putting the Region to Work: an Analysis of Workforce Development Services in Multnomah and Washington Counties

  This study was produced primarily as a tool for policy advocacy Workforce Development members therefore much of the analysis focuses on the role that community based organizations and community development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Putting the Region to Work: an Analysis of Workforce Development Services in Multnomah and Washington Counties Author: Burnett, Kim, Jackson, Ray, Parrott, Britt, Ransom, Matt, Smith, Claire Year: 1998 This study was produced primarily as a tool for policy advocacy Workforce Development members therefore much of the analysis focuses on the role that community based organizations and community development corporations play in workforce development. However, policy makers and technical assistance providers, such as the Workforce Development Board, as well as government agencies, also play a critical role in the region’s workforce development system. Although this report does not focus as much on the role of these agencies, further study is needed to offer suggestions for how these players can best coordinate their efforts with that of community based organizations to meet the needs of participating clients and employers. Title: Putting the Region to Work: an Analysis of Workforce Development Services in Multnomah and Washington Counties Author: Burnett, Kim, Jackson, Ray, Parrott, Britt, Ransom, Matt, Smith, Claire Year: 1998 This study was produced primarily as a tool for policy advocacy Workforce Development members therefore much of the analysis focuses on the role that community based organizations and community development corporations play in workforce development. However, policy makers and technical assistance providers, such as the Workforce Development Board, as well as government agencies, also play a critical role in the region’s workforce development system. Although this report does not focus as much on the role of these agencies, further study is needed to offer suggestions for how these players can best coordinate their efforts with that of community based organizations to meet the needs of participating clients and employers. Close

• 41. [Article] Workforce Development Network Resource Directory: a Directory of Workforce Development Service Providers in Multnomah and Washington Counties

  This resource directory was produced for the Workforce Development Network (WDN) by a group of graduate students in the Urban and Regional Planning masters program at Portland State University. The project ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Workforce Development Network Resource Directory: a Directory of Workforce Development Service Providers in Multnomah and Washington Counties Author: Burnett, Kim, Jackson, Ray, Parrott, Britt, Ransom, Matt, Smith, Claire Year: 1998 This resource directory was produced for the Workforce Development Network (WDN) by a group of graduate students in the Urban and Regional Planning masters program at Portland State University. The project team consisted of Kim Burnett, Ray Jackson, Britt Parrott, Mat Ransom, and Claire Smith. The information for the directory was collected through interviews with service providers identified by WDN and the Workforce development Board. The scope of the resource directory is limited to adult workforce development programs in Multnomah and Washington Counties and does not include temporary employment agencies or apprenticeship and pre-apprenticeship programs due to time and resource constraints. These programs, as well as programs for youth, are important components of workforce development. Services in the region and we recommend that they be inventoried and analyzed in the future. Title: Workforce Development Network Resource Directory: a Directory of Workforce Development Service Providers in Multnomah and Washington Counties Author: Burnett, Kim, Jackson, Ray, Parrott, Britt, Ransom, Matt, Smith, Claire Year: 1998 This resource directory was produced for the Workforce Development Network (WDN) by a group of graduate students in the Urban and Regional Planning masters program at Portland State University. The project team consisted of Kim Burnett, Ray Jackson, Britt Parrott, Mat Ransom, and Claire Smith. The information for the directory was collected through interviews with service providers identified by WDN and the Workforce development Board. The scope of the resource directory is limited to adult workforce development programs in Multnomah and Washington Counties and does not include temporary employment agencies or apprenticeship and pre-apprenticeship programs due to time and resource constraints. These programs, as well as programs for youth, are important components of workforce development. Services in the region and we recommend that they be inventoried and analyzed in the future. Close

• 42. [Article] Cathedral Waterfront Plan

  The Cathedral Park Neighborhood Association anticipated the imminent development of 15-acres of waterfront property (the Steel Hammer Site) in the heart of their community and worked with the PSU MURP ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cathedral Waterfront Plan Author: Murthy, Mathangi, Boschetti, Tabitha, Anderson, Michelle, Kini, Saumya, Lehman, Rosa, Brown, Violet Year: 2015 The Cathedral Park Neighborhood Association anticipated the imminent development of 15-acres of waterfront property (the Steel Hammer Site) in the heart of their community and worked with the PSU MURP team to bolster the voice of the community through public engagement and thoughtful urban planning. The student team reached out to the neighbors, talked with shareholders, conducted site analysis, and developed a shared community vision for the Steel Hammer Site, which resulted the Cathedral Waterfront Plan that includes: Twelve community goals for future development Three scenarios demonstrating how development on the Steel Hammer Site could contribute to community priorities without disregarding practical and business considerations Strategies for negotiating community benefits on the site The PSU student team also developed a toolkit of strategies and tips for future public engagement in the neighborhood and ways the neighborhood can influence the development process in light of the current and intense market pressures in North Portland. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Marisa A. Zapata and Susan Hartnett Title: Cathedral Waterfront Plan Author: Murthy, Mathangi, Boschetti, Tabitha, Anderson, Michelle, Kini, Saumya, Lehman, Rosa, Brown, Violet Year: 2015 The Cathedral Park Neighborhood Association anticipated the imminent development of 15-acres of waterfront property (the Steel Hammer Site) in the heart of their community and worked with the PSU MURP team to bolster the voice of the community through public engagement and thoughtful urban planning. The student team reached out to the neighbors, talked with shareholders, conducted site analysis, and developed a shared community vision for the Steel Hammer Site, which resulted the Cathedral Waterfront Plan that includes: Twelve community goals for future development Three scenarios demonstrating how development on the Steel Hammer Site could contribute to community priorities without disregarding practical and business considerations Strategies for negotiating community benefits on the site The PSU student team also developed a toolkit of strategies and tips for future public engagement in the neighborhood and ways the neighborhood can influence the development process in light of the current and intense market pressures in North Portland. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Marisa A. Zapata and Susan Hartnett Close

• 43. [Article] Research and Development Effects on Economic Growth: Implications for the Portland SMSA

  Promoting a high- technology economic base has been widely adopted as a regional development "policy for the 80's." To this point, however, it appears that little consideration has been paid to questions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research and Development Effects on Economic Growth: Implications for the Portland SMSA Author: Strathman, James G. Year: 1983 Promoting a high- technology economic base has been widely adopted as a regional development "policy for the 80's." To this point, however, it appears that little consideration has been paid to questions regarding the feasibility of this policy as it relates to structural and locational characteristics of the regional economy. This paper will discuss those attributes of the regional economy that typically contribute to the expansion of high- technology activities, with particular attention paid to expansion potential in the Portland SMSA. High-technology activities are defined according to product cycle theory, and the attributes of the regional economy are examined with respect to each stage of the product cycle. The contribution of research and development to the product cycle will receive special attention. The role of the area's higher educational system in performing research is tied to high-technology development potential . It is contended that development potential is maximized when the regional economy exhibits a comparative advantage in one or more stages of the product cycle. Actions which are needed to direct the regional economy toward this end will be outlined. Title: Research and Development Effects on Economic Growth: Implications for the Portland SMSA Author: Strathman, James G. Year: 1983 Promoting a high- technology economic base has been widely adopted as a regional development "policy for the 80's." To this point, however, it appears that little consideration has been paid to questions regarding the feasibility of this policy as it relates to structural and locational characteristics of the regional economy. This paper will discuss those attributes of the regional economy that typically contribute to the expansion of high- technology activities, with particular attention paid to expansion potential in the Portland SMSA. High-technology activities are defined according to product cycle theory, and the attributes of the regional economy are examined with respect to each stage of the product cycle. The contribution of research and development to the product cycle will receive special attention. The role of the area's higher educational system in performing research is tied to high-technology development potential . It is contended that development potential is maximized when the regional economy exhibits a comparative advantage in one or more stages of the product cycle. Actions which are needed to direct the regional economy toward this end will be outlined. Close

• 44. [Article] Being an Assistant Principal, Becoming an Administrator: an Organizational Socialization Study

  Many school administrators begin their careers in educational administration as assistant principals. The literature on assistant principals contributes very little to an understanding of the perspectives ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Being an Assistant Principal, Becoming an Administrator: an Organizational Socialization Study Author: Dickman, Connie Year: 1995 Many school administrators begin their careers in educational administration as assistant principals. The literature on assistant principals contributes very little to an understanding of the perspectives that assistant principals develop during their organizational socialization experiences and of the conditions and processes that influence the development of these socialization outcomes. The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical understanding of the perspectives that emerge from assistant principals' organizational socialization experiences. Symbolic interactionism established the theoretical and methodological foundation for this study. The sensitizing concepts of perspective (Becker, Geer, Hughes, & Strauss, 1961), situational adjustment (Becker, 1964), and organizational boundary passages (Schein, 1971; Van Maanen & Schein, 1979) provided the analytic framework. The Glaser and Strauss (1967) constant comparison model guided the process of collecting and analyzing data. Six assistant principals with experience from three months to three years were interviewed. The study resulted in a grounded theory that describes the perspectives that the assistant principals developed and explains the processes and conditions that influenced the development of these organizational socialization outcomes. The results of this study suggest that assistant principals develop a common set of perspectives in response to a common set of problematic situations. These perspectives include: "it takes time to learn," working for the principal, working with other assistant principals, doing tasks, working effectively with teachers, and an integrated perspective. Assistant principals appear to develop these perspectives using a situational adjustment process that includes assessing the requirements of problematic situations, experimenting with ideas and actions to determine how to behave, and choosing strategies that enable them to respond successfully to the situational requirements. The requirement to pass through the functional, hierarchical, and inclusionary boundary passages appears to be the most important organizational factor influencing the development of administrative perspectives. The quality of assistant principals' preparation experiences, their styles and longevity as teachers, and their motivation appear to be the most important individual factors influencing the development of administrative perspectives. Teachers appear to be the most powerful socializing agents. The assistant principal's role may provide essential preparation for a principal's role and may have the potential for developing leadership. Title: Being an Assistant Principal, Becoming an Administrator: an Organizational Socialization Study Author: Dickman, Connie Year: 1995 Many school administrators begin their careers in educational administration as assistant principals. The literature on assistant principals contributes very little to an understanding of the perspectives that assistant principals develop during their organizational socialization experiences and of the conditions and processes that influence the development of these socialization outcomes. The purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical understanding of the perspectives that emerge from assistant principals' organizational socialization experiences. Symbolic interactionism established the theoretical and methodological foundation for this study. The sensitizing concepts of perspective (Becker, Geer, Hughes, & Strauss, 1961), situational adjustment (Becker, 1964), and organizational boundary passages (Schein, 1971; Van Maanen & Schein, 1979) provided the analytic framework. The Glaser and Strauss (1967) constant comparison model guided the process of collecting and analyzing data. Six assistant principals with experience from three months to three years were interviewed. The study resulted in a grounded theory that describes the perspectives that the assistant principals developed and explains the processes and conditions that influenced the development of these organizational socialization outcomes. The results of this study suggest that assistant principals develop a common set of perspectives in response to a common set of problematic situations. These perspectives include: "it takes time to learn," working for the principal, working with other assistant principals, doing tasks, working effectively with teachers, and an integrated perspective. Assistant principals appear to develop these perspectives using a situational adjustment process that includes assessing the requirements of problematic situations, experimenting with ideas and actions to determine how to behave, and choosing strategies that enable them to respond successfully to the situational requirements. The requirement to pass through the functional, hierarchical, and inclusionary boundary passages appears to be the most important organizational factor influencing the development of administrative perspectives. The quality of assistant principals' preparation experiences, their styles and longevity as teachers, and their motivation appear to be the most important individual factors influencing the development of administrative perspectives. Teachers appear to be the most powerful socializing agents. The assistant principal's role may provide essential preparation for a principal's role and may have the potential for developing leadership. Close

• 45. [Article] Democratization, Political Performance, and Income Distribution in Argentina and Brazil

  This research examines the effects of democratization and political performance on the functional distribution of income in Argentina and Brazil from the end of their authoritarian periods to the present. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Democratization, Political Performance, and Income Distribution in Argentina and Brazil Author: Stowell, Nicholas Paul Year: 2016 This research examines the effects of democratization and political performance on the functional distribution of income in Argentina and Brazil from the end of their authoritarian periods to the present. The existing literature tends to focus on the impacts of democratization and political performance on the economic growth of the country as a whole or on changes to per capita income. This analysis focuses on the equality of economic development in less developed countries because growth is not necessarily distributed equally and poverty and inequality are both endemic to many less developed countries and also negatively impact development as a whole as well as the consolidation of democracy. To examine the effects of democratization and political performance on the shape of economic development, this thesis utilizes the Polity IV index as a measure of democracy, Relative Political Extraction as a proxy for political performance, and labor's share of national income as a measure of income inequality. Theoretically, a more democratic regime should enact policies that allow for a more equitable distribution of income because democratization increases popular representation and makes the provision of public goods preferable to the provision of private goods. Similarly, a regime with higher political capacity should be better equipped to enact whatever policies and development strategies it chooses, thereby reducing income inequality if the regime deems equitable development a priority. The main finding of this research is that political performance has had a significant impact on the shape of economic development in Argentina and Brazil, whereas the effect of democratization on the shape of development is less clear. A stronger, more effectively performing government will be better able to deliver equitable development regardless of its level of democracy than will a poorly performing government of any type. Title: Democratization, Political Performance, and Income Distribution in Argentina and Brazil Author: Stowell, Nicholas Paul Year: 2016 This research examines the effects of democratization and political performance on the functional distribution of income in Argentina and Brazil from the end of their authoritarian periods to the present. The existing literature tends to focus on the impacts of democratization and political performance on the economic growth of the country as a whole or on changes to per capita income. This analysis focuses on the equality of economic development in less developed countries because growth is not necessarily distributed equally and poverty and inequality are both endemic to many less developed countries and also negatively impact development as a whole as well as the consolidation of democracy. To examine the effects of democratization and political performance on the shape of economic development, this thesis utilizes the Polity IV index as a measure of democracy, Relative Political Extraction as a proxy for political performance, and labor's share of national income as a measure of income inequality. Theoretically, a more democratic regime should enact policies that allow for a more equitable distribution of income because democratization increases popular representation and makes the provision of public goods preferable to the provision of private goods. Similarly, a regime with higher political capacity should be better equipped to enact whatever policies and development strategies it chooses, thereby reducing income inequality if the regime deems equitable development a priority. The main finding of this research is that political performance has had a significant impact on the shape of economic development in Argentina and Brazil, whereas the effect of democratization on the shape of development is less clear. A stronger, more effectively performing government will be better able to deliver equitable development regardless of its level of democracy than will a poorly performing government of any type. Close

• 46. [Article] Toward a Comprehensive System of Personnel Development in Deafblind Education

  Students who are deafblind are a unique population with unique needs for learning, communication, and environmental access. Two roles have been identified as important to their education: teacher of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Toward a Comprehensive System of Personnel Development in Deafblind Education Author: Parker, Amy T., Nelson, Catherine Year: 2016 Students who are deafblind are a unique population with unique needs for learning, communication, and environmental access. Two roles have been identified as important to their education: teacher of the deafblind and intervener. However, these roles are not officially recognized in most states. Because of this lack of recognition and the low incidence of deafblindness, it is difficult to sustain systems that prepare highly qualified personnel with advanced training and knowledge in educational strategies for children and youth who are deafblind. The authors propose a comprehensive system of personnel development (CSPD) for deafblind education. The components of this system are standards, preservice training, in-service/professional development, leadership development, research, and, finally, planning coordination, and evaluation. The authors describe elements of the model that are being implemented and provide suggestions to support the future development of a comprehensive system. Title: Toward a Comprehensive System of Personnel Development in Deafblind Education Author: Parker, Amy T., Nelson, Catherine Year: 2016 Students who are deafblind are a unique population with unique needs for learning, communication, and environmental access. Two roles have been identified as important to their education: teacher of the deafblind and intervener. However, these roles are not officially recognized in most states. Because of this lack of recognition and the low incidence of deafblindness, it is difficult to sustain systems that prepare highly qualified personnel with advanced training and knowledge in educational strategies for children and youth who are deafblind. The authors propose a comprehensive system of personnel development (CSPD) for deafblind education. The components of this system are standards, preservice training, in-service/professional development, leadership development, research, and, finally, planning coordination, and evaluation. The authors describe elements of the model that are being implemented and provide suggestions to support the future development of a comprehensive system. Close

• 47. [Article] Oregon College of Art and Craft (OCAC) Workshop Project

  Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for the Oregon College of Art and Craft (OCAC). Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon College of Art and Craft (OCAC) Workshop Project Author: Holden, Scott, Joyce, Alex, Raynor, Nate, Sassa, Bob Year: 2016 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for the Oregon College of Art and Craft (OCAC). Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: Oregon College of Art and Craft (OCAC) Workshop Project Author: Holden, Scott, Joyce, Alex, Raynor, Nate, Sassa, Bob Year: 2016 Students in the PSU Real Estate Development Workshop produce a development plan for the Oregon College of Art and Craft (OCAC). Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 48. [Article] Pharo by Example

  Pharo is a modern, open source, fully-featured implementation of the Smalltalk programming language and environment. Pharo is derived from Squeak1, a re-implementation of the classic Smalltalk-80 system. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pharo by Example Author: Black, Andrew P., Ducasse, Stéphane, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Pollet, Damien, Cassou, Damien, Denker, Marcus Year: 2009 Pharo is a modern, open source, fully-featured implementation of the Smalltalk programming language and environment. Pharo is derived from Squeak1, a re-implementation of the classic Smalltalk-80 system. Whereas Squeak was developed mainly as a platform for developing experimental educational software, Pharo strives to offer a lean, open-source platform for professional software development, and a robust and stable platform for research and development into dynamic languages and environments. Pharo serves as the reference implementation for the Seaside web development framework. Title: Pharo by Example Author: Black, Andrew P., Ducasse, Stéphane, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Pollet, Damien, Cassou, Damien, Denker, Marcus Year: 2009 Pharo is a modern, open source, fully-featured implementation of the Smalltalk programming language and environment. Pharo is derived from Squeak1, a re-implementation of the classic Smalltalk-80 system. Whereas Squeak was developed mainly as a platform for developing experimental educational software, Pharo strives to offer a lean, open-source platform for professional software development, and a robust and stable platform for research and development into dynamic languages and environments. Pharo serves as the reference implementation for the Seaside web development framework. Close

• 49. [Article] Agriculture In and Beyond the Haitian Catastrophe

  Although the devastation from Haiti’s 2010 earthquake was concentrated in Port-au-Prince, it had deep agrarian roots. This paper situates Haiti’s urban poverty in the chronic exploitation of the country’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agriculture In and Beyond the Haitian Catastrophe Author: Steckley, Marylynn, Weis, Tony Year: 2017 Although the devastation from Haiti’s 2010 earthquake was concentrated in Port-au-Prince, it had deep agrarian roots. This paper situates Haiti’s urban poverty in the chronic exploitation of the country’s peasant classes as a basis for assessing the competing contemporary visions for agricultural development. We argue that the post-earthquake reconstruction has fortified a neoliberal development that is incompatible with the aspirations of the Haitian peasantry. Given the interrelated power of domestic elites and international donors, and the proliferation of disconnected development projects, we conclude that any prospect for pro-poor development hinges on the growth and collaboration of peasant movements. Title: Agriculture In and Beyond the Haitian Catastrophe Author: Steckley, Marylynn, Weis, Tony Year: 2017 Although the devastation from Haiti’s 2010 earthquake was concentrated in Port-au-Prince, it had deep agrarian roots. This paper situates Haiti’s urban poverty in the chronic exploitation of the country’s peasant classes as a basis for assessing the competing contemporary visions for agricultural development. We argue that the post-earthquake reconstruction has fortified a neoliberal development that is incompatible with the aspirations of the Haitian peasantry. Given the interrelated power of domestic elites and international donors, and the proliferation of disconnected development projects, we conclude that any prospect for pro-poor development hinges on the growth and collaboration of peasant movements. Close

• 50. [Article] A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis of International Reserves

  Using data from more than 100 economies for the period of 1975 to 2005, we conduct an extensive empirical analysis of the determinants of international reserve holdings. Four groups of determinants, namely, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis of International Reserves Author: Cheung, Yin-Wong, Ito, Hiro Year: 2009 Using data from more than 100 economies for the period of 1975 to 2005, we conduct an extensive empirical analysis of the determinants of international reserve holdings. Four groups of determinants, namely, traditional macro variables, financial variables, institutional variables, and dummy variables that control for individual economies’ characteristics are considered. We find that the relationship between international reserves and their determinants is significantly different between developed and developing economies and is not stable over time. The estimation results indicate that, especially during the recent period, a developed economy tends to hold a lower level of international reserves than a developing one. Title: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis of International Reserves Author: Cheung, Yin-Wong, Ito, Hiro Year: 2009 Using data from more than 100 economies for the period of 1975 to 2005, we conduct an extensive empirical analysis of the determinants of international reserve holdings. Four groups of determinants, namely, traditional macro variables, financial variables, institutional variables, and dummy variables that control for individual economies’ characteristics are considered. We find that the relationship between international reserves and their determinants is significantly different between developed and developing economies and is not stable over time. The estimation results indicate that, especially during the recent period, a developed economy tends to hold a lower level of international reserves than a developing one. Close

• 51. [Article] University Place: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a recently acquired 4.03 acre property site called University Place. Their task was to produce an original ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: University Place: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Bouchard, Todd, Collier, Matthew, Fenwick, David, Isle, Justin, Johnson, Dan, McVeety, Jeremy, Peterson, Chris, Shum, Amy Year: 2007 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a recently acquired 4.03 acre property site called University Place. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: University Place: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Bouchard, Todd, Collier, Matthew, Fenwick, David, Isle, Justin, Johnson, Dan, McVeety, Jeremy, Peterson, Chris, Shum, Amy Year: 2007 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a recently acquired 4.03 acre property site called University Place. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 52. [Article] The Yale Blocks: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a property site in Seattle's South Lake Union District. Their task was to produce an original development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Yale Blocks: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Smith, Brad, Koehler, Courtney, Hughes, Kerry, Stein, Matt, Monaghan, Pat, Beck, Staci Year: 2008 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a property site in Seattle's South Lake Union District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: The Yale Blocks: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Smith, Brad, Koehler, Courtney, Hughes, Kerry, Stein, Matt, Monaghan, Pat, Beck, Staci Year: 2008 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a property site in Seattle's South Lake Union District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 53. [Article] The Blocks at Northgate: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a property site in Seattle's Northgate District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Blocks at Northgate: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Uittenbroek, Caroline, Smith, Stephen, Ritter, Carly, Chavez, Kate, Patton, John, Blindheim, David, Nucci, Eugene, Jr. Year: 2009 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a property site in Seattle's Northgate District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: The Blocks at Northgate: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Uittenbroek, Caroline, Smith, Stephen, Ritter, Carly, Chavez, Kate, Patton, John, Blindheim, David, Nucci, Eugene, Jr. Year: 2009 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a property site in Seattle's Northgate District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 54. [Article] Lincoln High School: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for Lincoln High School. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lincoln High School: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Chastain, April, Clark, Tyler, Grasis, Gonzo, Hayes, Eric, Pile, Robert, Winslow, Jonathan Year: 2009 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for Lincoln High School. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: Lincoln High School: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Chastain, April, Clark, Tyler, Grasis, Gonzo, Hayes, Eric, Pile, Robert, Winslow, Jonathan Year: 2009 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for Lincoln High School. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 55. [Article] Brewery Blocks West: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a site in Portland's Pearl District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Brewery Blocks West: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Gates, Ben, Heinicke, Tom, Hendricks, Jared, Johnson, Brad, Mansoory, Atha, Shall, Michael, Thier, Will, Winslow, Jonathon Year: 2010 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a site in Portland's Pearl District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: Brewery Blocks West: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Gates, Ben, Heinicke, Tom, Hendricks, Jared, Johnson, Brad, Mansoory, Atha, Shall, Michael, Thier, Will, Winslow, Jonathon Year: 2010 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a site in Portland's Pearl District. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 56. [Article] The Kaiser Blocks: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop

  Portland State University's Center for Real Estate students produce a development plan for a property site in Portland known as the Kaiser Blocks. Their task was to produce an original development plan, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Kaiser Blocks: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Abbasi, Rahim A., McCleary, George, Mueller, Randy, Shaw, Andy, Skei, Peter, Tackett, Matt Year: 2012 Portland State University's Center for Real Estate students produce a development plan for a property site in Portland known as the Kaiser Blocks. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: The Kaiser Blocks: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Abbasi, Rahim A., McCleary, George, Mueller, Randy, Shaw, Andy, Skei, Peter, Tackett, Matt Year: 2012 Portland State University's Center for Real Estate students produce a development plan for a property site in Portland known as the Kaiser Blocks. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 57. [Article] Conway Commons: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop

  Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a site in Northwest Portland known as Conway Commons. Their task was to produce an original development plan, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conway Commons: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Aster, Scott, Clough, Jason, Hyde, Amber, Shall, Michael, Palmer, Kyle Year: 2010 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a site in Northwest Portland known as Conway Commons. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Title: Conway Commons: BOMA Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Aster, Scott, Clough, Jason, Hyde, Amber, Shall, Michael, Palmer, Kyle Year: 2010 Students from Portland State University's Center for Real Estate produce a development plan for a site in Northwest Portland known as Conway Commons. Their task was to produce an original development plan, including the development concept, market analysis, conceptual design, economic analysis, capital and operations budget, and management plan. Close

• 58. [Article] The Exchange: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop

  For this proposal, we assumed the position of respondents to the RFP that PSU will be releasing for the subject property. This proposal begins with an overview of the context of the site historically, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Exchange: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Boehm, Adam, Lewis, Jurie, Payne, Bryce, Sassa, Bob, Wald, Jason Year: 2015 For this proposal, we assumed the position of respondents to the RFP that PSU will be releasing for the subject property. This proposal begins with an overview of the context of the site historically, spatially. We analyze the neighborhood and features that will help make the development fit within the broader context. Then, we analyze the outlook for each property type and make assumptions about achievable rents, occupancies, etc. Then, we determine what the vision of the development will be based on the foregoing analysis. Finally, we apply that vision to create a development program and determine financial feasibility. We gladly present The Exchange, a vibrant community in the heart of Portland. Title: The Exchange: NAIOP Real Estate Development Workshop Author: Boehm, Adam, Lewis, Jurie, Payne, Bryce, Sassa, Bob, Wald, Jason Year: 2015 For this proposal, we assumed the position of respondents to the RFP that PSU will be releasing for the subject property. This proposal begins with an overview of the context of the site historically, spatially. We analyze the neighborhood and features that will help make the development fit within the broader context. Then, we analyze the outlook for each property type and make assumptions about achievable rents, occupancies, etc. Then, we determine what the vision of the development will be based on the foregoing analysis. Finally, we apply that vision to create a development program and determine financial feasibility. We gladly present The Exchange, a vibrant community in the heart of Portland. Close

• 59. [Article] Development Log: Correct-A-Pen

  This paper is a development log, basically a log of our new product development process, showing the steps we went through to create the Erase-a-pen product. This project and consequently this paper are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development Log: Correct-A-Pen Author: Artiga, Roberto, Li, Tung-Lung, Jovanovic, Stevan, Schwarz, Justus Arne Year: 2010 This paper is a development log, basically a log of our new product development process, showing the steps we went through to create the Erase-a-pen product. This project and consequently this paper are based on the book: Ulrich & Eppinger, Product Design and Development, 3rd Edition Mc Graw Hill, 2003. The structure of this development log is based on relevant chapters as listed in the book. Title: Development Log: Correct-A-Pen Author: Artiga, Roberto, Li, Tung-Lung, Jovanovic, Stevan, Schwarz, Justus Arne Year: 2010 This paper is a development log, basically a log of our new product development process, showing the steps we went through to create the Erase-a-pen product. This project and consequently this paper are based on the book: Ulrich & Eppinger, Product Design and Development, 3rd Edition Mc Graw Hill, 2003. The structure of this development log is based on relevant chapters as listed in the book. Close

• 60. [Article] Challenges of Empowering People with Disabilities in Nigeria for National Development

  This paper reviews issues affecting the empowerment of people with disabilities in Nigeria so they can be productive and contribute to the development of the nation. The questions of concern are: What ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Challenges of Empowering People with Disabilities in Nigeria for National Development Author: Eleweke, C. Jonah, Soje, Gabriel Year: 2016 This paper reviews issues affecting the empowerment of people with disabilities in Nigeria so they can be productive and contribute to the development of the nation. The questions of concern are: What is known about the extent people with disabilities are empowered to contribute to national development in Nigeria? What challenges do people with disabilities in Nigeria encounter in their attempt to contribute to national development? What are the implications of these challenges regarding strategies that could enhance the empowerment of people with disabilities to facilitate their contribution to national development? Title: Challenges of Empowering People with Disabilities in Nigeria for National Development Author: Eleweke, C. Jonah, Soje, Gabriel Year: 2016 This paper reviews issues affecting the empowerment of people with disabilities in Nigeria so they can be productive and contribute to the development of the nation. The questions of concern are: What is known about the extent people with disabilities are empowered to contribute to national development in Nigeria? What challenges do people with disabilities in Nigeria encounter in their attempt to contribute to national development? What are the implications of these challenges regarding strategies that could enhance the empowerment of people with disabilities to facilitate their contribution to national development? Close

• 61. [Article] Sustainable Development Strategy for Springwater Community - Gresham, Oregon: Recommendations for Sustainable Development Incentives

  This project researches and recommends alternatives for implementing sustainable development patterns and practices into this largely undeveloped land. The objective of the research is to provide a range ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Sustainable Development Strategy for Springwater Community - Gresham, Oregon: Recommendations for Sustainable Development Incentives Author: Albrecht, Gary, Harris, Laurie, Hansen, Steve, McConnaha, Colin, Nichols, Darren, Nolan, Casey Year: 2005 This project researches and recommends alternatives for implementing sustainable development patterns and practices into this largely undeveloped land. The objective of the research is to provide a range of strategies that the City can incorporate into an incentives-based program that facilitates sustainable development. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Deborah Howe, and Connie Ozawa. Title: Sustainable Development Strategy for Springwater Community - Gresham, Oregon: Recommendations for Sustainable Development Incentives Author: Albrecht, Gary, Harris, Laurie, Hansen, Steve, McConnaha, Colin, Nichols, Darren, Nolan, Casey Year: 2005 This project researches and recommends alternatives for implementing sustainable development patterns and practices into this largely undeveloped land. The objective of the research is to provide a range of strategies that the City can incorporate into an incentives-based program that facilitates sustainable development. This project was conducted under the supervision of Sy Adler, Deborah Howe, and Connie Ozawa. Close

• 62. [Article] Data-Driven Illustrations for Climate Smart Communities Scenarios

  Public investment in transit and streetscape improvements can encourage private development, and subsequently increase transit ridership and reduce pollution. Portland, OR’s Metro regional government has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Data-Driven Illustrations for Climate Smart Communities Scenarios Author: Cheng, Nancy Yen-wen, Ellis, Kim, Vogt, Molly, Chiavarini, Clint, Houk, Justin, Lockyear, Brian, Postma, Boyce, Morell, Peggy Year: 2013 Public investment in transit and streetscape improvements can encourage private development, and subsequently increase transit ridership and reduce pollution. Portland, OR’s Metro regional government has developed investment scenarios designed to reduce light vehicle carbon emissions. Adopting a regional scenario requires public review and consultation with local governments who will implement the comprehensive plans and land-use regulations. Decision makers and residents need to understand potential benefits: ways in which targeted investment could generate more livable urban spaces while reducing greenhouse gases. Illustrations can show how the investments could shape the pedestrian experience through trees, street furniture, buildings, open spaces, etc. This report explains a new workflow to illustrate urban development possibilities that can be adjusted according to evolving forecasts. Developing accessible scenario illustrations from city and regional planning forecasts requires sound analysis and thoughtful graphics to effectively communicate the analysis results. Our workflow connects planning forecasts (incorporating economic, transportation and land development data) to a parametric urban modeler to generate development massing, with views refined with 3D and 2D graphic procedures. Our objective has been to streamline the creation of visuals that communicate community development patterns and amenities provided with different levels of investment. A streamlined procedure allows different designers to generate illustrations with a consistent graphic style. The report documents the workflow, and identifies challenges, opportunities and questions for further work. Title: Data-Driven Illustrations for Climate Smart Communities Scenarios Author: Cheng, Nancy Yen-wen, Ellis, Kim, Vogt, Molly, Chiavarini, Clint, Houk, Justin, Lockyear, Brian, Postma, Boyce, Morell, Peggy Year: 2013 Public investment in transit and streetscape improvements can encourage private development, and subsequently increase transit ridership and reduce pollution. Portland, OR’s Metro regional government has developed investment scenarios designed to reduce light vehicle carbon emissions. Adopting a regional scenario requires public review and consultation with local governments who will implement the comprehensive plans and land-use regulations. Decision makers and residents need to understand potential benefits: ways in which targeted investment could generate more livable urban spaces while reducing greenhouse gases. Illustrations can show how the investments could shape the pedestrian experience through trees, street furniture, buildings, open spaces, etc. This report explains a new workflow to illustrate urban development possibilities that can be adjusted according to evolving forecasts. Developing accessible scenario illustrations from city and regional planning forecasts requires sound analysis and thoughtful graphics to effectively communicate the analysis results. Our workflow connects planning forecasts (incorporating economic, transportation and land development data) to a parametric urban modeler to generate development massing, with views refined with 3D and 2D graphic procedures. Our objective has been to streamline the creation of visuals that communicate community development patterns and amenities provided with different levels of investment. A streamlined procedure allows different designers to generate illustrations with a consistent graphic style. The report documents the workflow, and identifies challenges, opportunities and questions for further work. Close

• 63. [Article] Coal to Oil in China: Scientific Development or Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones?

  Since the start of the 21st century, energy security concerns and rising international energy costs have led China to pursue the development of a coal to oil industry, whereby converting a portion of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coal to Oil in China: Scientific Development or Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones? Author: Narus, Joseph John Year: 2010 Since the start of the 21st century, energy security concerns and rising international energy costs have led China to pursue the development of a coal to oil industry, whereby converting a portion of the nation's abundant coal reserves into gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel, China might be able to increase its domestic oil production and generate profits. But a large-scale coal to oil industry exerts added pressure on China's domestic coal reserves and water resources, and generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. The tension between the potential benefits of coal to oil development and its associated negative externalities present a challenge for China's energy policymakers, who must balance competing demands for energy security, resource management, and equitable development. The challenge of effectively managing the development of this industry is complicated by the characteristic problems plaguing energy sector governance in China, including the absence of a powerful energy policymaking institution, the decentralized nature of the country's economic development, and the influence of large energy companies. This study examines the evolution of China's coal to oil industry and the policies shaping its development in order to better understand energy sector governance in China and the complex challenges confronting policymakers as they strive to balance an array of competing demands. It finds that weak energy institutions and powerful domestic actors indeed hinder China's ability to efficiently formulate energy policies for the coal to oil industry, while considerations about the industry's environmental and resource impacts compel a cautious approach to development. China's incremental approach to formulating a long-term plan for the development of the coal to oil industry may, in the end, yield more effective policies. Title: Coal to Oil in China: Scientific Development or Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones? Author: Narus, Joseph John Year: 2010 Since the start of the 21st century, energy security concerns and rising international energy costs have led China to pursue the development of a coal to oil industry, whereby converting a portion of the nation's abundant coal reserves into gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel, China might be able to increase its domestic oil production and generate profits. But a large-scale coal to oil industry exerts added pressure on China's domestic coal reserves and water resources, and generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. The tension between the potential benefits of coal to oil development and its associated negative externalities present a challenge for China's energy policymakers, who must balance competing demands for energy security, resource management, and equitable development. The challenge of effectively managing the development of this industry is complicated by the characteristic problems plaguing energy sector governance in China, including the absence of a powerful energy policymaking institution, the decentralized nature of the country's economic development, and the influence of large energy companies. This study examines the evolution of China's coal to oil industry and the policies shaping its development in order to better understand energy sector governance in China and the complex challenges confronting policymakers as they strive to balance an array of competing demands. It finds that weak energy institutions and powerful domestic actors indeed hinder China's ability to efficiently formulate energy policies for the coal to oil industry, while considerations about the industry's environmental and resource impacts compel a cautious approach to development. China's incremental approach to formulating a long-term plan for the development of the coal to oil industry may, in the end, yield more effective policies. Close

• 64. [Article] East Asia and Global Imbalances: Saving, Investment, and Financial Development

  We investigate the role of budget balances, financial development and openness, in the evolution of global imbalances. Financial development – or the lack thereof – has received considerable attention ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: East Asia and Global Imbalances: Saving, Investment, and Financial Development Author: Ito, Hiro, Chinn, Menzie David Year: 2008 We investigate the role of budget balances, financial development and openness, in the evolution of global imbalances. Financial development – or the lack thereof – has received considerable attention as a possible contributing factor to the development of persistent and expanding current account imbalances. Several observers have argued that the depth and sophistication of US capital markets have caused capital to flow from relatively underdeveloped East Asian financial markets. In this paper, we extend our previous work by examining the effect of different types and aspects of financial development. Our cross-country analysis, encompassing a sample of 19 industrialized countries and 70 developing countries for the period of 1986 through 2005, yields a number of new results. First, we confirm a role for budget balances in industrial countries when bond markets are incorporated. Second, empirically both credit to the private sector and stock market capitalization appear to be equally important determinants of current account behavior. Third, while increases in the size of financial markets induce a decline in the current account balance in industrial countries, the reverse is more often the case for developing countries, especially when other measures of financial development are included. However, because of nonlinearities incorporated into the specifications, this characterization is conditional upon other factors. Fourth, a greater degree of financial openness is typically associated with a smaller current account balance in developing countries. Title: East Asia and Global Imbalances: Saving, Investment, and Financial Development Author: Ito, Hiro, Chinn, Menzie David Year: 2008 We investigate the role of budget balances, financial development and openness, in the evolution of global imbalances. Financial development – or the lack thereof – has received considerable attention as a possible contributing factor to the development of persistent and expanding current account imbalances. Several observers have argued that the depth and sophistication of US capital markets have caused capital to flow from relatively underdeveloped East Asian financial markets. In this paper, we extend our previous work by examining the effect of different types and aspects of financial development. Our cross-country analysis, encompassing a sample of 19 industrialized countries and 70 developing countries for the period of 1986 through 2005, yields a number of new results. First, we confirm a role for budget balances in industrial countries when bond markets are incorporated. Second, empirically both credit to the private sector and stock market capitalization appear to be equally important determinants of current account behavior. Third, while increases in the size of financial markets induce a decline in the current account balance in industrial countries, the reverse is more often the case for developing countries, especially when other measures of financial development are included. However, because of nonlinearities incorporated into the specifications, this characterization is conditional upon other factors. Fourth, a greater degree of financial openness is typically associated with a smaller current account balance in developing countries. Close

• 65. [Article] An internal review of a discipline: journal editors' opinions of paradigm development within speech communication

  A review of the literature on paradigm development within academic fields revealed that researchers have drawn distinctions between disciplines with greater paradigm development (discussed as discipline-wide ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An internal review of a discipline: journal editors' opinions of paradigm development within speech communication Author: Houghton, Laurie A. Year: 1983 A review of the literature on paradigm development within academic fields revealed that researchers have drawn distinctions between disciplines with greater paradigm development (discussed as discipline-wide consensus) and disciplines with lesser paradigm development. Several of these investigations centered on paradigm development and evaluative criteria used by academic journal editors for judging scholarly work. The purpose of this study was to ascertain Speech Communication journal editors' opinions of paradigm development within their field. A two-part survey was developed and mailed to eleven editors of the major Speech Communication journals. Data generated from the survey were analyzed using a descriptive methodology. Part A of the questionnaire was a partial replication of Beyer's (1978) research concerning journal editors from ten major journals in four disciplines: Physics and Chemistry (greater paradigm-developed fields), and Sociology and Political Science (lesser paradigm developed fields). Degree of paradigm development within Speech Communication was examined through journal editor policies and practices concerning: difficulty in arriving at decisions for accepting or rejecting a manuscript, article length, manuscript revision, and length of time between manuscript submission and publication. The mean, range, and mode statistics were used to derive editorial practices within Speech Communication. Mean scores from four fields investigated by Beyer (1978) were then descriptively compared to mean scores from Speech Communication in order to see where Speech Communication fit on the continuum of greater to lesser paradigm development. Part B of the survey was initially tested through a Pilot Study administered to five faculty members in the Department of Speech Communication, Portland State University. They were asked to "act as if they were editors of a major Speech Communication journal" for the purposes of completing the questionnaire. Respondents were requested to answer several open-ended questions related to their views of paradigm development in the field and to comment as to whether or not they believed paradigm was an indicator of discipline maturity. Data were content analyzed. Responses to the Pilot Study assisted in the conceptual refinement and placement of questions in Part B. Part A and Part B were then combined in the Survey of Editors questionnaire and administered to eleven Speech Communication editors-in-chief. All of the editors completed and returned the survey. The results of the study showed that while Speech Communication journal editors believe there are paradigms operating within the discipline, they indicated a concern that paradigm development could preclude the maintenance of an eclectic perspective. Therefore, they do not think that paradigm is a sign of discipline maturity. In addition, the editors expressed a desire to improve the quality of scholarship within the field but that some kind of organizing principle is needed to facilitate this improvement. Finally, based on the results of this study, the discipline of Speech Communication was found to be a lesser-developed paradigm field. Title: An internal review of a discipline: journal editors' opinions of paradigm development within speech communication Author: Houghton, Laurie A. Year: 1983 A review of the literature on paradigm development within academic fields revealed that researchers have drawn distinctions between disciplines with greater paradigm development (discussed as discipline-wide consensus) and disciplines with lesser paradigm development. Several of these investigations centered on paradigm development and evaluative criteria used by academic journal editors for judging scholarly work. The purpose of this study was to ascertain Speech Communication journal editors' opinions of paradigm development within their field. A two-part survey was developed and mailed to eleven editors of the major Speech Communication journals. Data generated from the survey were analyzed using a descriptive methodology. Part A of the questionnaire was a partial replication of Beyer's (1978) research concerning journal editors from ten major journals in four disciplines: Physics and Chemistry (greater paradigm-developed fields), and Sociology and Political Science (lesser paradigm developed fields). Degree of paradigm development within Speech Communication was examined through journal editor policies and practices concerning: difficulty in arriving at decisions for accepting or rejecting a manuscript, article length, manuscript revision, and length of time between manuscript submission and publication. The mean, range, and mode statistics were used to derive editorial practices within Speech Communication. Mean scores from four fields investigated by Beyer (1978) were then descriptively compared to mean scores from Speech Communication in order to see where Speech Communication fit on the continuum of greater to lesser paradigm development. Part B of the survey was initially tested through a Pilot Study administered to five faculty members in the Department of Speech Communication, Portland State University. They were asked to "act as if they were editors of a major Speech Communication journal" for the purposes of completing the questionnaire. Respondents were requested to answer several open-ended questions related to their views of paradigm development in the field and to comment as to whether or not they believed paradigm was an indicator of discipline maturity. Data were content analyzed. Responses to the Pilot Study assisted in the conceptual refinement and placement of questions in Part B. Part A and Part B were then combined in the Survey of Editors questionnaire and administered to eleven Speech Communication editors-in-chief. All of the editors completed and returned the survey. The results of the study showed that while Speech Communication journal editors believe there are paradigms operating within the discipline, they indicated a concern that paradigm development could preclude the maintenance of an eclectic perspective. Therefore, they do not think that paradigm is a sign of discipline maturity. In addition, the editors expressed a desire to improve the quality of scholarship within the field but that some kind of organizing principle is needed to facilitate this improvement. Finally, based on the results of this study, the discipline of Speech Communication was found to be a lesser-developed paradigm field. Close

• 66. [Article] The effect of parent-child interaction on the language development of the hearing-impaired child

  In recent years much interest has been focused on the manner in which the young child acquires language. Some researchers (Chomsky, 1965; McNeil) have postulated an inherent capacity to comprehend and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The effect of parent-child interaction on the language development of the hearing-impaired child Author: Melum, Arla J. Year: 1982 In recent years much interest has been focused on the manner in which the young child acquires language. Some researchers (Chomsky, 1965; McNeil) have postulated an inherent capacity to comprehend and utilize linguistic structures, while others such as Irwin, (1960), Hess and Shipman (1965), and Greenstein, et al, (1974) have focused on experiential determinants of language competence in early childhood. As with all children, the social and emotional behavior of deaf children is greatly influenced by their ability to communicate with significant others. Interactions between the normally developing child and his parents are characterized by mutual responsiveness, where each initiates and reciprocates communication. When a Child's language development is delayed or impaired(as with a hearing loss), this communication process may also become impaired, with parents being unable to respond appropriately to confused or reduced messages from the child. This paper reviews some of the pertinent research regarding the behavioral interaction between the parent and child and its effect on communication and psychosocial development. The implications of this data for the hearing-impaired child and his family are considered. It will address the question," What is it that parents with young hearing impaired children do that facilitates or impedes speech and language development?" A methodology is also presented for developing effective communication between such children and their parents. Title: The effect of parent-child interaction on the language development of the hearing-impaired child Author: Melum, Arla J. Year: 1982 In recent years much interest has been focused on the manner in which the young child acquires language. Some researchers (Chomsky, 1965; McNeil) have postulated an inherent capacity to comprehend and utilize linguistic structures, while others such as Irwin, (1960), Hess and Shipman (1965), and Greenstein, et al, (1974) have focused on experiential determinants of language competence in early childhood. As with all children, the social and emotional behavior of deaf children is greatly influenced by their ability to communicate with significant others. Interactions between the normally developing child and his parents are characterized by mutual responsiveness, where each initiates and reciprocates communication. When a Child's language development is delayed or impaired(as with a hearing loss), this communication process may also become impaired, with parents being unable to respond appropriately to confused or reduced messages from the child. This paper reviews some of the pertinent research regarding the behavioral interaction between the parent and child and its effect on communication and psychosocial development. The implications of this data for the hearing-impaired child and his family are considered. It will address the question," What is it that parents with young hearing impaired children do that facilitates or impedes speech and language development?" A methodology is also presented for developing effective communication between such children and their parents. Close

• 67. [Article] Irrelevance, Polymorphism, and Erasure in Type Theory

  Dependent type theory is a proven technology for verified functional programming in which programs and their correctness proofs may be developed using the same rules in a single formal system. In practice, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrelevance, Polymorphism, and Erasure in Type Theory Author: Mishra-Linger, Richard Nathan Year: 2008 Dependent type theory is a proven technology for verified functional programming in which programs and their correctness proofs may be developed using the same rules in a single formal system. In practice, large portions of programs developed in this way have no computational relevance to the ultimate result of the program and should therefore be removed prior to program execution. In previous work on identifying and removing irrelevant portions of programs, computational irrelevance is usually treated as an intrinsic property of program expressions. We find that such an approach forces programmers to maintain two copies of commonly used datatypes: a computationally relevant one and a computationally irrelevant one. We instead develop an extrinsic notion of computational irrelevance and find that it yields several benefits including (1) avoidance of the above mentioned code duplication problem; (2) an identification of computational irrelevance with a highly general form of parametric polymorphism; and (3) an elective (i.e., user-directed) notion of proof irrelevance. We also develop a program analysis for identifying irrelevant expressions and show how previously studied types embodying computational irrelevance (including subset types and squash types) are expressible in the extension of type theory developed herein. Title: Irrelevance, Polymorphism, and Erasure in Type Theory Author: Mishra-Linger, Richard Nathan Year: 2008 Dependent type theory is a proven technology for verified functional programming in which programs and their correctness proofs may be developed using the same rules in a single formal system. In practice, large portions of programs developed in this way have no computational relevance to the ultimate result of the program and should therefore be removed prior to program execution. In previous work on identifying and removing irrelevant portions of programs, computational irrelevance is usually treated as an intrinsic property of program expressions. We find that such an approach forces programmers to maintain two copies of commonly used datatypes: a computationally relevant one and a computationally irrelevant one. We instead develop an extrinsic notion of computational irrelevance and find that it yields several benefits including (1) avoidance of the above mentioned code duplication problem; (2) an identification of computational irrelevance with a highly general form of parametric polymorphism; and (3) an elective (i.e., user-directed) notion of proof irrelevance. We also develop a program analysis for identifying irrelevant expressions and show how previously studied types embodying computational irrelevance (including subset types and squash types) are expressible in the extension of type theory developed herein. Close

• 68. [Article] Proposal and Analysis of Demagnetization Methods of High Voltage Power System Transformers and Design of an Instrument to Automate the Demagnetization Process

  Present demagnetization methods for large power system transformers are time consuming and can be dangerous to persons performing demagnetization. The work of this thesis was to develop improved demagnetization ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proposal and Analysis of Demagnetization Methods of High Voltage Power System Transformers and Design of an Instrument to Automate the Demagnetization Process Author: Makowski, Nathanael Jared Year: 2011 Present demagnetization methods for large power system transformers are time consuming and can be dangerous to persons performing demagnetization. The work of this thesis was to develop improved demagnetization methods and to construct an automated instrument that would implement the methods developed. One previously developed method was analyzed for effectiveness. Then, two new methods for demagnetization were developed and also analyzed for effectiveness. An automated test instrument prototype was redesigned to be able to accommodate these methods and to improve the safety of the user. The previously developed method attempts demagnetization based on current flow behavior characteristics. The first new method is a magnetic flux estimation based on saturation time. The second new method is also based on measuring saturation time, modified to account for the variable voltage loss due to wire resistance. The second of the two new methods developed proved to be the most effective for demagnetization and was able to demagnetize a transformer within an error margin of 2%. The instrument designed to perform the demagnetization with this new routine is now in early production stages for an expanded field trial with transformer maintenance teams. Title: Proposal and Analysis of Demagnetization Methods of High Voltage Power System Transformers and Design of an Instrument to Automate the Demagnetization Process Author: Makowski, Nathanael Jared Year: 2011 Present demagnetization methods for large power system transformers are time consuming and can be dangerous to persons performing demagnetization. The work of this thesis was to develop improved demagnetization methods and to construct an automated instrument that would implement the methods developed. One previously developed method was analyzed for effectiveness. Then, two new methods for demagnetization were developed and also analyzed for effectiveness. An automated test instrument prototype was redesigned to be able to accommodate these methods and to improve the safety of the user. The previously developed method attempts demagnetization based on current flow behavior characteristics. The first new method is a magnetic flux estimation based on saturation time. The second new method is also based on measuring saturation time, modified to account for the variable voltage loss due to wire resistance. The second of the two new methods developed proved to be the most effective for demagnetization and was able to demagnetize a transformer within an error margin of 2%. The instrument designed to perform the demagnetization with this new routine is now in early production stages for an expanded field trial with transformer maintenance teams. Close

• 69. [Article] The Impacts of a Scalable Intervention on the Language and Literacy Development of Rural Pre-Kindergartners

  Read It Again (RIA) is a curriculum for pre-kindergarten (pre-K) classrooms that targets children’s development of language and literacy skills. A cluster randomized trial was conducted in which 104 pre-K ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Impacts of a Scalable Intervention on the Language and Literacy Development of Rural Pre-Kindergartners Author: Mashburn, Andrew, Justice, Laura M., McGinty, Anita, Slocum, Laura Year: 2016 Read It Again (RIA) is a curriculum for pre-kindergarten (pre-K) classrooms that targets children’s development of language and literacy skills. A cluster randomized trial was conducted in which 104 pre-K classrooms in the Appalachian region of the United States were randomly assigned to one of three study conditions: Control (n ¼ 30), RIA only (n¼ 35), or RIA with expanded professional development components (n¼ 39). This study tested the impacts of RIA on six measures of children’s (n ¼ 506) language and literacy development. There was a significant positive impact of RIA on print concepts, and the impacts of RIA on print knowledge and alphabet knowledge were significantly stronger in classrooms with lower-quality literacy instruction. There were no impacts of RIA on children’s language development and no impacts of the professional development components. Implications of the findings for implementing scalable, effective strategies to improve key school readiness outcomes for children from economically-disadvantaged backgrounds are discussed. Title: The Impacts of a Scalable Intervention on the Language and Literacy Development of Rural Pre-Kindergartners Author: Mashburn, Andrew, Justice, Laura M., McGinty, Anita, Slocum, Laura Year: 2016 Read It Again (RIA) is a curriculum for pre-kindergarten (pre-K) classrooms that targets children’s development of language and literacy skills. A cluster randomized trial was conducted in which 104 pre-K classrooms in the Appalachian region of the United States were randomly assigned to one of three study conditions: Control (n ¼ 30), RIA only (n¼ 35), or RIA with expanded professional development components (n¼ 39). This study tested the impacts of RIA on six measures of children’s (n ¼ 506) language and literacy development. There was a significant positive impact of RIA on print concepts, and the impacts of RIA on print knowledge and alphabet knowledge were significantly stronger in classrooms with lower-quality literacy instruction. There were no impacts of RIA on children’s language development and no impacts of the professional development components. Implications of the findings for implementing scalable, effective strategies to improve key school readiness outcomes for children from economically-disadvantaged backgrounds are discussed. Close

• 70. [Article] Select Problems with Recreation, Tourist, and Vacation Oriented Businesses as Rural Economic Stabilizers: a Case Study of the Mid-Columbia Economic Development District

  This thesis examples some of the factors that appear to have influenced the development of recreation and tourism in a special geographic area within the states of Washington and Oregon, The Mid• I Columbia ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Select Problems with Recreation, Tourist, and Vacation Oriented Businesses as Rural Economic Stabilizers: a Case Study of the Mid-Columbia Economic Development District Author: Michelson, Morton I. Year: 1973 This thesis examples some of the factors that appear to have influenced the development of recreation and tourism in a special geographic area within the states of Washington and Oregon, The Mid• I Columbia Economic Development District. A central question this thesis attempts to answer is: Should the development of recreation and tourist activities be continued as a means of bolstering the lagging economies In the District. Up until this time, the District has been the benefactor of certain state and federal economic development programs whose primary thrust were: to cut unemployment, broaden economic bases In communities with lagging economies, and halt outward migrations of persons to urban areas. Title: Select Problems with Recreation, Tourist, and Vacation Oriented Businesses as Rural Economic Stabilizers: a Case Study of the Mid-Columbia Economic Development District Author: Michelson, Morton I. Year: 1973 This thesis examples some of the factors that appear to have influenced the development of recreation and tourism in a special geographic area within the states of Washington and Oregon, The Mid• I Columbia Economic Development District. A central question this thesis attempts to answer is: Should the development of recreation and tourist activities be continued as a means of bolstering the lagging economies In the District. Up until this time, the District has been the benefactor of certain state and federal economic development programs whose primary thrust were: to cut unemployment, broaden economic bases In communities with lagging economies, and halt outward migrations of persons to urban areas. Close

• 71. [Article] The dynamics of change among community development corporations in Inner North/Northeast Portland, 1987-2006

  This project is a comparative case study of five Community Development Corporations (CDCs) that emerged in the seven central neighborhoods of Inner North/Northeast Portland, Oregon in the late 1980s. Of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The dynamics of change among community development corporations in Inner North/Northeast Portland, 1987-2006 Author: Brown, Louisa Jenkins Year: 2011 This project is a comparative case study of five Community Development Corporations (CDCs) that emerged in the seven central neighborhoods of Inner North/Northeast Portland, Oregon in the late 1980s. Of the five organizations that began at that time, only two exist currently. Analyzing how and why these organizations rose and fell, merged and failed, struggled and survived in a compressed time frame and geographic area will elucidate the different paths that each organization chose in a neighborhood that changed from derelict to gentrified. Drawing on the overlapping bodies of literature that cover low-income and affordable housing development, CDC structure and evolution, and neighborhood revitalization, this study will highlight issues of local government participation in the expansion of CDCs and a changing community context. The choices that organizations made, or were compelled to make, in response to these particularly local conditions contribute either to their fortitude or their demise. This case study is intended to fill in gaps in the existing CDC and gentrification literature and to contribute an understanding of survival strategies for CDCs in an intensely competitive environment. Title: The dynamics of change among community development corporations in Inner North/Northeast Portland, 1987-2006 Author: Brown, Louisa Jenkins Year: 2011 This project is a comparative case study of five Community Development Corporations (CDCs) that emerged in the seven central neighborhoods of Inner North/Northeast Portland, Oregon in the late 1980s. Of the five organizations that began at that time, only two exist currently. Analyzing how and why these organizations rose and fell, merged and failed, struggled and survived in a compressed time frame and geographic area will elucidate the different paths that each organization chose in a neighborhood that changed from derelict to gentrified. Drawing on the overlapping bodies of literature that cover low-income and affordable housing development, CDC structure and evolution, and neighborhood revitalization, this study will highlight issues of local government participation in the expansion of CDCs and a changing community context. The choices that organizations made, or were compelled to make, in response to these particularly local conditions contribute either to their fortitude or their demise. This case study is intended to fill in gaps in the existing CDC and gentrification literature and to contribute an understanding of survival strategies for CDCs in an intensely competitive environment. Close

• 72. [Article] An investigation of the development of the phonemes /t/and /k/ in the speech of preschool children.

  Research regarding children's instrumental articulation development has provided the speech clinician with schedules of speech sound development. These developmental tables list ages when specific phonemes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation of the development of the phonemes /t/and /k/ in the speech of preschool children. Author: Weybright, Glenn Douglas Year: 1974 Research regarding children's instrumental articulation development has provided the speech clinician with schedules of speech sound development. These developmental tables list ages when specific phonemes are mastered by normal children. Such schedules tend to give the impression that certain sounds must be developed before others can occur. Menyuk (1972) has expressed a similar point of view regarding phonemes /t/ and /k/. She has hypothesized: that phoneme /t/ must develop before phoneme /k/; and that sound element initial /t/ is mastered at an earlier age than initial /k/. The present investigation was designed to operationally test the validity of Menyuk's observations. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the ages at which phonemes /t/ and /k/ are mastered by normally developing children, thereby obtaining the order in which these phonemes are learned. A secondary purpose was to present an alternative to the concept of mastery of speech sounds by determining the ages at which children acquire phonemes /t/ and /k/. Four specific questions were posed by this study: Is phoneme /t/ mastered before phoneme /k/? Is sound element initial [t} mastered before initial [k]? What is the order of mastery of the remaining two sound elements of each phoneme? What is the order of acquisition of the two phonemes? Title: An investigation of the development of the phonemes /t/and /k/ in the speech of preschool children. Author: Weybright, Glenn Douglas Year: 1974 Research regarding children's instrumental articulation development has provided the speech clinician with schedules of speech sound development. These developmental tables list ages when specific phonemes are mastered by normal children. Such schedules tend to give the impression that certain sounds must be developed before others can occur. Menyuk (1972) has expressed a similar point of view regarding phonemes /t/ and /k/. She has hypothesized: that phoneme /t/ must develop before phoneme /k/; and that sound element initial /t/ is mastered at an earlier age than initial /k/. The present investigation was designed to operationally test the validity of Menyuk's observations. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the ages at which phonemes /t/ and /k/ are mastered by normally developing children, thereby obtaining the order in which these phonemes are learned. A secondary purpose was to present an alternative to the concept of mastery of speech sounds by determining the ages at which children acquire phonemes /t/ and /k/. Four specific questions were posed by this study: Is phoneme /t/ mastered before phoneme /k/? Is sound element initial [t} mastered before initial [k]? What is the order of mastery of the remaining two sound elements of each phoneme? What is the order of acquisition of the two phonemes? Close

• 73. [Article] Impact of Teacher Feedback on the Development of State Issued Scoring Guides for Science Inquiry and Engineering Design Performance Assessments

  In 2010, Oregon Department of Education (ODE) developed a set of rubrics designed to score a state required performance assessment targeting Science Inquiry (SI) and Engineering Design (ED) skills. During ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact of Teacher Feedback on the Development of State Issued Scoring Guides for Science Inquiry and Engineering Design Performance Assessments Author: Fiser, Timothy Paul Year: 2013 In 2010, Oregon Department of Education (ODE) developed a set of rubrics designed to score a state required performance assessment targeting Science Inquiry (SI) and Engineering Design (ED) skills. During the development of the rubrics, ODE invited six panels of teachers to provide feedback on an early draft of the rubrics. This case study analyzed the teachers' feedback and the revisions of the rubrics to identify the types of feedback teachers offered and how ODE used that feedback to develop the rubrics. The results showed the teachers' feedback focused on defining the skills students were asked to demonstrate and distinguishing levels of student performance. There was clear evidence that the teachers' feedback had a substantial impact on the development of the rubrics. These results suggest that teachers can add substantial value during the development of a state issued assessment tool. Title: Impact of Teacher Feedback on the Development of State Issued Scoring Guides for Science Inquiry and Engineering Design Performance Assessments Author: Fiser, Timothy Paul Year: 2013 In 2010, Oregon Department of Education (ODE) developed a set of rubrics designed to score a state required performance assessment targeting Science Inquiry (SI) and Engineering Design (ED) skills. During the development of the rubrics, ODE invited six panels of teachers to provide feedback on an early draft of the rubrics. This case study analyzed the teachers' feedback and the revisions of the rubrics to identify the types of feedback teachers offered and how ODE used that feedback to develop the rubrics. The results showed the teachers' feedback focused on defining the skills students were asked to demonstrate and distinguishing levels of student performance. There was clear evidence that the teachers' feedback had a substantial impact on the development of the rubrics. These results suggest that teachers can add substantial value during the development of a state issued assessment tool. Close

• 74. [Article] Price-based Measurement of Financial Globalization: A Cross-Country Study of Interest Rate Parity

  We characterize the relationship between ex post exchange rate depreciation and the interest differential for a set of countries that spans both developed and emerging market economies. The measured ex ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Price-based Measurement of Financial Globalization: A Cross-Country Study of Interest Rate Parity Author: Ito, Hiro, Chinn, Menzie David Year: 2007 We characterize the relationship between ex post exchange rate depreciation and the interest differential for a set of countries that spans both developed and emerging market economies. The measured ex post uncovered interest differentials in terms of both levels and absolute values are then related to measures of trade and financial openness, financial development, government budget balances, institutional development, and exchange rate regimes. We find that there is wide diversity in the coefficient relating depreciations and interest differentials. Some of these differing results can be attributed to differences in inflation volatility, financial development, trade openness, capital account openness, legal development, and the nature of the exchange rate regimes. The robust results are mainly found in the developing/emerging market country grouping. Title: Price-based Measurement of Financial Globalization: A Cross-Country Study of Interest Rate Parity Author: Ito, Hiro, Chinn, Menzie David Year: 2007 We characterize the relationship between ex post exchange rate depreciation and the interest differential for a set of countries that spans both developed and emerging market economies. The measured ex post uncovered interest differentials in terms of both levels and absolute values are then related to measures of trade and financial openness, financial development, government budget balances, institutional development, and exchange rate regimes. We find that there is wide diversity in the coefficient relating depreciations and interest differentials. Some of these differing results can be attributed to differences in inflation volatility, financial development, trade openness, capital account openness, legal development, and the nature of the exchange rate regimes. The robust results are mainly found in the developing/emerging market country grouping. Close

• 75. [Article] Affordable Housing for Public Benefit: a Comparison of Newly Constructed and Rehabilitated Developments in the North and Northeast Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon

  Rising property values and low vacancy rates have led to a high demand for affordable housing in Portland, Oregon. In order to fulfill this need, a strategy that considers development cost and potential ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Affordable Housing for Public Benefit: a Comparison of Newly Constructed and Rehabilitated Developments in the North and Northeast Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon Author: Matijascic, Sara Year: 2014 Rising property values and low vacancy rates have led to a high demand for affordable housing in Portland, Oregon. In order to fulfill this need, a strategy that considers development cost and potential benefits of affordable housing to the public must be put into place. In this report, I compare development cost and public benefit of two housing creation methods – new construction and rehabilitation – to determine ways to increase economic feasibility, as well as positive externalities of the development process. This inquiry is tested using a public benefit survey that was distributed to housing professionals working in Portland, Oregon. The results of the survey were then applied to four case studies developed in North and Northeast Portland, between 2005 and 2013, by a local community development corporation, Portland Community Reinvestment Initiatives, Inc. The results of this report contribute to the larger goal of creating a comprehensive affordable housing plan for Portland, Oregon, which emphasizes that anyone and everyone in Portland stands to gain from the provision of housing for all. Title: Affordable Housing for Public Benefit: a Comparison of Newly Constructed and Rehabilitated Developments in the North and Northeast Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon Author: Matijascic, Sara Year: 2014 Rising property values and low vacancy rates have led to a high demand for affordable housing in Portland, Oregon. In order to fulfill this need, a strategy that considers development cost and potential benefits of affordable housing to the public must be put into place. In this report, I compare development cost and public benefit of two housing creation methods – new construction and rehabilitation – to determine ways to increase economic feasibility, as well as positive externalities of the development process. This inquiry is tested using a public benefit survey that was distributed to housing professionals working in Portland, Oregon. The results of the survey were then applied to four case studies developed in North and Northeast Portland, between 2005 and 2013, by a local community development corporation, Portland Community Reinvestment Initiatives, Inc. The results of this report contribute to the larger goal of creating a comprehensive affordable housing plan for Portland, Oregon, which emphasizes that anyone and everyone in Portland stands to gain from the provision of housing for all. Close

• 76. [Article] The Postmodern Persistence of the Brazilian Development State: A Comparative Study of Policies During the Cardoso and Lula Administrations

  This paper seeks to define and compare Brazilian national development strategies during the Cardoso and Lula administrations. Assuming a political economy perspective, we first provide a context for understanding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Postmodern Persistence of the Brazilian Development State: A Comparative Study of Policies During the Cardoso and Lula Administrations Author: Talkington, Adam Year: 2013 This paper seeks to define and compare Brazilian national development strategies during the Cardoso and Lula administrations. Assuming a political economy perspective, we first provide a context for understanding contemporary Brazilian development by defining the developmental state characterizing Brazilian governance from 1930 to 1985, followed by an overview of the theoretical arguments underlying the reform process. Using an historical deductive methodology, we explore the national development strategies of the two administrations through a narrative of their divergent agendas and the economic and social policies they engendered. Finally, we consider the similarities and distinctions between development policies occurring in the periods under analysis, drawing attention to the evolving character and role of a reformed, but still intact, developmental state in Brazil. Faculty Mentor: Leopoldo Rodriguez Title: The Postmodern Persistence of the Brazilian Development State: A Comparative Study of Policies During the Cardoso and Lula Administrations Author: Talkington, Adam Year: 2013 This paper seeks to define and compare Brazilian national development strategies during the Cardoso and Lula administrations. Assuming a political economy perspective, we first provide a context for understanding contemporary Brazilian development by defining the developmental state characterizing Brazilian governance from 1930 to 1985, followed by an overview of the theoretical arguments underlying the reform process. Using an historical deductive methodology, we explore the national development strategies of the two administrations through a narrative of their divergent agendas and the economic and social policies they engendered. Finally, we consider the similarities and distinctions between development policies occurring in the periods under analysis, drawing attention to the evolving character and role of a reformed, but still intact, developmental state in Brazil. Faculty Mentor: Leopoldo Rodriguez Close

• 77. [Article] The Power of Place: Building Community Character on SE Division Street

  The Power of Place study assists DVC in fulfilling that mission by pursuing an understanding of the street’s character and identifying opportunities for future development or continued investment. Both ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Power of Place: Building Community Character on SE Division Street Author: Fahey, Quinn, Birks, Josh, Caudill, Jeff, Mermin, John, Radin, Kenneth Year: 2004 The Power of Place study assists DVC in fulfilling that mission by pursuing an understanding of the street’s character and identifying opportunities for future development or continued investment. Both aspects of this study establish the foundation necessary for the Coalition to become proactive in development processes and maintain the attributes that most significantly contribute to the character of the street. To that end, the study looked to achieve three primary objectives: Develop a body of knowledge that can steer DVC toward community desires and objectives regarding Division St. development. Based on that knowledge, identify sites along Division that hold potential for future development or continued investment. Identify community and collective ownership structures that the community might use to purchase and manage real estate. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe, Barry Messer, and Ethan Seltzer. Title: The Power of Place: Building Community Character on SE Division Street Author: Fahey, Quinn, Birks, Josh, Caudill, Jeff, Mermin, John, Radin, Kenneth Year: 2004 The Power of Place study assists DVC in fulfilling that mission by pursuing an understanding of the street’s character and identifying opportunities for future development or continued investment. Both aspects of this study establish the foundation necessary for the Coalition to become proactive in development processes and maintain the attributes that most significantly contribute to the character of the street. To that end, the study looked to achieve three primary objectives: Develop a body of knowledge that can steer DVC toward community desires and objectives regarding Division St. development. Based on that knowledge, identify sites along Division that hold potential for future development or continued investment. Identify community and collective ownership structures that the community might use to purchase and manage real estate. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe, Barry Messer, and Ethan Seltzer. Close

• 78. [Article] Institutional Repositories and Research Development - Capitalizing on Points of Intersection

  Many institutional repositories (IRs) have assumed responsibility for capturing information about their university’s scholarly outputs. Publications, presentations, curriculum resources, research data, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Institutional Repositories and Research Development - Capitalizing on Points of Intersection Author: Armstrong, Michelle Year: 2016 Many institutional repositories (IRs) have assumed responsibility for capturing information about their university’s scholarly outputs. Publications, presentations, curriculum resources, research data, and multimedia materials are ingested as part of the institution’s research profile. Although great progress has been made to establish repositories as core parts of the research environment on many university campuses, IRs are often not utilized in the research development and grant proposal processes. Collaborating on research dissemination plans, assisting in data management, maintaining researcher profiles, and assisting in developing biosketches are all potential partnership opportunities for repository and research development staff. Yet, these groups usually do not come together to capitalize upon these points of intersection. This presentation will explore ways that repositories can support their university’s research and funding development efforts. Beginning with a review of existing federal funding processes and research information management systems, such as MyNCBI and SciENcv, repository staff will begin to see overlap in the work they are engaged in and grant submission and reporting procedures. Based on this foundation, barriers to collaboration will be identified. Lack of awareness, systems barriers, and staffing limitations will be considered. Finally, participants will discuss methods for building productive and functional relationships with research development groups. Title: Institutional Repositories and Research Development - Capitalizing on Points of Intersection Author: Armstrong, Michelle Year: 2016 Many institutional repositories (IRs) have assumed responsibility for capturing information about their university’s scholarly outputs. Publications, presentations, curriculum resources, research data, and multimedia materials are ingested as part of the institution’s research profile. Although great progress has been made to establish repositories as core parts of the research environment on many university campuses, IRs are often not utilized in the research development and grant proposal processes. Collaborating on research dissemination plans, assisting in data management, maintaining researcher profiles, and assisting in developing biosketches are all potential partnership opportunities for repository and research development staff. Yet, these groups usually do not come together to capitalize upon these points of intersection. This presentation will explore ways that repositories can support their university’s research and funding development efforts. Beginning with a review of existing federal funding processes and research information management systems, such as MyNCBI and SciENcv, repository staff will begin to see overlap in the work they are engaged in and grant submission and reporting procedures. Based on this foundation, barriers to collaboration will be identified. Lack of awareness, systems barriers, and staffing limitations will be considered. Finally, participants will discuss methods for building productive and functional relationships with research development groups. Close

• 79. [Article] The Role of Software Development Methodologies in the Technology Innovation Process

  The software development methodologies like Scrum and eXtreme Programming (XP) are used in efficient development of software products. These methodologies follow some agile practices like communication, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Software Development Methodologies in the Technology Innovation Process Author: Agrawal, Payal Year: 2009 The software development methodologies like Scrum and eXtreme Programming (XP) are used in efficient development of software products. These methodologies follow some agile practices like communication, customer integration, feedback, collective ownership, simplicity, continual integration, daily scrum meetings, and iterative development. Further, innovation is the process which starts from conception of an idea and ends with successful development of the product. In this paper I would explain how each of the agile practices followed in Scrum and XP will support and enhance an innovation process. Thus, the agile practices which would be very handy for most of the software professionals can help them in participating in the innovation process. Various case examples will be presented in order to prove how the strengths of software development methodologies can be used to enhance innovation process. Title: The Role of Software Development Methodologies in the Technology Innovation Process Author: Agrawal, Payal Year: 2009 The software development methodologies like Scrum and eXtreme Programming (XP) are used in efficient development of software products. These methodologies follow some agile practices like communication, customer integration, feedback, collective ownership, simplicity, continual integration, daily scrum meetings, and iterative development. Further, innovation is the process which starts from conception of an idea and ends with successful development of the product. In this paper I would explain how each of the agile practices followed in Scrum and XP will support and enhance an innovation process. Thus, the agile practices which would be very handy for most of the software professionals can help them in participating in the innovation process. Various case examples will be presented in order to prove how the strengths of software development methodologies can be used to enhance innovation process. Close

• 80. [Article] Teaching Web Evaluation: A Cognitive Development Approach

  Web evaluation has been a standard information literacy offering for years and has always been a challenging topic for instruction librarians. Over time, the authors had tried a myriad of strategies to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Teaching Web Evaluation: A Cognitive Development Approach Author: Benjes-Small, Candice, Archer, Alyssa, Tucker, Katelyn, Vassady, Lisa Year: 2013 Web evaluation has been a standard information literacy offering for years and has always been a challenging topic for instruction librarians. Over time, the authors had tried a myriad of strategies to teach freshmen how to assess the credibility of Web sites but felt the efforts were insufficient. By familiarizing themselves with the cognitive development research, they were able to effectively revamp Web evaluation instruction to improve student learning. This article discusses the problems of traditional methods, such as checklists; summarizes the cognitive development research, particularly in regards to its relationship to the ACRL Information Literacy Standards; and details the instructional lesson plan developed by the authors that incorporates cognitive development theories. Title: Teaching Web Evaluation: A Cognitive Development Approach Author: Benjes-Small, Candice, Archer, Alyssa, Tucker, Katelyn, Vassady, Lisa Year: 2013 Web evaluation has been a standard information literacy offering for years and has always been a challenging topic for instruction librarians. Over time, the authors had tried a myriad of strategies to teach freshmen how to assess the credibility of Web sites but felt the efforts were insufficient. By familiarizing themselves with the cognitive development research, they were able to effectively revamp Web evaluation instruction to improve student learning. This article discusses the problems of traditional methods, such as checklists; summarizes the cognitive development research, particularly in regards to its relationship to the ACRL Information Literacy Standards; and details the instructional lesson plan developed by the authors that incorporates cognitive development theories. Close

• 81. [Article] The Role of Tourism in Development: A Case Study of Turkey

  Until quite recently "tourism" was principally a feature of, and was largely confined to, the developed countries. During the past two decades, however, tourism has become an income earning alternative ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Tourism in Development: A Case Study of Turkey Author: Alipouraghtapeh, Habib Year: 1991 Until quite recently "tourism" was principally a feature of, and was largely confined to, the developed countries. During the past two decades, however, tourism has become an income earning alternative to the many Third World countries, and many have capitalized on the industry which has become known as a "passport to development." In recent years the situation has worsened for these former exporters of primary agricultural products. These products are suffering from the general fall in world commodity prices and competition from larger and more efficient agricultural producers. In addition, the world economic impact has been translated to ever-burgeoning foreign debt crisis and the further deterioration of balance of payments. The need for foreign currency has been intensified by the new export promotion policies which are replacing import substitution as the dominant development policy in Third World manufacturing. Tourism under these circumstances is a mixed blessing, and until very recently economists have pondered tourism's contribution carefully and have applied a wide range of theories to a description of the benefits of extended tourism business. In addition, with the new surge in tourism literature not only have the economic benefits of tourism been questioned, but tourism's social, cultural, and environmental impacts have become major issues of contention. The complex matrix of advantages and disadvantages ensures that governments must face an unenviable task of trying to weigh gains from new income and employment against certain less direct and long-term losses. While tourism on the one hand is blessed as the passport to development," on the other hand it has been characterized as a force which destroys uncomprehendingly and unintentionally cultural values and social customs. In order to enhance and secure the positive influences of tourism in the long run and ensure its sustainability as an alternative means of income, an elaborated national tourism policy is required. An effective policy would guide the industry through certain development plans in accordance with the overall national development policies. The current study suggests that Turkey's tourism development was subject to various deliberate influences and spontaneous dynamics without a prior policy formulation in the form of a national tourism policy. This study further suggests that the tourist boom of 1980s caught the government and private sector by surprise because of the lack of pre-planning or policy research. This is obvious when one examines the tourism organization and administration which is centrally controlled and implemented. The interaction between various levels of government is a critical point. This study also suggests that Turkey's position as a new tourist destination related positively to its new export promotion policies or the shift from an import substitution industrialization (lSI) economy to an export-oriented growth (XOG) economy. To note, motivations to develop tourism in Turkey are first, to gain foreign exchange, and second, to establish that Turkey represents a politically stable environment for foreign investment. However, the lack of a national tourism policy has confined the industry to only a "short term economic gain" objective which has ruled out any effort to measure its net economic value instead of gross economic revenue. Furthermore the "planning" process has remained limited to physical planning to the detriment of social, environmental, and territorial planning. The lack of regional planning with goals to reduce disparities are obvious signs of the failure of planning in the tourism sector. Therefore, this study suggests that tourism has not been employed in a fashion to alleviate or minimize spatial inequalities, but rather the trend has been to its intensification. "Domestic tourism" has been neglected in terms of policy and planning, and social tourism, will likely disappear because many will not be able to afford the uncontrolled tourist prices in the new crowded tourist centers. The result of the study, suggests that tourism development cannot be separated from the "development" ideologies and theories which are translated to policies in the national level. In order to achieve a better understanding of tourism's role within the national development policy, one needs to examine the extension of analysis beyond the core periphery relation which is manifested in "dependency theory." The new international division of labor will most likely devise a new pattern for capital accumulation. This new process has been manifested in "dependent development" which produced new formations (i.e., NICs) or "semiperipheral" economies. In order for tourism to be a viable economic and social sector, it must overcome the disadvantages of "dependent development." The prime task of this study was to examine the complex nature of the tourism industry in Turkey as it relates to the government's effort to tourism development. The study reveals that the government's involvement in the tourism industry was hampered by an impasse in development strategies and ideologies due to the retreatment from the etatist philosophy to the export oriented/privatization scenario. This resulted in a distortion characterized by inactivity in tourism (i.e., the absence of a national tourism policy. Tourism was perceived as a short-term remedy to the lack of foreign capital as an invisible sector (replacing worker's remittances from abroad). All told, the tourism industry, regardless of its myriad potentials, was confined to a few enclave developments as directed by market forces rather than as a derivative of formal planning decisions. The government's role remains passive at this point despite a requirement for active intervention in tourism activity_ Title: The Role of Tourism in Development: A Case Study of Turkey Author: Alipouraghtapeh, Habib Year: 1991 Until quite recently "tourism" was principally a feature of, and was largely confined to, the developed countries. During the past two decades, however, tourism has become an income earning alternative to the many Third World countries, and many have capitalized on the industry which has become known as a "passport to development." In recent years the situation has worsened for these former exporters of primary agricultural products. These products are suffering from the general fall in world commodity prices and competition from larger and more efficient agricultural producers. In addition, the world economic impact has been translated to ever-burgeoning foreign debt crisis and the further deterioration of balance of payments. The need for foreign currency has been intensified by the new export promotion policies which are replacing import substitution as the dominant development policy in Third World manufacturing. Tourism under these circumstances is a mixed blessing, and until very recently economists have pondered tourism's contribution carefully and have applied a wide range of theories to a description of the benefits of extended tourism business. In addition, with the new surge in tourism literature not only have the economic benefits of tourism been questioned, but tourism's social, cultural, and environmental impacts have become major issues of contention. The complex matrix of advantages and disadvantages ensures that governments must face an unenviable task of trying to weigh gains from new income and employment against certain less direct and long-term losses. While tourism on the one hand is blessed as the passport to development," on the other hand it has been characterized as a force which destroys uncomprehendingly and unintentionally cultural values and social customs. In order to enhance and secure the positive influences of tourism in the long run and ensure its sustainability as an alternative means of income, an elaborated national tourism policy is required. An effective policy would guide the industry through certain development plans in accordance with the overall national development policies. The current study suggests that Turkey's tourism development was subject to various deliberate influences and spontaneous dynamics without a prior policy formulation in the form of a national tourism policy. This study further suggests that the tourist boom of 1980s caught the government and private sector by surprise because of the lack of pre-planning or policy research. This is obvious when one examines the tourism organization and administration which is centrally controlled and implemented. The interaction between various levels of government is a critical point. This study also suggests that Turkey's position as a new tourist destination related positively to its new export promotion policies or the shift from an import substitution industrialization (lSI) economy to an export-oriented growth (XOG) economy. To note, motivations to develop tourism in Turkey are first, to gain foreign exchange, and second, to establish that Turkey represents a politically stable environment for foreign investment. However, the lack of a national tourism policy has confined the industry to only a "short term economic gain" objective which has ruled out any effort to measure its net economic value instead of gross economic revenue. Furthermore the "planning" process has remained limited to physical planning to the detriment of social, environmental, and territorial planning. The lack of regional planning with goals to reduce disparities are obvious signs of the failure of planning in the tourism sector. Therefore, this study suggests that tourism has not been employed in a fashion to alleviate or minimize spatial inequalities, but rather the trend has been to its intensification. "Domestic tourism" has been neglected in terms of policy and planning, and social tourism, will likely disappear because many will not be able to afford the uncontrolled tourist prices in the new crowded tourist centers. The result of the study, suggests that tourism development cannot be separated from the "development" ideologies and theories which are translated to policies in the national level. In order to achieve a better understanding of tourism's role within the national development policy, one needs to examine the extension of analysis beyond the core periphery relation which is manifested in "dependency theory." The new international division of labor will most likely devise a new pattern for capital accumulation. This new process has been manifested in "dependent development" which produced new formations (i.e., NICs) or "semiperipheral" economies. In order for tourism to be a viable economic and social sector, it must overcome the disadvantages of "dependent development." The prime task of this study was to examine the complex nature of the tourism industry in Turkey as it relates to the government's effort to tourism development. The study reveals that the government's involvement in the tourism industry was hampered by an impasse in development strategies and ideologies due to the retreatment from the etatist philosophy to the export oriented/privatization scenario. This resulted in a distortion characterized by inactivity in tourism (i.e., the absence of a national tourism policy. Tourism was perceived as a short-term remedy to the lack of foreign capital as an invisible sector (replacing worker's remittances from abroad). All told, the tourism industry, regardless of its myriad potentials, was confined to a few enclave developments as directed by market forces rather than as a derivative of formal planning decisions. The government's role remains passive at this point despite a requirement for active intervention in tourism activity_ Close

• 82. [Article] A Case Study of the Development of Oregon's 1985 Public Policy in Youth Substance Abuse

  Youth substance abuse in Oregon reached epidemic proportions in the early 1980s. A response to this social issue from the Governor's Office, the state legislature, and the Office of Alcohol and Drug Programs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Case Study of the Development of Oregon's 1985 Public Policy in Youth Substance Abuse Author: Grove, Sonja Carol Year: 1995 Youth substance abuse in Oregon reached epidemic proportions in the early 1980s. A response to this social issue from the Governor's Office, the state legislature, and the Office of Alcohol and Drug Programs during 1983-1985 is the foundation of this case study. Oregon, a small state of three million, was faced with a growing problem of youth and adult substance abuse. Legislative leaders, agency staff, and Governor Atiyeh recognized an opportunity to create public policy to solve problems of substance abuse including crime. The focus on substance abuse included streamlining several budgets with substance abuse monies in various state agencies. The intent of this study was to recreate the development of public policy specifically in the area of youth substance abuse during the years 1983-1985. The final policy, Oregon House Bill 2124 (1985), represented the work budgets with alcohol and drug monies in various state agencies. The intent of this study is to recreate the development of public policy specifically in the area of youth substance abuse during the years 1983-1985. The final policy, Oregon House Bill 2124 (1985), represented the work of several political entities, and presented recommendations for substance abuse treatment, budget alignments among several agencies with alcohol and drug monies, and finally, prevention of youth substance abuse. This dissertation established that leadership and politics affected policy development more than the variables of economics, special interest groups, or research which were chosen from the literature in policy development. Research was the variable studied in depth to determine if policy developers utilized what was known about youth substance abuse to develop policy goals. Several barriers to the use of research and rational methods for policy development were uncovered. The study found that the use of research was regarded as important among policy developers, but their practice was not at all congruent with that belief. There were many studies on youth prevention and social competency training available to policy planners which may have supported more specific policy recommendations. No collaborations between researchers and policy developers occurred in this case study. The barriers to collaborative efforts with researchers and the use of policy analysis methods were uncovered in this study. The final policy document presented to the legislature lacked specific recommendations for well researched programs which appeared to be the result of political considerations rather than rational policy development. Finally, this case of policy development revealed a process that was inconsistent, politically driven, disregarded available research, and resulted in broad policy goals which have not been exceptionally successful in limiting or even addressing youth substance abuse over the nine years of implementation by the same administrator who significantly helped to develop them. Title: A Case Study of the Development of Oregon's 1985 Public Policy in Youth Substance Abuse Author: Grove, Sonja Carol Year: 1995 Youth substance abuse in Oregon reached epidemic proportions in the early 1980s. A response to this social issue from the Governor's Office, the state legislature, and the Office of Alcohol and Drug Programs during 1983-1985 is the foundation of this case study. Oregon, a small state of three million, was faced with a growing problem of youth and adult substance abuse. Legislative leaders, agency staff, and Governor Atiyeh recognized an opportunity to create public policy to solve problems of substance abuse including crime. The focus on substance abuse included streamlining several budgets with substance abuse monies in various state agencies. The intent of this study was to recreate the development of public policy specifically in the area of youth substance abuse during the years 1983-1985. The final policy, Oregon House Bill 2124 (1985), represented the work budgets with alcohol and drug monies in various state agencies. The intent of this study is to recreate the development of public policy specifically in the area of youth substance abuse during the years 1983-1985. The final policy, Oregon House Bill 2124 (1985), represented the work of several political entities, and presented recommendations for substance abuse treatment, budget alignments among several agencies with alcohol and drug monies, and finally, prevention of youth substance abuse. This dissertation established that leadership and politics affected policy development more than the variables of economics, special interest groups, or research which were chosen from the literature in policy development. Research was the variable studied in depth to determine if policy developers utilized what was known about youth substance abuse to develop policy goals. Several barriers to the use of research and rational methods for policy development were uncovered. The study found that the use of research was regarded as important among policy developers, but their practice was not at all congruent with that belief. There were many studies on youth prevention and social competency training available to policy planners which may have supported more specific policy recommendations. No collaborations between researchers and policy developers occurred in this case study. The barriers to collaborative efforts with researchers and the use of policy analysis methods were uncovered in this study. The final policy document presented to the legislature lacked specific recommendations for well researched programs which appeared to be the result of political considerations rather than rational policy development. Finally, this case of policy development revealed a process that was inconsistent, politically driven, disregarded available research, and resulted in broad policy goals which have not been exceptionally successful in limiting or even addressing youth substance abuse over the nine years of implementation by the same administrator who significantly helped to develop them. Close

• 83. [Article] The Trunk A Network in Nigeria: The Issues of Connectivity and Accessibility

  This study concentrated primarily on how the changes in the trunk A transportation network configuration in Nigeria alter both the hierarchy of the network system and the connectivity of the network itself. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Trunk A Network in Nigeria: The Issues of Connectivity and Accessibility Author: Owen, Owen Richard Year: 1988 This study concentrated primarily on how the changes in the trunk A transportation network configuration in Nigeria alter both the hierarchy of the network system and the connectivity of the network itself. Using the graph theory, the study looked at the network development in Nigeria in 1949, 1961, 1976, and 1982. The period covered in the study spanned from the colonial to the post-colonial eras. Road maps of each of these years were the primary sources of data. The maps were translated into abstracted networks and subsequently converted into square matrices, and analyzed. The analysis resulted in the establishment of the network connectivity and the accessibility of individual nodes. Gamma and alpha indices were used to determine the complexity (the degree of connectivity) of networks in each of the study periods. The sporadic changes in the number of nodes and linkages resulted in the fluctuation of the network connectivity. This type of fluctuation is a common problem in network development within the developing economies. Political and administrative factors exert stronger influence in shaping the content and the outcome of transportation programs than the Taaffe, Morrill and Gould (1963) and Lachene (1965) models imply. The sporadic fluctuations in the number of nodes, linkages and in the values of the gamma and alpha indices suggest that neither the sequence of network development nor its supposed discrete nature is appropriate to postcolonial development. There is a significant difference between network development during the colonial and post-colonial eras. During the colonial era, there was a strong connection between network development and primary economic activities. The conditions during the colonial era support the link between the network and economic development as illustrated in Kansky (1963) work. The post-colonial era in the other hand, is marked by the need for both social and political integration. Thus, the pattern of network development in Nigeria in the eighties is quite consistent with Friedmann (1975) assertion that social and political factors should be assigned a higher score than economic in the development model for Third world. After nearly ninety years of network development, the trunk A network system in Nigeria is in transition. It is now moving from elementary into an advanced stage of development. One of the things that is likely to at least slow down the rate of such transformation is the political sub-division of the nation into smaller constituent units, coupled with lack of political predictability. From most indications, network development is moving away from concentration in relatively few nodes to a system that imposes a grid on the nation. The imposition of such a grid is likely to induce and enhance the interregional linkages and competition. Such phenomenon is indeed healthy in the light of the existing imbalance in terms of responsibilities between the three levels of government. It is also a good approach towards redressing the existing regional disparities as regional integration is very likely to bring about incentives and opportunities for a fair competition. Title: The Trunk A Network in Nigeria: The Issues of Connectivity and Accessibility Author: Owen, Owen Richard Year: 1988 This study concentrated primarily on how the changes in the trunk A transportation network configuration in Nigeria alter both the hierarchy of the network system and the connectivity of the network itself. Using the graph theory, the study looked at the network development in Nigeria in 1949, 1961, 1976, and 1982. The period covered in the study spanned from the colonial to the post-colonial eras. Road maps of each of these years were the primary sources of data. The maps were translated into abstracted networks and subsequently converted into square matrices, and analyzed. The analysis resulted in the establishment of the network connectivity and the accessibility of individual nodes. Gamma and alpha indices were used to determine the complexity (the degree of connectivity) of networks in each of the study periods. The sporadic changes in the number of nodes and linkages resulted in the fluctuation of the network connectivity. This type of fluctuation is a common problem in network development within the developing economies. Political and administrative factors exert stronger influence in shaping the content and the outcome of transportation programs than the Taaffe, Morrill and Gould (1963) and Lachene (1965) models imply. The sporadic fluctuations in the number of nodes, linkages and in the values of the gamma and alpha indices suggest that neither the sequence of network development nor its supposed discrete nature is appropriate to postcolonial development. There is a significant difference between network development during the colonial and post-colonial eras. During the colonial era, there was a strong connection between network development and primary economic activities. The conditions during the colonial era support the link between the network and economic development as illustrated in Kansky (1963) work. The post-colonial era in the other hand, is marked by the need for both social and political integration. Thus, the pattern of network development in Nigeria in the eighties is quite consistent with Friedmann (1975) assertion that social and political factors should be assigned a higher score than economic in the development model for Third world. After nearly ninety years of network development, the trunk A network system in Nigeria is in transition. It is now moving from elementary into an advanced stage of development. One of the things that is likely to at least slow down the rate of such transformation is the political sub-division of the nation into smaller constituent units, coupled with lack of political predictability. From most indications, network development is moving away from concentration in relatively few nodes to a system that imposes a grid on the nation. The imposition of such a grid is likely to induce and enhance the interregional linkages and competition. Such phenomenon is indeed healthy in the light of the existing imbalance in terms of responsibilities between the three levels of government. It is also a good approach towards redressing the existing regional disparities as regional integration is very likely to bring about incentives and opportunities for a fair competition. Close

• 84. [Article] The Role of Emotional Support Consistency and Child Risk Factors in Predicting Pre-K Cognitive and Social-Emotional Development

  The quality of children's daily experiences in preschool classrooms is predictive of their school readiness and later achievement (Duncan et al., 2007; La Paro & Pianta, 2000). One particularly important ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Role of Emotional Support Consistency and Child Risk Factors in Predicting Pre-K Cognitive and Social-Emotional Development Author: Cannell-Cordier, Amy Lynn Year: 2015 The quality of children's daily experiences in preschool classrooms is predictive of their school readiness and later achievement (Duncan et al., 2007; La Paro & Pianta, 2000). One particularly important aspect of these experiences is the quality of emotional support provided by teachers and peers in the classroom (Hamre & Pianta, 2005; Howes et al., 2008; Mashburn, 2008; National Center on Quality Teaching and Learning, 2012). Traditionally, emotional support quality has been calculated as the average of ratings taken across the school year and is meant to represent children's average daily experience, without regard to any variability which exists within the ratings over time. The bioecological model of development (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998; 2006) points out the necessity of considering in what ways learning experiences occur over time when drawing links between children's daily lives and later outcomes. In addition, attachment theory (Bowlby, 1973; Ainsworth, 1979) highlights the foundational nature of caregivers' consistency of emotional responses over time in helping young children develop skills and competencies. This study continues a line of research focused on investigating the stability of high-quality interactions as a possible mechanism through which children's optimal cognitive and social-emotional development occurs in preschool classrooms (Curby, Brock, & Hamre, 2013; Curby et al., 2011; Zinsser, Bailey, Curby, Denham, & Bassett, 2013). The current study examined the role of children's socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors, teachers' mean emotional support, and teachers' emotional support consistency in predicting children's cognitive and social-emotional development in preschool. Children's socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors (socioeconomic status, gender, age, race, ethnicity, English Language Learner status, and self-regulation) negatively predicted both baseline scores and development over the course of the year on the cognitive measures (early math and language and literacy). Low levels of teacher-rated student self-regulation at the beginning of the year significantly negatively predicted baseline scores and development on all academic and social-emotional measures. Contrary to most previous research, teachers' mean emotional support was not found to be a significant contributor to children's development when considered with child risk factors, except in the case of receptive vocabulary. The consistency of teachers' emotional support, however, was predictive of several measures of children's development of academic skills when controlling for child risk factors. A significant interaction between English Language Learner status and emotional support consistency was found in predicting development of expressive vocabulary skills. Multilevel models combining child characteristics, mean emotional support, and emotional support consistency suggest that child risk factors and emotional support consistency predict language and literacy development, above and beyond mean emotional support. Follow-up analyses also suggest that, under conditions of relatively high emotional support, consistency is especially important in predicting children's development of cognitive and social-emotional skills. Title: The Role of Emotional Support Consistency and Child Risk Factors in Predicting Pre-K Cognitive and Social-Emotional Development Author: Cannell-Cordier, Amy Lynn Year: 2015 The quality of children's daily experiences in preschool classrooms is predictive of their school readiness and later achievement (Duncan et al., 2007; La Paro & Pianta, 2000). One particularly important aspect of these experiences is the quality of emotional support provided by teachers and peers in the classroom (Hamre & Pianta, 2005; Howes et al., 2008; Mashburn, 2008; National Center on Quality Teaching and Learning, 2012). Traditionally, emotional support quality has been calculated as the average of ratings taken across the school year and is meant to represent children's average daily experience, without regard to any variability which exists within the ratings over time. The bioecological model of development (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998; 2006) points out the necessity of considering in what ways learning experiences occur over time when drawing links between children's daily lives and later outcomes. In addition, attachment theory (Bowlby, 1973; Ainsworth, 1979) highlights the foundational nature of caregivers' consistency of emotional responses over time in helping young children develop skills and competencies. This study continues a line of research focused on investigating the stability of high-quality interactions as a possible mechanism through which children's optimal cognitive and social-emotional development occurs in preschool classrooms (Curby, Brock, & Hamre, 2013; Curby et al., 2011; Zinsser, Bailey, Curby, Denham, & Bassett, 2013). The current study examined the role of children's socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors, teachers' mean emotional support, and teachers' emotional support consistency in predicting children's cognitive and social-emotional development in preschool. Children's socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors (socioeconomic status, gender, age, race, ethnicity, English Language Learner status, and self-regulation) negatively predicted both baseline scores and development over the course of the year on the cognitive measures (early math and language and literacy). Low levels of teacher-rated student self-regulation at the beginning of the year significantly negatively predicted baseline scores and development on all academic and social-emotional measures. Contrary to most previous research, teachers' mean emotional support was not found to be a significant contributor to children's development when considered with child risk factors, except in the case of receptive vocabulary. The consistency of teachers' emotional support, however, was predictive of several measures of children's development of academic skills when controlling for child risk factors. A significant interaction between English Language Learner status and emotional support consistency was found in predicting development of expressive vocabulary skills. Multilevel models combining child characteristics, mean emotional support, and emotional support consistency suggest that child risk factors and emotional support consistency predict language and literacy development, above and beyond mean emotional support. Follow-up analyses also suggest that, under conditions of relatively high emotional support, consistency is especially important in predicting children's development of cognitive and social-emotional skills. Close

• 85. [Article] Development and Design of a Merged Secondary and Special Education Teacher Preparation Program

  As middle and secondary classrooms become increasingly inclusive, some special educators may not be prepared to teach content, and some general educators may not be prepared to address diverse learning ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development and Design of a Merged Secondary and Special Education Teacher Preparation Program Author: Fullerton, Ann, Ruben, Barbara, McBride, Stephanie, Bert, Susan Year: 2011 As middle and secondary classrooms become increasingly inclusive, some special educators may not be prepared to teach content, and some general educators may not be prepared to address diverse learning needs. This mismatch between the reality of today's schools and traditional teacher preparation has led to the development of new models for teacher education that integrate or merge special education and general education. Integrated and merged models are two approaches to combining special and general education pedagogy for teacher education. In merged programs, faculty in general and special education collaborate to develop one program in which all candidates receive licensure in both general and special education. Merged programs are developed through the extensive and deliberate collaboration of general and special educationfaculty to redesign the teacher education curriculum and field experiences. However, while several merged programs have been developed to prepare elementary candidates, programs for middle/secondary candidates are scarce. When faculty from Curriculum and Instruction and Special Education consider creating a merged secondary program, many questions and issues arise. These questions and issues were addressed in the development and implementation of the Secondary Dual Educator's Program (SDEP). The overall purpose of SDEP is to develop strategic teachers with the versatility to meet the learning needs of all secondary students. This article describes the process used by cross-department faculty to develop the program design and components and how program evaluation led to revisions that strengthened the program. Title: Development and Design of a Merged Secondary and Special Education Teacher Preparation Program Author: Fullerton, Ann, Ruben, Barbara, McBride, Stephanie, Bert, Susan Year: 2011 As middle and secondary classrooms become increasingly inclusive, some special educators may not be prepared to teach content, and some general educators may not be prepared to address diverse learning needs. This mismatch between the reality of today's schools and traditional teacher preparation has led to the development of new models for teacher education that integrate or merge special education and general education. Integrated and merged models are two approaches to combining special and general education pedagogy for teacher education. In merged programs, faculty in general and special education collaborate to develop one program in which all candidates receive licensure in both general and special education. Merged programs are developed through the extensive and deliberate collaboration of general and special educationfaculty to redesign the teacher education curriculum and field experiences. However, while several merged programs have been developed to prepare elementary candidates, programs for middle/secondary candidates are scarce. When faculty from Curriculum and Instruction and Special Education consider creating a merged secondary program, many questions and issues arise. These questions and issues were addressed in the development and implementation of the Secondary Dual Educator's Program (SDEP). The overall purpose of SDEP is to develop strategic teachers with the versatility to meet the learning needs of all secondary students. This article describes the process used by cross-department faculty to develop the program design and components and how program evaluation led to revisions that strengthened the program. Close

• 86. [Article] Investigations In Transportation

  The Investigations in Transportation program is an elementary school partnership and curriculum development project that will engage science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) professionals ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigations In Transportation Author: Becker, William G., Biskupic Knight, Carol Year: 2015 The Investigations in Transportation program is an elementary school partnership and curriculum development project that will engage science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) professionals in school-based activities and projects that will bring real-world applications to elementary classrooms for grades 3-5. The Portland Metro STEM Partnership (PMSP) is providing leadership and facilitation to a team of educators from Portland State University, Beaverton School District and Hillsboro School District who will work with volunteers from the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) to design, develop, implement and assess the impact of an in-class unit entitled "Investigations in Transportation". This report presents a study of a transportation education partnership and curriculum development project that harnessed the professional expertise, experience and enthusiasm of transportation-sector STEM workers by creating a mechanism and set of protocols by which they engaged with elementary school teachers to develop and implement an instructional unit. This STEM-connected instructional unit and lessons allowed students to explore and investigate issues central to transportation. The unit incorporated and enhanced the content and practice standards outlined by the Common Core State Standards and Next Generation Science Standards, and relied heavily on the instructional and curriculum expertise and experience of classroom teachers to develop an age- and interest-appropriate unit of study. This collaboration resulted in the development of an Investigations in Transportation instructional unit that provided students with rich, engaging learning opportunities set in the context of real-world problems around a school parking lot dilemma focused on safety, sustainability and health concerns. The education project team utilized a coherent and cohesive curriculum development process for unit creation and evaluated the development, implementation and reflection of the unit through teacher and student surveys/assessments of attitudes, identity and conceptual understanding. The report describes the process successes, challenges and replication opportunities. Title: Investigations In Transportation Author: Becker, William G., Biskupic Knight, Carol Year: 2015 The Investigations in Transportation program is an elementary school partnership and curriculum development project that will engage science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) professionals in school-based activities and projects that will bring real-world applications to elementary classrooms for grades 3-5. The Portland Metro STEM Partnership (PMSP) is providing leadership and facilitation to a team of educators from Portland State University, Beaverton School District and Hillsboro School District who will work with volunteers from the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) to design, develop, implement and assess the impact of an in-class unit entitled "Investigations in Transportation". This report presents a study of a transportation education partnership and curriculum development project that harnessed the professional expertise, experience and enthusiasm of transportation-sector STEM workers by creating a mechanism and set of protocols by which they engaged with elementary school teachers to develop and implement an instructional unit. This STEM-connected instructional unit and lessons allowed students to explore and investigate issues central to transportation. The unit incorporated and enhanced the content and practice standards outlined by the Common Core State Standards and Next Generation Science Standards, and relied heavily on the instructional and curriculum expertise and experience of classroom teachers to develop an age- and interest-appropriate unit of study. This collaboration resulted in the development of an Investigations in Transportation instructional unit that provided students with rich, engaging learning opportunities set in the context of real-world problems around a school parking lot dilemma focused on safety, sustainability and health concerns. The education project team utilized a coherent and cohesive curriculum development process for unit creation and evaluated the development, implementation and reflection of the unit through teacher and student surveys/assessments of attitudes, identity and conceptual understanding. The report describes the process successes, challenges and replication opportunities. Close

• 87. [Article] The Institutional Development of the American Vice Presidency

  The ongoing disregard for the American vice presidency, and for those who would and do hold the office, in conjunction with the scarcity of academic research devoted specifically to the development of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Institutional Development of the American Vice Presidency Author: Hite, James Emory Year: 2011 The ongoing disregard for the American vice presidency, and for those who would and do hold the office, in conjunction with the scarcity of academic research devoted specifically to the development of the institution, warrants the following study. Indeed, this study is relatively novel to the existent body of political science research which ventures to evaluate the vice presidency. Generally, research and publications on the vice presidency have tended to focus on variables such as ticket-balancing and home-state advantage; critiques of individual vice presidents; and more recently, specific policy spheres where modern vice presidents have been involved. In contrast, this project is devoted exclusively to isolating the institutional markers that have increased the broad utility of the position of vice president of the United States and, in the process, have augmented the development of the vice-presidential institution. These institutional markers include augmentation by precedent, statute, and constitutional amendment; increases in the resources made available to the institution; the addition of institutional identifiers; and the gradual accumulation of policy portfolios and responsibilities assigned to vice presidents. Underscoring each of the preceding institutional markers has been the vital role specific presidents have played in facilitating the development of the vice-presidential institution; indeed, the form and the substance of the vice presidency today is almost entirely the product of presidential initiative. In total, this study represents an interpretive synthesis of the historical record of the American vice presidency and how that record reflects the development of the institution. In the end, salient institutional markers have led to the development of a modern, utilitarian institution, one that is now fully integrated into the executive government. Of equal import, the standing of the vice presidency today, legitimizes the individual serving in the office, and furthers the influence of the vice president in the executive government. And, in telling the story of the development of the vice presidency, it is readily apparent that a combination of anecdotal and empirical evidence support the thesis of a changed institution, closely integrated with, and dependent upon, the presidency. Title: The Institutional Development of the American Vice Presidency Author: Hite, James Emory Year: 2011 The ongoing disregard for the American vice presidency, and for those who would and do hold the office, in conjunction with the scarcity of academic research devoted specifically to the development of the institution, warrants the following study. Indeed, this study is relatively novel to the existent body of political science research which ventures to evaluate the vice presidency. Generally, research and publications on the vice presidency have tended to focus on variables such as ticket-balancing and home-state advantage; critiques of individual vice presidents; and more recently, specific policy spheres where modern vice presidents have been involved. In contrast, this project is devoted exclusively to isolating the institutional markers that have increased the broad utility of the position of vice president of the United States and, in the process, have augmented the development of the vice-presidential institution. These institutional markers include augmentation by precedent, statute, and constitutional amendment; increases in the resources made available to the institution; the addition of institutional identifiers; and the gradual accumulation of policy portfolios and responsibilities assigned to vice presidents. Underscoring each of the preceding institutional markers has been the vital role specific presidents have played in facilitating the development of the vice-presidential institution; indeed, the form and the substance of the vice presidency today is almost entirely the product of presidential initiative. In total, this study represents an interpretive synthesis of the historical record of the American vice presidency and how that record reflects the development of the institution. In the end, salient institutional markers have led to the development of a modern, utilitarian institution, one that is now fully integrated into the executive government. Of equal import, the standing of the vice presidency today, legitimizes the individual serving in the office, and furthers the influence of the vice president in the executive government. And, in telling the story of the development of the vice presidency, it is readily apparent that a combination of anecdotal and empirical evidence support the thesis of a changed institution, closely integrated with, and dependent upon, the presidency. Close

• 88. [Article] Building on the Strengths of Indigenous Knowledge to Promote Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions from the Community Level: The Case of Palestine

  This study began focused on the use of traditional knowledge in promoting sustainable development in crisis conditions. Presented the question: How have successful community-level sustainable development ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building on the Strengths of Indigenous Knowledge to Promote Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions from the Community Level: The Case of Palestine Author: Alayasa, Jehad Yousif Year: 2012 This study began focused on the use of traditional knowledge in promoting sustainable development in crisis conditions. Presented the question: How have successful community-level sustainable development efforts undertaken under crisis conditions drawn upon indigenous knowledge to achieve positive outcomes? The study is a cross case analysis. The three cases addressed in this study have explained some of the ways that indigenous knowledge has played significant positive roles in promoting sustainable development for communities living under crisis conditions in Palestine. Indigenous knowledge community based patterns indicated significant focus on strengths of local culture, social cohesion, the integration process, and special advantages for policy implementation from the community level as key components of sustainable development in crisis conditions. The study contributes to theory by analyzing common elements from the case studies and providing a set of testable propositions, grounded in those successful experiences that can be a starting point for building theory. Practically, the study has generated lessons that sustainable development policy implementers and decision makers can learn from when addressing sustainable development in different crisis conditions contexts. Title: Building on the Strengths of Indigenous Knowledge to Promote Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions from the Community Level: The Case of Palestine Author: Alayasa, Jehad Yousif Year: 2012 This study began focused on the use of traditional knowledge in promoting sustainable development in crisis conditions. Presented the question: How have successful community-level sustainable development efforts undertaken under crisis conditions drawn upon indigenous knowledge to achieve positive outcomes? The study is a cross case analysis. The three cases addressed in this study have explained some of the ways that indigenous knowledge has played significant positive roles in promoting sustainable development for communities living under crisis conditions in Palestine. Indigenous knowledge community based patterns indicated significant focus on strengths of local culture, social cohesion, the integration process, and special advantages for policy implementation from the community level as key components of sustainable development in crisis conditions. The study contributes to theory by analyzing common elements from the case studies and providing a set of testable propositions, grounded in those successful experiences that can be a starting point for building theory. Practically, the study has generated lessons that sustainable development policy implementers and decision makers can learn from when addressing sustainable development in different crisis conditions contexts. Close

• 89. [Article] Effects of Light Rail Transit in Portland: Implications for Transit-Oriented Development Design Concepts

  In the Portland, Oregon, region many local planners have embraced the neotraditional planning concept in the form of transit-oriented development (TOD). One of the primary components of transit-oriented ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Light Rail Transit in Portland: Implications for Transit-Oriented Development Design Concepts Author: Dueker, Kenneth, Bianco, Martha J. Year: 1998 In the Portland, Oregon, region many local planners have embraced the neotraditional planning concept in the form of transit-oriented development (TOD). One of the primary components of transit-oriented development, light rail transit (LRT), has been in place in Portland long enough to provide data for analysis. Because neotraditional planners often emphasize LRT as a crucial element in decreasing auto use and in encouraging high-density development, this paper examines the effects of LRT in the Portland region including mode share, density, and property values. The empirical analysis provides evidence that light rail alone has not been sufficient to have an appreciable impact on development patterns, residential density, auto ownership, and transit modal behavior, although there has been some positive effect of rail on single-family property values. There has also been less of a decline in transit use and slower growth in two-car households in the LRT corridor as compared to a parallel bus corridor. The small positive effects of LRT may indicate the beginning of a self-selection in housing location choice wherein persons desiring rail transit choose to live where it is available. This assessment of the evidence in terms of impacts on development trends indicates the extent to which consumer preferences have responded to LRT investments. This kind of assessment is needed to provide the basis for estimating travel mode shares and market shares for dispersed and concentrated development forms. Examination of data suggests that it may be advisable for planners to entertain more modest expectations of LRT. Title: Effects of Light Rail Transit in Portland: Implications for Transit-Oriented Development Design Concepts Author: Dueker, Kenneth, Bianco, Martha J. Year: 1998 In the Portland, Oregon, region many local planners have embraced the neotraditional planning concept in the form of transit-oriented development (TOD). One of the primary components of transit-oriented development, light rail transit (LRT), has been in place in Portland long enough to provide data for analysis. Because neotraditional planners often emphasize LRT as a crucial element in decreasing auto use and in encouraging high-density development, this paper examines the effects of LRT in the Portland region including mode share, density, and property values. The empirical analysis provides evidence that light rail alone has not been sufficient to have an appreciable impact on development patterns, residential density, auto ownership, and transit modal behavior, although there has been some positive effect of rail on single-family property values. There has also been less of a decline in transit use and slower growth in two-car households in the LRT corridor as compared to a parallel bus corridor. The small positive effects of LRT may indicate the beginning of a self-selection in housing location choice wherein persons desiring rail transit choose to live where it is available. This assessment of the evidence in terms of impacts on development trends indicates the extent to which consumer preferences have responded to LRT investments. This kind of assessment is needed to provide the basis for estimating travel mode shares and market shares for dispersed and concentrated development forms. Examination of data suggests that it may be advisable for planners to entertain more modest expectations of LRT. Close

• 90. [Article] Achieving Sustainable, Compact Development in the Portland Metropolitan Area: New Tools and Approaches for Developing Centers and Corridors

  This report represents the work of a group of local public, private and institutional experts in real estate development and finance convened by the Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies at Portland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Achieving Sustainable, Compact Development in the Portland Metropolitan Area: New Tools and Approaches for Developing Centers and Corridors Author: Kelley, Gil, Martin, Sheila A, Mylott, Elizabeth Year: 2009 This report represents the work of a group of local public, private and institutional experts in real estate development and finance convened by the Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies at Portland State University. This was done at the request of Metro, which wanted outside expert advice on ways to achieve more robust development of centers and corridors in the Portland metropolitan area, an important aspect of implementing the 2040 Growth Concept. Although the expert advisory group (EAG) enthusiastically took on this task, it wanted to first back up a step and deliberate over whether and to what extent center and corridor-based development was indicated by long term trends and what larger implications this might have for both the local real estate development industry and for regional governance. In other words, rather than to simply offer a list of new micro strategies, the EAG wanted to preface its advice with an opinion about the magnitude of shifts that may now be occurring in the marketplace and extend its advice into the realm of governance, particularly with regard to what they see as a more sustainable and effective framework for public-private-institutional collaboration for managing growth and building desirable communities. Title: Achieving Sustainable, Compact Development in the Portland Metropolitan Area: New Tools and Approaches for Developing Centers and Corridors Author: Kelley, Gil, Martin, Sheila A, Mylott, Elizabeth Year: 2009 This report represents the work of a group of local public, private and institutional experts in real estate development and finance convened by the Institute of Portland Metropolitan Studies at Portland State University. This was done at the request of Metro, which wanted outside expert advice on ways to achieve more robust development of centers and corridors in the Portland metropolitan area, an important aspect of implementing the 2040 Growth Concept. Although the expert advisory group (EAG) enthusiastically took on this task, it wanted to first back up a step and deliberate over whether and to what extent center and corridor-based development was indicated by long term trends and what larger implications this might have for both the local real estate development industry and for regional governance. In other words, rather than to simply offer a list of new micro strategies, the EAG wanted to preface its advice with an opinion about the magnitude of shifts that may now be occurring in the marketplace and extend its advice into the realm of governance, particularly with regard to what they see as a more sustainable and effective framework for public-private-institutional collaboration for managing growth and building desirable communities. Close

• 91. [Article] Annotated Bibliography of Articles on Product Development

  This research lists the literature and abstracts on product development.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annotated Bibliography of Articles on Product Development Author: Inceoglu, Murat A. Year: 1991 This research lists the literature and abstracts on product development. Title: Annotated Bibliography of Articles on Product Development Author: Inceoglu, Murat A. Year: 1991 This research lists the literature and abstracts on product development. Close

• 92. [Article] A Tale of Two TODs: Transit Oriented Development on the Westside Light Rail Corridor: An Analysis of Station Area Planning and Development at Orenco and Beaverton Creek

  The Portland metropolitan region is growing rapidly, as are accompanying environmental impacts which threaten livability. An efficient linkage between transportation and land use planning through transit ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Tale of Two TODs: Transit Oriented Development on the Westside Light Rail Corridor: An Analysis of Station Area Planning and Development at Orenco and Beaverton Creek Author: Harnish, Emily, Itel, Kenneth, Lapham, Michael, Larsen, Matthew, Riis, Ann-Elizabeth Year: 2000 The Portland metropolitan region is growing rapidly, as are accompanying environmental impacts which threaten livability. An efficient linkage between transportation and land use planning through transit oriented development has been identified as an important tool for managing growth-related problems. Implementation of this linkage is difficult to achieve. A transit oriented development (TOD) is a compact, mixed-use community within short walking distance of a transit stop. Significant investment has been made in local TODs, particularly within the Westside corridor station areas of the Portland Metro Area Express (MAX) light rail line. While some of these developments have been criticized for not meeting expectations, others have been deemed exemplary of proper station area planning practices. Two Westside MAX TODs were studied in order to develop suggestions for how local jurisdictions might maximize their potential for encouraging and enabling TOD implementation. Interviews were conducted to supplement research of TOD planning materials and related literature. This document describes the perspectives of various stakeholders involved in the planning and development processes for each TOD, and offers explanations for the discrepancies between what was built and what was originally planned. Recommendations for future TOD implementation are provided based on this analysis. Title: A Tale of Two TODs: Transit Oriented Development on the Westside Light Rail Corridor: An Analysis of Station Area Planning and Development at Orenco and Beaverton Creek Author: Harnish, Emily, Itel, Kenneth, Lapham, Michael, Larsen, Matthew, Riis, Ann-Elizabeth Year: 2000 The Portland metropolitan region is growing rapidly, as are accompanying environmental impacts which threaten livability. An efficient linkage between transportation and land use planning through transit oriented development has been identified as an important tool for managing growth-related problems. Implementation of this linkage is difficult to achieve. A transit oriented development (TOD) is a compact, mixed-use community within short walking distance of a transit stop. Significant investment has been made in local TODs, particularly within the Westside corridor station areas of the Portland Metro Area Express (MAX) light rail line. While some of these developments have been criticized for not meeting expectations, others have been deemed exemplary of proper station area planning practices. Two Westside MAX TODs were studied in order to develop suggestions for how local jurisdictions might maximize their potential for encouraging and enabling TOD implementation. Interviews were conducted to supplement research of TOD planning materials and related literature. This document describes the perspectives of various stakeholders involved in the planning and development processes for each TOD, and offers explanations for the discrepancies between what was built and what was originally planned. Recommendations for future TOD implementation are provided based on this analysis. Close

• 93. [Article] Human Development Dynamics: An Agent Based Simulation of Macro Social Systems and Individual Heterogeneous Evolutionary Games

  Purpose: In the context of modernization and development, a complex adaptive systems framework can help address the coupling of macro social constraint and opportunity with individual agency. Combining ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Human Development Dynamics: An Agent Based Simulation of Macro Social Systems and Individual Heterogeneous Evolutionary Games Author: Abdollahian, Mark, Yang, Zining, Coan, Travis, Yesilada, Birol Year: 2013 Purpose: In the context of modernization and development, a complex adaptive systems framework can help address the coupling of macro social constraint and opportunity with individual agency. Combining system dynamics and agent based modeling, we formalize a simulation approach of the Human Development (HD) perspective to explore the interactive effects of economics, culture, society and politics across multiple human scales. Methods: Based on a system of asymmetric, coupled nonlinear equations, we first capture the core qualitative logic of HD theory, empirically validated from World Values Survey (WVS) data. Using a simple evolutionary game approach, second we fuse endogenously derived individual socio-economic attribute changes with Prisoner’s Dilemma in an agent based model of the interactive political-cultural effects of heterogeneous, spatial intra-societal economic transactions. We then explore a new human development dynamics (HDD) model behavior via quasiglobal simulation methods to identify paths and pitfalls towards economic development, cultural plasticity, social and political change behavior. Results: Our preliminary results suggest strong nonlinear path dependence and complexity in three areas: adaptive development processes, co-evolutionary societal transactions and near equilibrium development trajectories, with significant implications for anticipating and managing positive development outcomes. Strong local epistatic interactions characterized by adaptive co-evolution, shape higher order global conditions and ultimately societal outcomes. Conclusions: Techno-social simulations such as this can provide scholars and policymakers alike insights into the nonlinear, complex adaptive effects of societal co-evolution. We believe complex adaptive or evolutionary systems approaches are necessary to understand both near and potentially catastrophic, far-from-equilibrium behavior and societal outcomes across all human scales of modernization. Title: Human Development Dynamics: An Agent Based Simulation of Macro Social Systems and Individual Heterogeneous Evolutionary Games Author: Abdollahian, Mark, Yang, Zining, Coan, Travis, Yesilada, Birol Year: 2013 Purpose: In the context of modernization and development, a complex adaptive systems framework can help address the coupling of macro social constraint and opportunity with individual agency. Combining system dynamics and agent based modeling, we formalize a simulation approach of the Human Development (HD) perspective to explore the interactive effects of economics, culture, society and politics across multiple human scales. Methods: Based on a system of asymmetric, coupled nonlinear equations, we first capture the core qualitative logic of HD theory, empirically validated from World Values Survey (WVS) data. Using a simple evolutionary game approach, second we fuse endogenously derived individual socio-economic attribute changes with Prisoner’s Dilemma in an agent based model of the interactive political-cultural effects of heterogeneous, spatial intra-societal economic transactions. We then explore a new human development dynamics (HDD) model behavior via quasiglobal simulation methods to identify paths and pitfalls towards economic development, cultural plasticity, social and political change behavior. Results: Our preliminary results suggest strong nonlinear path dependence and complexity in three areas: adaptive development processes, co-evolutionary societal transactions and near equilibrium development trajectories, with significant implications for anticipating and managing positive development outcomes. Strong local epistatic interactions characterized by adaptive co-evolution, shape higher order global conditions and ultimately societal outcomes. Conclusions: Techno-social simulations such as this can provide scholars and policymakers alike insights into the nonlinear, complex adaptive effects of societal co-evolution. We believe complex adaptive or evolutionary systems approaches are necessary to understand both near and potentially catastrophic, far-from-equilibrium behavior and societal outcomes across all human scales of modernization. Close

• 94. [Article] Transit Planning Practice in the Age of Transit-Oriented Development

  Transit serves as backbone infrastructure for many regional and local visions for sustainable urban development. Also, many modern policies predicate transit funding on the potential for transit-oriented ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transit Planning Practice in the Age of Transit-Oriented Development Author: Carlton, Ian Year: 2014 Transit serves as backbone infrastructure for many regional and local visions for sustainable urban development. Also, many modern policies predicate transit funding on the potential for transit-oriented development (TOD) near proposed infrastructure investments. However, little research has examined how TOD considerations have informed transit planning. This presentation discusses the results of recent dissertation research that fills this gap. Through multiple transit project case studies and interviews with nearly 100 transit planning professionals, this research categorized how transit projects across 19 U.S. regions were designed to foster TOD and how transit planning professionals identified TOD opportunities as projects were planned. During interviews, many professionals lamented the amount of real estate development that had occurred around the transit projects they helped plan. Analysis revealed that the ways in which professionals identified TOD opportunities helped to explain disconnects between their expectations and actual outcomes. The findings raise concerns about the effectiveness and efficiency of transit planning practice in the age of transit-oriented development and point to potential policy and practice changes that could address the issues. Title: Transit Planning Practice in the Age of Transit-Oriented Development Author: Carlton, Ian Year: 2014 Transit serves as backbone infrastructure for many regional and local visions for sustainable urban development. Also, many modern policies predicate transit funding on the potential for transit-oriented development (TOD) near proposed infrastructure investments. However, little research has examined how TOD considerations have informed transit planning. This presentation discusses the results of recent dissertation research that fills this gap. Through multiple transit project case studies and interviews with nearly 100 transit planning professionals, this research categorized how transit projects across 19 U.S. regions were designed to foster TOD and how transit planning professionals identified TOD opportunities as projects were planned. During interviews, many professionals lamented the amount of real estate development that had occurred around the transit projects they helped plan. Analysis revealed that the ways in which professionals identified TOD opportunities helped to explain disconnects between their expectations and actual outcomes. The findings raise concerns about the effectiveness and efficiency of transit planning practice in the age of transit-oriented development and point to potential policy and practice changes that could address the issues. Close

• 95. [Article] Applying Agile Project Management Principles to Pre-Silicon Hardware Design and Verification

  In today’s rapidly changing environments and uncertain markets, responding to change quickly and effectively is the key to success. There has been an increasing demand for iterative development process ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Applying Agile Project Management Principles to Pre-Silicon Hardware Design and Verification Author: Hee, Cho Yong, Monalisa, Mitali, Dash, Pranabesh, Ashraf, Rehman Year: 2010 In today’s rapidly changing environments and uncertain markets, responding to change quickly and effectively is the key to success. There has been an increasing demand for iterative development process for products. Agile development process has been successfully used application software development projects to respond to rapid customer requests. This paper explores the applicability of Agile Project Management approaches to the Hardware Design and Verification (DV) process. Pre-silicon hardware design and verification process has its deep roots in manufacturing. The process and culture for project management present in hardware design groups are closer to manufacturing than software development process. The common characteristics of absolute adherence to planning coming from manufacturing can clearly be seen in hardware design groups. A company’s corporate culture emanating from manufacturing background can be a barrier to adoption of any kind of software development process. For the purpose of our study, the authors conducted interviews with six different design groups at Intel ® Corporation. The interviewers explored the management aspects of the project, discussed the challenges and issues encountered with the longer development cycles in hardware design process. The paper analyzes the data gathered and discusses the patterns observed across the groups. Agile Project Management expects a shift in the “attitude” of the Program or Project Managers and requires organizational buy-in for adopting and successfully practicing it. The paper goes into recommendations to mitigate the existing issues by using Agile management principles and suggests behaviorial changes if project groups do move to an Agile development process at Intel, where majority of the groups follow traditional management principles. Title: Applying Agile Project Management Principles to Pre-Silicon Hardware Design and Verification Author: Hee, Cho Yong, Monalisa, Mitali, Dash, Pranabesh, Ashraf, Rehman Year: 2010 In today’s rapidly changing environments and uncertain markets, responding to change quickly and effectively is the key to success. There has been an increasing demand for iterative development process for products. Agile development process has been successfully used application software development projects to respond to rapid customer requests. This paper explores the applicability of Agile Project Management approaches to the Hardware Design and Verification (DV) process. Pre-silicon hardware design and verification process has its deep roots in manufacturing. The process and culture for project management present in hardware design groups are closer to manufacturing than software development process. The common characteristics of absolute adherence to planning coming from manufacturing can clearly be seen in hardware design groups. A company’s corporate culture emanating from manufacturing background can be a barrier to adoption of any kind of software development process. For the purpose of our study, the authors conducted interviews with six different design groups at Intel ® Corporation. The interviewers explored the management aspects of the project, discussed the challenges and issues encountered with the longer development cycles in hardware design process. The paper analyzes the data gathered and discusses the patterns observed across the groups. Agile Project Management expects a shift in the “attitude” of the Program or Project Managers and requires organizational buy-in for adopting and successfully practicing it. The paper goes into recommendations to mitigate the existing issues by using Agile management principles and suggests behaviorial changes if project groups do move to an Agile development process at Intel, where majority of the groups follow traditional management principles. Close

• 96. [Article] A beginning investigation into the language development of the deaf child compared to that of the hearing child: some problems and solutions in data collection

  This paper will attempt to present what factual material is available comparing language development in the deaf with normal language development. It will discuss problems which have become apparent in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A beginning investigation into the language development of the deaf child compared to that of the hearing child: some problems and solutions in data collection Author: Frye, Sallie Ann Year: 1974 This paper will attempt to present what factual material is available comparing language development in the deaf with normal language development. It will discuss problems which have become apparent in the search for this data and some solutions to the problems. Preschool language development will be taken up first, followed by a consideration of school age written and oral language, and concluding with a discussion of associations as they affect the verbal behavior of the deaf child. Title: A beginning investigation into the language development of the deaf child compared to that of the hearing child: some problems and solutions in data collection Author: Frye, Sallie Ann Year: 1974 This paper will attempt to present what factual material is available comparing language development in the deaf with normal language development. It will discuss problems which have become apparent in the search for this data and some solutions to the problems. Preschool language development will be taken up first, followed by a consideration of school age written and oral language, and concluding with a discussion of associations as they affect the verbal behavior of the deaf child. Close

• 97. [Article] Repetitions in the speech of normal two year old males

  Development of fluency has always been an important focus of stuttering research. However, to date there are no standardized norms on the development of fluency. Reliable and valid information regarding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Repetitions in the speech of normal two year old males Author: Herrick, Stephanie Year: 1987 Development of fluency has always been an important focus of stuttering research. However, to date there are no standardized norms on the development of fluency. Reliable and valid information regarding the normal development of fluency is necessary in order to deferentially diagnose normal disfluency from incipient stuttering. Establishment of norms for part-word repetitions is especially important since this type of disfluency has traditionally been considered an indicator of early stuttering. The present study sought to contribute to the investigation of the development of fluency by examining the frequency of occurrence of repetitions in 30- to 36-month-old males. Title: Repetitions in the speech of normal two year old males Author: Herrick, Stephanie Year: 1987 Development of fluency has always been an important focus of stuttering research. However, to date there are no standardized norms on the development of fluency. Reliable and valid information regarding the normal development of fluency is necessary in order to deferentially diagnose normal disfluency from incipient stuttering. Establishment of norms for part-word repetitions is especially important since this type of disfluency has traditionally been considered an indicator of early stuttering. The present study sought to contribute to the investigation of the development of fluency by examining the frequency of occurrence of repetitions in 30- to 36-month-old males. Close

• 98. [Article] Cultivating the Technology Ecosystem: An Interview with Skip Newbury

  An interview with Skip Newbury, President and CEO of the Technology Association of Oregon (TAO). He is a frequent speaker on technology trends and topics, economic development, public-private partnerships ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cultivating the Technology Ecosystem: An Interview with Skip Newbury Author: Martin, Sheila Year: 2017 An interview with Skip Newbury, President and CEO of the Technology Association of Oregon (TAO). He is a frequent speaker on technology trends and topics, economic development, public-private partnerships and civic innovation. Before joining the TAO, Skip served as an economic development policy advisor to Portland Mayor Sam Adams, where he helped create Portland’s first comprehensive economic development strategy in 16 years, recognizing software as a key industry cluster. Title: Cultivating the Technology Ecosystem: An Interview with Skip Newbury Author: Martin, Sheila Year: 2017 An interview with Skip Newbury, President and CEO of the Technology Association of Oregon (TAO). He is a frequent speaker on technology trends and topics, economic development, public-private partnerships and civic innovation. Before joining the TAO, Skip served as an economic development policy advisor to Portland Mayor Sam Adams, where he helped create Portland’s first comprehensive economic development strategy in 16 years, recognizing software as a key industry cluster. Close

• 99. [Article] Trip Kit Organizer (Development Log)

  The economic success of a company depends on the ability to identify the needs of the customers and analyzing the market[1]. In this process report we are going to highlight some of the techniques and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Trip Kit Organizer (Development Log) Author: Melendez, Alex Tacco, Rosenthal, Janet, Penumarti, Anjana Year: 2017 The economic success of a company depends on the ability to identify the needs of the customers and analyzing the market[1]. In this process report we are going to highlight some of the techniques and concepts adapted from [1] for developing our product. The Trip Kit is a product that is designed to be secured into a car seat, and secure various items that people tend to carry in their cars. There will be some fixed compartments for bottle/cup holders and some customizable dividers similar to drawer dividers. This prevents loose items in your car rolling about, driver needing access to items while driving, and securing food and drink items. The paper covers all the characteristics required for a successful product development and the roadmap for the product development process. Title: Trip Kit Organizer (Development Log) Author: Melendez, Alex Tacco, Rosenthal, Janet, Penumarti, Anjana Year: 2017 The economic success of a company depends on the ability to identify the needs of the customers and analyzing the market[1]. In this process report we are going to highlight some of the techniques and concepts adapted from [1] for developing our product. The Trip Kit is a product that is designed to be secured into a car seat, and secure various items that people tend to carry in their cars. There will be some fixed compartments for bottle/cup holders and some customizable dividers similar to drawer dividers. This prevents loose items in your car rolling about, driver needing access to items while driving, and securing food and drink items. The paper covers all the characteristics required for a successful product development and the roadmap for the product development process. Close

• 100. [Article] Redefining Education in the Developing World

  Brief article in which the authors argue that governments and organizations investing in developing-world education must move away from the assumption that improvements in test scores provide evidence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Redefining Education in the Developing World Author: Epstein, Marc J., Yuthas, Kristi Jane Year: 2012 Brief article in which the authors argue that governments and organizations investing in developing-world education must move away from the assumption that improvements in test scores provide evidence of success. They believe, instead, that in a time of scarcity, it is more important to seek out interventions that lead to the greatest social and economic impact for the poor. Title: Redefining Education in the Developing World Author: Epstein, Marc J., Yuthas, Kristi Jane Year: 2012 Brief article in which the authors argue that governments and organizations investing in developing-world education must move away from the assumption that improvements in test scores provide evidence of success. They believe, instead, that in a time of scarcity, it is more important to seek out interventions that lead to the greatest social and economic impact for the poor. Close