Search

Search Results

• 1. [Article] Numerical Modeling and Analyses of Steel Bridge Gusset Plate Connections

  Gusset plate connections are commonly used in steel truss bridges to connect individual members together at a node. Many of these bridges are classified as non-load-path-redundant bridges, meaning a failure ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Numerical Modeling and Analyses of Steel Bridge Gusset Plate Connections Author: Kay, Thomas Sidney Year: 2011 Gusset plate connections are commonly used in steel truss bridges to connect individual members together at a node. Many of these bridges are classified as non-load-path-redundant bridges, meaning a failure of a single truss member or connection could lead to collapse. Current gusset plated design philosophy is based upon experimental work from simplified, small-scale connections which are seldom representative of bridge connections. This makes development of a refined methodology for conducting high-fidelity strength capacity evaluations for existing bridge connections a highly desirable goal. The primary goal of this research effort is to develop an analytical model capable of evaluating gusset plate stresses and ultimate strength limit states. A connection-level gusset connection model was developed in parallel with an experimental testing program at Oregon State University. Data was collected on elastic stress distributions and ultimate buckling capacity. The analytical model compared different bolt modeling techniques on their effectiveness in predicting buckling loads and stress distributions. Analytical tensile capacity was compared to the current bridge gusset plate design equations for block shear. Results from the elastic stress analysis showed no significant differences between the bolt modeling techniques examined, and moderate correlation between analytical and experimental values. Results from the analytical model predicted experimental buckling capacity within 10% for most of the bolt modeling techniques examined. Tensile capacity was within 7% of the calculated tensile nominal capacity for all bolt modeling techniques examined. A preliminary parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of member flexural stiffness and length on gusset plate buckling capacity, and showed an increase in member length or decrease in member flexural stiffness resulted in diminished gusset plate buckling capacity. Title: Numerical Modeling and Analyses of Steel Bridge Gusset Plate Connections Author: Kay, Thomas Sidney Year: 2011 Gusset plate connections are commonly used in steel truss bridges to connect individual members together at a node. Many of these bridges are classified as non-load-path-redundant bridges, meaning a failure of a single truss member or connection could lead to collapse. Current gusset plated design philosophy is based upon experimental work from simplified, small-scale connections which are seldom representative of bridge connections. This makes development of a refined methodology for conducting high-fidelity strength capacity evaluations for existing bridge connections a highly desirable goal. The primary goal of this research effort is to develop an analytical model capable of evaluating gusset plate stresses and ultimate strength limit states. A connection-level gusset connection model was developed in parallel with an experimental testing program at Oregon State University. Data was collected on elastic stress distributions and ultimate buckling capacity. The analytical model compared different bolt modeling techniques on their effectiveness in predicting buckling loads and stress distributions. Analytical tensile capacity was compared to the current bridge gusset plate design equations for block shear. Results from the elastic stress analysis showed no significant differences between the bolt modeling techniques examined, and moderate correlation between analytical and experimental values. Results from the analytical model predicted experimental buckling capacity within 10% for most of the bolt modeling techniques examined. Tensile capacity was within 7% of the calculated tensile nominal capacity for all bolt modeling techniques examined. A preliminary parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of member flexural stiffness and length on gusset plate buckling capacity, and showed an increase in member length or decrease in member flexural stiffness resulted in diminished gusset plate buckling capacity. Close

• 2. [Article] Analysis of Induced Travel in the 1995 NPTS

  In this paper we estimate the relationship between road capacity and vehicle miles of travel (VMT) from a sample of 12,000 respondents from 48 urban areas in the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Analysis of Induced Travel in the 1995 NPTS Author: Strathman, James G., Dueker, Kenneth, Sanchez, Thomas W., Zhang, Jihong, Riis, Ann-Elizabeth Year: 2000 In this paper we estimate the relationship between road capacity and vehicle miles of travel (VMT) from a sample of 12,000 respondents from 48 urban areas in the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). Our approach seeks to account for the effects of residential location, employment location, and commute mode choice in estimating the effect of capacity on VMT. VMT is found to be directly related to road capacity, as well as indirectly related through the influence of road capacity on residential and work place densities. Title: Analysis of Induced Travel in the 1995 NPTS Author: Strathman, James G., Dueker, Kenneth, Sanchez, Thomas W., Zhang, Jihong, Riis, Ann-Elizabeth Year: 2000 In this paper we estimate the relationship between road capacity and vehicle miles of travel (VMT) from a sample of 12,000 respondents from 48 urban areas in the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). Our approach seeks to account for the effects of residential location, employment location, and commute mode choice in estimating the effect of capacity on VMT. VMT is found to be directly related to road capacity, as well as indirectly related through the influence of road capacity on residential and work place densities. Close

• 3. [Article] New Lathe Decision

  Consolidated Metco produces cast aluminum truck parts for class 8 trucks. The company has two plant locations and intends to expand in capacity to meet the increasing demand. The plant manager wants to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New Lathe Decision Author: Smith, Don Year: 1993 Consolidated Metco produces cast aluminum truck parts for class 8 trucks. The company has two plant locations and intends to expand in capacity to meet the increasing demand. The plant manager wants to purchase a new lathe or lathes to provide adequate capacity. The author assesses the capacity requirements and evaluates the candidate machines. He compares the technical and financial options. He conducts an economic analysis to reach the final decision. Title: New Lathe Decision Author: Smith, Don Year: 1993 Consolidated Metco produces cast aluminum truck parts for class 8 trucks. The company has two plant locations and intends to expand in capacity to meet the increasing demand. The plant manager wants to purchase a new lathe or lathes to provide adequate capacity. The author assesses the capacity requirements and evaluates the candidate machines. He compares the technical and financial options. He conducts an economic analysis to reach the final decision. Close

• 4. [Article] The Effects of Roadway Capacity on Peak Narrowing - Evidence from 1995 NPTS

  Spreading of the peak is one effect of increased peak-period congestion. Due to peak spreading, the travel-time impact of congestion is mitigated for some travelers, but the inconvenience of traveling ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Roadway Capacity on Peak Narrowing - Evidence from 1995 NPTS Author: Zhang, Jihong, Rufolo, Anthony M., Dueker, Kenneth, Strathman, James G. Year: 2000 Spreading of the peak is one effect of increased peak-period congestion. Due to peak spreading, the travel-time impact of congestion is mitigated for some travelers, but the inconvenience of traveling at a less-preferred time also has a cost. Alternatively, increases in capacity have their impacts on peak-period congestion mitigated by a narrowing of the peak. This reduces the travel-time savings, but it generates a benefit for those traveling closer to their preferred times. This benefit from capacity improvements has largely been ignored, and one reason is the difficulty of quantifying the effect. This paper reports on some crude attempts to quantify the peak-narrowing effect of increased capacity. Using 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) data, this study investigates how workers in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the US respond to roadway capacity differences in terms of changing their departure time to work. It is assumed that there is some distribution of travel times given by a mean and some measure of deviation from the mean. Peak narrowing is then measured by decreases in the deviation from the mean. The peak narrowing effects are modeled for both the morning commute and all departures from home for work at any time of the day. As expected, in urban areas with higher roadway capacity per capita, workers tend to depart from home closer to the peak time. For the morning commute, the model estimates that each one-percent increase in lane-miles per capita results in workers departing from home about 5.75 percent closer to the peak time. The effects of roadway capacity are found to be statistically significant in both models. Title: The Effects of Roadway Capacity on Peak Narrowing - Evidence from 1995 NPTS Author: Zhang, Jihong, Rufolo, Anthony M., Dueker, Kenneth, Strathman, James G. Year: 2000 Spreading of the peak is one effect of increased peak-period congestion. Due to peak spreading, the travel-time impact of congestion is mitigated for some travelers, but the inconvenience of traveling at a less-preferred time also has a cost. Alternatively, increases in capacity have their impacts on peak-period congestion mitigated by a narrowing of the peak. This reduces the travel-time savings, but it generates a benefit for those traveling closer to their preferred times. This benefit from capacity improvements has largely been ignored, and one reason is the difficulty of quantifying the effect. This paper reports on some crude attempts to quantify the peak-narrowing effect of increased capacity. Using 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) data, this study investigates how workers in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the US respond to roadway capacity differences in terms of changing their departure time to work. It is assumed that there is some distribution of travel times given by a mean and some measure of deviation from the mean. Peak narrowing is then measured by decreases in the deviation from the mean. The peak narrowing effects are modeled for both the morning commute and all departures from home for work at any time of the day. As expected, in urban areas with higher roadway capacity per capita, workers tend to depart from home closer to the peak time. For the morning commute, the model estimates that each one-percent increase in lane-miles per capita results in workers departing from home about 5.75 percent closer to the peak time. The effects of roadway capacity are found to be statistically significant in both models. Close

• 5. [Article] Political Performance, Leadership, and Regional Integration in Europe: An Examination of the French and German Roles

  Prior research on a regional leader’s role in the deepening of regional integration assumes that economic power translates directly into political capabilities. Relative political capacity among states ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Political Performance, Leadership, and Regional Integration in Europe: An Examination of the French and German Roles Author: Genna, Gaspare M., Yesilada, Birol, Noordijk, Peter Andrew Year: 2013 Prior research on a regional leader’s role in the deepening of regional integration assumes that economic power translates directly into political capabilities. Relative political capacity among states is central to the creation and deepening of regional integration since it is this capacity that smoothes out the transition from a closed to an open economy. Should a state have low levels of this capacity but desire openness, it will partner with regional leaders given the leaders’ higher relative political capacity. However, the leaders’ subsidy of a partner’s capacity comes at a price. The leaders would trade political capacity for forming a regional bloc along its preferences. A partner will join with a regional leader so long as it is satisfied with the leaders’ preferences. By doing so, it reduces the cost of the subsidy. Our analysis of European integration indicates that French and German relative political capacities are an important factor in the continent’s unifying efforts by conditioning institutional homogeneity and capital stocks mobility, both of which are critical for political and economic union. However, the German effect contrasts with the French effect in that we discover greater German effectiveness in mitigating potential barriers to integration. Title: Political Performance, Leadership, and Regional Integration in Europe: An Examination of the French and German Roles Author: Genna, Gaspare M., Yesilada, Birol, Noordijk, Peter Andrew Year: 2013 Prior research on a regional leader’s role in the deepening of regional integration assumes that economic power translates directly into political capabilities. Relative political capacity among states is central to the creation and deepening of regional integration since it is this capacity that smoothes out the transition from a closed to an open economy. Should a state have low levels of this capacity but desire openness, it will partner with regional leaders given the leaders’ higher relative political capacity. However, the leaders’ subsidy of a partner’s capacity comes at a price. The leaders would trade political capacity for forming a regional bloc along its preferences. A partner will join with a regional leader so long as it is satisfied with the leaders’ preferences. By doing so, it reduces the cost of the subsidy. Our analysis of European integration indicates that French and German relative political capacities are an important factor in the continent’s unifying efforts by conditioning institutional homogeneity and capital stocks mobility, both of which are critical for political and economic union. However, the German effect contrasts with the French effect in that we discover greater German effectiveness in mitigating potential barriers to integration. Close

• 6. [Article] Rooftop PV Impacts on Fossil Fuel Electricity Generation and CO2 Emissions in the Pacific Northwest

  This thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rooftop PV Impacts on Fossil Fuel Electricity Generation and CO2 Emissions in the Pacific Northwest Author: Weiland, Daniel Albert Year: 2013 This thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at the same time that it is attempting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity generated by rooftop PV capacity is expected to displace electricity from fossil fueled electricity generators and reduce CO2 emissions, but when and how much? And how can this region maximize and focus the impacts of additional rooftop PV capacity on CO2 emissions? To answer these questions, an hourly urban rooftop PV generation profile for 2009 was created from estimates of regional rooftop PV capacity and solar resource data. That profile was compared with the region's hourly fossil fuel generation profile for 2009 to determine how much urban rooftop PV generation reduced annual fossil fuel electricity generation and CO2 emissions. Those reductions were then projected for a range of additional multiples of rooftop PV capacity. The conclusions indicate that additional rooftop PV capacity in the region primarily displaces electricity from natural gas generators, and shows that the timing of rooftop PV generation corresponds with the use of fossil fuel generators. Each additional Wp/ capita of rooftop PV capacity reduces CO2 emissions by 9,600 to 7,300 tons/ year. The final discussion proposes some methods to maximize and focus rooftop PV impacts on CO2 emissions, and also suggests some questions for further research. Title: Rooftop PV Impacts on Fossil Fuel Electricity Generation and CO2 Emissions in the Pacific Northwest Author: Weiland, Daniel Albert Year: 2013 This thesis estimates the impacts of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) capacity on electricity generation and CO2 emissions in America's Pacific Northwest. The region's demand for electricity is increasing at the same time that it is attempting to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity generated by rooftop PV capacity is expected to displace electricity from fossil fueled electricity generators and reduce CO2 emissions, but when and how much? And how can this region maximize and focus the impacts of additional rooftop PV capacity on CO2 emissions? To answer these questions, an hourly urban rooftop PV generation profile for 2009 was created from estimates of regional rooftop PV capacity and solar resource data. That profile was compared with the region's hourly fossil fuel generation profile for 2009 to determine how much urban rooftop PV generation reduced annual fossil fuel electricity generation and CO2 emissions. Those reductions were then projected for a range of additional multiples of rooftop PV capacity. The conclusions indicate that additional rooftop PV capacity in the region primarily displaces electricity from natural gas generators, and shows that the timing of rooftop PV generation corresponds with the use of fossil fuel generators. Each additional Wp/ capita of rooftop PV capacity reduces CO2 emissions by 9,600 to 7,300 tons/ year. The final discussion proposes some methods to maximize and focus rooftop PV impacts on CO2 emissions, and also suggests some questions for further research. Close

• 7. [Article] Bicycle Level of Service: Where are the Gaps in Bicycle Flow Measures?

  Bicycle use is increasing in many parts of the U.S. Local and regional governments have set ambitious bicycle mode share goals as part of their strategy to curb greenhouse gas emissions and relieve traffic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bicycle Level of Service: Where are the Gaps in Bicycle Flow Measures? Author: Johnson, Pamela Christine Year: 2014 Bicycle use is increasing in many parts of the U.S. Local and regional governments have set ambitious bicycle mode share goals as part of their strategy to curb greenhouse gas emissions and relieve traffic congestion. In particular, Portland, Oregon has set a 25% mode share goal for 2030 (PBOT 2010). Currently bicycle mode share in Portland is 6.1% of all trips. Other cities and regional planning organizations are also setting ambitious bicycle mode share goals and increasing bicycle facilities and programs to encourage bicycling. Increases in bicycle mode share are being encouraged to increase. However, cities with higher-than-average bicycle mode share are beginning to experience locations with bicycle traffic congestion, especially during peak commute hours. Today, there are no established methods are used to describe or measure bicycle traffic flows. In the 1960s, the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) introduced Level of Service (LOS) measurements to describe traffic flow and capacity of motor vehicles on highways using an A-to-F grading system; "A" describes free flow traffic with no maneuvering constraints for the driver and an "F" grade corresponds to over capacity situations in which traffic flow breaks down or becomes "jammed". LOS metrics were expanded to highway and road facilities, operations and design. In the 1990s, the HCM introduced LOS measurements for transit, pedestrians, and bicycles. Today, there are many well established and emerging bicycle level of service (BLOS) methods that measure the stress, comfort and perception of safety of bicycle facilities. However, it was been assumed that bicycle traffic volumes are low and do not warrant the use of a LOS measure for bicycle capacity and traffic flow. There are few BLOS methods that take bicycle flow into consideration, except for in the case of separated bicycle and bicycle-pedestrian paths. This thesis investigated the state of BLOS capacity methods that use bicycle volumes as a variable. The existing methods were applied to bicycle facility elements along a corridor that experiences high bicycle volumes in Portland, Oregon. Using data from the study corridor, BLOS was calculated and a sensitivity analysis was applied to each of the methods to determine how sensitive the models are to each of the variables used. An intercept survey was conducted to compare the BLOS capacity scores calculated for the corridor with the users' perception. In addition, 2030 bicycle mode share for the study corridor was estimated and the implications of increased future bicycle congestion were discussed. Gaps in the BLOS methods, limitations of the thesis study and future research were summarized. In general, the existing methods for BLOS capacity are intended for separated paths; they are not appropriate for existing high traffic flow facilities. Most of the BLOS traffic flow methods that have been developed are most sensitive to bicycle volumes. Some of these models may be a good starting point to improve BLOS capacity and traffic flow measures for high bicycle volume locations. Without the tools to measure and evaluate the patterns of bicycle capacity and traffic flow, it will be difficult to monitor and mitigate bicycle congestion and to plan for efficient bicycle facilities in the future. This report concludes that it is now time to develop new BLOS capacity measures that address bicycle traffic flow. Title: Bicycle Level of Service: Where are the Gaps in Bicycle Flow Measures? Author: Johnson, Pamela Christine Year: 2014 Bicycle use is increasing in many parts of the U.S. Local and regional governments have set ambitious bicycle mode share goals as part of their strategy to curb greenhouse gas emissions and relieve traffic congestion. In particular, Portland, Oregon has set a 25% mode share goal for 2030 (PBOT 2010). Currently bicycle mode share in Portland is 6.1% of all trips. Other cities and regional planning organizations are also setting ambitious bicycle mode share goals and increasing bicycle facilities and programs to encourage bicycling. Increases in bicycle mode share are being encouraged to increase. However, cities with higher-than-average bicycle mode share are beginning to experience locations with bicycle traffic congestion, especially during peak commute hours. Today, there are no established methods are used to describe or measure bicycle traffic flows. In the 1960s, the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) introduced Level of Service (LOS) measurements to describe traffic flow and capacity of motor vehicles on highways using an A-to-F grading system; "A" describes free flow traffic with no maneuvering constraints for the driver and an "F" grade corresponds to over capacity situations in which traffic flow breaks down or becomes "jammed". LOS metrics were expanded to highway and road facilities, operations and design. In the 1990s, the HCM introduced LOS measurements for transit, pedestrians, and bicycles. Today, there are many well established and emerging bicycle level of service (BLOS) methods that measure the stress, comfort and perception of safety of bicycle facilities. However, it was been assumed that bicycle traffic volumes are low and do not warrant the use of a LOS measure for bicycle capacity and traffic flow. There are few BLOS methods that take bicycle flow into consideration, except for in the case of separated bicycle and bicycle-pedestrian paths. This thesis investigated the state of BLOS capacity methods that use bicycle volumes as a variable. The existing methods were applied to bicycle facility elements along a corridor that experiences high bicycle volumes in Portland, Oregon. Using data from the study corridor, BLOS was calculated and a sensitivity analysis was applied to each of the methods to determine how sensitive the models are to each of the variables used. An intercept survey was conducted to compare the BLOS capacity scores calculated for the corridor with the users' perception. In addition, 2030 bicycle mode share for the study corridor was estimated and the implications of increased future bicycle congestion were discussed. Gaps in the BLOS methods, limitations of the thesis study and future research were summarized. In general, the existing methods for BLOS capacity are intended for separated paths; they are not appropriate for existing high traffic flow facilities. Most of the BLOS traffic flow methods that have been developed are most sensitive to bicycle volumes. Some of these models may be a good starting point to improve BLOS capacity and traffic flow measures for high bicycle volume locations. Without the tools to measure and evaluate the patterns of bicycle capacity and traffic flow, it will be difficult to monitor and mitigate bicycle congestion and to plan for efficient bicycle facilities in the future. This report concludes that it is now time to develop new BLOS capacity measures that address bicycle traffic flow. Close

• 8. [Article] Building Bridges with Social Capital in the European Union

  A culture of accommodation and tolerance is a necessary part of establishing and preserving a functional multi-national and multi-ethnic European Union. Civil society organizations and their associated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building Bridges with Social Capital in the European Union Author: Noordijk, Peter Andrew Year: 2013 A culture of accommodation and tolerance is a necessary part of establishing and preserving a functional multi-national and multi-ethnic European Union. Civil society organizations and their associated social capital have been shown to foster civic capacity and achievement of public policy goals. However, social capital that is based on group identity can also contribute to a sense of intolerance towards out-groups, undermining the stated tolerance objectives of the social pillar of the European Union. States with a strong presence alongside civil society are expected to be curb the development of the exclusionary bonding form of social capital in favor of bridging social capital which will improve progress toward policy goals. This study tests the link between government capacity, social capital and tolerance using data from the 1990-2009 waves of the World Values Survey and European Values Study. Using path analysis and multi-level models of the relationships between political capacity, social capital and intolerance, the model establishes that government capacity enhances bridging social capital and which increases social tolerance. The study fills a gap in understanding how government capacity and policy can result in improved social capital even with greater diversity. A proposed relationship between political capacity and bonding forms of social capital was not supported. Title: Building Bridges with Social Capital in the European Union Author: Noordijk, Peter Andrew Year: 2013 A culture of accommodation and tolerance is a necessary part of establishing and preserving a functional multi-national and multi-ethnic European Union. Civil society organizations and their associated social capital have been shown to foster civic capacity and achievement of public policy goals. However, social capital that is based on group identity can also contribute to a sense of intolerance towards out-groups, undermining the stated tolerance objectives of the social pillar of the European Union. States with a strong presence alongside civil society are expected to be curb the development of the exclusionary bonding form of social capital in favor of bridging social capital which will improve progress toward policy goals. This study tests the link between government capacity, social capital and tolerance using data from the 1990-2009 waves of the World Values Survey and European Values Study. Using path analysis and multi-level models of the relationships between political capacity, social capital and intolerance, the model establishes that government capacity enhances bridging social capital and which increases social tolerance. The study fills a gap in understanding how government capacity and policy can result in improved social capital even with greater diversity. A proposed relationship between political capacity and bonding forms of social capital was not supported. Close

• 9. [Article] Variation in Green Roof Storage Capacity, Associated Drivers, and Implications for Stormwater Management in Portland, Oregon

  Greens roofs, also known as ecoroofs or living roofs, provide numerous ecosystem services and are becoming widely integrated into urban stormwater management systems. Despite a long and robust history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in Green Roof Storage Capacity, Associated Drivers, and Implications for Stormwater Management in Portland, Oregon Author: Estrella, Melecio Year: 2016 Greens roofs, also known as ecoroofs or living roofs, provide numerous ecosystem services and are becoming widely integrated into urban stormwater management systems. Despite a long and robust history of green roof projects in Portland, Oregon, there is a distinct lack of research on in situ performance. This thesis addressed this gap by investigating the hydrologic performance of five green roofs in Portland for a time period spanning November through February. Despite difficulty with the sensor calibrations, our analysis of moisture content data from these roofs revealed variation in: (1) total evapotranspiration, which serves as a proxy for total stormwater retention, and (2) storage capacity, which was defined as the difference between average maximum and minimum substrate volumetric water content measured under field conditions. Evapotranspiration was predicted by storage capacity following first order growth using non-linear regression analysis, suggesting that increasing storage capacity should correspond with increases in evapotranspiration and retention up until an inflection point of possibly 8-9mm beyond which the effect diminishes. Storage capacity was further shown to be correlated with substrate properties such as organic matter content and coefficient of curvature. Finally, retention values of 13.4% - 32.8% for Portland’s rainy season in 2015-2016 were found to be substantially lower than optimal annual values reported in other studies in Portland as well as cities around the world. This suggests that Portland’s green roofs may not perform as well as expected during months of high precipitation, which are the times when hydrologic performance is most critical. Further research should consider seasonal green roof performance in the Pacific Northwest and also revisit storage capacity as a parameter to include in future design standards. Title: Variation in Green Roof Storage Capacity, Associated Drivers, and Implications for Stormwater Management in Portland, Oregon Author: Estrella, Melecio Year: 2016 Greens roofs, also known as ecoroofs or living roofs, provide numerous ecosystem services and are becoming widely integrated into urban stormwater management systems. Despite a long and robust history of green roof projects in Portland, Oregon, there is a distinct lack of research on in situ performance. This thesis addressed this gap by investigating the hydrologic performance of five green roofs in Portland for a time period spanning November through February. Despite difficulty with the sensor calibrations, our analysis of moisture content data from these roofs revealed variation in: (1) total evapotranspiration, which serves as a proxy for total stormwater retention, and (2) storage capacity, which was defined as the difference between average maximum and minimum substrate volumetric water content measured under field conditions. Evapotranspiration was predicted by storage capacity following first order growth using non-linear regression analysis, suggesting that increasing storage capacity should correspond with increases in evapotranspiration and retention up until an inflection point of possibly 8-9mm beyond which the effect diminishes. Storage capacity was further shown to be correlated with substrate properties such as organic matter content and coefficient of curvature. Finally, retention values of 13.4% - 32.8% for Portland’s rainy season in 2015-2016 were found to be substantially lower than optimal annual values reported in other studies in Portland as well as cities around the world. This suggests that Portland’s green roofs may not perform as well as expected during months of high precipitation, which are the times when hydrologic performance is most critical. Further research should consider seasonal green roof performance in the Pacific Northwest and also revisit storage capacity as a parameter to include in future design standards. Close

• 10. [Article] Model for Network Assignment Problem of Capacitated Freight with Disruptions

  A modeling framework is proposed for the freight network assignment problem with recourse, network travel time and cost disruptions, and link flow capacity constraints. "Recourse" is defined as the ability ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Model for Network Assignment Problem of Capacitated Freight with Disruptions Author: Figliozzi, Miguel, Unnikrishnan, Avinash, Shahabi, Mehrdad Year: 2012 A modeling framework is proposed for the freight network assignment problem with recourse, network travel time and cost disruptions, and link flow capacity constraints. "Recourse" is defined as the ability of a user to reconsider and adapt his or her routing decisions in response to newly acquired information about network disruption. When real-time tracking and monitoring of network shipments allow companies a routing recourse, network capacity must be simultaneously considered. If a disruption significantly alters network flows, the capacity of alternative or secondary routes may be quickly reached. A new freight mathematical model with a capacitated network and adaptive routing was developed and solved. Results showed that simultaneous consideration of recourse and capacity constraints was superior to benchmark results obtained with nonadaptive deterministic behavior. Title: Model for Network Assignment Problem of Capacitated Freight with Disruptions Author: Figliozzi, Miguel, Unnikrishnan, Avinash, Shahabi, Mehrdad Year: 2012 A modeling framework is proposed for the freight network assignment problem with recourse, network travel time and cost disruptions, and link flow capacity constraints. "Recourse" is defined as the ability of a user to reconsider and adapt his or her routing decisions in response to newly acquired information about network disruption. When real-time tracking and monitoring of network shipments allow companies a routing recourse, network capacity must be simultaneously considered. If a disruption significantly alters network flows, the capacity of alternative or secondary routes may be quickly reached. A new freight mathematical model with a capacitated network and adaptive routing was developed and solved. Results showed that simultaneous consideration of recourse and capacity constraints was superior to benchmark results obtained with nonadaptive deterministic behavior. Close

• 11. [Article] Determining the Power and Energy Capacities of a Battery Energy Storage System to Accommodate High Photovoltaic Penetration on a Distribution Feeder

  The integration of distributed energy generation systems has begun to impact the operation of distribution feeders within the balancing areas of numerous electrical utilities. Battery energy storage systems ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determining the Power and Energy Capacities of a Battery Energy Storage System to Accommodate High Photovoltaic Penetration on a Distribution Feeder Author: Bass, Robert B., Carr, Jennifer, Aguilar, José, Whitener, Kevin Year: 2016 The integration of distributed energy generation systems has begun to impact the operation of distribution feeders within the balancing areas of numerous electrical utilities. Battery energy storage systems may be used to facilitate greater integration of renewable energy generation. This paper describes a method for determining the power and energy capacities a battery energy storage system would need in order to accommodate a particular photovoltaic penetration level within a distribution feeder, or conversely, the amount of photovoltaic that could be installed on a feeder with a minimal investment in power and energy battery energy storage system (BESS) capacities. This method determines the BESS capacities required to compensate both intra-hour and inter-hour load and photovoltaic fluctuations to achieve a flat feeder power profile. By managing the feeder power, the voltage drop along the length of feeder may be managed, thereby mitigating the voltage fluctuation induced by the stochastic nature of both renewables generation and load. Doing so facilitates system benefits, such as conservation voltage reduction, fewer operations of load tap changers, and voltage regulators, and allows for deferment of capital expenditures. Title: Determining the Power and Energy Capacities of a Battery Energy Storage System to Accommodate High Photovoltaic Penetration on a Distribution Feeder Author: Bass, Robert B., Carr, Jennifer, Aguilar, José, Whitener, Kevin Year: 2016 The integration of distributed energy generation systems has begun to impact the operation of distribution feeders within the balancing areas of numerous electrical utilities. Battery energy storage systems may be used to facilitate greater integration of renewable energy generation. This paper describes a method for determining the power and energy capacities a battery energy storage system would need in order to accommodate a particular photovoltaic penetration level within a distribution feeder, or conversely, the amount of photovoltaic that could be installed on a feeder with a minimal investment in power and energy battery energy storage system (BESS) capacities. This method determines the BESS capacities required to compensate both intra-hour and inter-hour load and photovoltaic fluctuations to achieve a flat feeder power profile. By managing the feeder power, the voltage drop along the length of feeder may be managed, thereby mitigating the voltage fluctuation induced by the stochastic nature of both renewables generation and load. Doing so facilitates system benefits, such as conservation voltage reduction, fewer operations of load tap changers, and voltage regulators, and allows for deferment of capital expenditures. Close

• 12. [Article] Prussian Green: A High Rate Capacity Cathode for Potassium Ion Batteries

  The influence of the precursors, namely potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide on the particles sizes of Prussian Blue (PB) and Prussian Green (PG), under identical reaction conditions have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prussian Green: A High Rate Capacity Cathode for Potassium Ion Batteries Author: Pradigi, Prasanna, Thiebes, Joseph, Swan, Mitchell, Goncher, Gary, Evans, David, Solanki, Raj Year: 2015 The influence of the precursors, namely potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide on the particles sizes of Prussian Blue (PB) and Prussian Green (PG), under identical reaction conditions have been investigated. It was found that the particle sizes influence the gravimetric capacity utilization of these materials as cathodes for aqueous potassium (K+ ) ion batteries. The PG particle sizes were on the order of 50-75 nm, whereas PB particles size were on the order of 2-10 microns. The PG cathodes demonstrated a reversible capacity of 121.4 mAhr/g, with a coulombic efficiency of 98.7% compared to PB cathodes which demonstrated 53.8 mAhr/g, with a coulombic efficiency of 100%. We interpret the increased capacity of PG batteries relative to PB batteries as being a result of the smaller particle size of PG, which results in greater accessibility of the cathode to K+ ions. Title: Prussian Green: A High Rate Capacity Cathode for Potassium Ion Batteries Author: Pradigi, Prasanna, Thiebes, Joseph, Swan, Mitchell, Goncher, Gary, Evans, David, Solanki, Raj Year: 2015 The influence of the precursors, namely potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide on the particles sizes of Prussian Blue (PB) and Prussian Green (PG), under identical reaction conditions have been investigated. It was found that the particle sizes influence the gravimetric capacity utilization of these materials as cathodes for aqueous potassium (K+ ) ion batteries. The PG particle sizes were on the order of 50-75 nm, whereas PB particles size were on the order of 2-10 microns. The PG cathodes demonstrated a reversible capacity of 121.4 mAhr/g, with a coulombic efficiency of 98.7% compared to PB cathodes which demonstrated 53.8 mAhr/g, with a coulombic efficiency of 100%. We interpret the increased capacity of PG batteries relative to PB batteries as being a result of the smaller particle size of PG, which results in greater accessibility of the cathode to K+ ions. Close

• 13. [Article] Determining the Power and Energy Capacity of a Battery Energy Storage System Utilizing a Smoothing Feeder Profile to Accommodate High Photovoltaic Penetration on a Distribution Feeder

  Electricity is a perishable commodity; once it is generated it needs to be consumed or stored. Electric energy storage provides both power and energy capacity. Power capacity applications reduce the need ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determining the Power and Energy Capacity of a Battery Energy Storage System Utilizing a Smoothing Feeder Profile to Accommodate High Photovoltaic Penetration on a Distribution Feeder Author: Mansour, Osama Mohammed Abbas Aly Year: 2016 Electricity is a perishable commodity; once it is generated it needs to be consumed or stored. Electric energy storage provides both power and energy capacity. Power capacity applications reduce the need for generation, while energy capacity allows for energy consumption to be decoupled from generation. Previous research was done to develop an algorithm for determining the power (MW) and energy (MWh) capacities of a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the adverse impacts of high levels of photovoltaic (PV) generation. The algorithm used a flat feeder profile, and its performance was demonstrated on the equinoxes and solstices. Managing feeder power leads to fewer voltage fluctuations along the length of the feeder, potentially mitigating load management issues caused by variability of renewable generation and load profile. These issues include lighting flicker, compressor seizing, equipment shut-off, loss of motor torque, frequent transformer tap changes and even voltage collapse due to loss of reactive power support. The research described in this thesis builds on this algorithm by incorporating a smoothed feeder profile and testing it over an entire year. Incorporating a smoothing function reduces the requisite BESS energy capacity necessary to provide firming and shaping to accommodate the stochastic nature of PV. Specifically, this method is used to conduct a year-long study on a per second basis, as well as a one-minute basis, for a distribution feeder. Statistical analytical methods were performed to develop recommendations for appropriately sizing the BESS. This method may be used to determine the amount of PV generation that could be installed on a distribution feeder with a minimal investment in the BESS power and energy capacities that would be required to manage the distribution feeder power. Results are presented for PV penetration levels of 10%-50% of the distribution feeder capacity and show that the use of a smooth feeder profile reduces the required energy capacity by a minimum factor of 10 when compared to a flat feeder profile. Results indicated that it is sufficient to have a one-minute sampling rate, as it provides the necessary granularity to model cloud-induced fluctuations. This method can be applied to any distribution feeder where a load profile and a PV profile are available. Title: Determining the Power and Energy Capacity of a Battery Energy Storage System Utilizing a Smoothing Feeder Profile to Accommodate High Photovoltaic Penetration on a Distribution Feeder Author: Mansour, Osama Mohammed Abbas Aly Year: 2016 Electricity is a perishable commodity; once it is generated it needs to be consumed or stored. Electric energy storage provides both power and energy capacity. Power capacity applications reduce the need for generation, while energy capacity allows for energy consumption to be decoupled from generation. Previous research was done to develop an algorithm for determining the power (MW) and energy (MWh) capacities of a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the adverse impacts of high levels of photovoltaic (PV) generation. The algorithm used a flat feeder profile, and its performance was demonstrated on the equinoxes and solstices. Managing feeder power leads to fewer voltage fluctuations along the length of the feeder, potentially mitigating load management issues caused by variability of renewable generation and load profile. These issues include lighting flicker, compressor seizing, equipment shut-off, loss of motor torque, frequent transformer tap changes and even voltage collapse due to loss of reactive power support. The research described in this thesis builds on this algorithm by incorporating a smoothed feeder profile and testing it over an entire year. Incorporating a smoothing function reduces the requisite BESS energy capacity necessary to provide firming and shaping to accommodate the stochastic nature of PV. Specifically, this method is used to conduct a year-long study on a per second basis, as well as a one-minute basis, for a distribution feeder. Statistical analytical methods were performed to develop recommendations for appropriately sizing the BESS. This method may be used to determine the amount of PV generation that could be installed on a distribution feeder with a minimal investment in the BESS power and energy capacities that would be required to manage the distribution feeder power. Results are presented for PV penetration levels of 10%-50% of the distribution feeder capacity and show that the use of a smooth feeder profile reduces the required energy capacity by a minimum factor of 10 when compared to a flat feeder profile. Results indicated that it is sufficient to have a one-minute sampling rate, as it provides the necessary granularity to model cloud-induced fluctuations. This method can be applied to any distribution feeder where a load profile and a PV profile are available. Close

• 14. [Article] Organizational Change and Racial Equity: Implications for Capacity-Building Practice for Organizations and Networks

  The changing environment both locally and nationally has heightened the need of nonprofit leadership and organizations to address issues of racial and ethnic disparities with more equitable systems and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organizational Change and Racial Equity: Implications for Capacity-Building Practice for Organizations and Networks Author: Hill, Curdina, Curry-Stevens, Ann Year: 2016 The changing environment both locally and nationally has heightened the need of nonprofit leadership and organizations to address issues of racial and ethnic disparities with more equitable systems and practice. This article examines the research on nonprofit organizational change through a racial equity lens and looks at implications for nonprofit capacity builders in using this research to create more effective long-term change. Title: Organizational Change and Racial Equity: Implications for Capacity-Building Practice for Organizations and Networks Author: Hill, Curdina, Curry-Stevens, Ann Year: 2016 The changing environment both locally and nationally has heightened the need of nonprofit leadership and organizations to address issues of racial and ethnic disparities with more equitable systems and practice. This article examines the research on nonprofit organizational change through a racial equity lens and looks at implications for nonprofit capacity builders in using this research to create more effective long-term change. Close

• 15. [Article] Impact Analysis of Increased Dispatchable Resources on a Utility Feeder in OpenDSS

  Oregon utilities are replacing their portfolios of traditional fossil fuel generation with renewable generating sources. Stepping away from carbon-producing energy will leave a deficit of on-demand power, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impact Analysis of Increased Dispatchable Resources on a Utility Feeder in OpenDSS Author: Eppinger, Crystal Year: 2017 Oregon utilities are replacing their portfolios of traditional fossil fuel generation with renewable generating sources. Stepping away from carbon-producing energy will leave a deficit of on-demand power, resulting in decreased reliability. To overcome these technical challenges, utilities must maximize the use of their present dispatchable resources. One such resource is the Portland General Electric (PGE) Dispatchable Standby Generation Program (DSG), which is an aggregated 105 MWs of distributed generation (DG). These resources are brought on-line when there is a critical need for power. Resources are added to the program if a transfer trip scheme is in place or a modeling study reveals that the feeder load is at least three times the generator capacity. If the load-to-capacity ratio were lower, more assets could be added to the DSG program. To investigate the impacts of lowering the DG load-to-capacity ratio on existing distribution feeders, we use Open-Source Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS). We modeled the Oxford Rural feeder by converting a utility CYME database to instantiation files using several MATLAB programs. A MATLAB control program varies the load-to-capacity ratio of the OpenDSS feeder model and monitors the generator behavior immediately following a fault. We analyzed the results to determine the ideal load-to-capacity ratio that prevents unintentional islanding. The results show that the instantaneous (50) relay element settings dictate both the minimum load-to-capacity ratio and the maximum DG capacity. The present three-to-one ratio is very conservative and can be reduced. Additional dispatchable resources include a five MW battery-inverter system currently used as grid-back up. The battery is grid-tied to a 12.4 kV feeder making it an ideal candidate for conservation voltage reduction (CVR). Using the same feeder model, we investigated the effects of lowering the system voltage to the allowable minimum using injections of reactive power. A lower system voltage reduces the load at peak times. Conversely, increasing the voltage prevents generation conflicts. To determine the benefit of CVR by VAr-injection on the Oxford Rural feeder, we created a MATLAB optimization program to output the optimal feeder voltage for reduced system power. We use a Simulink feedback model to determine the appropriate reactive power needed to achieve the voltage change. We analyze the system model to reveal that the feeder is ideal for CVR but the system capacity must be increased to achieve the maximum power reduction. Title: Impact Analysis of Increased Dispatchable Resources on a Utility Feeder in OpenDSS Author: Eppinger, Crystal Year: 2017 Oregon utilities are replacing their portfolios of traditional fossil fuel generation with renewable generating sources. Stepping away from carbon-producing energy will leave a deficit of on-demand power, resulting in decreased reliability. To overcome these technical challenges, utilities must maximize the use of their present dispatchable resources. One such resource is the Portland General Electric (PGE) Dispatchable Standby Generation Program (DSG), which is an aggregated 105 MWs of distributed generation (DG). These resources are brought on-line when there is a critical need for power. Resources are added to the program if a transfer trip scheme is in place or a modeling study reveals that the feeder load is at least three times the generator capacity. If the load-to-capacity ratio were lower, more assets could be added to the DSG program. To investigate the impacts of lowering the DG load-to-capacity ratio on existing distribution feeders, we use Open-Source Distribution System Simulator (OpenDSS). We modeled the Oxford Rural feeder by converting a utility CYME database to instantiation files using several MATLAB programs. A MATLAB control program varies the load-to-capacity ratio of the OpenDSS feeder model and monitors the generator behavior immediately following a fault. We analyzed the results to determine the ideal load-to-capacity ratio that prevents unintentional islanding. The results show that the instantaneous (50) relay element settings dictate both the minimum load-to-capacity ratio and the maximum DG capacity. The present three-to-one ratio is very conservative and can be reduced. Additional dispatchable resources include a five MW battery-inverter system currently used as grid-back up. The battery is grid-tied to a 12.4 kV feeder making it an ideal candidate for conservation voltage reduction (CVR). Using the same feeder model, we investigated the effects of lowering the system voltage to the allowable minimum using injections of reactive power. A lower system voltage reduces the load at peak times. Conversely, increasing the voltage prevents generation conflicts. To determine the benefit of CVR by VAr-injection on the Oxford Rural feeder, we created a MATLAB optimization program to output the optimal feeder voltage for reduced system power. We use a Simulink feedback model to determine the appropriate reactive power needed to achieve the voltage change. We analyze the system model to reveal that the feeder is ideal for CVR but the system capacity must be increased to achieve the maximum power reduction. Close

• 16. [Article] Lab Failure Analysis Capacity Optimization

  Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to showcase a case study of how five separate optimization models were used to establish true capacity capabilities for a lab facing a situation in which upper management ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lab Failure Analysis Capacity Optimization Author: Lamb, Ann-Marie, Myers, Patricia, Peterman, Wendy Year: 2010 Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to showcase a case study of how five separate optimization models were used to establish true capacity capabilities for a lab facing a situation in which upper management set a goal, then left the lab to attempt to meet the goal. This paper highlights the first step for this failure analysis laboratory: determining current baseline capacity. It also delves into showing how the lab might demonstrate its ability to successfully increase its capacity from 200 to 400 units of lab evaluations (metrology units or MUs) per week in future. Design/methodology/approach – An important note in approach is that the researchers developed five separate models in order to more definitely establish baseline capacity. Given the lab problem characteristics, it was determined that integer linear programming (ILP) would form the basis of four of the separate models. One of the models deviated more from this approach by encompassing goal programming for target values of MUs in each metrology. The overall design/approach for each model was to follow as closely as possible the model building approach of 1) Identifying Problem, 2) Formulate and Implement Model, 3) Analyze Model, 4) Test Results/Re-formulate, and 5) Implement Solution. A literature review was used to establish current state of knowledge and fit within capacity optimization research. Findings – While the topic fits into a general category of capacity optimization, more specifically after examining multiple problems facing the laboratory under study, it was found to be one of a subset of optimizing product-mix production. The models showed that the 400MU goal could not be reached. Instead, the maximum appears to be on the order of 200MUs and is in line with historically assumed throughput. Goal programming to meet targets of MUs in each metrology type was unsatisfactory in that it gave fewer MUs per week. The final model suggested that a second shift, or doubling the equipment and technicians available, could reach the 400MU goal. Research limitations/implications – Research implications include an example of product-mix problem analysis and associated ILP and GP model for a type of business which is not often under study, laboratory testing. Future work could include aspects of throughput-time (TPT) and/or flow optimization through bottleneck reduction. Cost was not a primary criterion for the lab under study, but future work could include cost as a constraint and/or decision variable – this would align well with a myriad of previous literature on similar problems. If cost becomes more important to the lab, then looking at economic lot quantity (EOQ) could also prove relevant. Originality/value – This case study provides value with a model which appears somewhat unique in that cost is not of primary importance to the business; so this example could prove invaluable for researchers sifting through a large quantity of product-mix learnings, but finding it difficult to find examples without cost as a primary constraint or decision variable to be minimized. Additionally, this study illustrates the added importance of rigorous understanding of the business problem from the onset. The researchers also provide indication that goal-programming may not be an appropriate approach for similar capacity problems. Title: Lab Failure Analysis Capacity Optimization Author: Lamb, Ann-Marie, Myers, Patricia, Peterman, Wendy Year: 2010 Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to showcase a case study of how five separate optimization models were used to establish true capacity capabilities for a lab facing a situation in which upper management set a goal, then left the lab to attempt to meet the goal. This paper highlights the first step for this failure analysis laboratory: determining current baseline capacity. It also delves into showing how the lab might demonstrate its ability to successfully increase its capacity from 200 to 400 units of lab evaluations (metrology units or MUs) per week in future. Design/methodology/approach – An important note in approach is that the researchers developed five separate models in order to more definitely establish baseline capacity. Given the lab problem characteristics, it was determined that integer linear programming (ILP) would form the basis of four of the separate models. One of the models deviated more from this approach by encompassing goal programming for target values of MUs in each metrology. The overall design/approach for each model was to follow as closely as possible the model building approach of 1) Identifying Problem, 2) Formulate and Implement Model, 3) Analyze Model, 4) Test Results/Re-formulate, and 5) Implement Solution. A literature review was used to establish current state of knowledge and fit within capacity optimization research. Findings – While the topic fits into a general category of capacity optimization, more specifically after examining multiple problems facing the laboratory under study, it was found to be one of a subset of optimizing product-mix production. The models showed that the 400MU goal could not be reached. Instead, the maximum appears to be on the order of 200MUs and is in line with historically assumed throughput. Goal programming to meet targets of MUs in each metrology type was unsatisfactory in that it gave fewer MUs per week. The final model suggested that a second shift, or doubling the equipment and technicians available, could reach the 400MU goal. Research limitations/implications – Research implications include an example of product-mix problem analysis and associated ILP and GP model for a type of business which is not often under study, laboratory testing. Future work could include aspects of throughput-time (TPT) and/or flow optimization through bottleneck reduction. Cost was not a primary criterion for the lab under study, but future work could include cost as a constraint and/or decision variable – this would align well with a myriad of previous literature on similar problems. If cost becomes more important to the lab, then looking at economic lot quantity (EOQ) could also prove relevant. Originality/value – This case study provides value with a model which appears somewhat unique in that cost is not of primary importance to the business; so this example could prove invaluable for researchers sifting through a large quantity of product-mix learnings, but finding it difficult to find examples without cost as a primary constraint or decision variable to be minimized. Additionally, this study illustrates the added importance of rigorous understanding of the business problem from the onset. The researchers also provide indication that goal-programming may not be an appropriate approach for similar capacity problems. Close

• 17. [Article] Building Community Research Capacity: Process Evaluation of Community Training and Education in a Community-Based Participatory Research Program Serving a Predominately Puerto Rican Community

  Background: Education and training build community research capacity and have impact on improvements of health outcomes. Objectives: This manuscript describes the training and educational approaches to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building Community Research Capacity: Process Evaluation of Community Training and Education in a Community-Based Participatory Research Program Serving a Predominately Puerto Rican Community Author: Tumiel-Berhalter, Laurene M., Mclaughlin-Diaz, Victoria, Vena, John, Crespo, Carlos J. Year: 2007 Background: Education and training build community research capacity and have impact on improvements of health outcomes. Objectives: This manuscript describes the training and educational approaches to building research capacity that were utilized in a community-based participatory research program serving a Puerto Rican population and identifies barriers and strategies for overcoming them. Methods: A process evaluation identified a multitiered approach to training and education that was critical to reaching the broad community. Results: This approach included four major categories providing a continuum of education and training opportunities: networking, methods training, on-the-job experience, and community education. Participation in these opportunities supported the development of a registry, the implementation of a survey, and two published manuscripts. Barriers included the lack of a formal evaluation of the education and training components, language challenges that limited involvement of ethnic groups other than Puerto Ricans, and potential biases associated with the familiarity of the data collector and the participant. The CBPR process facilitated relationship development between the university and the community and incorporated the richness of the community experience into research design. Strategies for improvement include incorporating evaluation into every training and educational opportunity and developing measures to quantify research capacity at the individual and community levels. Conclusions: Evaluating training and education in the community allows researchers to quantify the impact of CBPR on building community research capacity. Title: Building Community Research Capacity: Process Evaluation of Community Training and Education in a Community-Based Participatory Research Program Serving a Predominately Puerto Rican Community Author: Tumiel-Berhalter, Laurene M., Mclaughlin-Diaz, Victoria, Vena, John, Crespo, Carlos J. Year: 2007 Background: Education and training build community research capacity and have impact on improvements of health outcomes. Objectives: This manuscript describes the training and educational approaches to building research capacity that were utilized in a community-based participatory research program serving a Puerto Rican population and identifies barriers and strategies for overcoming them. Methods: A process evaluation identified a multitiered approach to training and education that was critical to reaching the broad community. Results: This approach included four major categories providing a continuum of education and training opportunities: networking, methods training, on-the-job experience, and community education. Participation in these opportunities supported the development of a registry, the implementation of a survey, and two published manuscripts. Barriers included the lack of a formal evaluation of the education and training components, language challenges that limited involvement of ethnic groups other than Puerto Ricans, and potential biases associated with the familiarity of the data collector and the participant. The CBPR process facilitated relationship development between the university and the community and incorporated the richness of the community experience into research design. Strategies for improvement include incorporating evaluation into every training and educational opportunity and developing measures to quantify research capacity at the individual and community levels. Conclusions: Evaluating training and education in the community allows researchers to quantify the impact of CBPR on building community research capacity. Close

• 18. [Article] Computational Capacity and Energy Consumption of Complex Resistive Switch Networks

  Resistive switches are a class of emerging nanoelectronics devices that exhibit a wide variety of switching characteristics closely resembling behaviors of biological synapses. Assembled into random networks, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Computational Capacity and Energy Consumption of Complex Resistive Switch Networks Author: Bürger, Jens, Goudarzi, Alireza, Stefanovic, Darko, Teuscher, Christof Year: 2015 Resistive switches are a class of emerging nanoelectronics devices that exhibit a wide variety of switching characteristics closely resembling behaviors of biological synapses. Assembled into random networks, such resistive switches produce emerging behaviors far more complex than that of individual devices. This was previously demonstrated in simulations that exploit information processing within these random networks to solve tasks that require nonlinear computation as well as memory. Physical assemblies of such networks manifest complex spatial structures and basic processing capabilities often related to biologically-inspired computing. We model and simulate random resistive switch networks and analyze their computational capacities. We provide a detailed discussion of the relevant design parameters and establish the link to the physical assemblies by relating the modeling parameters to physical parameters. More globally connected networks and an increased network switching activity are means to increase the computational capacity linearly at the expense of exponentially growing energy consumption. We discuss a new modular approach that exhibits higher computational capacities and energy consumption growing linearly with the number of networks used. The results show how to optimize the trade-off between computational capacity and energy efficiency and are relevant for the design and fabrication of novel computing architectures that harness random assemblies of emerging nanodevices. Title: Computational Capacity and Energy Consumption of Complex Resistive Switch Networks Author: Bürger, Jens, Goudarzi, Alireza, Stefanovic, Darko, Teuscher, Christof Year: 2015 Resistive switches are a class of emerging nanoelectronics devices that exhibit a wide variety of switching characteristics closely resembling behaviors of biological synapses. Assembled into random networks, such resistive switches produce emerging behaviors far more complex than that of individual devices. This was previously demonstrated in simulations that exploit information processing within these random networks to solve tasks that require nonlinear computation as well as memory. Physical assemblies of such networks manifest complex spatial structures and basic processing capabilities often related to biologically-inspired computing. We model and simulate random resistive switch networks and analyze their computational capacities. We provide a detailed discussion of the relevant design parameters and establish the link to the physical assemblies by relating the modeling parameters to physical parameters. More globally connected networks and an increased network switching activity are means to increase the computational capacity linearly at the expense of exponentially growing energy consumption. We discuss a new modular approach that exhibits higher computational capacities and energy consumption growing linearly with the number of networks used. The results show how to optimize the trade-off between computational capacity and energy efficiency and are relevant for the design and fabrication of novel computing architectures that harness random assemblies of emerging nanodevices. Close

• 19. [Article] Temporal Variation in Nutrient Uptake Capacity by Intact Roots of Mature Loblolly Pine

  Nutrient uptake is generally thought to exhibit a simple seasonal pattern, but few studies have measured temporal variation of nutrient uptake capacity in mature trees. We measured net uptake capacity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Temporal Variation in Nutrient Uptake Capacity by Intact Roots of Mature Loblolly Pine Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Joslin, J. Devereux, Yanai, Ruth D. Year: 2005 Nutrient uptake is generally thought to exhibit a simple seasonal pattern, but few studies have measured temporal variation of nutrient uptake capacity in mature trees. We measured net uptake capacity of K, NH+ 4, NO 3 −, Mg and Ca across a range of solution concentrations by roots of mature loblolly pine at Calhoun Experimental Forest in October 2001, July 2001, and April 2002. Uptake capacity was generally lowest in July; rates in October were similar to those in April. Across a range of concentrations, antecedent nutrient solution concentrations affected the temporal patterns in uptake in July but not in October or April. In July, uptake of NH+ 4, Mg and Ca was positively correlated with concentration when roots were exposed to successively lower concentrations, but negatively correlated with concentration when exposed to successively higher concentrations. In contrast, uptake in October was constant across the range of concentrations, while uptake increased with concentration in April. As in studies of other species, we found greater uptake of NH+ 4 than NO 3 −. Temporal patterns of uptake capacity are difficult to predict, and our results indicate that experimental conditions, such as experiment duration, antecedent root conditions and nutrient solution concentration, affect measured rates of nutrient uptake. Title: Temporal Variation in Nutrient Uptake Capacity by Intact Roots of Mature Loblolly Pine Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Joslin, J. Devereux, Yanai, Ruth D. Year: 2005 Nutrient uptake is generally thought to exhibit a simple seasonal pattern, but few studies have measured temporal variation of nutrient uptake capacity in mature trees. We measured net uptake capacity of K, NH+ 4, NO 3 −, Mg and Ca across a range of solution concentrations by roots of mature loblolly pine at Calhoun Experimental Forest in October 2001, July 2001, and April 2002. Uptake capacity was generally lowest in July; rates in October were similar to those in April. Across a range of concentrations, antecedent nutrient solution concentrations affected the temporal patterns in uptake in July but not in October or April. In July, uptake of NH+ 4, Mg and Ca was positively correlated with concentration when roots were exposed to successively lower concentrations, but negatively correlated with concentration when exposed to successively higher concentrations. In contrast, uptake in October was constant across the range of concentrations, while uptake increased with concentration in April. As in studies of other species, we found greater uptake of NH+ 4 than NO 3 −. Temporal patterns of uptake capacity are difficult to predict, and our results indicate that experimental conditions, such as experiment duration, antecedent root conditions and nutrient solution concentration, affect measured rates of nutrient uptake. Close

• 20. [Article] Multivalent Rechargeable Batteries

  Li+ ion batteries have been the mainstay of high energy storage devices that have revolutionized the operating life time of consumer electronic devices for the past two decades. However, there is a steady ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multivalent Rechargeable Batteries Author: Padigi, Sudhaprasanna Kumar Year: 2015 Li+ ion batteries have been the mainstay of high energy storage devices that have revolutionized the operating life time of consumer electronic devices for the past two decades. However, there is a steady increase in demand for energy storage devices with the ability to store more energy and deliver them at high power at low cost, without comprising safety and lifetime. Li-ion batteries have had significant challenges in increasing the amount of stored energy without affecting the overall lifetime and the ability to deliver stored energy. In order to store and deliver more energy, more lithium ions need to be inserted and extracted from a given electrode (cathode or anode). Upon inserting a large number of Li ions, the crystal lattice of the materials undergo severe mechanical distortions, leading to un-desirable structural changes. This results in underutilization of theoretical energy storage capacities of the electrodes and early failure of the batteries owing to instabilities in the electrode materials. Unlike monovalent Li+ ions, multivalent rechargeable batteries offer a potential solution to the above problems. Multivalent cations, such as Ca2+, are doubly-ionized as opposed to Li+ which is a monovalent cation. The advantages of using Ca2+ ions instead of Li+ ions are multifold. Due to the doubly-ionized nature, only half the number of Ca2+ ions need to be inserted and extracted from a given electrode to store and deliver energy from a high capacity cathode as compared to Li+ ions. This reduces the probability of lattice distortion and un-desirable structural changes, further leading to increased utilization of high theoretical energy storage capacities of the electrodes (cathode and anode). The use of Ca2+ ions also helps in delivering twice the amount of current density as compared to Li+ ions due to its doubly ionized nature. In this work, a set of eight metal hexacyanoferrate compounds were synthesized using the following metal ions: Ba2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Sn4+, Mo5+. The resulting metal hexacyanoferrate compounds were subjected to physical characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), to determine physical properties such as size, morphology, unit cell symmetry and unit cell parameters. This was followed by electrochemical characterization utilizing cyclic voltammetry and galvanic cycling, to determine the specific capacity and kinetics involved in the transport of Ca2+ ions to store charge. Optical characterization of the metal hexacyanoferrates using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, allowed for the identification of metal-nitrogen stretching frequency, which was used as a measure of the strength of the metal-nitrogen bond to understand the role of the above mentioned metal ions in electron density distribution across the unit cell of the metal hexacyanoferrates. The specific capacity utilization of the metal hexacyanoferrates, when compared to the electronegativity values (Xi) of the above mentioned metal ions, the σ- parameter, and the metal-nitrogen stretching frequency (v), revealed an empirical trend suggesting that the materials (FeHCF, CaCoHCF and CaZnHCF) that possessed intermediates values for the above mentioned parameters demonstrated high capacity utilization (≥50%). Based on these empirical trends, it is hypothesized that a uniform distribution of electron density around a unit cell, as reflected by intermediate values of the electronegativity (Xi) of the above mentioned metal ions, the σ-parameter and the metal-nitrogen stretching frequency (v), results in minimal electrostatic interactions between the intercalating cation and the host unit cell lattice. This results in relatively easy diffusion of the cations, leading to high specific capacity utilization for metal hexacyanoferrate cathodes. These parameters may be used to select high efficiency cathode materials for multivalent batteries. Title: Multivalent Rechargeable Batteries Author: Padigi, Sudhaprasanna Kumar Year: 2015 Li+ ion batteries have been the mainstay of high energy storage devices that have revolutionized the operating life time of consumer electronic devices for the past two decades. However, there is a steady increase in demand for energy storage devices with the ability to store more energy and deliver them at high power at low cost, without comprising safety and lifetime. Li-ion batteries have had significant challenges in increasing the amount of stored energy without affecting the overall lifetime and the ability to deliver stored energy. In order to store and deliver more energy, more lithium ions need to be inserted and extracted from a given electrode (cathode or anode). Upon inserting a large number of Li ions, the crystal lattice of the materials undergo severe mechanical distortions, leading to un-desirable structural changes. This results in underutilization of theoretical energy storage capacities of the electrodes and early failure of the batteries owing to instabilities in the electrode materials. Unlike monovalent Li+ ions, multivalent rechargeable batteries offer a potential solution to the above problems. Multivalent cations, such as Ca2+, are doubly-ionized as opposed to Li+ which is a monovalent cation. The advantages of using Ca2+ ions instead of Li+ ions are multifold. Due to the doubly-ionized nature, only half the number of Ca2+ ions need to be inserted and extracted from a given electrode to store and deliver energy from a high capacity cathode as compared to Li+ ions. This reduces the probability of lattice distortion and un-desirable structural changes, further leading to increased utilization of high theoretical energy storage capacities of the electrodes (cathode and anode). The use of Ca2+ ions also helps in delivering twice the amount of current density as compared to Li+ ions due to its doubly ionized nature. In this work, a set of eight metal hexacyanoferrate compounds were synthesized using the following metal ions: Ba2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Sn4+, Mo5+. The resulting metal hexacyanoferrate compounds were subjected to physical characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), to determine physical properties such as size, morphology, unit cell symmetry and unit cell parameters. This was followed by electrochemical characterization utilizing cyclic voltammetry and galvanic cycling, to determine the specific capacity and kinetics involved in the transport of Ca2+ ions to store charge. Optical characterization of the metal hexacyanoferrates using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, allowed for the identification of metal-nitrogen stretching frequency, which was used as a measure of the strength of the metal-nitrogen bond to understand the role of the above mentioned metal ions in electron density distribution across the unit cell of the metal hexacyanoferrates. The specific capacity utilization of the metal hexacyanoferrates, when compared to the electronegativity values (Xi) of the above mentioned metal ions, the σ- parameter, and the metal-nitrogen stretching frequency (v), revealed an empirical trend suggesting that the materials (FeHCF, CaCoHCF and CaZnHCF) that possessed intermediates values for the above mentioned parameters demonstrated high capacity utilization (≥50%). Based on these empirical trends, it is hypothesized that a uniform distribution of electron density around a unit cell, as reflected by intermediate values of the electronegativity (Xi) of the above mentioned metal ions, the σ-parameter and the metal-nitrogen stretching frequency (v), results in minimal electrostatic interactions between the intercalating cation and the host unit cell lattice. This results in relatively easy diffusion of the cations, leading to high specific capacity utilization for metal hexacyanoferrate cathodes. These parameters may be used to select high efficiency cathode materials for multivalent batteries. Close

• 21. [Article] No More Freeways: Urban Land Use-Transportation Dynamics without Freeway Capacity Expansion

  Observations of the various limitations of freeway capacity expansion have led to a provocative planning and policy question – What if we completely stop building additional freeway capacity. From a theoretical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: No More Freeways: Urban Land Use-Transportation Dynamics without Freeway Capacity Expansion Author: Zhang, Lei, Xu, We Year: 2011 Observations of the various limitations of freeway capacity expansion have led to a provocative planning and policy question – What if we completely stop building additional freeway capacity. From a theoretical perspective, as a freeway transportation network matures, there exists a saturation point beyond which any additional freeway capacity would only be counterproductive from a welfare point of view, and worsen the existing urban transportation problems. Traditional benefit/cost analysis of individual freeway capacity expansion projects often ignores long-term induced demand and land use changes and does not represent a systems approach to this important theoretical issue. From a practical perspective, a no-more-freeway policy can relieve transportation funds for other potentially more effective usages, such as improving urban arterial street system, improving transit level of service and coverage, implementing demand management and pricing strategies, and facilitating more efficient land use patterns (e.g. high density in-fill and transit-oriented developments). This research answers the following critical land use-transportation planning questions. Improved knowledge on these issues should benefit planers and decision-makers who pursue mobility and sustainability objectives and have the power to shape future cities. (1). Under what conditions will freeway capacity expansion become counterproductive to urban planning objectives (where is the saturation point)? (2). How will land use and transportation evolve under a “No-More-Freeway” policy? (3). What are the implications of such a policy on congestion, land use efficiency, transportation finance, and social welfare? (4). What is the impact of a less restrictive “No-More-Freeway” policy that only allows private-section freeway investments and relieves public-section freeway investments for other compelling transportation needs. The analysis in this project builds upon a modeling tool, ABSOLUTE, developed by the P.I. in previous research projects. ABSOLUTE is an Agent-Based Simulator Of Land Use-Transportation Evolution, which translates planning policies such as the “No-More- Freeway” policy into alternative urban growth paths and possibly urban growth equilibria (land use and transportation system equilibria). Due to the “Small Start” nature of this OTREC project, the analysis focuses primarily on stylized urban areas, and empirical analysis of the “No-More- Freeway” policy is only conducted for one policy scenario on the Twin Cities, MN, area. Title: No More Freeways: Urban Land Use-Transportation Dynamics without Freeway Capacity Expansion Author: Zhang, Lei, Xu, We Year: 2011 Observations of the various limitations of freeway capacity expansion have led to a provocative planning and policy question – What if we completely stop building additional freeway capacity. From a theoretical perspective, as a freeway transportation network matures, there exists a saturation point beyond which any additional freeway capacity would only be counterproductive from a welfare point of view, and worsen the existing urban transportation problems. Traditional benefit/cost analysis of individual freeway capacity expansion projects often ignores long-term induced demand and land use changes and does not represent a systems approach to this important theoretical issue. From a practical perspective, a no-more-freeway policy can relieve transportation funds for other potentially more effective usages, such as improving urban arterial street system, improving transit level of service and coverage, implementing demand management and pricing strategies, and facilitating more efficient land use patterns (e.g. high density in-fill and transit-oriented developments). This research answers the following critical land use-transportation planning questions. Improved knowledge on these issues should benefit planers and decision-makers who pursue mobility and sustainability objectives and have the power to shape future cities. (1). Under what conditions will freeway capacity expansion become counterproductive to urban planning objectives (where is the saturation point)? (2). How will land use and transportation evolve under a “No-More-Freeway” policy? (3). What are the implications of such a policy on congestion, land use efficiency, transportation finance, and social welfare? (4). What is the impact of a less restrictive “No-More-Freeway” policy that only allows private-section freeway investments and relieves public-section freeway investments for other compelling transportation needs. The analysis in this project builds upon a modeling tool, ABSOLUTE, developed by the P.I. in previous research projects. ABSOLUTE is an Agent-Based Simulator Of Land Use-Transportation Evolution, which translates planning policies such as the “No-More- Freeway” policy into alternative urban growth paths and possibly urban growth equilibria (land use and transportation system equilibria). Due to the “Small Start” nature of this OTREC project, the analysis focuses primarily on stylized urban areas, and empirical analysis of the “No-More- Freeway” policy is only conducted for one policy scenario on the Twin Cities, MN, area. Close

• 22. [Article] Land Use and Growth Impacts from Highway Capacity Increases

  This analysis examined the historical relationship between land use changes and the location of capacity increasing highway projects in the State of Oregon from 1970 to 1990. Aerial photography for 18 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land Use and Growth Impacts from Highway Capacity Increases Author: Sanchez, Erik J Year: 2000 This analysis examined the historical relationship between land use changes and the location of capacity increasing highway projects in the State of Oregon from 1970 to 1990. Aerial photography for 18 cities was used to delineate the extent of urban development in each time period. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to assemble the data. Using this data, a logit regression model tested the significance of geographic variables such as proximity to highway projects, land use zoning classification, city size, and other spatial characteristics. The analytical methods used in this study incorporated a set of commonly used techniques to assess highway impacts on urban development patterns. The results suggest that for the 18 selected cities, the spatial measures performed well in predicting the location of urban development from 1970 to 1990. In addition, the results of the logit regression model indicated that controlling for other location factors, urban development had not clustered along state high project corridors as was suspected. Title: Land Use and Growth Impacts from Highway Capacity Increases Author: Sanchez, Erik J Year: 2000 This analysis examined the historical relationship between land use changes and the location of capacity increasing highway projects in the State of Oregon from 1970 to 1990. Aerial photography for 18 cities was used to delineate the extent of urban development in each time period. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to assemble the data. Using this data, a logit regression model tested the significance of geographic variables such as proximity to highway projects, land use zoning classification, city size, and other spatial characteristics. The analytical methods used in this study incorporated a set of commonly used techniques to assess highway impacts on urban development patterns. The results suggest that for the 18 selected cities, the spatial measures performed well in predicting the location of urban development from 1970 to 1990. In addition, the results of the logit regression model indicated that controlling for other location factors, urban development had not clustered along state high project corridors as was suspected. Close

• 23. [Article] Congestion and Emissions Mitigation: A Comparison of Capacity, Demand, and Efficiency Based Strategies

  Capacity, demand, and vehicle based emissions reduction strategies are compared for several pollutants employing aggregate US congestion and vehicle fleet condition data. We find that congestion mitigation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Congestion and Emissions Mitigation: A Comparison of Capacity, Demand, and Efficiency Based Strategies Author: Bigazzi, Alexander Y., Figliozzi, Miguel Year: 2012 Capacity, demand, and vehicle based emissions reduction strategies are compared for several pollutants employing aggregate US congestion and vehicle fleet condition data. We find that congestion mitigation does not inevitably lead to reduced emissions; the net effect of mitigation depends on the balance of induced travel demand and increased vehicle efficiency that in turn depend on the pollutant, congestion level, and fleet composition. In the long run, capacity-based congestion improvements within certain speed intervals can reasonably be expected to increase emissions of CO2e, CO, and NOx through increased vehicle travel volume. Better opportunities for emissions reductions exist for HC and PM2.5 emissions, and on more heavily congested arterials. Advanced-efficiency vehicles with emissions rates that are less sensitive to congestion than conventional vehicles generate less emissions co-benefits from congestion mitigation. Title: Congestion and Emissions Mitigation: A Comparison of Capacity, Demand, and Efficiency Based Strategies Author: Bigazzi, Alexander Y., Figliozzi, Miguel Year: 2012 Capacity, demand, and vehicle based emissions reduction strategies are compared for several pollutants employing aggregate US congestion and vehicle fleet condition data. We find that congestion mitigation does not inevitably lead to reduced emissions; the net effect of mitigation depends on the balance of induced travel demand and increased vehicle efficiency that in turn depend on the pollutant, congestion level, and fleet composition. In the long run, capacity-based congestion improvements within certain speed intervals can reasonably be expected to increase emissions of CO2e, CO, and NOx through increased vehicle travel volume. Better opportunities for emissions reductions exist for HC and PM2.5 emissions, and on more heavily congested arterials. Advanced-efficiency vehicles with emissions rates that are less sensitive to congestion than conventional vehicles generate less emissions co-benefits from congestion mitigation. Close

• 24. [Article] High Performance Prussian Blue Cathode for Nonaqueous Ca-ion Intercalation Battery

  Potassium iron hexacyanoferrate, or Prussian blue (PB), is investigated as a cathode material for nonaqueous divalent calcium ion batteries. PB is an attractive prospect due to its high specific capacity, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High Performance Prussian Blue Cathode for Nonaqueous Ca-ion Intercalation Battery Author: Kuperman, Neal, Padigi, Prasanna, Goncher, Gary, Evans, David, Thiebes, Joseph, Solanki, Raj Year: 2017 Potassium iron hexacyanoferrate, or Prussian blue (PB), is investigated as a cathode material for nonaqueous divalent calcium ion batteries. PB is an attractive prospect due to its high specific capacity, nontoxicity, low cost, and simple synthesis. Charge/discharge performances are examined at current densities of 23 mAg−1, 45 mAg−1, 90 mAg−1, and 125 mAg−1 that produced reversible specific capacities ranging from 150 mAhg−1 (at 23 mAg−1 current density) to over 120 mAhg−1 (at 125 mAg−1 current density). These are the highest storage capacities to date for a divalent calcium ion cathode over extended period of charge/discharge cycling and are comparable in performance to monovalent intercalating ions. Title: High Performance Prussian Blue Cathode for Nonaqueous Ca-ion Intercalation Battery Author: Kuperman, Neal, Padigi, Prasanna, Goncher, Gary, Evans, David, Thiebes, Joseph, Solanki, Raj Year: 2017 Potassium iron hexacyanoferrate, or Prussian blue (PB), is investigated as a cathode material for nonaqueous divalent calcium ion batteries. PB is an attractive prospect due to its high specific capacity, nontoxicity, low cost, and simple synthesis. Charge/discharge performances are examined at current densities of 23 mAg−1, 45 mAg−1, 90 mAg−1, and 125 mAg−1 that produced reversible specific capacities ranging from 150 mAhg−1 (at 23 mAg−1 current density) to over 120 mAhg−1 (at 125 mAg−1 current density). These are the highest storage capacities to date for a divalent calcium ion cathode over extended period of charge/discharge cycling and are comparable in performance to monovalent intercalating ions. Close

• 25. [Article] Postpollination Discrimination Between Self and Outcross Pollen Covaries with the Mating System of a Self-Compatible Flowering Plant

  Premise of the Study: Variation in the mating system of hermaphroditic plant populations is determined by interactions between genetic and environmental factors operating via both pre- and postmating processes. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Postpollination Discrimination Between Self and Outcross Pollen Covaries with the Mating System of a Self-Compatible Flowering Plant Author: Cruzan, Mitchell B., Barrett, Spencer C. H. Year: 2016 Premise of the Study: Variation in the mating system of hermaphroditic plant populations is determined by interactions between genetic and environmental factors operating via both pre- and postmating processes. Models predicting the maintenance of intermediate outcrossing rates in animal-pollinated plants often assume that the mating system is primarily controlled by floral morphology and pollinator availability, but rarely has the influence of postpollination processes on variation in outcrossing been examined. Methods: We investigated the influence of stylar discrimination between illegitimate and legitimate pollen-tube growth and the pollen-load capacity of stigmas on mating-system variation in the annual, tristylous species Eichhornia paniculata using controlled crosses and genetic markers. This species exhibits an exceptionally broad range of outcrossing rates in natural populations. Key Results: There was significant variation among populations in the pollen-load capacity of stigmas and the ability of styles to discriminate between illegitimate vs. legitimate pollen. There was strong correspondence between stylar-discrimination ability and variation in outcrossing rate among populations and style morphs. The combination of stigmatic pollen-load capacity and stylar discrimination explained more than 80% of the variation in outcrossing rates among populations. Conclusions: The finding that stigmatic pollen-load capacity and stylar-discrimination ability contributed significantly to explaining the wide range of outcrossing rates in E. paniculata suggests that postpollination mechanisms play an important role in governing mating patterns in this species. The difference in levels of stylar discrimination between outcrossing and selfing populations may reflect a trade-off between selection for increased outcrossing and greater reproductive assurance. Title: Postpollination Discrimination Between Self and Outcross Pollen Covaries with the Mating System of a Self-Compatible Flowering Plant Author: Cruzan, Mitchell B., Barrett, Spencer C. H. Year: 2016 Premise of the Study: Variation in the mating system of hermaphroditic plant populations is determined by interactions between genetic and environmental factors operating via both pre- and postmating processes. Models predicting the maintenance of intermediate outcrossing rates in animal-pollinated plants often assume that the mating system is primarily controlled by floral morphology and pollinator availability, but rarely has the influence of postpollination processes on variation in outcrossing been examined. Methods: We investigated the influence of stylar discrimination between illegitimate and legitimate pollen-tube growth and the pollen-load capacity of stigmas on mating-system variation in the annual, tristylous species Eichhornia paniculata using controlled crosses and genetic markers. This species exhibits an exceptionally broad range of outcrossing rates in natural populations. Key Results: There was significant variation among populations in the pollen-load capacity of stigmas and the ability of styles to discriminate between illegitimate vs. legitimate pollen. There was strong correspondence between stylar-discrimination ability and variation in outcrossing rate among populations and style morphs. The combination of stigmatic pollen-load capacity and stylar discrimination explained more than 80% of the variation in outcrossing rates among populations. Conclusions: The finding that stigmatic pollen-load capacity and stylar-discrimination ability contributed significantly to explaining the wide range of outcrossing rates in E. paniculata suggests that postpollination mechanisms play an important role in governing mating patterns in this species. The difference in levels of stylar discrimination between outcrossing and selfing populations may reflect a trade-off between selection for increased outcrossing and greater reproductive assurance. Close

• 26. [Article] Similarity of Nutrient Uptake and Root Dimensions of Engelmann Spruce and Subalpine Fir at Two Contrasting Sites in Colorado

  Nutrient uptake capacity is an important parameter in modeling nutrient uptake by plants. Researchers commonly assume that uptake capacity measured for a species can be used across sites. We tested this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Similarity of Nutrient Uptake and Root Dimensions of Engelmann Spruce and Subalpine Fir at Two Contrasting Sites in Colorado Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Yanai, Ruth D., McFarlane, Karis J., Kulpa, Sarah E., Wood, Dustin M. Year: 2009 Nutrient uptake capacity is an important parameter in modeling nutrient uptake by plants. Researchers commonly assume that uptake capacity measured for a species can be used across sites. We tested this assumption by measuring the nutrient uptake capacity of intact roots of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni Parry) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) at Loch Vale Watershed and Fraser Experimental Forest in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado. Roots still attached to the tree were exposed to one of three concentrations of nutrient solutions for time periods ranging from 1 to 96h, and solutions were analyzed for ammonium, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Surprisingly, the two species were indistinguishable in nutrient uptake within site for all nutrients (P >0.25), but uptake rates differed by site. In general, nutrient uptake was higher at Fraser (P =0.01, 0.15, 0.03, and 0.18 for NH4+, NO3−, Ca2+, and K+, respectively), which is west of the Continental Divide and has lower atmospheric deposition of N than Loch Vale. Mean uptake rates by site for ambient solution concentrations were , , , and at Loch Vale, and , , , and at Fraser. The importance of site conditions in determining uptake capacity should not be overlooked when parameterizing nutrient uptake models. We also characterized the root morphology of these two species and compared them to other tree species we have measured at various sites in the northeastern USA. Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir were indistinguishable in specific root length and diameter distribution, while most of the other 10 species had statistically distinct diameter distributions across five diameter classes. Title: Similarity of Nutrient Uptake and Root Dimensions of Engelmann Spruce and Subalpine Fir at Two Contrasting Sites in Colorado Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Yanai, Ruth D., McFarlane, Karis J., Kulpa, Sarah E., Wood, Dustin M. Year: 2009 Nutrient uptake capacity is an important parameter in modeling nutrient uptake by plants. Researchers commonly assume that uptake capacity measured for a species can be used across sites. We tested this assumption by measuring the nutrient uptake capacity of intact roots of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni Parry) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) at Loch Vale Watershed and Fraser Experimental Forest in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado. Roots still attached to the tree were exposed to one of three concentrations of nutrient solutions for time periods ranging from 1 to 96h, and solutions were analyzed for ammonium, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. Surprisingly, the two species were indistinguishable in nutrient uptake within site for all nutrients (P >0.25), but uptake rates differed by site. In general, nutrient uptake was higher at Fraser (P =0.01, 0.15, 0.03, and 0.18 for NH4+, NO3−, Ca2+, and K+, respectively), which is west of the Continental Divide and has lower atmospheric deposition of N than Loch Vale. Mean uptake rates by site for ambient solution concentrations were , , , and at Loch Vale, and , , , and at Fraser. The importance of site conditions in determining uptake capacity should not be overlooked when parameterizing nutrient uptake models. We also characterized the root morphology of these two species and compared them to other tree species we have measured at various sites in the northeastern USA. Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir were indistinguishable in specific root length and diameter distribution, while most of the other 10 species had statistically distinct diameter distributions across five diameter classes. Close

• 27. [Article] Environmental Durability of Reinforced Concrete Deck Girders Strengthened for Shear with Surface Bonded Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer

  This research investigated the durability of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) used for shear strengthening reinforced concrete deck girders. Large beams were used to avoid accounting for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental Durability of Reinforced Concrete Deck Girders Strengthened for Shear with Surface Bonded Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Author: Higgins, Christopher, Dawson, Matthew R., Mitchell, Mikal M., Sopal, Gautam, Senturk, A. Ekin Year: 2009 This research investigated the durability of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) used for shear strengthening reinforced concrete deck girders. Large beams were used to avoid accounting for size effects in the data analysis. The effort included determining the role of freeze-thaw, moisture, and fatigue on structural performance and developing analytical design procedures that account for durability. The results showed that moisture infiltration behind the CFRP, combined with freeze-thaw, was critical in reducing shear panel stiffness and shear capacity. Long-term moisture exposure alone produced only a minor decrease in shear capacity. Freeze-thaw, combined with fatigue, had little effect on shear capacity if water infiltration was minimized. Fatigue caused some debonding, but the debonding was not significant enough to affect capacity. Use of ACI-318 with ACI 440 provided conservative predicted shear strengths after environmental exposure. However, the ACI approach did not provide uniform levels of safety because the observed conservatism was built into the prediction for the unstrengthened base specimens but not for the CFRP contribution. Consequently, a recommendation of the research is to apply the environmental exposure factor at the final design step to limit the effective CFRP stress/strain. For locations with very large numbers of wet freeze-thaw cycles and extended exposure to continuous moisture, the environmental reduction factors should be reduced even further. To better predict the CFRP bond strength demands that can occur due to shear-moment interaction, a further check of the design should be made beyond those required by ACI-440. Title: Environmental Durability of Reinforced Concrete Deck Girders Strengthened for Shear with Surface Bonded Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Author: Higgins, Christopher, Dawson, Matthew R., Mitchell, Mikal M., Sopal, Gautam, Senturk, A. Ekin Year: 2009 This research investigated the durability of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) used for shear strengthening reinforced concrete deck girders. Large beams were used to avoid accounting for size effects in the data analysis. The effort included determining the role of freeze-thaw, moisture, and fatigue on structural performance and developing analytical design procedures that account for durability. The results showed that moisture infiltration behind the CFRP, combined with freeze-thaw, was critical in reducing shear panel stiffness and shear capacity. Long-term moisture exposure alone produced only a minor decrease in shear capacity. Freeze-thaw, combined with fatigue, had little effect on shear capacity if water infiltration was minimized. Fatigue caused some debonding, but the debonding was not significant enough to affect capacity. Use of ACI-318 with ACI 440 provided conservative predicted shear strengths after environmental exposure. However, the ACI approach did not provide uniform levels of safety because the observed conservatism was built into the prediction for the unstrengthened base specimens but not for the CFRP contribution. Consequently, a recommendation of the research is to apply the environmental exposure factor at the final design step to limit the effective CFRP stress/strain. For locations with very large numbers of wet freeze-thaw cycles and extended exposure to continuous moisture, the environmental reduction factors should be reduced even further. To better predict the CFRP bond strength demands that can occur due to shear-moment interaction, a further check of the design should be made beyond those required by ACI-440. Close

• 28. [Article] Planning for a Semiconductor Ramp: Capacity and Staffing

  ABC, a semiconductor manufacturing company has the good fortune to be starting a very strong manufacturing ramp for its biggest money making product line. In order for the ramp to succeed, they have to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Planning for a Semiconductor Ramp: Capacity and Staffing Author: Varma, Sumir Year: 2015 ABC, a semiconductor manufacturing company has the good fortune to be starting a very strong manufacturing ramp for its biggest money making product line. In order for the ramp to succeed, they have to ensure that at the four main production steps where all the WIP goes through, there is enough capacity to run production as the ramp progresses through the wafer start nodes outlined, in a potentially optimized way, and the new tools purchased for this purpose are staffed adequately. However, based on the definition of the model utilized, the latter part of the project was changed substantially in practice. Title: Planning for a Semiconductor Ramp: Capacity and Staffing Author: Varma, Sumir Year: 2015 ABC, a semiconductor manufacturing company has the good fortune to be starting a very strong manufacturing ramp for its biggest money making product line. In order for the ramp to succeed, they have to ensure that at the four main production steps where all the WIP goes through, there is enough capacity to run production as the ramp progresses through the wafer start nodes outlined, in a potentially optimized way, and the new tools purchased for this purpose are staffed adequately. However, based on the definition of the model utilized, the latter part of the project was changed substantially in practice. Close

• 29. [Article] Determination of an Annual Production Plan for a Multiplant

  A linear programming model is developed to maximize profits of an international corporation which faces a problem of scheduling available resources to produce a more competitive product. The company produces ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determination of an Annual Production Plan for a Multiplant Author: Cross, Darrell K., Montoya, Diego, Parmentor, Ron, Rakine, Easton, Tiu, Kian Hun Year: 1988 A linear programming model is developed to maximize profits of an international corporation which faces a problem of scheduling available resources to produce a more competitive product. The company produces mobile industrial equipment and has manufacturing plants in Europe and the U.S. It serves the market in both areas. A plant of limited capacity is available in each area. The company prefers to use existing plants to exploit unused capacity, rather than to build a new factory. The alternatives are to dual-source the product, or choose a plant for worldwide distribution. Title: Determination of an Annual Production Plan for a Multiplant Author: Cross, Darrell K., Montoya, Diego, Parmentor, Ron, Rakine, Easton, Tiu, Kian Hun Year: 1988 A linear programming model is developed to maximize profits of an international corporation which faces a problem of scheduling available resources to produce a more competitive product. The company produces mobile industrial equipment and has manufacturing plants in Europe and the U.S. It serves the market in both areas. A plant of limited capacity is available in each area. The company prefers to use existing plants to exploit unused capacity, rather than to build a new factory. The alternatives are to dual-source the product, or choose a plant for worldwide distribution. Close

• 30. [Article] Probabilistic Determination of Failure Load Capacity Variations for Lattice Type Structures Based on Yield Strength Variations including Nonlinear Post-Buckling Member Performance

  With the attempt to achieve the optimum in analysis and design, the technological global knowledge base grows more and more. Engineers all over the world continuously modify and innovate existing analysis ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Probabilistic Determination of Failure Load Capacity Variations for Lattice Type Structures Based on Yield Strength Variations including Nonlinear Post-Buckling Member Performance Author: Bathon, Leander Anton Year: 1992 With the attempt to achieve the optimum in analysis and design, the technological global knowledge base grows more and more. Engineers all over the world continuously modify and innovate existing analysis methods and design procedures to perform the same task more efficiently and with better results. In the field of complex structural analysis many researchers pursue this challenging task. The complexity of a lattice type structure is caused by numerous parameters: the nonlinear member performance of the material, the statistical variation of member load capacities, the highly indeterminate structural composition, etc. In order to achieve a simulation approach which represents the real world problem more accurately, it is necessary to develop technologies which include these parameters in the analysis. One of the new technologies is the first order nonlinear analysis of lattice type structures including the after failure response of individual members. Such an analysis is able to predict the failure behavior of a structural system under ultimate loads more accurately than the traditionally used linear elastic analysis or a classical first order nonlinear analysis. It is an analysis procedure which can more accurately evaluate the limit-state of a structural system. The Probability Based Analysis (PBA) is a new technology. It provides the user with a tool to analyze structural systems based on statistical variations in member capacities. Current analysis techniques have shown that structural failure is sensitive to member capacity. The combination of probability based analysis and the limit-state analysis will give the engineer the capability to establish a failure load distribution based on the limit-state capacity of the structure. This failure load distribution which gives statistical properties such as mean and variance improves the engineering judgment. The mean shows the expected value or the mathematical expectation of the failure load. The variance is a tool to measure the variability of the failure load distribution. Based on a certain load case, a small variance will indicate that a few members cause the tower failure over and over again; the design is unbalanced. A large variance will indicate that many different members caused the tower failure. The failure load distribution helps in comparing and evaluating actual test results versus analytical results by locating an actual test among the possible failure loads of a tower series. Additionally, the failure load distribution allows the engineer to calculate exclusion limits which are a measure of the probability of success, or conversely the probability of failure for a given load condition. The exclusion limit allows engineers to redefine their judgement on safety and usability of transmission towers. Existing transmission towers can be reanalyzed using this PBA and upgraded based on a given exclusion limit for a chosen tower capacity increase according to the elastic analysis from which the tower was designed. New transmission towers can be analyzed based on the actual yield strength data and their nonlinear member performances. Based on this innovative analysis the engineer is able to improve tower design by using a tool which represents the real world behavior of steel transmission towers more accurately. Consequently it will improve structural safety and reduce cost. Title: Probabilistic Determination of Failure Load Capacity Variations for Lattice Type Structures Based on Yield Strength Variations including Nonlinear Post-Buckling Member Performance Author: Bathon, Leander Anton Year: 1992 With the attempt to achieve the optimum in analysis and design, the technological global knowledge base grows more and more. Engineers all over the world continuously modify and innovate existing analysis methods and design procedures to perform the same task more efficiently and with better results. In the field of complex structural analysis many researchers pursue this challenging task. The complexity of a lattice type structure is caused by numerous parameters: the nonlinear member performance of the material, the statistical variation of member load capacities, the highly indeterminate structural composition, etc. In order to achieve a simulation approach which represents the real world problem more accurately, it is necessary to develop technologies which include these parameters in the analysis. One of the new technologies is the first order nonlinear analysis of lattice type structures including the after failure response of individual members. Such an analysis is able to predict the failure behavior of a structural system under ultimate loads more accurately than the traditionally used linear elastic analysis or a classical first order nonlinear analysis. It is an analysis procedure which can more accurately evaluate the limit-state of a structural system. The Probability Based Analysis (PBA) is a new technology. It provides the user with a tool to analyze structural systems based on statistical variations in member capacities. Current analysis techniques have shown that structural failure is sensitive to member capacity. The combination of probability based analysis and the limit-state analysis will give the engineer the capability to establish a failure load distribution based on the limit-state capacity of the structure. This failure load distribution which gives statistical properties such as mean and variance improves the engineering judgment. The mean shows the expected value or the mathematical expectation of the failure load. The variance is a tool to measure the variability of the failure load distribution. Based on a certain load case, a small variance will indicate that a few members cause the tower failure over and over again; the design is unbalanced. A large variance will indicate that many different members caused the tower failure. The failure load distribution helps in comparing and evaluating actual test results versus analytical results by locating an actual test among the possible failure loads of a tower series. Additionally, the failure load distribution allows the engineer to calculate exclusion limits which are a measure of the probability of success, or conversely the probability of failure for a given load condition. The exclusion limit allows engineers to redefine their judgement on safety and usability of transmission towers. Existing transmission towers can be reanalyzed using this PBA and upgraded based on a given exclusion limit for a chosen tower capacity increase according to the elastic analysis from which the tower was designed. New transmission towers can be analyzed based on the actual yield strength data and their nonlinear member performances. Based on this innovative analysis the engineer is able to improve tower design by using a tool which represents the real world behavior of steel transmission towers more accurately. Consequently it will improve structural safety and reduce cost. Close

• 31. [Article] Providing Capacity in Rural Communities: Planning for Alternative Transportation

  This technology transfer proposal linked service learning with rural multimodal transportation planning through a collaborative partnership between University of Oregon (UO) experiential learning programs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Providing Capacity in Rural Communities: Planning for Alternative Transportation Author: Smith, Megan Year: 2011 This technology transfer proposal linked service learning with rural multimodal transportation planning through a collaborative partnership between University of Oregon (UO) experiential learning programs and three rural Oregon communities. As this planning and technical support to rural communities occurred, lessons learned were gathered and will support future servicelearning projects focused on transportation planning. The primary products for this project are the: (1) Completion of multimodal transportation planning projects that increase rural community capacity; and (2) a website with resources for communities, faculty and students. Three further outcomes were: (1) Increased capacity for transportation planning in rural communities; (2) Increased capacity in existing transportation planning professionals working in rural communities; and (3) Increased capacity in young planning professional and graduate students. This project was be led by the Community Service Center (CSC) at the UO and engaged two programs of the CSC. Resource Assistance for Rural Environments (RARE), founded in 1994, is a field based service learning program, affiliated with the UO’s Department of Planning, Public Policy and Management (PPPM). Each year RARE places 20 graduate level participants in rural Oregon communities where they live for 11 months while working for local agencies on planning and community development projects. Community Planning Workshop (CPW) is an experiential learning program also affiliated with PPPM. Established in 1977, CPW is campus-based, with teams of graduate students working on projects for public and non-profit organizations. Product One: Three community projects focused on multi-modal transportation planning were selected as RARE host sites. These projects included: a bike/pedestrian trails planning project with the City of Lebanon and Build Lebanon Trails, a local non-profit; a bike/pedestrian trails planning project with the City of Warrenton and Warrenton Trails Committee; and transportation needs assessment for the Rogue Valley Transportation District. These projects were selected from a pool of applicants based on project feasibility, community support, and host agency support of the CSC’s service learning objectives. In October 2007, three RARE participants were placed in these three communities and worked closely with local community supervisors to complete planning projects that specifically address multimodal transportation planning. The deliverables were multi-modal planning and projects, specifically addressing public, bike/pedestrian and recreation-related transportation, in three rural communities. Product Two: Through the creation of a website with lessons learned and example projects, the knowledge gained in developing the plans and projects is being disseminated. Title: Providing Capacity in Rural Communities: Planning for Alternative Transportation Author: Smith, Megan Year: 2011 This technology transfer proposal linked service learning with rural multimodal transportation planning through a collaborative partnership between University of Oregon (UO) experiential learning programs and three rural Oregon communities. As this planning and technical support to rural communities occurred, lessons learned were gathered and will support future servicelearning projects focused on transportation planning. The primary products for this project are the: (1) Completion of multimodal transportation planning projects that increase rural community capacity; and (2) a website with resources for communities, faculty and students. Three further outcomes were: (1) Increased capacity for transportation planning in rural communities; (2) Increased capacity in existing transportation planning professionals working in rural communities; and (3) Increased capacity in young planning professional and graduate students. This project was be led by the Community Service Center (CSC) at the UO and engaged two programs of the CSC. Resource Assistance for Rural Environments (RARE), founded in 1994, is a field based service learning program, affiliated with the UO’s Department of Planning, Public Policy and Management (PPPM). Each year RARE places 20 graduate level participants in rural Oregon communities where they live for 11 months while working for local agencies on planning and community development projects. Community Planning Workshop (CPW) is an experiential learning program also affiliated with PPPM. Established in 1977, CPW is campus-based, with teams of graduate students working on projects for public and non-profit organizations. Product One: Three community projects focused on multi-modal transportation planning were selected as RARE host sites. These projects included: a bike/pedestrian trails planning project with the City of Lebanon and Build Lebanon Trails, a local non-profit; a bike/pedestrian trails planning project with the City of Warrenton and Warrenton Trails Committee; and transportation needs assessment for the Rogue Valley Transportation District. These projects were selected from a pool of applicants based on project feasibility, community support, and host agency support of the CSC’s service learning objectives. In October 2007, three RARE participants were placed in these three communities and worked closely with local community supervisors to complete planning projects that specifically address multimodal transportation planning. The deliverables were multi-modal planning and projects, specifically addressing public, bike/pedestrian and recreation-related transportation, in three rural communities. Product Two: Through the creation of a website with lessons learned and example projects, the knowledge gained in developing the plans and projects is being disseminated. Close

• 32. [Article] Investigating Freeway Speed-Flow Relationships for Traffic Assignment Applications

  Developments in high resolution traffic sensors over the past decades are providing a wealth of empirical speed-flow data. Travel demand models use speed-flow relationships to assign traffic flows to network ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigating Freeway Speed-Flow Relationships for Traffic Assignment Applications Author: Saberi Kalaee, Meead Year: 2010 Developments in high resolution traffic sensors over the past decades are providing a wealth of empirical speed-flow data. Travel demand models use speed-flow relationships to assign traffic flows to network links. However, speed-flow relationships have not been revalidated against new detailed traffic sensor data. Therefore, it is necessary to revisit speed-flow relationships based on actual measured conditions on network links rather than assuming constant speed-flow relationships over entire highway network systems. Speed-flow relationships have been particularly difficult to calibrate and estimate when traffic volumes approach capacity, i.e. when the v/c ratio approaches one. This thesis empirically evaluates the speed-flow relationships for v/c < 1 using field data. For congested conditions (v/c > 1) a theoretical approach is taken. A new methodology to determine the distribution of the activation of bottlenecks, bottleneck duration, and bottleneck deactivation is proposed. This thesis is a new contribution to understand the stochastic nature of freeway capacity as well as bottleneck duration, activation, and deactivation. Unlike previous research efforts, this thesis studies speed-flow relationships at the lane level and later presents a method to estimate speed-flow relationships at the link level. Title: Investigating Freeway Speed-Flow Relationships for Traffic Assignment Applications Author: Saberi Kalaee, Meead Year: 2010 Developments in high resolution traffic sensors over the past decades are providing a wealth of empirical speed-flow data. Travel demand models use speed-flow relationships to assign traffic flows to network links. However, speed-flow relationships have not been revalidated against new detailed traffic sensor data. Therefore, it is necessary to revisit speed-flow relationships based on actual measured conditions on network links rather than assuming constant speed-flow relationships over entire highway network systems. Speed-flow relationships have been particularly difficult to calibrate and estimate when traffic volumes approach capacity, i.e. when the v/c ratio approaches one. This thesis empirically evaluates the speed-flow relationships for v/c < 1 using field data. For congested conditions (v/c > 1) a theoretical approach is taken. A new methodology to determine the distribution of the activation of bottlenecks, bottleneck duration, and bottleneck deactivation is proposed. This thesis is a new contribution to understand the stochastic nature of freeway capacity as well as bottleneck duration, activation, and deactivation. Unlike previous research efforts, this thesis studies speed-flow relationships at the lane level and later presents a method to estimate speed-flow relationships at the link level. Close

• 33. [Article] Experimental Investigation of Lateral Cyclic Behavior of Wood-Based Screen-Grid Insulated Concrete Form Walls

  Insulated concrete forms (ICFs) are green building components that are primarily used for residential wall construction. Unlike most polystyrene based ICF variants, the Faswall ICFs used in these experiments ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experimental Investigation of Lateral Cyclic Behavior of Wood-Based Screen-Grid Insulated Concrete Form Walls Author: Garth, John Stuart Year: 2014 Insulated concrete forms (ICFs) are green building components that are primarily used for residential wall construction. Unlike most polystyrene based ICF variants, the Faswall ICFs used in these experiments were significantly denser because they were made from recycled wood particles and cement. The current design approach for structures constructed with this type of wall form only allows the designer to consider the contribution of the reinforced concrete cores. Previous research has shown that this approach may be conservative. This project experimentally evaluated the lateral structural response of these types of grid ICF walls under increasing amplitude of in-plane cyclic loading. Two different height-to-length (aspect) ratios (approximately 2:1 and 1:1) were investigated, as was the effect of simultaneous gravity load. Furthermore, the reinforced concrete grid was exposed for each aspect ratio in order to examine the contribution of the ICF blocks to the lateral response. Analyses of hysteretic behaviors and failure modes indicated conservatism in the current design approach for estimating lateral strength and ignoring the beneficial contribution of the ICF blocks to overall performance. The presence of the wall forms increased the lateral shear capacity of the walls by an average of 42% (compared to the walls with forms removed), while also increasing the deformation capacity by an average of 102%. Furthermore, by considering an additional gravity load of 10 kips-per-lineal-foot (klf), the shear resistance of the walls increased by 32% (versus walls only subjected to self-weight), on average, and the deformation capacity of the walls increased by an average of 19%. Comparisons of the experimental results to several design equations led to the recommendation of a design equation that was previously accepted for another type of ICF system. Title: Experimental Investigation of Lateral Cyclic Behavior of Wood-Based Screen-Grid Insulated Concrete Form Walls Author: Garth, John Stuart Year: 2014 Insulated concrete forms (ICFs) are green building components that are primarily used for residential wall construction. Unlike most polystyrene based ICF variants, the Faswall ICFs used in these experiments were significantly denser because they were made from recycled wood particles and cement. The current design approach for structures constructed with this type of wall form only allows the designer to consider the contribution of the reinforced concrete cores. Previous research has shown that this approach may be conservative. This project experimentally evaluated the lateral structural response of these types of grid ICF walls under increasing amplitude of in-plane cyclic loading. Two different height-to-length (aspect) ratios (approximately 2:1 and 1:1) were investigated, as was the effect of simultaneous gravity load. Furthermore, the reinforced concrete grid was exposed for each aspect ratio in order to examine the contribution of the ICF blocks to the lateral response. Analyses of hysteretic behaviors and failure modes indicated conservatism in the current design approach for estimating lateral strength and ignoring the beneficial contribution of the ICF blocks to overall performance. The presence of the wall forms increased the lateral shear capacity of the walls by an average of 42% (compared to the walls with forms removed), while also increasing the deformation capacity by an average of 102%. Furthermore, by considering an additional gravity load of 10 kips-per-lineal-foot (klf), the shear resistance of the walls increased by 32% (versus walls only subjected to self-weight), on average, and the deformation capacity of the walls increased by an average of 19%. Comparisons of the experimental results to several design equations led to the recommendation of a design equation that was previously accepted for another type of ICF system. Close

• 34. [Article] Experimental Investigation of CFRP Wrapped Square Non-ductile Reinforced Concrete Columns

  The use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) for retrofitting or strengthening deficient concrete columns noticeably increased in the past few decades. Plenty of research has been conducted on the behavior ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experimental Investigation of CFRP Wrapped Square Non-ductile Reinforced Concrete Columns Author: Al-Khafaji, Hayder Lateef Year: 2016 The use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) for retrofitting or strengthening deficient concrete columns noticeably increased in the past few decades. Plenty of research has been conducted on the behavior of FRP-strengthened circular concrete columns, but far less research has dealt with non-circular columns. In the current study, the focus was to investigate the behavior of square columns with low to medium grade concrete and low steel reinforcement that were strengthened using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) wrap. In the experimental portion of this investigation, twelve short square reinforced concrete columns (5" x 5" in cross section and 12" high) were cast and tested under concentric axial loading. The specimens were divided evenly into two series, named C2 and C4. In the first series, C2, six column specimens were cast with 2000-psi concrete, representing low-grade concrete. One column was a "control specimen" designed based on older non-seismic codes. A second column, another "control specimen", was designed based on the current seismic design code, ACI 318-14. The four remaining columns were wrapped with CFRP sheets, but with a different number of CFRP wraps. The same scheme was followed for the specimens of the second series (C4), but they were cast with 4000-psi concrete, representing medium grade concrete. Thus, the main parameters considered in the current study were the concrete compressive strength and the thickness of the CFRP jacket (number of wraps). Those two parameters were utilized to investigate the effectiveness of the CFRP confinement in enhancing the axial load carrying capacity and ductility of the strengthened columns. Test results confirmed that the confinement produced by the CFRP jacket enhanced the axial load-carrying capacity, axial strain capacity, and energy absorption if compared to unwrapped columns. In addition, the results showed that there should be an effective thickness for the CFRP jacket in order to achieve a significant enhancement in the performance of the strengthened columns. Moreover, the test results demonstrated that the effectiveness of the CFRP confinement was more pronounced in the case of the low-grade concrete columns (Series C2). Title: Experimental Investigation of CFRP Wrapped Square Non-ductile Reinforced Concrete Columns Author: Al-Khafaji, Hayder Lateef Year: 2016 The use of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) for retrofitting or strengthening deficient concrete columns noticeably increased in the past few decades. Plenty of research has been conducted on the behavior of FRP-strengthened circular concrete columns, but far less research has dealt with non-circular columns. In the current study, the focus was to investigate the behavior of square columns with low to medium grade concrete and low steel reinforcement that were strengthened using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) wrap. In the experimental portion of this investigation, twelve short square reinforced concrete columns (5" x 5" in cross section and 12" high) were cast and tested under concentric axial loading. The specimens were divided evenly into two series, named C2 and C4. In the first series, C2, six column specimens were cast with 2000-psi concrete, representing low-grade concrete. One column was a "control specimen" designed based on older non-seismic codes. A second column, another "control specimen", was designed based on the current seismic design code, ACI 318-14. The four remaining columns were wrapped with CFRP sheets, but with a different number of CFRP wraps. The same scheme was followed for the specimens of the second series (C4), but they were cast with 4000-psi concrete, representing medium grade concrete. Thus, the main parameters considered in the current study were the concrete compressive strength and the thickness of the CFRP jacket (number of wraps). Those two parameters were utilized to investigate the effectiveness of the CFRP confinement in enhancing the axial load carrying capacity and ductility of the strengthened columns. Test results confirmed that the confinement produced by the CFRP jacket enhanced the axial load-carrying capacity, axial strain capacity, and energy absorption if compared to unwrapped columns. In addition, the results showed that there should be an effective thickness for the CFRP jacket in order to achieve a significant enhancement in the performance of the strengthened columns. Moreover, the test results demonstrated that the effectiveness of the CFRP confinement was more pronounced in the case of the low-grade concrete columns (Series C2). Close

• 35. [Article] Coordinating Job Release Dates with Workdays: A Job Shop Application to Utilities Field Service Scheduling

  A local utility company processes a variety of jobs each day including meter reading, service shut-offs, emergency response, and customer service work. For the Company, a specific workflow begins with ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coordinating Job Release Dates with Workdays: A Job Shop Application to Utilities Field Service Scheduling Author: Pelkey, Ryan Lawrence Year: 2013 A local utility company processes a variety of jobs each day including meter reading, service shut-offs, emergency response, and customer service work. For the Company, a specific workflow begins with automated meter-reading (AMR) and ends with collections/service shut-offs (CSOs) for accounts with excessively late payments (AMR-CSO workflow). There are considerable and systemic sources of variability in both the workload and resource demands of the AMR-CSO workflow including order arrival, order release schedules, order batch-sizing and maintenance scheduling. This project draws on theory from the job-shop problem to explore possible means to mitigate this variability. We hypothesized that controlling various forms of input variability would lead to reduced downstream workload variability. Using discrete event simulation we tested a variety of measures to reduce input variability in the workflow. Consistent with other literature we find that various workload control tactics have limited impact on output measures and system performance. However, we found that system is much more sensitive to resource capacity variability. One input control tactic we call Targeted Release allowed us to reduce Company capacity variability which suggested significantly improved outcomes. These initial results are promising for both the Company and for future investigation of tactics to mitigate resource capacity variability. Title: Coordinating Job Release Dates with Workdays: A Job Shop Application to Utilities Field Service Scheduling Author: Pelkey, Ryan Lawrence Year: 2013 A local utility company processes a variety of jobs each day including meter reading, service shut-offs, emergency response, and customer service work. For the Company, a specific workflow begins with automated meter-reading (AMR) and ends with collections/service shut-offs (CSOs) for accounts with excessively late payments (AMR-CSO workflow). There are considerable and systemic sources of variability in both the workload and resource demands of the AMR-CSO workflow including order arrival, order release schedules, order batch-sizing and maintenance scheduling. This project draws on theory from the job-shop problem to explore possible means to mitigate this variability. We hypothesized that controlling various forms of input variability would lead to reduced downstream workload variability. Using discrete event simulation we tested a variety of measures to reduce input variability in the workflow. Consistent with other literature we find that various workload control tactics have limited impact on output measures and system performance. However, we found that system is much more sensitive to resource capacity variability. One input control tactic we call Targeted Release allowed us to reduce Company capacity variability which suggested significantly improved outcomes. These initial results are promising for both the Company and for future investigation of tactics to mitigate resource capacity variability. Close

• 36. [Article] Torsional Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using CFRP Composites

  Few decades ago, there were no guidelines for torsion design of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Hence, many existing beams in older buildings have a lack of adequate torsional strength since they were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Torsional Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using CFRP Composites Author: Rafeeq, Ranj Year: 2016 Few decades ago, there were no guidelines for torsion design of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Hence, many existing beams in older buildings have a lack of adequate torsional strength since they were not properly designed for torsion. One way to regain/rehabilitate adequate torsional strength is through application of externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). To date, American Concrete Institute (ACI) code, as well as other building codes, do not have recommendations or provisions for strengthening RC beams for torsion using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites due to the inexistence of conclusive experimental and analytical data. Of the very limited works on this behavior, the majority of the focus has been devoted to experimental works. Realistic spandrel beams in a building that lack torsional strength were modelled in this research, and strengthened to examine various behaviors such as load capacity, deflection, torque, twist, crack propagation, ductility, and failure modes. For this purpose, six RC beams were tested: four reference beams and two strengthened beams were used to observe additional capacity through the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. To strengthen the beams, one layer of sheets was completely wrapped around them. Results show an additional torsional capacity of 63% and 178% relative to their respective reference beams. Through strengthening, modes of failure of the beams changed from brittle torsion-dominated failure to shear-flexure failure in both beams. The study also included crack pattern and ductility of test beams. Cracks became smaller in width and more evenly distributed across the torsion-loaded area, and torsional ductility was enhanced by 266% and 165% respectively. Flexural ductility was also greatly enhanced by more than five folds. Finally, using ACI 318-14, ACI 440.2R-02, and available formulae in the literature, the beams were analyzed and the respective values were compared. Title: Torsional Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using CFRP Composites Author: Rafeeq, Ranj Year: 2016 Few decades ago, there were no guidelines for torsion design of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. Hence, many existing beams in older buildings have a lack of adequate torsional strength since they were not properly designed for torsion. One way to regain/rehabilitate adequate torsional strength is through application of externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). To date, American Concrete Institute (ACI) code, as well as other building codes, do not have recommendations or provisions for strengthening RC beams for torsion using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites due to the inexistence of conclusive experimental and analytical data. Of the very limited works on this behavior, the majority of the focus has been devoted to experimental works. Realistic spandrel beams in a building that lack torsional strength were modelled in this research, and strengthened to examine various behaviors such as load capacity, deflection, torque, twist, crack propagation, ductility, and failure modes. For this purpose, six RC beams were tested: four reference beams and two strengthened beams were used to observe additional capacity through the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. To strengthen the beams, one layer of sheets was completely wrapped around them. Results show an additional torsional capacity of 63% and 178% relative to their respective reference beams. Through strengthening, modes of failure of the beams changed from brittle torsion-dominated failure to shear-flexure failure in both beams. The study also included crack pattern and ductility of test beams. Cracks became smaller in width and more evenly distributed across the torsion-loaded area, and torsional ductility was enhanced by 266% and 165% respectively. Flexural ductility was also greatly enhanced by more than five folds. Finally, using ACI 318-14, ACI 440.2R-02, and available formulae in the literature, the beams were analyzed and the respective values were compared. Close

• 37. [Article] Changing Prison Management Strategies in Response to VOI/TIS Legislation

  This legislation was designed to increase the capacity of State correctional systems to confine serious and violent offenders for longer periods of time and to assure the public that these offenders would ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Changing Prison Management Strategies in Response to VOI/TIS Legislation Author: Turner, Susan, Hickman, Laura J., Greene, Judith, Fain, Terry Year: 2001 This legislation was designed to increase the capacity of State correctional systems to confine serious and violent offenders for longer periods of time and to assure the public that these offenders would serve a substantial portion of their sentences. The VOI/TIS incentive grants provide States with funds to build or expand bed capacity in correctional facilities, temporary or permanent correctional facilities, and local jail capacity. This study examined adaptations in prison management made by State correctional agencies in response to VOI/TIS. Specifically, the study addressed the changes in management, safety and training procedures, the type and extent of programming (education, prison employment), and the experience of private corrections. The methodology included gathering nationwide characteristics on prison management, case studies on prison management in seven States, and detailed case studies and site visits related to privatization in three of the seven States. The results suggest that VOI/TIS may not be having a major impact to date on prison management issues and privatization. Longer-term historical trends have been impacting prison management over the past decade. The use of privatization has been modest under VOI/TIS and may be related more to political than to administrative correctional decisions. The analyses did not reveal large impacts on prison management at the national level, but it was possible to provide more precise information on several prison management topics at the individual State level. Such analyses have been conducted in North Carolina and are currently being investigated using data from Washington State. Title: Changing Prison Management Strategies in Response to VOI/TIS Legislation Author: Turner, Susan, Hickman, Laura J., Greene, Judith, Fain, Terry Year: 2001 This legislation was designed to increase the capacity of State correctional systems to confine serious and violent offenders for longer periods of time and to assure the public that these offenders would serve a substantial portion of their sentences. The VOI/TIS incentive grants provide States with funds to build or expand bed capacity in correctional facilities, temporary or permanent correctional facilities, and local jail capacity. This study examined adaptations in prison management made by State correctional agencies in response to VOI/TIS. Specifically, the study addressed the changes in management, safety and training procedures, the type and extent of programming (education, prison employment), and the experience of private corrections. The methodology included gathering nationwide characteristics on prison management, case studies on prison management in seven States, and detailed case studies and site visits related to privatization in three of the seven States. The results suggest that VOI/TIS may not be having a major impact to date on prison management issues and privatization. Longer-term historical trends have been impacting prison management over the past decade. The use of privatization has been modest under VOI/TIS and may be related more to political than to administrative correctional decisions. The analyses did not reveal large impacts on prison management at the national level, but it was possible to provide more precise information on several prison management topics at the individual State level. Such analyses have been conducted in North Carolina and are currently being investigated using data from Washington State. Close

• 38. [Article] Behavior of Concrete Beams with Corroded Reinforcement Retrofitted with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer

  Severe premature deterioration has been reported in a large number of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in corrosive environments. This research project focused on the behavior of beams that contained ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Behavior of Concrete Beams with Corroded Reinforcement Retrofitted with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Author: Lingga, Needa M. Year: 2016 Severe premature deterioration has been reported in a large number of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in corrosive environments. This research project focused on the behavior of beams that contained corroded steel and were retrofitted with CFRP. The steel in RC beams were assumed to be fully corroded, representing the most severe loss in steel cross-section. Unidirectional CFRP sheets were used to strengthen the deteriorated beams. The experimental program included testing five simply supported rectangular cross section concrete beams. All beams were approximately 1/3rd scale models, 4in. x 6in. cross sections, and 6ft. long. In three beams, the oiled steel rebars for flexure and shear were safely pulled out of the formwork after the concrete had cured a few hours, leaving voids. This technique was used to represent the total loss in steel cross-section in an extremely corrosive environment. The first specimen was a control beam with voids representing deteriorated steel. The second specimen was a plain concrete beam without voids. The third beam was another control specimen with flexural and shear reinforcement intact, representing the “original” beam before steel corrosion. The two remaining deteriorated beams were strengthened by externally bonding one and two layers of CFRP in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Beams were tested under third-point loading. Load carrying capacity, deflection, and ductility of the beams were measured. Test results showed that one layer of CFRP increased the load capacity to slightly higher than the “original” control beam, and two layers of CFRP increased it by a factor of two. The retrofitted specimens had a higher stiffness under service load conditions. The predict contribution of CFRP to flexure and shear capacities based on ACI 440.2R guidelines were in good agreement with test results. Title: Behavior of Concrete Beams with Corroded Reinforcement Retrofitted with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Author: Lingga, Needa M. Year: 2016 Severe premature deterioration has been reported in a large number of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in corrosive environments. This research project focused on the behavior of beams that contained corroded steel and were retrofitted with CFRP. The steel in RC beams were assumed to be fully corroded, representing the most severe loss in steel cross-section. Unidirectional CFRP sheets were used to strengthen the deteriorated beams. The experimental program included testing five simply supported rectangular cross section concrete beams. All beams were approximately 1/3rd scale models, 4in. x 6in. cross sections, and 6ft. long. In three beams, the oiled steel rebars for flexure and shear were safely pulled out of the formwork after the concrete had cured a few hours, leaving voids. This technique was used to represent the total loss in steel cross-section in an extremely corrosive environment. The first specimen was a control beam with voids representing deteriorated steel. The second specimen was a plain concrete beam without voids. The third beam was another control specimen with flexural and shear reinforcement intact, representing the “original” beam before steel corrosion. The two remaining deteriorated beams were strengthened by externally bonding one and two layers of CFRP in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Beams were tested under third-point loading. Load carrying capacity, deflection, and ductility of the beams were measured. Test results showed that one layer of CFRP increased the load capacity to slightly higher than the “original” control beam, and two layers of CFRP increased it by a factor of two. The retrofitted specimens had a higher stiffness under service load conditions. The predict contribution of CFRP to flexure and shear capacities based on ACI 440.2R guidelines were in good agreement with test results. Close

• 39. [Article] Key Aspects for LRFD Implementation of Driven Pile Capacity by Dynamic Methods

  Inputs and interpretation procedures for pile wave equation analysis, which correlates measured field dynamic driving response to axial pile static capacity, are highly dependent on site-specific soil ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Key Aspects for LRFD Implementation of Driven Pile Capacity by Dynamic Methods Author: Ehrlich, Natalie R Year: 2015 Inputs and interpretation procedures for pile wave equation analysis, which correlates measured field dynamic driving response to axial pile static capacity, are highly dependent on site-specific soil conditions and field practices. The 6th Edition of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications provide generalized guidelines for pile design, but do not account for variability in region-specific soils and field practices. A comprehensive literature review of region-specific resistance factor recalibration efforts across the U.S. has given insight into the range of implementation issues encountered, especially the key decisions around choosing a restrike (BOR), along with measures of efficiency and treatment of time-dependent capacity gain through pile set-up for BOR. A reevaluation and statistical exploration of cases within the extensive Portland State University (PSU) Pile Load Test Database offers special insight into the implementation issues for the PSU recalibration effort specific to Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Pacific Northwest Practice. The information gathered from this research provides a general commentary on increased foundation reliability and guidance for approaches to implementation of LRFD bridge pile foundation design into practice. Title: Key Aspects for LRFD Implementation of Driven Pile Capacity by Dynamic Methods Author: Ehrlich, Natalie R Year: 2015 Inputs and interpretation procedures for pile wave equation analysis, which correlates measured field dynamic driving response to axial pile static capacity, are highly dependent on site-specific soil conditions and field practices. The 6th Edition of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications provide generalized guidelines for pile design, but do not account for variability in region-specific soils and field practices. A comprehensive literature review of region-specific resistance factor recalibration efforts across the U.S. has given insight into the range of implementation issues encountered, especially the key decisions around choosing a restrike (BOR), along with measures of efficiency and treatment of time-dependent capacity gain through pile set-up for BOR. A reevaluation and statistical exploration of cases within the extensive Portland State University (PSU) Pile Load Test Database offers special insight into the implementation issues for the PSU recalibration effort specific to Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and Pacific Northwest Practice. The information gathered from this research provides a general commentary on increased foundation reliability and guidance for approaches to implementation of LRFD bridge pile foundation design into practice. Close

• 40. [Article] Assessing Strategic Intent in the Context of Competition and Absorptive Capacity

  High technology firms compete fiercely for their share of wealth. Strategic Management is a discipline that determines a firm’s intent and direction for creating a competitive advantage and wealth. Often, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Strategic Intent in the Context of Competition and Absorptive Capacity Author: Sperry, Richard Chad Year: 2010 High technology firms compete fiercely for their share of wealth. Strategic Management is a discipline that determines a firm’s intent and direction for creating a competitive advantage and wealth. Often, strategies are set though polices that govern the firm’s products and services, how it positions itself to compete, the choice of scope and diversity to compete, as well as the administration polices used to define and coordinate work. Two prevailing economic theories that help explain how an economic phenomenon affects economic competition are Schumpeterian and Kirznerian. Both theories attempt to explain entrepreneurship and its effect on the economy. Firms that are able to learn and exploit technological opportunities before their competitors position themselves with a competitive position, while reaping the profits. The theory of Absorptive Capacity is predicated on the firm’s ability to predict more accurately the nature of technological advances through the accumulation of the firm’s knowledge by recognizing the value of new external information, assimilating it, and exploiting it commercially. This paper discusses expanding the Absorptive Capacity model developed by Cohen and Levinthal to include technical regime incentives and dynamically model Schumpeterian and Kirznerian competition when assessing the firm’s strategic intent Title: Assessing Strategic Intent in the Context of Competition and Absorptive Capacity Author: Sperry, Richard Chad Year: 2010 High technology firms compete fiercely for their share of wealth. Strategic Management is a discipline that determines a firm’s intent and direction for creating a competitive advantage and wealth. Often, strategies are set though polices that govern the firm’s products and services, how it positions itself to compete, the choice of scope and diversity to compete, as well as the administration polices used to define and coordinate work. Two prevailing economic theories that help explain how an economic phenomenon affects economic competition are Schumpeterian and Kirznerian. Both theories attempt to explain entrepreneurship and its effect on the economy. Firms that are able to learn and exploit technological opportunities before their competitors position themselves with a competitive position, while reaping the profits. The theory of Absorptive Capacity is predicated on the firm’s ability to predict more accurately the nature of technological advances through the accumulation of the firm’s knowledge by recognizing the value of new external information, assimilating it, and exploiting it commercially. This paper discusses expanding the Absorptive Capacity model developed by Cohen and Levinthal to include technical regime incentives and dynamically model Schumpeterian and Kirznerian competition when assessing the firm’s strategic intent Close

• 41. [Article] A study of single angle compression members

  A study was undertaken to investigate the compressive capacity of a specific group of single angle members. A review of existing literature and techniques was presented. Laboratory compression tests were ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study of single angle compression members Author: Callaway, James Robert Year: 1983 A study was undertaken to investigate the compressive capacity of a specific group of single angle members. A review of existing literature and techniques was presented. Laboratory compression tests were performed on 22 angle members of four different sizes and two different lengths. Additional tests were performed to determine the yield strength of the material. The results, normalized with respect to the yield stress, were tabulated and discussed. Two existing analytic models were used to attempt to predict the ultimate capacity of the test members. The first, an elastic method, was based upon the AISC combined stress equation. The second, an inelastic method, was developed by Mueller and Erzurumlu of Portland State University. Comparisons were made with the results of the test program. The results indicate that both analytic models give conservative predictions when pinned end conditions are assumed and unconservative results for fixed end conditions. For the test members with L/r ratios greater than 125, the elastic method results closely paralleled the test results but for the members with L/r ratios less than 125 the correlation was less consistent. The results of the inelastic technique closely paralleled the results of all the member tests. Title: A study of single angle compression members Author: Callaway, James Robert Year: 1983 A study was undertaken to investigate the compressive capacity of a specific group of single angle members. A review of existing literature and techniques was presented. Laboratory compression tests were performed on 22 angle members of four different sizes and two different lengths. Additional tests were performed to determine the yield strength of the material. The results, normalized with respect to the yield stress, were tabulated and discussed. Two existing analytic models were used to attempt to predict the ultimate capacity of the test members. The first, an elastic method, was based upon the AISC combined stress equation. The second, an inelastic method, was developed by Mueller and Erzurumlu of Portland State University. Comparisons were made with the results of the test program. The results indicate that both analytic models give conservative predictions when pinned end conditions are assumed and unconservative results for fixed end conditions. For the test members with L/r ratios greater than 125, the elastic method results closely paralleled the test results but for the members with L/r ratios less than 125 the correlation was less consistent. The results of the inelastic technique closely paralleled the results of all the member tests. Close

• 42. [Article] Characterization of Li-air batteries: Lithium Peroxide Formation in Li-air Electrodes

  Li-air batteries are attractive candidates to be used in electric vehicles (EV) due to their high theoretical capacity, which results in an improved range, a requirement to make EV competitive against ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of Li-air batteries: Lithium Peroxide Formation in Li-air Electrodes Author: Garibay, Claudia Torres, Deboever, Jeremiah Year: 2014 Li-air batteries are attractive candidates to be used in electric vehicles (EV) due to their high theoretical capacity, which results in an improved range, a requirement to make EV competitive against fossil fuel powered vehicles. However, Li-air battery technology is considered to be far from commercialization, due to its short lifespan. The decomposition of the electrolyte and its effect on cyclablity has been widely studied, no so much the cathode. This work will make use of recently reported novel adaptation of titration techniques to study cathode degradation in Li-air batteries, along capacity, cyclability, and EIS studies, to characterize the effect of different carbon materials used as cathodes in Li-air batteries. Title: Characterization of Li-air batteries: Lithium Peroxide Formation in Li-air Electrodes Author: Garibay, Claudia Torres, Deboever, Jeremiah Year: 2014 Li-air batteries are attractive candidates to be used in electric vehicles (EV) due to their high theoretical capacity, which results in an improved range, a requirement to make EV competitive against fossil fuel powered vehicles. However, Li-air battery technology is considered to be far from commercialization, due to its short lifespan. The decomposition of the electrolyte and its effect on cyclablity has been widely studied, no so much the cathode. This work will make use of recently reported novel adaptation of titration techniques to study cathode degradation in Li-air batteries, along capacity, cyclability, and EIS studies, to characterize the effect of different carbon materials used as cathodes in Li-air batteries. Close

• 43. [Article] Characterization if Li-Air Batteries Influence of Cathode Degradation: Demonstration of Progress

  Li-air batteries are attractive candidates to be used in electric vehicles (EV) due to their high theoretical capacity, which results in an improved range, a requirement to make EV competitive against ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization if Li-Air Batteries Influence of Cathode Degradation: Demonstration of Progress Author: Garibay, Claudia Torres, Deboever, Jeremiah Year: 2014 Li-air batteries are attractive candidates to be used in electric vehicles (EV) due to their high theoretical capacity, which results in an improved range, a requirement to make EV competitive against fossil fuel powered vehicles. However, Li-air battery technology is considered to be far from commercialization, due to its short lifespan. The decomposition of the electrolyte and its effect on cyclablity has been widely studied, no so much the cathode. The presence of undesirable reaction by-products at the cathode that affect the battery performance has been quantified through XRD and SEM. This work will make use of recently reported novel adaptation of titration techniques to study cathode degradation in Li-air batteries, along capacity, cyclability, and EIS studies, to characterize the effect of different carbon materials used as cathodes in Li-air batteries. Title: Characterization if Li-Air Batteries Influence of Cathode Degradation: Demonstration of Progress Author: Garibay, Claudia Torres, Deboever, Jeremiah Year: 2014 Li-air batteries are attractive candidates to be used in electric vehicles (EV) due to their high theoretical capacity, which results in an improved range, a requirement to make EV competitive against fossil fuel powered vehicles. However, Li-air battery technology is considered to be far from commercialization, due to its short lifespan. The decomposition of the electrolyte and its effect on cyclablity has been widely studied, no so much the cathode. The presence of undesirable reaction by-products at the cathode that affect the battery performance has been quantified through XRD and SEM. This work will make use of recently reported novel adaptation of titration techniques to study cathode degradation in Li-air batteries, along capacity, cyclability, and EIS studies, to characterize the effect of different carbon materials used as cathodes in Li-air batteries. Close

• 44. [Article] Value of Travel Time Reliability Part II: A Study of Tradeoffs Between Travel Reliability, Congestion Mitigation Strategies and Emissions

  Capacity, demand, and vehicle based emissions reduction strategies are compared for several pollutants employing aggregate US congestion and vehicle fleet condition data. We find that congestion mitigation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Value of Travel Time Reliability Part II: A Study of Tradeoffs Between Travel Reliability, Congestion Mitigation Strategies and Emissions Author: Figliozzi, Miguel A., Bigazzi, Alexander Y. Year: 2012 Capacity, demand, and vehicle based emissions reduction strategies are compared for several pollutants employing aggregate US congestion and vehicle fleet condition data. We find that congestion mitigation does not inevitably lead to reduced emissions; the net effect of mitigation depends on the balance of induced travel demand and increased vehicle efficiency that in turn depend on the pollutant, congestion level, and fleet composition. In the long run, capacity-based congestion improvements within certain speed intervals can reasonably be expected to increase emissions of CO2e, CO, and NOx through increased vehicle travel volume. Better opportunities for emissions reductions exist for HC and PM2.5 emissions, and on more heavily congested arterials. Advanced-efficiency vehicles with emissions rates that are less sensitive to congestion than conventional vehicles generate less emissions co-benefits from congestion mitigation. Title: Value of Travel Time Reliability Part II: A Study of Tradeoffs Between Travel Reliability, Congestion Mitigation Strategies and Emissions Author: Figliozzi, Miguel A., Bigazzi, Alexander Y. Year: 2012 Capacity, demand, and vehicle based emissions reduction strategies are compared for several pollutants employing aggregate US congestion and vehicle fleet condition data. We find that congestion mitigation does not inevitably lead to reduced emissions; the net effect of mitigation depends on the balance of induced travel demand and increased vehicle efficiency that in turn depend on the pollutant, congestion level, and fleet composition. In the long run, capacity-based congestion improvements within certain speed intervals can reasonably be expected to increase emissions of CO2e, CO, and NOx through increased vehicle travel volume. Better opportunities for emissions reductions exist for HC and PM2.5 emissions, and on more heavily congested arterials. Advanced-efficiency vehicles with emissions rates that are less sensitive to congestion than conventional vehicles generate less emissions co-benefits from congestion mitigation. Close

• 45. [Article] A GIS Methodology for Assessing the Growth Impacts of Highway Improvements

  This paper presents a methodology to assess the induced land use effects of state highway improvements on urban development patterns. The methodology is applied to the case study City of Hillsboro, Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A GIS Methodology for Assessing the Growth Impacts of Highway Improvements Author: Sanchez, Thomas W., Dueker, Kenneth Year: 1998 This paper presents a methodology to assess the induced land use effects of state highway improvements on urban development patterns. The methodology is applied to the case study City of Hillsboro, Oregon and illustrates a framework for data management and analysis. A set of temporal land use characteristics and spatial measures are used as predictors of urban development activities resulting from highway accessibility improvements. A multiple regression analysis tests the significance of these variables in predicting rates and locations of urban development. The primary objective of this research is to identify the relationship between capacity increasing highway improvements and changes in urban development. The analysis provides quantifiable indicators that describe the urban development trends associated with the City of Hillsboro. Title: A GIS Methodology for Assessing the Growth Impacts of Highway Improvements Author: Sanchez, Thomas W., Dueker, Kenneth Year: 1998 This paper presents a methodology to assess the induced land use effects of state highway improvements on urban development patterns. The methodology is applied to the case study City of Hillsboro, Oregon and illustrates a framework for data management and analysis. A set of temporal land use characteristics and spatial measures are used as predictors of urban development activities resulting from highway accessibility improvements. A multiple regression analysis tests the significance of these variables in predicting rates and locations of urban development. The primary objective of this research is to identify the relationship between capacity increasing highway improvements and changes in urban development. The analysis provides quantifiable indicators that describe the urban development trends associated with the City of Hillsboro. Close

• 46. [Article] Memory and Information Processing in Recurrent Neural Networks

  Recurrent neural networks (RNN) are simple dynamical systems whose computational power has been attributed to their short-term memory. Short-term memory of RNNs has been previously studied analytically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Memory and Information Processing in Recurrent Neural Networks Author: Goudarzi, Alireza, Marzen, Sarah, Banda, Peter, Feldman, Guy, Lakin, Matthew R., Teuscher, Christof, Stefanovic, Darko Year: 2016 Recurrent neural networks (RNN) are simple dynamical systems whose computational power has been attributed to their short-term memory. Short-term memory of RNNs has been previously studied analytically only for the case of orthogonal networks, and only under annealed approximation, and uncorrelated input. Here for the first time, we present an exact solution to the memory capacity and the task-solving performance as a function of the structure of a given network instance, enabling direct determination of the function-structure relation in RNNs. We calculate the memory capacity for arbitrary networks with exponentially correlated input and further related it to the performance of the system on signal processing tasks in a supervised learning setup. We compute the expected error and the worst-case error bound as a function of the spectra of the network and the correlation structure of its inputs and outputs. Our results give an explanation for learning and generalization of task solving using short-term memory, which is crucial for building alternative computer architectures using physical phenomena based on the short-term memory principle. Title: Memory and Information Processing in Recurrent Neural Networks Author: Goudarzi, Alireza, Marzen, Sarah, Banda, Peter, Feldman, Guy, Lakin, Matthew R., Teuscher, Christof, Stefanovic, Darko Year: 2016 Recurrent neural networks (RNN) are simple dynamical systems whose computational power has been attributed to their short-term memory. Short-term memory of RNNs has been previously studied analytically only for the case of orthogonal networks, and only under annealed approximation, and uncorrelated input. Here for the first time, we present an exact solution to the memory capacity and the task-solving performance as a function of the structure of a given network instance, enabling direct determination of the function-structure relation in RNNs. We calculate the memory capacity for arbitrary networks with exponentially correlated input and further related it to the performance of the system on signal processing tasks in a supervised learning setup. We compute the expected error and the worst-case error bound as a function of the spectra of the network and the correlation structure of its inputs and outputs. Our results give an explanation for learning and generalization of task solving using short-term memory, which is crucial for building alternative computer architectures using physical phenomena based on the short-term memory principle. Close

• 47. [Article] Modeling the Response of Dissolved Oxygen to Phosphorus Loading in Lake Spokane

  Mathematical models of hydrodynamics and water quality are often used to determine the assimilative capacity of a waterbody when waterbodies violate state water quality standards. A model of the Spokane ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling the Response of Dissolved Oxygen to Phosphorus Loading in Lake Spokane Author: Wells, Scott A., Berger, Chris J. Year: 2016 Mathematical models of hydrodynamics and water quality are often used to determine the assimilative capacity of a waterbody when waterbodies violate state water quality standards. A model of the Spokane River and Lake Spokane in eastern Washington was developed to evaluate the assimilative capacity of the waterbody by setting a total maximum daily load (TMDL). A CE-QUAL-W2 model of this system was developed to establish the TMDL limits for the critical low-flow year of 2001. A recent paper evaluated this model and raised several issues about the validity of this model application as a regulatory tool related to its ability to predict total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll a relationships. This paper analyzes the validity of their critiques. For example, the critique used an incorrect formula to calculate total phosphorus inflows into Lake Spokane and used a volume-weighted minimum hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DOmin) that was not representative of hypolimnetic conditions. They also assumed incorrectly that the hydrologic, meteorological, operational, and sediment conditions of the 2001 TMDL model would be representative of conditions in other years. Although the water quality model of Lake Spokane can be improved, the critique does not invalidate the model as a tool to evaluate how the lake responds to nutrient environmental controls. Title: Modeling the Response of Dissolved Oxygen to Phosphorus Loading in Lake Spokane Author: Wells, Scott A., Berger, Chris J. Year: 2016 Mathematical models of hydrodynamics and water quality are often used to determine the assimilative capacity of a waterbody when waterbodies violate state water quality standards. A model of the Spokane River and Lake Spokane in eastern Washington was developed to evaluate the assimilative capacity of the waterbody by setting a total maximum daily load (TMDL). A CE-QUAL-W2 model of this system was developed to establish the TMDL limits for the critical low-flow year of 2001. A recent paper evaluated this model and raised several issues about the validity of this model application as a regulatory tool related to its ability to predict total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll a relationships. This paper analyzes the validity of their critiques. For example, the critique used an incorrect formula to calculate total phosphorus inflows into Lake Spokane and used a volume-weighted minimum hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DOmin) that was not representative of hypolimnetic conditions. They also assumed incorrectly that the hydrologic, meteorological, operational, and sediment conditions of the 2001 TMDL model would be representative of conditions in other years. Although the water quality model of Lake Spokane can be improved, the critique does not invalidate the model as a tool to evaluate how the lake responds to nutrient environmental controls. Close

• 48. [Article] Getting Plant Conservation Right (or Not): The Case of the United States

  Effective plant conservation includes addressing basic needs such as information about species distribution and rarity; research, management, education, and training capacity to mitigate threats facing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Getting Plant Conservation Right (or Not): The Case of the United States Author: Havens, Kayri, Kramer, Andrea T., Guerrant, Edward O., Jr. Year: 2014 Effective plant conservation includes addressing basic needs such as information about species distribution and rarity; research, management, education, and training capacity to mitigate threats facing threatened species; policy and funding to support continued capacity and conservation; and, ultimately, a public that understands and supports the importance of plants and the need for their conservation. Coordination of plant conservation efforts is also needed to ensure that resources and expertise are used in a strategic, efficient, and effective manner.We argue that no country is currently getting plant conservation right; plants are becoming increasingly rare around the world. Plants are often not fully protected by policy, their conservation is underfunded, and their importance is underappreciated. However, some countries have progressed further than others. Here we outline areas where the United States is strong and highlight components that need work to meet the country’s plant conservation needs. Title: Getting Plant Conservation Right (or Not): The Case of the United States Author: Havens, Kayri, Kramer, Andrea T., Guerrant, Edward O., Jr. Year: 2014 Effective plant conservation includes addressing basic needs such as information about species distribution and rarity; research, management, education, and training capacity to mitigate threats facing threatened species; policy and funding to support continued capacity and conservation; and, ultimately, a public that understands and supports the importance of plants and the need for their conservation. Coordination of plant conservation efforts is also needed to ensure that resources and expertise are used in a strategic, efficient, and effective manner.We argue that no country is currently getting plant conservation right; plants are becoming increasingly rare around the world. Plants are often not fully protected by policy, their conservation is underfunded, and their importance is underappreciated. However, some countries have progressed further than others. Here we outline areas where the United States is strong and highlight components that need work to meet the country’s plant conservation needs. Close

• 49. [Article] Fuel to the Fire: Natural Disasters and the Duration of Civil Conflict

  Do natural disasters prolong civil conflict? Or are disasters more likely to encourage peace as hostilities diminish when confronting shared hardship or as shifts in the balance of power between insurgents ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fuel to the Fire: Natural Disasters and the Duration of Civil Conflict Author: Eastin, Joshua Year: 2016 Do natural disasters prolong civil conflict? Or are disasters more likely to encourage peace as hostilities diminish when confronting shared hardship or as shifts in the balance of power between insurgents and the state hasten cessation? To address these questions, this study performs an event history analysis of disasters’ impact on the duration of 224 armed intrastate conflicts occurring in 86 states between 1946 and 2005. I contend that natural disasters increase conflict duration by decreasing the state’s capacity to suppress insurgency, while reinforcing insurgent groups’ ability to evade capture and avoid defeat. First, disasters’ economic impact coupled with state financial outlays for disaster relief and reconstruction, reduce resources available for counterinsurgency and nation building in conflict zones. Second, the military’s role in administering humanitarian assistance can reduce the availability of troops and military hardware for counterinsurgency, prompt temporary ceasefires with insurgents, or both. Third, natural disasters can cause infrastructural damages that disproportionately hinder the state’s capacity to execute counterinsurgency missions, thereby making insurgent forces more difficult to capture and overcome. The combination of these dynamics should encourage longer conflicts in states with higher incidence of disaster. Empirical evidence strongly supports this contention, indicating that states with greater disaster vulnerability fight longer wars. Title: Fuel to the Fire: Natural Disasters and the Duration of Civil Conflict Author: Eastin, Joshua Year: 2016 Do natural disasters prolong civil conflict? Or are disasters more likely to encourage peace as hostilities diminish when confronting shared hardship or as shifts in the balance of power between insurgents and the state hasten cessation? To address these questions, this study performs an event history analysis of disasters’ impact on the duration of 224 armed intrastate conflicts occurring in 86 states between 1946 and 2005. I contend that natural disasters increase conflict duration by decreasing the state’s capacity to suppress insurgency, while reinforcing insurgent groups’ ability to evade capture and avoid defeat. First, disasters’ economic impact coupled with state financial outlays for disaster relief and reconstruction, reduce resources available for counterinsurgency and nation building in conflict zones. Second, the military’s role in administering humanitarian assistance can reduce the availability of troops and military hardware for counterinsurgency, prompt temporary ceasefires with insurgents, or both. Third, natural disasters can cause infrastructural damages that disproportionately hinder the state’s capacity to execute counterinsurgency missions, thereby making insurgent forces more difficult to capture and overcome. The combination of these dynamics should encourage longer conflicts in states with higher incidence of disaster. Empirical evidence strongly supports this contention, indicating that states with greater disaster vulnerability fight longer wars. Close

• 50. [Article] Embedding Parallel Computation in a Stochastic Mesh Network: A Morphogenetic Approach

  Many basic techniques in computer science have been founded on the assumption that physical computing resources are scarce but orderly, and that the cost of effective direct communication between physically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Embedding Parallel Computation in a Stochastic Mesh Network: A Morphogenetic Approach Author: OrHai, Max Year: 2011 Many basic techniques in computer science have been founded on the assumption that physical computing resources are scarce but orderly, and that the cost of effective direct communication between physically distant parts of a computer system is affordable. In ubiquitous computing systems such as sensor networks, or in the design of nano-scale systems, these familiar assumptions may not hold. What if we suppose instead that computing capacity is plentiful, but that only local communication is possible, and the exact structure of the communication network is not known in advance? This is the domain of spatial programming. How can we program a locally connected network of randomly placed computing nodes to do a practical computing task, while taking advantage of the inherent parallel processing capacity of the network? We believe that the organization and dynamics of biological processes may offer possibilities for the design of both hardware and software under these new conditions. This algorithm, a variation on insertion sort that is also a simplified abstract model of morphogenetic cell sorting in the development of multicellular organisms, explores how we might compute in this novel environment. Title: Embedding Parallel Computation in a Stochastic Mesh Network: A Morphogenetic Approach Author: OrHai, Max Year: 2011 Many basic techniques in computer science have been founded on the assumption that physical computing resources are scarce but orderly, and that the cost of effective direct communication between physically distant parts of a computer system is affordable. In ubiquitous computing systems such as sensor networks, or in the design of nano-scale systems, these familiar assumptions may not hold. What if we suppose instead that computing capacity is plentiful, but that only local communication is possible, and the exact structure of the communication network is not known in advance? This is the domain of spatial programming. How can we program a locally connected network of randomly placed computing nodes to do a practical computing task, while taking advantage of the inherent parallel processing capacity of the network? We believe that the organization and dynamics of biological processes may offer possibilities for the design of both hardware and software under these new conditions. This algorithm, a variation on insertion sort that is also a simplified abstract model of morphogenetic cell sorting in the development of multicellular organisms, explores how we might compute in this novel environment. Close

• 51. [Article] Symbols of Statehood: Military Industrialization and Public Discourse in India

  This article examines the forces driving the pursuit of military production capacity in India, including those behind the Indian nuclear and space programmes. We are mainly interested in whether symbolic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Symbols of Statehood: Military Industrialization and Public Discourse in India Author: Kinsella, David Todd, Chima, Jugdep S. Year: 2001 This article examines the forces driving the pursuit of military production capacity in India, including those behind the Indian nuclear and space programmes. We are mainly interested in whether symbolic motivations regularly find expression in the public discourse. We review all articles on the subject of weapons development and production appearing in India Today from May 1977 to April 1999. There are three closely interrelated yet distinguishable concerns in the public discourse that we consider symbolic: that military industrialization is a means of asserting India's autonomy in international affairs, that it is a means of establishing India's international status and prestige, and that it serves to enhance India's self-image. We contend that the symbolic motivations are a prominent force behind the military industrialization process in India. The precise form that symbolic motivations take vary-some statements seem to have more symbolic content than others-but, as a whole, such references are not rare or isolated. Our findings suggest that symbolism can be an important component of the quest for an indigenous arms-production capacity, and perhaps other elements of statebuildings as well. Title: Symbols of Statehood: Military Industrialization and Public Discourse in India Author: Kinsella, David Todd, Chima, Jugdep S. Year: 2001 This article examines the forces driving the pursuit of military production capacity in India, including those behind the Indian nuclear and space programmes. We are mainly interested in whether symbolic motivations regularly find expression in the public discourse. We review all articles on the subject of weapons development and production appearing in India Today from May 1977 to April 1999. There are three closely interrelated yet distinguishable concerns in the public discourse that we consider symbolic: that military industrialization is a means of asserting India's autonomy in international affairs, that it is a means of establishing India's international status and prestige, and that it serves to enhance India's self-image. We contend that the symbolic motivations are a prominent force behind the military industrialization process in India. The precise form that symbolic motivations take vary-some statements seem to have more symbolic content than others-but, as a whole, such references are not rare or isolated. Our findings suggest that symbolism can be an important component of the quest for an indigenous arms-production capacity, and perhaps other elements of statebuildings as well. Close

• 52. [Article] Capacity Building for the Common Good: PSU's Interdisciplinary Minor in Civic Leadership

  Since the early 1990s, Portland State University has furthered its commitment to civic engagement education by adopting an integrated approach to its general education curriculum. As an outgrowth to this ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Capacity Building for the Common Good: PSU's Interdisciplinary Minor in Civic Leadership Author: Nishishiba, Masami, Kecskes, Kevin Year: 2012 Since the early 1990s, Portland State University has furthered its commitment to civic engagement education by adopting an integrated approach to its general education curriculum. As an outgrowth to this initiative, the minor in Civic Leadership was developed in 2004–05. This interdisciplinary minor was designed with the intent to further integrate and sustain institutional engagement with the Portland Metropolitan community and beyond. This article discusses the history, structure, and roles of academic and community partners associated with the Civic Leadership minor, and elaborates the philosophical foundation of the interdisciplinary curriculum that aims to build student capacity for the common good. Title: Capacity Building for the Common Good: PSU's Interdisciplinary Minor in Civic Leadership Author: Nishishiba, Masami, Kecskes, Kevin Year: 2012 Since the early 1990s, Portland State University has furthered its commitment to civic engagement education by adopting an integrated approach to its general education curriculum. As an outgrowth to this initiative, the minor in Civic Leadership was developed in 2004–05. This interdisciplinary minor was designed with the intent to further integrate and sustain institutional engagement with the Portland Metropolitan community and beyond. This article discusses the history, structure, and roles of academic and community partners associated with the Civic Leadership minor, and elaborates the philosophical foundation of the interdisciplinary curriculum that aims to build student capacity for the common good. Close

• 53. [Article] Application of LRFD Geotechnical Principles for Pile Supported Bridges in Oregon: Phase 1

  Bridge foundations must be designed based on acceptable risks of failure. To secure rapid implementation of Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) principles for foundation design, the American Association ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Application of LRFD Geotechnical Principles for Pile Supported Bridges in Oregon: Phase 1 Author: Smith, Trevor D., Dusicka, Peter Year: 2009 Bridge foundations must be designed based on acceptable risks of failure. To secure rapid implementation of Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) principles for foundation design, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) are requiring their use through AASHTO code. The Bridge Section of the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) has responsibility for satisfactory design of all the bridge structures across the state’s highway system. The widespread geotechnical adoption of the LRFD code throughout state DOTs has been difficult in the case of deep foundations due to regional differences and in some cases a lack of any close match to DOT foundation practices. This lack of matching stems from the source research conducted on which the code is based, documented as NCHRP 507. For ODOT, the evaluation of nominal axial static capacity for each driven pile in the field is conducted by dynamic methods and AASHTO offers resistance factors for these techniques. ODOT typically uses the wave equation software (WEAP) applied at the end of initial driving, EOID, and occasionally at the beginning of pile restrike (BOR) to capture increases in capacity from set-up. This study reports that, based on past and new surveys, ODOT practice is reasonably typical for DOT practice in sands, silts, and clays. The AASHTO resistance factor, φ, for WEAP is at EOID and is too low for the efficient design of piles to match the likely probabilities of pile failure. The survey of Northwest state DOTs revealed that 80% of the DOTs believe that a φ of 0.4 is conservative and 37.5 % do not use the AASHTO-sanctioned φ of 0.4. Matching LRFD to allowable stress design (ASD) by direct calibration for a single pile, without any reported capacity bias, sets φ as 0.55 to match the ASD factor of safety of 2.5. An ODOT case history of a recently completed pilesupported bridge designed and constructed to FHWA and AASHTO ASD standards in use at that time, shows the number of piles at the bent studied would be doubled under new AASHTO requirements. This suggests the standard will add considerable pile foundation costs to all new bridges. This cost increase is a strong incentive to complete statistical recalibration of GRLWEAP dynamic capacity resistance value in a Phase 2 of this study. Title: Application of LRFD Geotechnical Principles for Pile Supported Bridges in Oregon: Phase 1 Author: Smith, Trevor D., Dusicka, Peter Year: 2009 Bridge foundations must be designed based on acceptable risks of failure. To secure rapid implementation of Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) principles for foundation design, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) are requiring their use through AASHTO code. The Bridge Section of the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) has responsibility for satisfactory design of all the bridge structures across the state’s highway system. The widespread geotechnical adoption of the LRFD code throughout state DOTs has been difficult in the case of deep foundations due to regional differences and in some cases a lack of any close match to DOT foundation practices. This lack of matching stems from the source research conducted on which the code is based, documented as NCHRP 507. For ODOT, the evaluation of nominal axial static capacity for each driven pile in the field is conducted by dynamic methods and AASHTO offers resistance factors for these techniques. ODOT typically uses the wave equation software (WEAP) applied at the end of initial driving, EOID, and occasionally at the beginning of pile restrike (BOR) to capture increases in capacity from set-up. This study reports that, based on past and new surveys, ODOT practice is reasonably typical for DOT practice in sands, silts, and clays. The AASHTO resistance factor, φ, for WEAP is at EOID and is too low for the efficient design of piles to match the likely probabilities of pile failure. The survey of Northwest state DOTs revealed that 80% of the DOTs believe that a φ of 0.4 is conservative and 37.5 % do not use the AASHTO-sanctioned φ of 0.4. Matching LRFD to allowable stress design (ASD) by direct calibration for a single pile, without any reported capacity bias, sets φ as 0.55 to match the ASD factor of safety of 2.5. An ODOT case history of a recently completed pilesupported bridge designed and constructed to FHWA and AASHTO ASD standards in use at that time, shows the number of piles at the bent studied would be doubled under new AASHTO requirements. This suggests the standard will add considerable pile foundation costs to all new bridges. This cost increase is a strong incentive to complete statistical recalibration of GRLWEAP dynamic capacity resistance value in a Phase 2 of this study. Close

• 54. [Article] Curation-Friendly Tools for the Scientific Researcher

  In this session we’ll look at two examples of tools that research faculty can use to manage data during the research process; define criteria for evaluating capacity for data curation support; and examine ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Curation-Friendly Tools for the Scientific Researcher Author: Westra, Brian Year: 2012 In this session we’ll look at two examples of tools that research faculty can use to manage data during the research process; define criteria for evaluating capacity for data curation support; and examine what it takes to do pilot cases between the library and research faculty. Finally, we’ll discuss other software and services that you or your research faculty are using to manage research data early in the data lifecycle. Title: Curation-Friendly Tools for the Scientific Researcher Author: Westra, Brian Year: 2012 In this session we’ll look at two examples of tools that research faculty can use to manage data during the research process; define criteria for evaluating capacity for data curation support; and examine what it takes to do pilot cases between the library and research faculty. Finally, we’ll discuss other software and services that you or your research faculty are using to manage research data early in the data lifecycle. Close

• 55. [Article] Comparing Efficiency of Electricity Power Plants: DEA Application

  In a global context, the performance of each economy in the world depends on its energy resources. Therefore, electrical generation plays an important role for developed and developing economies. There ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparing Efficiency of Electricity Power Plants: DEA Application Author: Garces, Edwin Year: 2007 In a global context, the performance of each economy in the world depends on its energy resources. Therefore, electrical generation plays an important role for developed and developing economies. There are many types of energy which can be consumed in many ways. One of these types of energy is electricity, which can be generated from multiple resources. In this context, new technologies have developed to improve efficiency and capacity in the electrical field. Title: Comparing Efficiency of Electricity Power Plants: DEA Application Author: Garces, Edwin Year: 2007 In a global context, the performance of each economy in the world depends on its energy resources. Therefore, electrical generation plays an important role for developed and developing economies. There are many types of energy which can be consumed in many ways. One of these types of energy is electricity, which can be generated from multiple resources. In this context, new technologies have developed to improve efficiency and capacity in the electrical field. Close

• 56. [Article] High Definition Manufacturing Cell Model

  The purpose was to study the capacity, staffing requirements and alternative equipment configurations. This presentation provides a preview of the results.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High Definition Manufacturing Cell Model Author: Wakeland, Wayne, Leupold & Stevens, Inc. Year: 2002 The purpose was to study the capacity, staffing requirements and alternative equipment configurations. This presentation provides a preview of the results. Title: High Definition Manufacturing Cell Model Author: Wakeland, Wayne, Leupold & Stevens, Inc. Year: 2002 The purpose was to study the capacity, staffing requirements and alternative equipment configurations. This presentation provides a preview of the results. Close

• 57. [Article] Optimization Profit of the Shenandoah Valley Textile Mill Case

  We examined the problem of optimizing profit for production of 7 different cotton cloth styles. The process of operation was divided into 12 processes. Those are desizing, boiling, dyeing, calendaring, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimization Profit of the Shenandoah Valley Textile Mill Case Author: Pagliero, Anges, Wibowo, Philipus G., Inceoglu, Murat Year: 1990 We examined the problem of optimizing profit for production of 7 different cotton cloth styles. The process of operation was divided into 12 processes. Those are desizing, boiling, dyeing, calendaring, etc. which then are formulated as Linear Programming Model to generate optimum profit. Several constraints are applied, such as demand constraint, and machine capacity in terms of process hours, and cost. Title: Optimization Profit of the Shenandoah Valley Textile Mill Case Author: Pagliero, Anges, Wibowo, Philipus G., Inceoglu, Murat Year: 1990 We examined the problem of optimizing profit for production of 7 different cotton cloth styles. The process of operation was divided into 12 processes. Those are desizing, boiling, dyeing, calendaring, etc. which then are formulated as Linear Programming Model to generate optimum profit. Several constraints are applied, such as demand constraint, and machine capacity in terms of process hours, and cost. Close

• 58. [Article] Research Thesis Essay of Findings from Campus Language Capacity Survey 2012-2014 Done in Collaboration with the Heritage Language Initiative

  This paper presents the findings of the Campus Language Capacity Survey 2013, a study conducted as an online survey to investigate heritage language usage at Portland State University. Heritage language ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Research Thesis Essay of Findings from Campus Language Capacity Survey 2012-2014 Done in Collaboration with the Heritage Language Initiative Author: Van Doren, Laura Year: 2014 This paper presents the findings of the Campus Language Capacity Survey 2013, a study conducted as an online survey to investigate heritage language usage at Portland State University. Heritage language is defined as “an indigenous or immigrant language other than English.” The survey was sent to 15,000 randomly selected participants from the PSU student, staff, and faculty body; over 1,000 responses were collected. There was a 10% response rate with 119 participants self-identified as heritage language speakers and/or learners. These participants are individuals in the PSU community who have ties to their heritage community. The top five heritage languages named were Spanish, French, German, Russian, and Japanese. From the 119 identified heritage language learners and/or speakers, 64% indicated that they would be interested in having their heritage language available as an online course through PSU and 72% indicated that they would be interested in having their heritage language fulfill the 2-year foreign language credit requirement. The data from this study will inform the creation of new programs tailored to the needs of those enrolling in, teaching, or funding heritage language courses. Title: Research Thesis Essay of Findings from Campus Language Capacity Survey 2012-2014 Done in Collaboration with the Heritage Language Initiative Author: Van Doren, Laura Year: 2014 This paper presents the findings of the Campus Language Capacity Survey 2013, a study conducted as an online survey to investigate heritage language usage at Portland State University. Heritage language is defined as “an indigenous or immigrant language other than English.” The survey was sent to 15,000 randomly selected participants from the PSU student, staff, and faculty body; over 1,000 responses were collected. There was a 10% response rate with 119 participants self-identified as heritage language speakers and/or learners. These participants are individuals in the PSU community who have ties to their heritage community. The top five heritage languages named were Spanish, French, German, Russian, and Japanese. From the 119 identified heritage language learners and/or speakers, 64% indicated that they would be interested in having their heritage language available as an online course through PSU and 72% indicated that they would be interested in having their heritage language fulfill the 2-year foreign language credit requirement. The data from this study will inform the creation of new programs tailored to the needs of those enrolling in, teaching, or funding heritage language courses. Close

• 59. [Article] Feasibility Determination Guide for the Road Diet Plus - A 5/4 Lane to 2 Lane Road Diet

  Road diets are a popular tool for corridor improvement. Road diets are normally defined as the conversion of a four-lane undivided road to a three-lane undivided road made up of two through lanes separated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Feasibility Determination Guide for the Road Diet Plus - A 5/4 Lane to 2 Lane Road Diet Author: Williams, Michael Year: 2017 Road diets are a popular tool for corridor improvement. Road diets are normally defined as the conversion of a four-lane undivided road to a three-lane undivided road made up of two through lanes separated by a center two-way-left-turn-lane (known as a TWLTL). This new configuration has similar vehicular capacity, greater safety and frees up right-of-way for other uses. This work examines the possibility of going one step, or one lane, further. What is the possibility of reducing five- or four-lane roads to two-lanes? If this is possible, what are the corridor characteristics within which this process would be feasible? The transformation of five- or four-lane roads to two-lane roads becomes possible through the replacement of signalized and stop-controlled intersections with roundabouts. Roundabouts allow all left-hand turns along a street segment to be replaced with a U-turn at the roundabout followed by a right turn. With roundabouts, the TWLTL can be removed thereby creating a 2-lane road. Two major questions arise when determining the feasibility of this conversion. First, under what traffic conditions is this conversion possible? Second, does sufficient right-of-way exist for the conversion of standard intersections to roundabouts? This paper will examine corridors which have undergone this transformation to estimate the envelope within which this conversion is possible. It will provide estimates of the size of roundabouts for desired capacities and a traffic volume ceiling for the corridor. This work is limited to road diets resulting in corridors with two traffic lanes and single lane roundabouts. The final result of this work is a pamphlet similar to the 2014 FHWA Road Diet Informational Guide. The intent is to create a guide that accomplishes two goals. The first is to popularize a powerful strategy for roadway renovation. The second is to provide a tool that allows agencies to evaluate whether a chosen corridor is a possible candidate for this conversion. Title: Feasibility Determination Guide for the Road Diet Plus - A 5/4 Lane to 2 Lane Road Diet Author: Williams, Michael Year: 2017 Road diets are a popular tool for corridor improvement. Road diets are normally defined as the conversion of a four-lane undivided road to a three-lane undivided road made up of two through lanes separated by a center two-way-left-turn-lane (known as a TWLTL). This new configuration has similar vehicular capacity, greater safety and frees up right-of-way for other uses. This work examines the possibility of going one step, or one lane, further. What is the possibility of reducing five- or four-lane roads to two-lanes? If this is possible, what are the corridor characteristics within which this process would be feasible? The transformation of five- or four-lane roads to two-lane roads becomes possible through the replacement of signalized and stop-controlled intersections with roundabouts. Roundabouts allow all left-hand turns along a street segment to be replaced with a U-turn at the roundabout followed by a right turn. With roundabouts, the TWLTL can be removed thereby creating a 2-lane road. Two major questions arise when determining the feasibility of this conversion. First, under what traffic conditions is this conversion possible? Second, does sufficient right-of-way exist for the conversion of standard intersections to roundabouts? This paper will examine corridors which have undergone this transformation to estimate the envelope within which this conversion is possible. It will provide estimates of the size of roundabouts for desired capacities and a traffic volume ceiling for the corridor. This work is limited to road diets resulting in corridors with two traffic lanes and single lane roundabouts. The final result of this work is a pamphlet similar to the 2014 FHWA Road Diet Informational Guide. The intent is to create a guide that accomplishes two goals. The first is to popularize a powerful strategy for roadway renovation. The second is to provide a tool that allows agencies to evaluate whether a chosen corridor is a possible candidate for this conversion. Close

• 60. [Article] Engaging Global Service: Organizational Motivations for and Perceived Benefits of Hosting International Volunteers

  An increasingly popular way for global citizens to contribute to communities around the world is through international volunteering. In tandem with this growing trend, academic research in the field has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Engaging Global Service: Organizational Motivations for and Perceived Benefits of Hosting International Volunteers Author: Barnhart, Erin Leslie Year: 2012 An increasingly popular way for global citizens to contribute to communities around the world is through international volunteering. In tandem with this growing trend, academic research in the field has increased to explore the goals, motivations, and impacts of international service on volunteers, host communities, and volunteer-sending organizations. One of the larger gaps in our understanding of global civic engagement though is the specifics of how and why, as well as the overall impact of international service on, host organizations that seek and/or accept international volunteers. Using an exploratory research design to collect and analyze survey data and open-ended email inquiry responses from almost 250 organizational representatives in 50+ countries, this dissertation expands the breadth and depth of knowledge on the relationship between host organizations and international volunteers. Findings include a broad and varied range of potential motivations for hosting international volunteers, from direct benefits to the host organization like leveraging organizational capacity to benefits extended to the broader community and volunteers themselves such as providing opportunities for cross-cultural interaction. In addition, host organization characteristics and opinions were compared between two global regions - Africa and Asia - and statistically significant relationships identified between characteristics and opinions of host organizations and their reported satisfaction with international volunteers. This study contributes new data on and from organizations that host international volunteers. Research findings also support and expand the field's understanding of international volunteer engagement as it relates specifically to organizational capacity and social capital theory. Title: Engaging Global Service: Organizational Motivations for and Perceived Benefits of Hosting International Volunteers Author: Barnhart, Erin Leslie Year: 2012 An increasingly popular way for global citizens to contribute to communities around the world is through international volunteering. In tandem with this growing trend, academic research in the field has increased to explore the goals, motivations, and impacts of international service on volunteers, host communities, and volunteer-sending organizations. One of the larger gaps in our understanding of global civic engagement though is the specifics of how and why, as well as the overall impact of international service on, host organizations that seek and/or accept international volunteers. Using an exploratory research design to collect and analyze survey data and open-ended email inquiry responses from almost 250 organizational representatives in 50+ countries, this dissertation expands the breadth and depth of knowledge on the relationship between host organizations and international volunteers. Findings include a broad and varied range of potential motivations for hosting international volunteers, from direct benefits to the host organization like leveraging organizational capacity to benefits extended to the broader community and volunteers themselves such as providing opportunities for cross-cultural interaction. In addition, host organization characteristics and opinions were compared between two global regions - Africa and Asia - and statistically significant relationships identified between characteristics and opinions of host organizations and their reported satisfaction with international volunteers. This study contributes new data on and from organizations that host international volunteers. Research findings also support and expand the field's understanding of international volunteer engagement as it relates specifically to organizational capacity and social capital theory. Close

• 61. [Article] Photosynthesis and Respiration of Arceuthobium Tsugense

  Dark respiration rates of the aerial shoots of Arceuthobium tsugense, obtained by manometric and IRGA techniques, show production of C02to range between 155-300 µl CO2 g-1h-1 with evidence of seasonal ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Photosynthesis and Respiration of Arceuthobium Tsugense Author: Miller, James Roger Year: 1973 Dark respiration rates of the aerial shoots of Arceuthobium tsugense, obtained by manometric and IRGA techniques, show production of C02to range between 155-300 µl CO2 g-1h-1 with evidence of seasonal variation. Experiments with 14C02 indicate that the aerial shoots are capable of some photosynthetic CO2 fixation, with 10-15% of the available 14C incorporated by the plant tissue in one hour.The portions of the o aerial shoots which are most active in C02 fixation are the young terminal regions. Biochemical characterization of the products of photosynthesis reveals that 80-90% of the incorporated 14C is ethanol soluble. Ten percent of the ethanol fraction is lipoidal in nature, the rest is H20 soluble. Ion exchange separation of the H20 soluble portion shows that 16-25% of the 14C activity is cationic, about 25% anionic, with the balance neutral. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and valine are present in the cationic fraction, with additional free amino acids indicated. IRGA experiments indicate an apparent photosynthetic CO2 fixation capacity of 80-90 percent of the ethanol fraction is lipoidal in nature, the rest is H20 soluble. Ion exchange separation of the H20 soluble portion shows that 16-25% of the 14C activity is cationic, about 25% anionic, with the balance neutral. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and valine are present in the cationic fraction, with additional free amino acids indicated. IRGA experiments indicate an apparent photosynthetic CO2 fixation capacity of 80-90 µl CO2 g-1 h-1, or 25-30% of the amount of C02 produced by respiration. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to nutrition of the parasite. Title: Photosynthesis and Respiration of Arceuthobium Tsugense Author: Miller, James Roger Year: 1973 Dark respiration rates of the aerial shoots of Arceuthobium tsugense, obtained by manometric and IRGA techniques, show production of C02to range between 155-300 µl CO2 g-1h-1 with evidence of seasonal variation. Experiments with 14C02 indicate that the aerial shoots are capable of some photosynthetic CO2 fixation, with 10-15% of the available 14C incorporated by the plant tissue in one hour.The portions of the o aerial shoots which are most active in C02 fixation are the young terminal regions. Biochemical characterization of the products of photosynthesis reveals that 80-90% of the incorporated 14C is ethanol soluble. Ten percent of the ethanol fraction is lipoidal in nature, the rest is H20 soluble. Ion exchange separation of the H20 soluble portion shows that 16-25% of the 14C activity is cationic, about 25% anionic, with the balance neutral. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and valine are present in the cationic fraction, with additional free amino acids indicated. IRGA experiments indicate an apparent photosynthetic CO2 fixation capacity of 80-90 percent of the ethanol fraction is lipoidal in nature, the rest is H20 soluble. Ion exchange separation of the H20 soluble portion shows that 16-25% of the 14C activity is cationic, about 25% anionic, with the balance neutral. Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and valine are present in the cationic fraction, with additional free amino acids indicated. IRGA experiments indicate an apparent photosynthetic CO2 fixation capacity of 80-90 µl CO2 g-1 h-1, or 25-30% of the amount of C02 produced by respiration. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to nutrition of the parasite. Close

• 62. [Article] Managing the Ethical and Risk Implications of Rapid Advances in Artificial Intelligence: A Literature Review

  The development of emergent technologies carries with it ethical issues and risks. We review ways to better manage the ethical issues and risks of one emerging technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Managing the Ethical and Risk Implications of Rapid Advances in Artificial Intelligence: A Literature Review Author: Meek, Taylor, Barham, Husam, Beltaif, Nader, Kaadoor, Amani, Akhter, Tanzila Year: 2016 The development of emergent technologies carries with it ethical issues and risks. We review ways to better manage the ethical issues and risks of one emerging technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI). Depending on how AI's development is managed, it may have beneficial and/or deleterious effects. The processing capacity of Tianhe-2, the world's fastest supercomputer, by some measures, exceeds the processing capacity of a single human brain. but at a prohibitive processing/power consumption ratio and physical size. Given the current pace of AI R&D activities, some estimates in the literature suggest that the technology could become capable of self-determination and super intelligence in only a few decades. This demands a serious analysis of the ethical implications of AI's development and the risks it might pose, in addition to technology management recommendations. We review the state of AI development, the timeline and scope of its possible future development, and potential ethical risks in its implementation. Further, we briefly review ethics and risk management practices as they relate to technology. Finally, we make technology management recommendations, which may help to address the ethical implications and to mitigate existential risks to humanity - with the development and dissemination of AI - by guiding its proper management. © 2016 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology, Inc. Title: Managing the Ethical and Risk Implications of Rapid Advances in Artificial Intelligence: A Literature Review Author: Meek, Taylor, Barham, Husam, Beltaif, Nader, Kaadoor, Amani, Akhter, Tanzila Year: 2016 The development of emergent technologies carries with it ethical issues and risks. We review ways to better manage the ethical issues and risks of one emerging technology: Artificial Intelligence (AI). Depending on how AI's development is managed, it may have beneficial and/or deleterious effects. The processing capacity of Tianhe-2, the world's fastest supercomputer, by some measures, exceeds the processing capacity of a single human brain. but at a prohibitive processing/power consumption ratio and physical size. Given the current pace of AI R&D activities, some estimates in the literature suggest that the technology could become capable of self-determination and super intelligence in only a few decades. This demands a serious analysis of the ethical implications of AI's development and the risks it might pose, in addition to technology management recommendations. We review the state of AI development, the timeline and scope of its possible future development, and potential ethical risks in its implementation. Further, we briefly review ethics and risk management practices as they relate to technology. Finally, we make technology management recommendations, which may help to address the ethical implications and to mitigate existential risks to humanity - with the development and dissemination of AI - by guiding its proper management. © 2016 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology, Inc. Close

• 63. [Article] Evaluating and Adaptive Signal Control System in Gresham

  Cities and Counties are faced with increasing traffic congestion due to rapidly increasing population. Like many agencies, the City of Gresham has struggled with how to manage the increasing congestion ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating and Adaptive Signal Control System in Gresham Author: Peters, James M., McCoy, Jay, Bertini, Robert L. Year: 2007 Cities and Counties are faced with increasing traffic congestion due to rapidly increasing population. Like many agencies, the City of Gresham has struggled with how to manage the increasing congestion with limited funds for major roadway widening projects. Gresham has recognized the need to optimize existing system capacity to get the most out of their current transportation system infrastructure investment. In 2005, the City of Gresham, in cooperation with numerous agencies in the Portland metropolitan area, evaluated a variety of signal control systems including traditional time-of-day coordination, traffic responsive, and adaptive signal control systems. Based on that evaluation, the steering committee selected and deployed the SCATS adaptive signal control system on Burnside Road between Eastman Parkway and Powell Boulevard. The Burnside corridor in Gresham, OR is a 5 lane major arterial that carries approximately 38,000 ADT. Burnside serves as a main through route connecting I-84 to OR 26 and Mt. Hood. The SCATS system has been integrated with the existing shared regional traffic signal system and is available for expansion to other jurisdictions in the region. This paper describes the process used to evaluate the results of the adaptive signal control system and how they compare to the original project objectives. The evaluation compares changes in travel time, delay, stops and fuel consumption associated with “free” (uncoordinated), time-of-day coordinated and the new adaptive signal system on Burnside Road. This paper should be of interest to other state and local agencies interested in trying to optimize existing arterial capacity. Title: Evaluating and Adaptive Signal Control System in Gresham Author: Peters, James M., McCoy, Jay, Bertini, Robert L. Year: 2007 Cities and Counties are faced with increasing traffic congestion due to rapidly increasing population. Like many agencies, the City of Gresham has struggled with how to manage the increasing congestion with limited funds for major roadway widening projects. Gresham has recognized the need to optimize existing system capacity to get the most out of their current transportation system infrastructure investment. In 2005, the City of Gresham, in cooperation with numerous agencies in the Portland metropolitan area, evaluated a variety of signal control systems including traditional time-of-day coordination, traffic responsive, and adaptive signal control systems. Based on that evaluation, the steering committee selected and deployed the SCATS adaptive signal control system on Burnside Road between Eastman Parkway and Powell Boulevard. The Burnside corridor in Gresham, OR is a 5 lane major arterial that carries approximately 38,000 ADT. Burnside serves as a main through route connecting I-84 to OR 26 and Mt. Hood. The SCATS system has been integrated with the existing shared regional traffic signal system and is available for expansion to other jurisdictions in the region. This paper describes the process used to evaluate the results of the adaptive signal control system and how they compare to the original project objectives. The evaluation compares changes in travel time, delay, stops and fuel consumption associated with “free” (uncoordinated), time-of-day coordinated and the new adaptive signal system on Burnside Road. This paper should be of interest to other state and local agencies interested in trying to optimize existing arterial capacity. Close

• 64. [Article] Assessing Population Increase as a Possible Outcome to Management of Invasive Species

  Some efforts to reduce invasive populations have paradoxically led to population increases. This phenomenon, referred to as overcompensation, occurs when reduced intraspecific pressures increase juvenile ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Population Increase as a Possible Outcome to Management of Invasive Species Author: Turner, Brian C., de Rivera, Catherine E., Grosholz, Edwin D., Ruiz, Gregory M. Year: 2016 Some efforts to reduce invasive populations have paradoxically led to population increases. This phenomenon, referred to as overcompensation, occurs when reduced intraspecific pressures increase juvenile survival or maturation rates, leading to increased population size. Overcompensation in response to eradication efforts could derail management efforts, so it would be beneficial to evaluate the likelihood of overcompensation prior to removal. We conducted a series of experiments to examine the potential for overcompensation of a non-native population of the European green crab, Carcinus maenas, which was being removed in Bodega Harbor, California. First, we examined the impact of adults on juvenile survival by measuring adult cannibalism on juveniles in the presence and absence of alternative prey, and the survival of tethered juveniles at varying adult densities. Second, we examined how adult presence affected juvenile short-term foraging and growth rates. Although adult presence reduced juvenile short-term foraging, we detected only minimal cannibalism and found no evidence that adults greatly reduce juvenile growth or survivorship. These results suggest that overcompensation is not likely to occur in this population in response to removal. We assessed this prediction using pre- and post-removal surveys of juvenile recruitment in Bodega Harbor compared to nearby populations, testing for evidence of overcompensation. Relative juvenile abundance did not statistically increase in removal compared to reference populations, consistent with our conclusion from the experiments. This experimental approach which focuses on an organism’s population biology provides a tool to assess capacity for assessing the capacity for overcompensation in management strategies for invasive species. Title: Assessing Population Increase as a Possible Outcome to Management of Invasive Species Author: Turner, Brian C., de Rivera, Catherine E., Grosholz, Edwin D., Ruiz, Gregory M. Year: 2016 Some efforts to reduce invasive populations have paradoxically led to population increases. This phenomenon, referred to as overcompensation, occurs when reduced intraspecific pressures increase juvenile survival or maturation rates, leading to increased population size. Overcompensation in response to eradication efforts could derail management efforts, so it would be beneficial to evaluate the likelihood of overcompensation prior to removal. We conducted a series of experiments to examine the potential for overcompensation of a non-native population of the European green crab, Carcinus maenas, which was being removed in Bodega Harbor, California. First, we examined the impact of adults on juvenile survival by measuring adult cannibalism on juveniles in the presence and absence of alternative prey, and the survival of tethered juveniles at varying adult densities. Second, we examined how adult presence affected juvenile short-term foraging and growth rates. Although adult presence reduced juvenile short-term foraging, we detected only minimal cannibalism and found no evidence that adults greatly reduce juvenile growth or survivorship. These results suggest that overcompensation is not likely to occur in this population in response to removal. We assessed this prediction using pre- and post-removal surveys of juvenile recruitment in Bodega Harbor compared to nearby populations, testing for evidence of overcompensation. Relative juvenile abundance did not statistically increase in removal compared to reference populations, consistent with our conclusion from the experiments. This experimental approach which focuses on an organism’s population biology provides a tool to assess capacity for assessing the capacity for overcompensation in management strategies for invasive species. Close

• 65. [Article] Conceptualizing the Mindful Teacher: Examining Evidence for Mindfulness Skills in Teachers' Classroom Speech and Behavior

  Mindfulness-based interventions can improve teachers' capacities for attention and emotion regulation, as well as their prosocial dispositions like compassion and forgiveness. The purpose of this set of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conceptualizing the Mindful Teacher: Examining Evidence for Mindfulness Skills in Teachers' Classroom Speech and Behavior Author: Taylor, Cynthia Lynn Year: 2016 Mindfulness-based interventions can improve teachers' capacities for attention and emotion regulation, as well as their prosocial dispositions like compassion and forgiveness. The purpose of this set of research studies (including three case studies and a larger non-randomized treatment -- control group quasi-experimental study) was to examine whether or not capacities like these, learned through participation in a mindfulness training (MT) program for teachers, become embodied and show through as changes in teachers' mindful behavior in the classroom -- specifically, their ability to be calm, clear-minded and kind-hearted in their speech and behavior with students in the classroom. These studies used first-person, teacher reports and third-person, observer measures to assess potential MT-program-related impacts on changes in teachers' classroom speech and behavior over time. Results from survey and interview data showed change in teachers' perceptions of their mindful classroom behavior. The case studies showed evidence of change in teachers' calm, clear and kind classroom speech and behavior as rated by observers. Results in the larger study again showed change in treatment teachers' perception of their mindfulness in the classroom over time compared to controls, but no evidence was found for observed changes in speech or behavior in the classroom. Methodological, developmental and intervention-related interpretations and implications of the findings are presented and directions for future research are discussed. Title: Conceptualizing the Mindful Teacher: Examining Evidence for Mindfulness Skills in Teachers' Classroom Speech and Behavior Author: Taylor, Cynthia Lynn Year: 2016 Mindfulness-based interventions can improve teachers' capacities for attention and emotion regulation, as well as their prosocial dispositions like compassion and forgiveness. The purpose of this set of research studies (including three case studies and a larger non-randomized treatment -- control group quasi-experimental study) was to examine whether or not capacities like these, learned through participation in a mindfulness training (MT) program for teachers, become embodied and show through as changes in teachers' mindful behavior in the classroom -- specifically, their ability to be calm, clear-minded and kind-hearted in their speech and behavior with students in the classroom. These studies used first-person, teacher reports and third-person, observer measures to assess potential MT-program-related impacts on changes in teachers' classroom speech and behavior over time. Results from survey and interview data showed change in teachers' perceptions of their mindful classroom behavior. The case studies showed evidence of change in teachers' calm, clear and kind classroom speech and behavior as rated by observers. Results in the larger study again showed change in treatment teachers' perception of their mindfulness in the classroom over time compared to controls, but no evidence was found for observed changes in speech or behavior in the classroom. Methodological, developmental and intervention-related interpretations and implications of the findings are presented and directions for future research are discussed. Close

• 66. [Article] TMDLS: Statistical Correlations or Mechanistic Modeling?

  In developing TMDL waste-load allocations for the Snake River-Reservoir system in Western Idaho and Eastern Oregon, determinations of the assimilative capacity of the system and the impact of pollutant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TMDLS: Statistical Correlations or Mechanistic Modeling? Author: Wells, Scott A., Cole, Thomas M. Year: 2002 In developing TMDL waste-load allocations for the Snake River-Reservoir system in Western Idaho and Eastern Oregon, determinations of the assimilative capacity of the system and the impact of pollutant reduction strategies has been performed using both a statistical-correlation approach and a mechanistic modeling approach. The system included the Lower Snake River, Brownlee Reservoir, Oxbow Reservoir, and Hells Canyon Reservoir with the focus was on Brownlee Reservoir. The statistical approach used on Brownlee Reservoir divided the system into riverine and lacustrine zones. Field data were then averaged over season and location to provide statistical correlations, such as between total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (chl a), between an anoxic factor (AF) and TP, and between a hypoxic factor (HP) and TP. The anoxic factor is defined as the number of days when dissolved oxygen was less than 2 mg/l and the hypoxic factor was defined as the number of days when dissolved oxygen was less than 6.5 mg/l. The mechanistic approach used a two-dimensional, unsteady, hydrodynamic and water quality model called CE-QUAL-W2. The model was calibrated to field data over a three year period for 1992 (a low flow year), 1995 (an average flow year), and 1997 (a high flow year). Some of the important questions that the TMDL process was to answer included the following. What level of TP is necessary in the river coming into Brownlee Reservoir to reduce the number of days of hypoxia in the reservoir? What are the causes of low-dissolved oxygen in Brownlee Reservoir and what management strategies can be implemented to improve water quality? This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of answering management questions using these two approaches. Recommendations are suggested for answering assimilative capacity questions that arise in TMDL studies. Title: TMDLS: Statistical Correlations or Mechanistic Modeling? Author: Wells, Scott A., Cole, Thomas M. Year: 2002 In developing TMDL waste-load allocations for the Snake River-Reservoir system in Western Idaho and Eastern Oregon, determinations of the assimilative capacity of the system and the impact of pollutant reduction strategies has been performed using both a statistical-correlation approach and a mechanistic modeling approach. The system included the Lower Snake River, Brownlee Reservoir, Oxbow Reservoir, and Hells Canyon Reservoir with the focus was on Brownlee Reservoir. The statistical approach used on Brownlee Reservoir divided the system into riverine and lacustrine zones. Field data were then averaged over season and location to provide statistical correlations, such as between total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (chl a), between an anoxic factor (AF) and TP, and between a hypoxic factor (HP) and TP. The anoxic factor is defined as the number of days when dissolved oxygen was less than 2 mg/l and the hypoxic factor was defined as the number of days when dissolved oxygen was less than 6.5 mg/l. The mechanistic approach used a two-dimensional, unsteady, hydrodynamic and water quality model called CE-QUAL-W2. The model was calibrated to field data over a three year period for 1992 (a low flow year), 1995 (an average flow year), and 1997 (a high flow year). Some of the important questions that the TMDL process was to answer included the following. What level of TP is necessary in the river coming into Brownlee Reservoir to reduce the number of days of hypoxia in the reservoir? What are the causes of low-dissolved oxygen in Brownlee Reservoir and what management strategies can be implemented to improve water quality? This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of answering management questions using these two approaches. Recommendations are suggested for answering assimilative capacity questions that arise in TMDL studies. Close

• 67. [Article] TMDLS: Statistical Correlations or Mechanistic Modeling?

  Western Idaho and Eastern Oregon, determinations of the assimilative capacity of the system and the impact of pollutant reduction strategies has been performed using both a statistical-correlation approach ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TMDLS: Statistical Correlations or Mechanistic Modeling? Author: Wells, Scott A., Cole, Thomas M. Year: 2002 Western Idaho and Eastern Oregon, determinations of the assimilative capacity of the system and the impact of pollutant reduction strategies has been performed using both a statistical-correlation approach and a mechanistic modeling approach. The system included the Lower Snake River, Brownlee Reservoir, Oxbow Reservoir, and Hells Canyon Reservoir with the focus was on Brownlee Reservoir. The statistical approach used on Brownlee Reservoir divided the system into riverine and lacustrine zones. Field data were then averaged over season and location to provide statistical correlations, such as between total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (chl a), between an anoxic factor (AF) and TP, and between a hypoxic factor (HP) and TP. The anoxic factor is defined as the number of days when dissolved oxygen was less than 2 mg/l and the hypoxic factor was defined as the number of days when dissolved oxygen was less than 6.5 mg/l. The mechanistic approach used a two-dimensional, unsteady, hydrodynamic and water quality model called CE-QUAL-W2. The model was calibrated to field data over a three year period for 1992 (a low flow year), 1995 (an average flow year), and 1997 (a high flow year). Some of the important questions that the TMDL process was to answer included the following. What level of TP is necessary in the river coming into Brownlee Reservoir to reduce the number of days of hypoxia in the reservoir? What are the causes of low2 dissolved oxygen in Brownlee Reservoir and what management strategies can be implemented to improve water quality? This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of answering management questions using these two approaches. Recommendations are suggested for answering assimilative capacity questions that arise in TMDL studies. Title: TMDLS: Statistical Correlations or Mechanistic Modeling? Author: Wells, Scott A., Cole, Thomas M. Year: 2002 Western Idaho and Eastern Oregon, determinations of the assimilative capacity of the system and the impact of pollutant reduction strategies has been performed using both a statistical-correlation approach and a mechanistic modeling approach. The system included the Lower Snake River, Brownlee Reservoir, Oxbow Reservoir, and Hells Canyon Reservoir with the focus was on Brownlee Reservoir. The statistical approach used on Brownlee Reservoir divided the system into riverine and lacustrine zones. Field data were then averaged over season and location to provide statistical correlations, such as between total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (chl a), between an anoxic factor (AF) and TP, and between a hypoxic factor (HP) and TP. The anoxic factor is defined as the number of days when dissolved oxygen was less than 2 mg/l and the hypoxic factor was defined as the number of days when dissolved oxygen was less than 6.5 mg/l. The mechanistic approach used a two-dimensional, unsteady, hydrodynamic and water quality model called CE-QUAL-W2. The model was calibrated to field data over a three year period for 1992 (a low flow year), 1995 (an average flow year), and 1997 (a high flow year). Some of the important questions that the TMDL process was to answer included the following. What level of TP is necessary in the river coming into Brownlee Reservoir to reduce the number of days of hypoxia in the reservoir? What are the causes of low2 dissolved oxygen in Brownlee Reservoir and what management strategies can be implemented to improve water quality? This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of answering management questions using these two approaches. Recommendations are suggested for answering assimilative capacity questions that arise in TMDL studies. Close

• 68. [Article] Simulation as a Tool for Evaluating Strategic Policies for Flexible Supply Chain Systems

  The emergence of flexible supply chain systems (FSC) has sparked increased interest in real-time planning, scheduling, and logistics--with particular consideration for strategic implications and overall ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Simulation as a Tool for Evaluating Strategic Policies for Flexible Supply Chain Systems Author: Forrester, Janice L., Wakeland, Wayne W. Year: 2003 The emergence of flexible supply chain systems (FSC) has sparked increased interest in real-time planning, scheduling, and logistics--with particular consideration for strategic implications and overall cost control. Important aspects of an FSC include forecasting, production, materials handling, transportation, and distribution center inventory. There exists a variety of software applications for addressing tactical issues, such as adaptive scheduling, and short term forecasting. However, these programs typically do not permit the user to assess the strategic implications of different policies for flexing capacity and making alternative commitments to manufacturing plants. Recently there has been increased interest in the use of simulation models for strategic policy analysis. Simulation compares favorably to purely analytical methods that often fail to capture the complex interactions of a particular FSC. The challenge is to create an FSC simulation model that is general enough and flexible enough to allow the user to analyze the overall costs and benefits of different policies. This paper presents just such an FSC model, implemented in a system dynamics modeling language. The model is specifically designed to help the user evaluate different policies for scheduling production in the factories and policies that govern factory capacity…in terms of their impact on overall production cost and inventory turns. Preliminary results include new insights regarding the conventional wisdom that minimizing the incremental amount that a factory can fluctuate at any given point in tam will reduce cost. The model suggests the contrary, that requiring larger fluctuations actually reduces the frequency and overall magnitude of the changes without adverse impact on factory utilization. Title: Simulation as a Tool for Evaluating Strategic Policies for Flexible Supply Chain Systems Author: Forrester, Janice L., Wakeland, Wayne W. Year: 2003 The emergence of flexible supply chain systems (FSC) has sparked increased interest in real-time planning, scheduling, and logistics--with particular consideration for strategic implications and overall cost control. Important aspects of an FSC include forecasting, production, materials handling, transportation, and distribution center inventory. There exists a variety of software applications for addressing tactical issues, such as adaptive scheduling, and short term forecasting. However, these programs typically do not permit the user to assess the strategic implications of different policies for flexing capacity and making alternative commitments to manufacturing plants. Recently there has been increased interest in the use of simulation models for strategic policy analysis. Simulation compares favorably to purely analytical methods that often fail to capture the complex interactions of a particular FSC. The challenge is to create an FSC simulation model that is general enough and flexible enough to allow the user to analyze the overall costs and benefits of different policies. This paper presents just such an FSC model, implemented in a system dynamics modeling language. The model is specifically designed to help the user evaluate different policies for scheduling production in the factories and policies that govern factory capacity…in terms of their impact on overall production cost and inventory turns. Preliminary results include new insights regarding the conventional wisdom that minimizing the incremental amount that a factory can fluctuate at any given point in tam will reduce cost. The model suggests the contrary, that requiring larger fluctuations actually reduces the frequency and overall magnitude of the changes without adverse impact on factory utilization. Close

• 69. [Article] Self-Organizing Signals: A Better Framework for Transit Signal Priority

  Actuated traffic signal control logic has many advantages because of its responsiveness to traffic demands, short cycles, effective use of capacity leading to and recovering from oversaturation, and amenability ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Self-Organizing Signals: A Better Framework for Transit Signal Priority Author: Furth, Peter G. Year: 2015 Actuated traffic signal control logic has many advantages because of its responsiveness to traffic demands, short cycles, effective use of capacity leading to and recovering from oversaturation, and amenability to aggressive transit priority. Its main drawback has been its inability to provide good progression along arterials. However, the traditional way of providing progression along arterials, coordinated-actuated control with a common, fixed cycle length, has many drawbacks stemming from its long cycle lengths, inflexibility in recovering from priority interruptions, and ineffective use of capacity during periods of oversaturation. This research explores a new paradigm for traffic signal control, “self-organizing signals,” based on local actuated control but with some additional rules that create coordination mechanisms. The primary new rules proposed are for secondary extensions, in which the green may be held to serve an imminently arriving platoon, and dynamic coordination, in which small groups of closely spaced signals communicate with one another to cycle synchronously with the group’s critical intersection. Simulation tests in VISSIM performed on arterial corridors in Massachusetts and Arizona show overall delay reductions of up to 14% compared to an optimized coordinated-actuated scheme where there is no transit priority, and more than 30% in scenarios with temporary oversaturation. Tests also show that with self-organizing control, transit signal priority can be more effective than with coordinated-actuated control, reducing transit delay by about 60%, or 12 to 14 s per intersection with little impact on traffic delay. Title: Self-Organizing Signals: A Better Framework for Transit Signal Priority Author: Furth, Peter G. Year: 2015 Actuated traffic signal control logic has many advantages because of its responsiveness to traffic demands, short cycles, effective use of capacity leading to and recovering from oversaturation, and amenability to aggressive transit priority. Its main drawback has been its inability to provide good progression along arterials. However, the traditional way of providing progression along arterials, coordinated-actuated control with a common, fixed cycle length, has many drawbacks stemming from its long cycle lengths, inflexibility in recovering from priority interruptions, and ineffective use of capacity during periods of oversaturation. This research explores a new paradigm for traffic signal control, “self-organizing signals,” based on local actuated control but with some additional rules that create coordination mechanisms. The primary new rules proposed are for secondary extensions, in which the green may be held to serve an imminently arriving platoon, and dynamic coordination, in which small groups of closely spaced signals communicate with one another to cycle synchronously with the group’s critical intersection. Simulation tests in VISSIM performed on arterial corridors in Massachusetts and Arizona show overall delay reductions of up to 14% compared to an optimized coordinated-actuated scheme where there is no transit priority, and more than 30% in scenarios with temporary oversaturation. Tests also show that with self-organizing control, transit signal priority can be more effective than with coordinated-actuated control, reducing transit delay by about 60%, or 12 to 14 s per intersection with little impact on traffic delay. Close

• 70. [Article] Comparative study of lightweight and normal weight concrete in flexure

  This investigation represents a comparative study of the flexural behavior of lightweight and normal weight concrete. Both theoretical and experimental moment-curvature characteristics of the tested specimens ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Comparative study of lightweight and normal weight concrete in flexure Author: Zareh, Mohammad Year: 1971 This investigation represents a comparative study of the flexural behavior of lightweight and normal weight concrete. Both theoretical and experimental moment-curvature characteristics of the tested specimens were used to study the flexural behavior. A generalized computer program to determine the moment-curvature relationships of a singly reinforced rectangular concrete beam was developed. For this limited study it was observed that lightweight concrete beams when compared to normal concrete beams achieve comparable moment capacity (about 92% of normal weight concrete) but exhibit higher deflections (about 40% more than normal weight concrete). Title: Comparative study of lightweight and normal weight concrete in flexure Author: Zareh, Mohammad Year: 1971 This investigation represents a comparative study of the flexural behavior of lightweight and normal weight concrete. Both theoretical and experimental moment-curvature characteristics of the tested specimens were used to study the flexural behavior. A generalized computer program to determine the moment-curvature relationships of a singly reinforced rectangular concrete beam was developed. For this limited study it was observed that lightweight concrete beams when compared to normal concrete beams achieve comparable moment capacity (about 92% of normal weight concrete) but exhibit higher deflections (about 40% more than normal weight concrete). Close

• 71. [Article] A Numerical Solution For The Ultimate Strength of Tubular Beam-Columns

  To provide a basis for the development of interaction curves for tubular beam-columns of annular cross section, a general purpose beam-column computer program is developed, and used to determine ultimate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Numerical Solution For The Ultimate Strength of Tubular Beam-Columns Author: Wagner, Arnold L. Year: 1976 To provide a basis for the development of interaction curves for tubular beam-columns of annular cross section, a general purpose beam-column computer program is developed, and used to determine ultimate load capacities. The paper presents the analytical model and the computer method. The analytical results are compared with published test data as well as experimental data obtained as part of this project. Title: A Numerical Solution For The Ultimate Strength of Tubular Beam-Columns Author: Wagner, Arnold L. Year: 1976 To provide a basis for the development of interaction curves for tubular beam-columns of annular cross section, a general purpose beam-column computer program is developed, and used to determine ultimate load capacities. The paper presents the analytical model and the computer method. The analytical results are compared with published test data as well as experimental data obtained as part of this project. Close

• 72. [Article] Effective force constant ratios : iron in iridium and rhodium

  Classical methods of analyzing heat capacity data for the characteristic moments of the frequency distribution are applied to iridium and rhodium. Impurity moments are determined from high and low temperature ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effective force constant ratios : iron in iridium and rhodium Author: Munsterman, Dennis Year: 1980 Classical methods of analyzing heat capacity data for the characteristic moments of the frequency distribution are applied to iridium and rhodium. Impurity moments are determined from high and low temperature f values. These moments are combined by modern theory to estimate the magnitude of the host-host to host-impurity force constant ratio. Ratios of the various host moments are also examined. Title: Effective force constant ratios : iron in iridium and rhodium Author: Munsterman, Dennis Year: 1980 Classical methods of analyzing heat capacity data for the characteristic moments of the frequency distribution are applied to iridium and rhodium. Impurity moments are determined from high and low temperature f values. These moments are combined by modern theory to estimate the magnitude of the host-host to host-impurity force constant ratio. Ratios of the various host moments are also examined. Close

• 73. [Article] Financing Mechanisms for Capacity Improvements at Interchanges

  This report examines the use of alternative local financing mechanisms for interchange and interchange area infrastructure improvements. The financing mechanisms covered include transportation impact fees, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Financing Mechanisms for Capacity Improvements at Interchanges Author: Strathman, James G., Simmons, Elizabeth Year: 2010 This report examines the use of alternative local financing mechanisms for interchange and interchange area infrastructure improvements. The financing mechanisms covered include transportation impact fees, tax increment financing, value capture financing, local improvement districts, transportation corporations, state infrastructure banks, local option transportation taxes, fair share mitigation, and transportation concurrency. The financing alternatives are assessed in the context of Interchange Area Management Plans, which are required by the Oregon Transportation Commission, as well as in the context of the Oregon Department of Transportation’s responsibilities under the state’s Transportation Planning Rule. Title: Financing Mechanisms for Capacity Improvements at Interchanges Author: Strathman, James G., Simmons, Elizabeth Year: 2010 This report examines the use of alternative local financing mechanisms for interchange and interchange area infrastructure improvements. The financing mechanisms covered include transportation impact fees, tax increment financing, value capture financing, local improvement districts, transportation corporations, state infrastructure banks, local option transportation taxes, fair share mitigation, and transportation concurrency. The financing alternatives are assessed in the context of Interchange Area Management Plans, which are required by the Oregon Transportation Commission, as well as in the context of the Oregon Department of Transportation’s responsibilities under the state’s Transportation Planning Rule. Close

• 74. [Article] Modeling Carrier Behavior in Sequential Auction Transportation Markets

  Online markets for transportation services, in the form of Internet sites that dynamically match shipments (shippers? demand) and transportation capacity (carriers? offer) through auction mechanisms are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling Carrier Behavior in Sequential Auction Transportation Markets Author: Figliozzi, Miguel Andres, Mahmassani, Hani S., Jaillet, Patrick Year: 2003 Online markets for transportation services, in the form of Internet sites that dynamically match shipments (shippers? demand) and transportation capacity (carriers? offer) through auction mechanisms are changing the traditional structure of transportation markets. A general framework for the study of carriers? behavior in a sequential auction transportation marketplace is provided. The unique characteristics of these marketplaces and the sources of difficulty in analyzing the behavior of these marketplaces are discussed. Learning and behavior in a sequential Vickrey auction marketplace is analyzed and simulated. Some results and the overall behavioral framework are also discussed. Title: Modeling Carrier Behavior in Sequential Auction Transportation Markets Author: Figliozzi, Miguel Andres, Mahmassani, Hani S., Jaillet, Patrick Year: 2003 Online markets for transportation services, in the form of Internet sites that dynamically match shipments (shippers? demand) and transportation capacity (carriers? offer) through auction mechanisms are changing the traditional structure of transportation markets. A general framework for the study of carriers? behavior in a sequential auction transportation marketplace is provided. The unique characteristics of these marketplaces and the sources of difficulty in analyzing the behavior of these marketplaces are discussed. Learning and behavior in a sequential Vickrey auction marketplace is analyzed and simulated. Some results and the overall behavioral framework are also discussed. Close

• 75. [Article] The Maximum Duration of Phonation of /a/ in Children

  Measurement of maximum duration of phonation has been suggested by several voice experts as a clinical tool for assessing vocal function (Arnold, 1955; Irwin, 1965; Yanagihara, Koike and von Leden, 1966; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Maximum Duration of Phonation of /a/ in Children Author: Lewis, Kerry Year: 1977 Measurement of maximum duration of phonation has been suggested by several voice experts as a clinical tool for assessing vocal function (Arnold, 1955; Irwin, 1965; Yanagihara, Koike and von Leden, 1966; and Boone, 1971). Most of the investigations of maximum phonation time have been conducted using adult populations. exceptions to this can be found in the studies by Launer (1971) and Coombs (1976). An apparent need, therefore, existed to investigate maximum phonation time in children. The present study was designed to investigate the affects of age, sex, height, weight and vital capacity on the maximum duration of phonation of sustained /a/ in children eight and ten years of age when controlling for pitch and intensity. Title: The Maximum Duration of Phonation of /a/ in Children Author: Lewis, Kerry Year: 1977 Measurement of maximum duration of phonation has been suggested by several voice experts as a clinical tool for assessing vocal function (Arnold, 1955; Irwin, 1965; Yanagihara, Koike and von Leden, 1966; and Boone, 1971). Most of the investigations of maximum phonation time have been conducted using adult populations. exceptions to this can be found in the studies by Launer (1971) and Coombs (1976). An apparent need, therefore, existed to investigate maximum phonation time in children. The present study was designed to investigate the affects of age, sex, height, weight and vital capacity on the maximum duration of phonation of sustained /a/ in children eight and ten years of age when controlling for pitch and intensity. Close

• 76. [Article] Reminiscence, Disengagement, and Morale in Old Age

  The purpose of this study was to test two hypotheses concerning reminiscence in old age. Reminiscence has been found to be an adaptive mechanism relating to freedom from clinical depression and to a reduced ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reminiscence, Disengagement, and Morale in Old Age Author: Hardy, Barbara Brown Year: 1972 The purpose of this study was to test two hypotheses concerning reminiscence in old age. Reminiscence has been found to be an adaptive mechanism relating to freedom from clinical depression and to a reduced discrepancy between present and past self-concepts in the face of an experimental social threat (Mc Mahon and Rhudick, 1964; Lewis, 1971). Disengagement theory (Cumming and Henry, 1961) proposes that reminiscence is adaptive because it is a defense mechanism which protects the individual from decreasing physical capacities and lack of reinforcement from society. Title: Reminiscence, Disengagement, and Morale in Old Age Author: Hardy, Barbara Brown Year: 1972 The purpose of this study was to test two hypotheses concerning reminiscence in old age. Reminiscence has been found to be an adaptive mechanism relating to freedom from clinical depression and to a reduced discrepancy between present and past self-concepts in the face of an experimental social threat (Mc Mahon and Rhudick, 1964; Lewis, 1971). Disengagement theory (Cumming and Henry, 1961) proposes that reminiscence is adaptive because it is a defense mechanism which protects the individual from decreasing physical capacities and lack of reinforcement from society. Close

• 77. [Article] Hemisphere side of damage and encoding capacity

  This study was designed to examine whether normal information processing does engage both hemispheres of the brain regardless of sensory channel (i.e., auditory or visual), and whether an opportunity for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hemisphere side of damage and encoding capacity Author: Davis, Margaret Ellen Year: 1982 This study was designed to examine whether normal information processing does engage both hemispheres of the brain regardless of sensory channel (i.e., auditory or visual), and whether an opportunity for dual encoding (verbal and visual) was advantageous for patients with unilateral brain damage. It compared memory for verbal material presented in the visual and auditory modalities among three groups: right hemisphere brain damaged stroke patients (RBD), left hemisphere brain damaged stroke patients (LBD), and neurologically intact control subjects. Title: Hemisphere side of damage and encoding capacity Author: Davis, Margaret Ellen Year: 1982 This study was designed to examine whether normal information processing does engage both hemispheres of the brain regardless of sensory channel (i.e., auditory or visual), and whether an opportunity for dual encoding (verbal and visual) was advantageous for patients with unilateral brain damage. It compared memory for verbal material presented in the visual and auditory modalities among three groups: right hemisphere brain damaged stroke patients (RBD), left hemisphere brain damaged stroke patients (LBD), and neurologically intact control subjects. Close

• 78. [Article] The political integration of the Kurds in Turkey

  The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the situation of the Kurdish minority in Turkey within the theoretical parameters of political integration. The problem: are the Kurds in Turkey politically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The political integration of the Kurds in Turkey Author: Ertur, Kathleen Palmer Year: 1979 The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the situation of the Kurdish minority in Turkey within the theoretical parameters of political integration. The problem: are the Kurds in Turkey politically integrated? Within the definition of political development generally, and of political integration specifically, are found problem areas inherent to a modernizing polity. These problem areas of identity, legitimacy, penetration, participation~ and distribution are the basis of analysis in determining the extent of political integration for the Kurds in Turkey. When these five problem areas are adequately dealt with in order to achieve the goals of equality, capacity and differentiation, political integration is achieved. Title: The political integration of the Kurds in Turkey Author: Ertur, Kathleen Palmer Year: 1979 The purpose of this thesis is to illustrate the situation of the Kurdish minority in Turkey within the theoretical parameters of political integration. The problem: are the Kurds in Turkey politically integrated? Within the definition of political development generally, and of political integration specifically, are found problem areas inherent to a modernizing polity. These problem areas of identity, legitimacy, penetration, participation~ and distribution are the basis of analysis in determining the extent of political integration for the Kurds in Turkey. When these five problem areas are adequately dealt with in order to achieve the goals of equality, capacity and differentiation, political integration is achieved. Close

• 79. [Article] A Biochemical Analysis of Viscin from Arceuthobium Tsugense

  The viscin coating of seeds from Arceuthobium tsugense was analyzed histochemically. The results indicated that the viscin is composed of two components. The first is a muculagenous pectic compound which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Biochemical Analysis of Viscin from Arceuthobium Tsugense Author: Paquet, Peter J. Year: 1975 The viscin coating of seeds from Arceuthobium tsugense was analyzed histochemically. The results indicated that the viscin is composed of two components. The first is a muculagenous pectic compound which surrounds the entire seed and accounts for a number of observed phenomenon such as stickiness, water holding capacity and the ability to undergo repeated drying and rehydration. The second component is made up of a large number of cellulose strands which are attached to the endocarp and run throughout the pectic coating. Scanning electron micrographs show that they are thought to be important in maintaining the integrity of the pectic coating. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to establishment of the parasite. Title: A Biochemical Analysis of Viscin from Arceuthobium Tsugense Author: Paquet, Peter J. Year: 1975 The viscin coating of seeds from Arceuthobium tsugense was analyzed histochemically. The results indicated that the viscin is composed of two components. The first is a muculagenous pectic compound which surrounds the entire seed and accounts for a number of observed phenomenon such as stickiness, water holding capacity and the ability to undergo repeated drying and rehydration. The second component is made up of a large number of cellulose strands which are attached to the endocarp and run throughout the pectic coating. Scanning electron micrographs show that they are thought to be important in maintaining the integrity of the pectic coating. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to establishment of the parasite. Close

• 80. [Article] A Careful Poetics: Caring Imagination, Caring Habits, and Haiku

  This article contributes to the philosophical discourse of care studies and the growing interest in an aesthetic approach to care. Care ethics is a relational approach to morality first identified in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Careful Poetics: Caring Imagination, Caring Habits, and Haiku Author: Rosenow, Ce, Hamington, Maurice Year: 2017 This article contributes to the philosophical discourse of care studies and the growing interest in an aesthetic approach to care. Care ethics is a relational approach to morality first identified in the 1980s in the work of feminist theorists and today enjoys a wide academic discussion in philosophy, political theory, education theory, and medical ethics. Through a consideration of the embodied aspects of care as well as an analysis of several representative haiku, the authors argue that haiku supports the development of care capacities because it engages a caring imagination, helps people develop caring knowledge, and potentially encourages caring behavior. Title: A Careful Poetics: Caring Imagination, Caring Habits, and Haiku Author: Rosenow, Ce, Hamington, Maurice Year: 2017 This article contributes to the philosophical discourse of care studies and the growing interest in an aesthetic approach to care. Care ethics is a relational approach to morality first identified in the 1980s in the work of feminist theorists and today enjoys a wide academic discussion in philosophy, political theory, education theory, and medical ethics. Through a consideration of the embodied aspects of care as well as an analysis of several representative haiku, the authors argue that haiku supports the development of care capacities because it engages a caring imagination, helps people develop caring knowledge, and potentially encourages caring behavior. Close

• 81. [Article] Hierarchical Decision Modeling: Essays in Honor of Dundar F. Kocaoglu

  This volume, developed in honor of Dr. Dundar F. Kocaoglu, aims to demonstrate the applications of the Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) in different sectors and its capacity in decision analysis. It is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hierarchical Decision Modeling: Essays in Honor of Dundar F. Kocaoglu Author: Kocaoglu, Dundar F., Daim, Tugrul Unsal Year: 2015 This volume, developed in honor of Dr. Dundar F. Kocaoglu, aims to demonstrate the applications of the Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) in different sectors and its capacity in decision analysis. It is comprised of essays from noted scholars, academics and researchers of engineering and technology management around the world. This book is organized into four parts: technology assessment, strategic planning, national technology planning and decision making tools. Title: Hierarchical Decision Modeling: Essays in Honor of Dundar F. Kocaoglu Author: Kocaoglu, Dundar F., Daim, Tugrul Unsal Year: 2015 This volume, developed in honor of Dr. Dundar F. Kocaoglu, aims to demonstrate the applications of the Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM) in different sectors and its capacity in decision analysis. It is comprised of essays from noted scholars, academics and researchers of engineering and technology management around the world. This book is organized into four parts: technology assessment, strategic planning, national technology planning and decision making tools. Close

• 82. [Article] Managing our environmental portfolio

  No set of issues has tended to separate economists and ecologists, especially in the mind of the public, more than those surrounding the linkages between economic growth, human carrying capacity, and the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Managing our environmental portfolio Author: Costanza, Robert, Daly, Herman E., Folke, Carl, Hawken, Paul, Holling, C. S., McMichael, A. J., Pimentel, David, Rapport, David Year: 2000 No set of issues has tended to separate economists and ecologists, especially in the mind of the public, more than those surrounding the linkages between economic growth, human carrying capacity, and the environment. The general lack of interest among the majority of economists in problems of the environment and a parallel lack of interest among the majority of ecologists in economic issues, combined with a lack of dialogue between the two groups, has allowed extreme positions to take hold in the public debate and to influence policy to an inordinate degree. Title: Managing our environmental portfolio Author: Costanza, Robert, Daly, Herman E., Folke, Carl, Hawken, Paul, Holling, C. S., McMichael, A. J., Pimentel, David, Rapport, David Year: 2000 No set of issues has tended to separate economists and ecologists, especially in the mind of the public, more than those surrounding the linkages between economic growth, human carrying capacity, and the environment. The general lack of interest among the majority of economists in problems of the environment and a parallel lack of interest among the majority of ecologists in economic issues, combined with a lack of dialogue between the two groups, has allowed extreme positions to take hold in the public debate and to influence policy to an inordinate degree. Close

• 83. [Article] Action Plan for an Age-Friendly Portland

  The goal of this Action Plan is to enhance Portland, Oregon’s age friendliness. As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), an "age friendly" city: has structures and services that are accessible ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Action Plan for an Age-Friendly Portland Author: The Age-Friendly Portland Advisory Council Year: 2013 The goal of this Action Plan is to enhance Portland, Oregon’s age friendliness. As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), an "age friendly" city: has structures and services that are accessible and inclusive of older people with varying needs and capacities emphasizes enablement rather than disablement, and is friendly for people of all ages and abilities The action steps that comprise this plan are intended to move Portland toward future development and activities that foster not only physical environments but also social and service environments that meet these criteria, making Portland a community for all ages. Title: Action Plan for an Age-Friendly Portland Author: The Age-Friendly Portland Advisory Council Year: 2013 The goal of this Action Plan is to enhance Portland, Oregon’s age friendliness. As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), an "age friendly" city: has structures and services that are accessible and inclusive of older people with varying needs and capacities emphasizes enablement rather than disablement, and is friendly for people of all ages and abilities The action steps that comprise this plan are intended to move Portland toward future development and activities that foster not only physical environments but also social and service environments that meet these criteria, making Portland a community for all ages. Close

• 84. [Article] Adaptive Reflex Control for an Artificial Hand

  In this paper we illustrate the properties and the morphology of a human like neural reflex controller, used to set the stiffness and joint positions of an anthropomorphic artificial hand. In particular ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Adaptive Reflex Control for an Artificial Hand Author: Flogheraiter, Michele, Gini, Giuseppina, Perkowski, Marek, Pivtoraiko, Mikhail Year: 2003 In this paper we illustrate the properties and the morphology of a human like neural reflex controller, used to set the stiffness and joint positions of an anthropomorphic artificial hand. In particular we explain, by simulations results, its ability to emulate the myotatic human reflex, and its capacity to learn in real time the best control strategy. We also present the dynamic model of the joints and of the artificial muscles used in Blackfingers, our artificial hand. Title: Adaptive Reflex Control for an Artificial Hand Author: Flogheraiter, Michele, Gini, Giuseppina, Perkowski, Marek, Pivtoraiko, Mikhail Year: 2003 In this paper we illustrate the properties and the morphology of a human like neural reflex controller, used to set the stiffness and joint positions of an anthropomorphic artificial hand. In particular we explain, by simulations results, its ability to emulate the myotatic human reflex, and its capacity to learn in real time the best control strategy. We also present the dynamic model of the joints and of the artificial muscles used in Blackfingers, our artificial hand. Close

• 85. [Article] Manufactured Home Parks: NORCs Awaiting Discovery

  This paper examines manufactured home parks as a type of naturally occurring retirement community and considers the potential for adding social service programs (NORC-SSP) to enable further aging in place. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Manufactured Home Parks: NORCs Awaiting Discovery Author: Tremoulet, Andrée Year: 2010 This paper examines manufactured home parks as a type of naturally occurring retirement community and considers the potential for adding social service programs (NORC-SSP) to enable further aging in place. An analysis of six focus group interviews with 48 residents found that the physical and social environment promoted a sense of safety and community, and that this housing option was an intentional lifestyle choice. Risks included the possibility of bad management and park closure. Manufactured home parks were found to offer an attractive option for exploring a NORC-SSP model that builds on residents' assets and community capacity. Title: Manufactured Home Parks: NORCs Awaiting Discovery Author: Tremoulet, Andrée Year: 2010 This paper examines manufactured home parks as a type of naturally occurring retirement community and considers the potential for adding social service programs (NORC-SSP) to enable further aging in place. An analysis of six focus group interviews with 48 residents found that the physical and social environment promoted a sense of safety and community, and that this housing option was an intentional lifestyle choice. Risks included the possibility of bad management and park closure. Manufactured home parks were found to offer an attractive option for exploring a NORC-SSP model that builds on residents' assets and community capacity. Close

• 86. [Article] Strategic Directions for Service-Learning Research: A Presidential Perspective

  Discusses service learning research, emphasizing: why institutions are interested in service learning; service learning to promote community involvement; college presidents' role in promoting service learning; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Strategic Directions for Service-Learning Research: A Presidential Perspective Author: Ramaley, Judith A. Year: 2000 Discusses service learning research, emphasizing: why institutions are interested in service learning; service learning to promote community involvement; college presidents' role in promoting service learning; creating the capacity for change; and a research agenda. Emphasizes how much can be gained from communication between higher education researchers, program managers, and campus leaders, with the scholar/president as the bridge between them. Title: Strategic Directions for Service-Learning Research: A Presidential Perspective Author: Ramaley, Judith A. Year: 2000 Discusses service learning research, emphasizing: why institutions are interested in service learning; service learning to promote community involvement; college presidents' role in promoting service learning; creating the capacity for change; and a research agenda. Emphasizes how much can be gained from communication between higher education researchers, program managers, and campus leaders, with the scholar/president as the bridge between them. Close

• 87. [Article] Expanding and Sustaining Partnerships: Characteristics of Successful University Community Partnerships

  The Community Outreach Partnership Centers (COPC) Program requires adaptations in the university environment. We must examine and reinterpret (1) the roles and responsibilities of faculty;(2) the design ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Expanding and Sustaining Partnerships: Characteristics of Successful University Community Partnerships Author: Ramaley, Judith A. Year: 1998 The Community Outreach Partnership Centers (COPC) Program requires adaptations in the university environment. We must examine and reinterpret (1) the roles and responsibilities of faculty;(2) the design of the undergraduate curriculum; (3) the structures of the university that create the capacity and support to sustain different working relationships with the community; and (4) our definitions of success and quality. Title: Expanding and Sustaining Partnerships: Characteristics of Successful University Community Partnerships Author: Ramaley, Judith A. Year: 1998 The Community Outreach Partnership Centers (COPC) Program requires adaptations in the university environment. We must examine and reinterpret (1) the roles and responsibilities of faculty;(2) the design of the undergraduate curriculum; (3) the structures of the university that create the capacity and support to sustain different working relationships with the community; and (4) our definitions of success and quality. Close

• 88. [Article] Educating for a Changing World: The Importance of an Equity Mindset

  Our nation's colleges and universities are being asked to play demanding roles in creating the capacity for active and engaged collaboration and collective action to address complex challenges that are ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Educating for a Changing World: The Importance of an Equity Mindset Author: Ramaley, Judith A. Year: 2014 Our nation's colleges and universities are being asked to play demanding roles in creating the capacity for active and engaged collaboration and collective action to address complex challenges that are shaping the world we live in. An essential ingredient of any effort to build healthy communities for any purpose, including education, is the cultivation of equity and inclusion. In this article, we discuss what these terms mean in practice and how to draw upon the talents and experiences of all the members of a diverse community in order to understand and address the pressing social, cultural, economic, and environmental challenges we face in our communities and around the globe. Title: Educating for a Changing World: The Importance of an Equity Mindset Author: Ramaley, Judith A. Year: 2014 Our nation's colleges and universities are being asked to play demanding roles in creating the capacity for active and engaged collaboration and collective action to address complex challenges that are shaping the world we live in. An essential ingredient of any effort to build healthy communities for any purpose, including education, is the cultivation of equity and inclusion. In this article, we discuss what these terms mean in practice and how to draw upon the talents and experiences of all the members of a diverse community in order to understand and address the pressing social, cultural, economic, and environmental challenges we face in our communities and around the globe. Close

• 89. [Article] Effects of Truncation on Language Sample Analysis in Aphasia

  The goal of this study is to determine if the length of a language sample elicited from a person with aphasia (PWA) is of consequence when making inferences about the patient's functional language ability. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Truncation on Language Sample Analysis in Aphasia Author: Fergadiotis, Gerasimos, Harris Wright, Heather Year: 2013 The goal of this study is to determine if the length of a language sample elicited from a person with aphasia (PWA) is of consequence when making inferences about the patient's functional language ability. When conducting a language sample analysis, a sample representing a snapshot in time is used to make inferences about an individual's language capacity in general. However, current findings are inconclusive regarding the ideal length of the language sample necessary to draw valid conclusions about patients (e.g. Heilman, Nockerts, & Miller, 2010). Title: Effects of Truncation on Language Sample Analysis in Aphasia Author: Fergadiotis, Gerasimos, Harris Wright, Heather Year: 2013 The goal of this study is to determine if the length of a language sample elicited from a person with aphasia (PWA) is of consequence when making inferences about the patient's functional language ability. When conducting a language sample analysis, a sample representing a snapshot in time is used to make inferences about an individual's language capacity in general. However, current findings are inconclusive regarding the ideal length of the language sample necessary to draw valid conclusions about patients (e.g. Heilman, Nockerts, & Miller, 2010). Close

• 90. [Article] Federal Transit Administration's Impact on Public Transportation in the United States

  The Federal Transit Administration invests in building the capacity and improving the quality of public transportation throughout the United States of America. Under FTA's leadership, public rail, bus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Federal Transit Administration's Impact on Public Transportation in the United States Author: Changchien, Amy Year: 2014 The Federal Transit Administration invests in building the capacity and improving the quality of public transportation throughout the United States of America. Under FTA's leadership, public rail, bus, trolley, ferry, and other transit services have reached greater levels of safety, reliability, availability, and accessibility. Come hear the highlights of FTA's impacts and participate in an interactive question/answer session and discussion on career options in public transportation. Title: Federal Transit Administration's Impact on Public Transportation in the United States Author: Changchien, Amy Year: 2014 The Federal Transit Administration invests in building the capacity and improving the quality of public transportation throughout the United States of America. Under FTA's leadership, public rail, bus, trolley, ferry, and other transit services have reached greater levels of safety, reliability, availability, and accessibility. Come hear the highlights of FTA's impacts and participate in an interactive question/answer session and discussion on career options in public transportation. Close

• 91. [Article] GIS Tools for Bicycle Network Analysis and Planning

  This presentation is a showcase of various GIS tools developed for bicycle network analysis and planning. The showcase includes a tool for assessing community-wide bikeability, a tool for forecasting bicycle ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: GIS Tools for Bicycle Network Analysis and Planning Author: Lowry, Mike Year: 2014 This presentation is a showcase of various GIS tools developed for bicycle network analysis and planning. The showcase includes a tool for assessing community-wide bikeability, a tool for forecasting bicycle volumes based on street topology, and a tool for evaluating different bicycle improvement plans in terms of exposure to danger situations for bicyclists. The tools will be demonstrated with case study data. The presentation will include a review of the Highway Capacity Manual Bicycle Level of Service and a discussion about using bicycle and pedestrian data collected through citizen-volunteer count programs. Title: GIS Tools for Bicycle Network Analysis and Planning Author: Lowry, Mike Year: 2014 This presentation is a showcase of various GIS tools developed for bicycle network analysis and planning. The showcase includes a tool for assessing community-wide bikeability, a tool for forecasting bicycle volumes based on street topology, and a tool for evaluating different bicycle improvement plans in terms of exposure to danger situations for bicyclists. The tools will be demonstrated with case study data. The presentation will include a review of the Highway Capacity Manual Bicycle Level of Service and a discussion about using bicycle and pedestrian data collected through citizen-volunteer count programs. Close

• 92. [Article] Bike Planning Methods in Oregon Communities

  In this seminar, Tara Weidner will discuss changes in the works to the State Analysis Procedures Manual (APM) to include three graduated levels of bike planning methods for use in Oregon communities, based ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bike Planning Methods in Oregon Communities Author: Weidner, Tara Year: 2014 In this seminar, Tara Weidner will discuss changes in the works to the State Analysis Procedures Manual (APM) to include three graduated levels of bike planning methods for use in Oregon communities, based on community size, data needs, and planning stage. These include the Bike Level of Traffic Stress (BLTS), a sketch tool used to assess bike network connectivity, the data-heavy Highway Capacity Manual Multi-modal Level of Service (MMLOS) procedures, and a simplified MMLOS developed by the same researchers. Title: Bike Planning Methods in Oregon Communities Author: Weidner, Tara Year: 2014 In this seminar, Tara Weidner will discuss changes in the works to the State Analysis Procedures Manual (APM) to include three graduated levels of bike planning methods for use in Oregon communities, based on community size, data needs, and planning stage. These include the Bike Level of Traffic Stress (BLTS), a sketch tool used to assess bike network connectivity, the data-heavy Highway Capacity Manual Multi-modal Level of Service (MMLOS) procedures, and a simplified MMLOS developed by the same researchers. Close

• 93. [Article] Optimization of an Integrated Circuit Manufacturing Process Using Linear Programming Techniques

  This report develops a Linear Programming Model to optimize the integrated circuit manufacturing process relative to business demand. Management must optimize equipment utilization and use excess capacity ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimization of an Integrated Circuit Manufacturing Process Using Linear Programming Techniques Author: Atkin, Sharon, Brayton, Darice, Lim, Hogan, Long, Tom, Richwine, Reynold, White, Kraig Year: 1990 This report develops a Linear Programming Model to optimize the integrated circuit manufacturing process relative to business demand. Management must optimize equipment utilization and use excess capacity with opportunistic incremental business. This model is constructed to make a selection from several potential customers based on the specific requirements of the customers and constraints of the equipment for each unique set of deliverables. The model will be valid for use over the next year, and could be utilized by company management in committing to opportunities, and by production scheduling personnel to determine production run quantities. Title: Optimization of an Integrated Circuit Manufacturing Process Using Linear Programming Techniques Author: Atkin, Sharon, Brayton, Darice, Lim, Hogan, Long, Tom, Richwine, Reynold, White, Kraig Year: 1990 This report develops a Linear Programming Model to optimize the integrated circuit manufacturing process relative to business demand. Management must optimize equipment utilization and use excess capacity with opportunistic incremental business. This model is constructed to make a selection from several potential customers based on the specific requirements of the customers and constraints of the equipment for each unique set of deliverables. The model will be valid for use over the next year, and could be utilized by company management in committing to opportunities, and by production scheduling personnel to determine production run quantities. Close

• 94. [Article] Computer Job Scheduling: A Simulation Project

  This is a final report of a project investigating the use of ProModel Manufacturing Simulation Software as a tool for capacity planning and performance evaluation of a large scale multi-processing computer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Computer Job Scheduling: A Simulation Project Author: Munz, Jim Year: 1993 This is a final report of a project investigating the use of ProModel Manufacturing Simulation Software as a tool for capacity planning and performance evaluation of a large scale multi-processing computer system. One significant finding of this project is the ease with which ProModel was able to simulate the computer environment. This software may have provided too many alternative ways to model the various features and characteristics of the system. It also proved to be easy to modify, which allowed me to examine several different approaches to simulating the computer environment and testing different approaches to solving the scheduling problem. Title: Computer Job Scheduling: A Simulation Project Author: Munz, Jim Year: 1993 This is a final report of a project investigating the use of ProModel Manufacturing Simulation Software as a tool for capacity planning and performance evaluation of a large scale multi-processing computer system. One significant finding of this project is the ease with which ProModel was able to simulate the computer environment. This software may have provided too many alternative ways to model the various features and characteristics of the system. It also proved to be easy to modify, which allowed me to examine several different approaches to simulating the computer environment and testing different approaches to solving the scheduling problem. Close

• 95. [Article] Operation Research Final Team Project

  Optimizing the best possible routes for transporting materials, while following various capacity, demand and scheduling constraints is a fairly common problem in the manufacturing industry. For our project, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Operation Research Final Team Project Author: Ramakrishna, Akash, Ramesh, Bhavana, Aikath, Devdeep, Wei, Lei Year: 2016 Optimizing the best possible routes for transporting materials, while following various capacity, demand and scheduling constraints is a fairly common problem in the manufacturing industry. For our project, we worked with SeQuential Biofuels, a company that needs to optimize transport of their raw material from their depots in California to their plant in Oregon. We used a combination of a transportation and scheduling models to create a model, that not only takes into account the dynamic nature of their constraints, but provides a holistic solution. Title: Operation Research Final Team Project Author: Ramakrishna, Akash, Ramesh, Bhavana, Aikath, Devdeep, Wei, Lei Year: 2016 Optimizing the best possible routes for transporting materials, while following various capacity, demand and scheduling constraints is a fairly common problem in the manufacturing industry. For our project, we worked with SeQuential Biofuels, a company that needs to optimize transport of their raw material from their depots in California to their plant in Oregon. We used a combination of a transportation and scheduling models to create a model, that not only takes into account the dynamic nature of their constraints, but provides a holistic solution. Close

• 96. [Article] Minimization of Cost for an Instrumentation Production Line

  A single oscilloscope production line manufactures four types of products on a continuous basis. The workers and equipment are able to manufacture any of the four products flexibly, and do so regularly. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Minimization of Cost for an Instrumentation Production Line Author: Sobole, Laura, Bennington-Davis, Tim Year: 1992 A single oscilloscope production line manufactures four types of products on a continuous basis. The workers and equipment are able to manufacture any of the four products flexibly, and do so regularly. The demand for these four types of products is forecasted a year in advance. Given expected demand combined with known capacity of the line, minimizing the cost of production becomes a primary goal. As a project, this team extracted data from the company in which the production line operates and formulated a linear program. From the solution of this linear program the team suggested alternatives and generated a set of linear programs to match. Sensitivity analysis and obvious points of continued work are outlined for feedback to the company. Title: Minimization of Cost for an Instrumentation Production Line Author: Sobole, Laura, Bennington-Davis, Tim Year: 1992 A single oscilloscope production line manufactures four types of products on a continuous basis. The workers and equipment are able to manufacture any of the four products flexibly, and do so regularly. The demand for these four types of products is forecasted a year in advance. Given expected demand combined with known capacity of the line, minimizing the cost of production becomes a primary goal. As a project, this team extracted data from the company in which the production line operates and formulated a linear program. From the solution of this linear program the team suggested alternatives and generated a set of linear programs to match. Sensitivity analysis and obvious points of continued work are outlined for feedback to the company. Close

• 97. [Article] Re-conceptualizing Access: The New Role of Information Literacy in Post-Secondary Education

  In this paper, we propose a new conceptual model of access in which information literacy plays a vital role in understanding and utilizing information to its fullest potential. The traditional approach, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Re-conceptualizing Access: The New Role of Information Literacy in Post-Secondary Education Author: Andreae, Jennifer, Anderson, Erin Year: 2012 In this paper, we propose a new conceptual model of access in which information literacy plays a vital role in understanding and utilizing information to its fullest potential. The traditional approach, where access is equated to a static item (such as a computer lab or a list of links on a website), limits post-secondary students in their capacity to effectively navigate through the ever expanding plethora of information. Our new model, in which technological and information literacies are equally combined to form a true access outcome, offers a simple framework for post-secondary institutions to re-conceptualize access. Title: Re-conceptualizing Access: The New Role of Information Literacy in Post-Secondary Education Author: Andreae, Jennifer, Anderson, Erin Year: 2012 In this paper, we propose a new conceptual model of access in which information literacy plays a vital role in understanding and utilizing information to its fullest potential. The traditional approach, where access is equated to a static item (such as a computer lab or a list of links on a website), limits post-secondary students in their capacity to effectively navigate through the ever expanding plethora of information. Our new model, in which technological and information literacies are equally combined to form a true access outcome, offers a simple framework for post-secondary institutions to re-conceptualize access. Close

• 98. [Article] Navigating the Edges: An Examination of the Relationship between Boundary Spanning, Social Learning, and Partnership Capacity in Water Resource Management

  This study proposes a framework for measuring and explaining partnership formation and resilience. The motivation for this study is that we currently do not understand the precise mechanism by which partnerships ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Navigating the Edges: An Examination of the Relationship between Boundary Spanning, Social Learning, and Partnership Capacity in Water Resource Management Author: Brown, Stephan Edward Year: 2011 This study proposes a framework for measuring and explaining partnership formation and resilience. The motivation for this study is that we currently do not understand the precise mechanism by which partnerships form or how they stay together in the face of change. The framework draws on a design view of systems to argue that partnerships manage change through boundary spanning practices that operate on multiple levels of social reality. The literature suggests that there are many different types of boundary spanning practices. Some types foster social-technical innovations called "boundary objects" while others facilitate the progressive standardization of those practices through the comparison and selection of boundary objects by social actors who are themselves transformed by their adoption of these objects. The framework proposes a way to measure partnership capacity and social learning that corresponds to the orders of boundary spanning practices. It furthermore proposes three hypotheses, one concerned with partnership formation and two concerned with resilience. The first hypothesis states that partnerships form through a convergence of boundary spanning practices and a community of practice. Convergence depends on a host of factors, including the capacity of innovators and early adopters to leverage their early successes to build additional capital to further promote and eventually institutionalize their boundary spanning practices. The second hypothesis predicts that partnerships that demonstrate a pattern of alignment practices integrating operational and strategic concerns will tend to oscillate within a defined range of partnership functions or "states" (restricted resilience). The third hypothesis predicts that partnerships that inculcate a learning culture of institutional design practices will tend to persist under a theoretically limitless range of environmental demands (general resilience). To assess the framework, four case studies of water resource management partnerships in the Columbia River Basin were carried out. Data collection centered on interviews with boundary spanners, field trips, and secondary data. The results partially confirmed the first hypothesis, while evaluations of the resilience hypotheses were inconclusive. However, boundary spanning practices were catalogued according to the various types of partnership processes to demonstrate how the methodology can be used for cross-case comparisons and theory-building. Title: Navigating the Edges: An Examination of the Relationship between Boundary Spanning, Social Learning, and Partnership Capacity in Water Resource Management Author: Brown, Stephan Edward Year: 2011 This study proposes a framework for measuring and explaining partnership formation and resilience. The motivation for this study is that we currently do not understand the precise mechanism by which partnerships form or how they stay together in the face of change. The framework draws on a design view of systems to argue that partnerships manage change through boundary spanning practices that operate on multiple levels of social reality. The literature suggests that there are many different types of boundary spanning practices. Some types foster social-technical innovations called "boundary objects" while others facilitate the progressive standardization of those practices through the comparison and selection of boundary objects by social actors who are themselves transformed by their adoption of these objects. The framework proposes a way to measure partnership capacity and social learning that corresponds to the orders of boundary spanning practices. It furthermore proposes three hypotheses, one concerned with partnership formation and two concerned with resilience. The first hypothesis states that partnerships form through a convergence of boundary spanning practices and a community of practice. Convergence depends on a host of factors, including the capacity of innovators and early adopters to leverage their early successes to build additional capital to further promote and eventually institutionalize their boundary spanning practices. The second hypothesis predicts that partnerships that demonstrate a pattern of alignment practices integrating operational and strategic concerns will tend to oscillate within a defined range of partnership functions or "states" (restricted resilience). The third hypothesis predicts that partnerships that inculcate a learning culture of institutional design practices will tend to persist under a theoretically limitless range of environmental demands (general resilience). To assess the framework, four case studies of water resource management partnerships in the Columbia River Basin were carried out. Data collection centered on interviews with boundary spanners, field trips, and secondary data. The results partially confirmed the first hypothesis, while evaluations of the resilience hypotheses were inconclusive. However, boundary spanning practices were catalogued according to the various types of partnership processes to demonstrate how the methodology can be used for cross-case comparisons and theory-building. Close

• 99. [Article] State Industrial Policy and the Autonomy of State Leaders: Evidence from the Oregon Experience

  This research identifies variables that determined the amount of autonomy Oregon's gubernatorial leadership possessed in formulating and implementing the Regional Strategies program, centerpiece of industrial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: State Industrial Policy and the Autonomy of State Leaders: Evidence from the Oregon Experience Author: Slavin, Matthew I. Year: 1992 This research identifies variables that determined the amount of autonomy Oregon's gubernatorial leadership possessed in formulating and implementing the Regional Strategies program, centerpiece of industrial policy in Oregon during the latter half of the 1980s. The literature on state industrial policy points to instances in which the leaders of America's state governments are acting autonomously. Gubernatorial actors appear to be formulating industrial policy goals independent of powerful non-state groups and other state actors and developing the capacity to transform their policy preferences into authoritative actions. The literature is largely devoid, however, of any systematic accounting of the variables that determine the extent to which gubernatorial actors possess autonomy. Drawing upon interviews with key actors involved in formulating and implementing the Regional Strategies initiative and document research, this case study points to five principal sources of variation in gubernatorial success. These are as follows: (I) Economic crisis. The inability of longstanding industrial recruitment practices to reconcile divisions caused by Oregon's deepest recession since the Great Depression eroded support for existing state economic development arrangements, enabling Oregon's newly elected Governor Neil Goldschmidt to reform state economic development policy along industrial policy lines and accumulate discretionary authority for state economic development spending denied his predecessors. (2) The division of power between the executive and legislative branches of Oregon state government. Reacting to tensions founded in localism, regionalism, and concern with having its authority usurped, Oregon's legislature placed limitations upon Governor Goldschmidt's industrial policy mandate. Legislatively-enforced measures precluded the competitive evaluation of local economic restructuring plans, frustrating a key Administration goal, and instead made equity and political expediency the driving force behind key industrial policy decisions. Legislators also denied the Administration authority it was seeking over semi-autonomous state agencies, impeding its plan to consolidate control over state economic development policymaking. 3) State fiscal capacity. Industrial recruitment's failure led voters to establish a statewide lottery with proceeds dedicated to economic development. The lottery expanded Oregon's fiscal capacity for economic development, providing the Goldschmidt administration an instrument with which to fund industrial policy. (4) The degree to which local interests were fiscally dependent upon state revenues. Administration success in securing key industrial policy goals was a direct consequence of its ability to use the discretionary authority it possessed over lottery spending to enforce local compliance with its policy preferences. The Administration proved more successful in circumstances in which local authorities were fiscally dependent upon gubernatorial controlled state lottery revenues for funding local economic development projects than in instances in which local interests were independent of the state for revenues. (5) The character of private capital investment. Economic development is contingent upon the investment of private assets, over which Oregon's political leadership exercised little direct control. The failure of anticipated private investment to materialize frustrated Administration plans to use lottery money to leverage private investment in favored projects. Investment induced by Oregon's industrial policy initiative was likely to promote job growth in low wage sectors, frustrating the Administration's goal of using industrial policy to generate high wage jobs. Title: State Industrial Policy and the Autonomy of State Leaders: Evidence from the Oregon Experience Author: Slavin, Matthew I. Year: 1992 This research identifies variables that determined the amount of autonomy Oregon's gubernatorial leadership possessed in formulating and implementing the Regional Strategies program, centerpiece of industrial policy in Oregon during the latter half of the 1980s. The literature on state industrial policy points to instances in which the leaders of America's state governments are acting autonomously. Gubernatorial actors appear to be formulating industrial policy goals independent of powerful non-state groups and other state actors and developing the capacity to transform their policy preferences into authoritative actions. The literature is largely devoid, however, of any systematic accounting of the variables that determine the extent to which gubernatorial actors possess autonomy. Drawing upon interviews with key actors involved in formulating and implementing the Regional Strategies initiative and document research, this case study points to five principal sources of variation in gubernatorial success. These are as follows: (I) Economic crisis. The inability of longstanding industrial recruitment practices to reconcile divisions caused by Oregon's deepest recession since the Great Depression eroded support for existing state economic development arrangements, enabling Oregon's newly elected Governor Neil Goldschmidt to reform state economic development policy along industrial policy lines and accumulate discretionary authority for state economic development spending denied his predecessors. (2) The division of power between the executive and legislative branches of Oregon state government. Reacting to tensions founded in localism, regionalism, and concern with having its authority usurped, Oregon's legislature placed limitations upon Governor Goldschmidt's industrial policy mandate. Legislatively-enforced measures precluded the competitive evaluation of local economic restructuring plans, frustrating a key Administration goal, and instead made equity and political expediency the driving force behind key industrial policy decisions. Legislators also denied the Administration authority it was seeking over semi-autonomous state agencies, impeding its plan to consolidate control over state economic development policymaking. 3) State fiscal capacity. Industrial recruitment's failure led voters to establish a statewide lottery with proceeds dedicated to economic development. The lottery expanded Oregon's fiscal capacity for economic development, providing the Goldschmidt administration an instrument with which to fund industrial policy. (4) The degree to which local interests were fiscally dependent upon state revenues. Administration success in securing key industrial policy goals was a direct consequence of its ability to use the discretionary authority it possessed over lottery spending to enforce local compliance with its policy preferences. The Administration proved more successful in circumstances in which local authorities were fiscally dependent upon gubernatorial controlled state lottery revenues for funding local economic development projects than in instances in which local interests were independent of the state for revenues. (5) The character of private capital investment. Economic development is contingent upon the investment of private assets, over which Oregon's political leadership exercised little direct control. The failure of anticipated private investment to materialize frustrated Administration plans to use lottery money to leverage private investment in favored projects. Investment induced by Oregon's industrial policy initiative was likely to promote job growth in low wage sectors, frustrating the Administration's goal of using industrial policy to generate high wage jobs. Close

• 100. [Article] A Girl Power Study: Looking and Listening to the Role of Emotions and Relationality in Developing Critical Consciousness

  The concept of critical consciousness centers on the capacity for involvement in social change efforts. Its development has been the aim of many recent social movements (e.g., the consciousness raising ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Girl Power Study: Looking and Listening to the Role of Emotions and Relationality in Developing Critical Consciousness Author: Wallin-Ruschman, Jennifer Year: 2014 The concept of critical consciousness centers on the capacity for involvement in social change efforts. Its development has been the aim of many recent social movements (e.g., the consciousness raising groups of the women's movement). In this work, critical consciousness is defined as the highest level of socio-political-cultural (SPC) consciousness development. SPC consciousness is characterized by the linking of the personal and the political so that structures and discourses of oppression are not only understood but also lead to critical action and transforming relations of domination. Additionally, critical consciousness includes the ability to tolerate ambivalence and conflict as well as the capacity to form group identifications that support critical reflection. While critical consciousness can develop in a variety of settings, it has a historical affinity with liberation education projects, particularly education projects that combine Critical Pedagogy and community engaged learning. Empirical inquiry on critical consciousness development is extremely limited. This dissertation addresses that gap, focusing specifically on the role of emotion and relationality in critical consciousness development. Further, the study offers a feminist critique of the literature, addressing as well the contribution of Community Psychology to conceptualizing critical consciousness. This dissertation analyzes data gathered through the Girl Power Senior Capstone, a course routinely taught at an urban Pacific Northwest public university. The six-hour course lasts for one quarter-term and integrates classroom time with community engagement. A central aim of the course is the development of critical consciousness. Specifically, the research was designed to address the following questions: 1) How are emotionally and relationally significant Girl Power experiences related to SPC consciousness development? 2) What tensions arise between the dominant culture and/or significant others' values and the values of the Girl Power capstone and how do these tensions move individuals toward or away from critical consciousness? The theoretical framework and interview schedule were guided by participant observation of the Girl Power course conducted over an academic term. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with all consenting and available capstone participants (N=10) in the course where participant-observations were carried out. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed based on a modified version of Carol Gilligan's Listening Guide. Two primary themes emerged from the data analysis-- the processes of awakening and sources of dissonance. The first theme relates to the processes of transformation that participants undergo during and following the course. Participants discuss this process as coming to see the world in a new way though their emotional experiences and relations developed in the course. The second theme, sources of dissonance, addresses sources of conflict that emerge as participants undergo this process of awakening. Areas of tension that were particularly salient centered on relationships and experiences in the course. Participants identified experiences in the course that they perceived as contributing in key respects to SPC consciousness. Yet some aspects of change in the course seemed to reflect limiting capacities, including magical thinking, a limited range of critical action strategies, and lack of critical community post Girl Power. The findings from the dissertation can be used to inform the creation and implementation of future projects of critical consciousness development and social justice work more broadly. Title: A Girl Power Study: Looking and Listening to the Role of Emotions and Relationality in Developing Critical Consciousness Author: Wallin-Ruschman, Jennifer Year: 2014 The concept of critical consciousness centers on the capacity for involvement in social change efforts. Its development has been the aim of many recent social movements (e.g., the consciousness raising groups of the women's movement). In this work, critical consciousness is defined as the highest level of socio-political-cultural (SPC) consciousness development. SPC consciousness is characterized by the linking of the personal and the political so that structures and discourses of oppression are not only understood but also lead to critical action and transforming relations of domination. Additionally, critical consciousness includes the ability to tolerate ambivalence and conflict as well as the capacity to form group identifications that support critical reflection. While critical consciousness can develop in a variety of settings, it has a historical affinity with liberation education projects, particularly education projects that combine Critical Pedagogy and community engaged learning. Empirical inquiry on critical consciousness development is extremely limited. This dissertation addresses that gap, focusing specifically on the role of emotion and relationality in critical consciousness development. Further, the study offers a feminist critique of the literature, addressing as well the contribution of Community Psychology to conceptualizing critical consciousness. This dissertation analyzes data gathered through the Girl Power Senior Capstone, a course routinely taught at an urban Pacific Northwest public university. The six-hour course lasts for one quarter-term and integrates classroom time with community engagement. A central aim of the course is the development of critical consciousness. Specifically, the research was designed to address the following questions: 1) How are emotionally and relationally significant Girl Power experiences related to SPC consciousness development? 2) What tensions arise between the dominant culture and/or significant others' values and the values of the Girl Power capstone and how do these tensions move individuals toward or away from critical consciousness? The theoretical framework and interview schedule were guided by participant observation of the Girl Power course conducted over an academic term. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with all consenting and available capstone participants (N=10) in the course where participant-observations were carried out. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed based on a modified version of Carol Gilligan's Listening Guide. Two primary themes emerged from the data analysis-- the processes of awakening and sources of dissonance. The first theme relates to the processes of transformation that participants undergo during and following the course. Participants discuss this process as coming to see the world in a new way though their emotional experiences and relations developed in the course. The second theme, sources of dissonance, addresses sources of conflict that emerge as participants undergo this process of awakening. Areas of tension that were particularly salient centered on relationships and experiences in the course. Participants identified experiences in the course that they perceived as contributing in key respects to SPC consciousness. Yet some aspects of change in the course seemed to reflect limiting capacities, including magical thinking, a limited range of critical action strategies, and lack of critical community post Girl Power. The findings from the dissertation can be used to inform the creation and implementation of future projects of critical consciousness development and social justice work more broadly. Close