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• 71. [Article] Willamette River Basin Temperature TMDL Model: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup

  The State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is developing a TMDL for temperature in the Willamette River basin shown in Figure 1. The study area included the Willamette River and all ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette River Basin Temperature TMDL Model: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup Author: Annear, Robert Leslie, McKillip, Michael Lee, Khan, Sher Jamal, Berger, Chris, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2004 The State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is developing a TMDL for temperature in the Willamette River basin shown in Figure 1. The study area included the Willamette River and all major tributaries (except the Tualatin River where a TMDL process was already concluded). A large section of the Columbia River was also modeled to provide adequate boundary representation of tidal flows in the lower Willamette River. The Willamette River below the Oregon City Falls in the Portland metropolitan area has a typical diurnal tidal range of 1 m. The development of a dynamic model of temperature and hydrodynamics of the entire river basin incorporating shading were primary requirements of this modeling study. The model would be used by DEQ to set temperature limits on point source dischargers and to evaluate the impact of management strategies on river temperatures to improve fish habitat. Some of these strategies included modifications of the dam at the Willamette River Falls south of Portland and channel reconfigurations. Once the models were set-up for each section of the Willamette basin, the model was calibrated to field data and management strategies were evaluated. These are the subjects of two other reports: Annear et al. (2004b) and Berger et al. (2004). This report outlines the model development of each of these model sections or elements for both the calibration time periods and the management scenario time periods. The calibration period for each model section differs due to the availability of boundary condition data. The model simulation periods used to investigate management scenarios (Annear et al, 2004b) also required boundary condition data that extended past the calibration periods. Title: Willamette River Basin Temperature TMDL Model: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup Author: Annear, Robert Leslie, McKillip, Michael Lee, Khan, Sher Jamal, Berger, Chris, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2004 The State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is developing a TMDL for temperature in the Willamette River basin shown in Figure 1. The study area included the Willamette River and all major tributaries (except the Tualatin River where a TMDL process was already concluded). A large section of the Columbia River was also modeled to provide adequate boundary representation of tidal flows in the lower Willamette River. The Willamette River below the Oregon City Falls in the Portland metropolitan area has a typical diurnal tidal range of 1 m. The development of a dynamic model of temperature and hydrodynamics of the entire river basin incorporating shading were primary requirements of this modeling study. The model would be used by DEQ to set temperature limits on point source dischargers and to evaluate the impact of management strategies on river temperatures to improve fish habitat. Some of these strategies included modifications of the dam at the Willamette River Falls south of Portland and channel reconfigurations. Once the models were set-up for each section of the Willamette basin, the model was calibrated to field data and management strategies were evaluated. These are the subjects of two other reports: Annear et al. (2004b) and Berger et al. (2004). This report outlines the model development of each of these model sections or elements for both the calibration time periods and the management scenario time periods. The calibration period for each model section differs due to the availability of boundary condition data. The model simulation periods used to investigate management scenarios (Annear et al, 2004b) also required boundary condition data that extended past the calibration periods. Close

• 72. [Article] Scientifically Defensible Fish Conservation and Recovery Plans: Addressing Diffuse Threats and Developing Rigorous Adaptive Management Plans

  We discuss the importance of addressing diffuse threats to long-term species and habitat viability in fish conservation and recovery planning. In the Pacific Northwest, USA, salmonid management plans have ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Scientifically Defensible Fish Conservation and Recovery Plans: Addressing Diffuse Threats and Developing Rigorous Adaptive Management Plans Author: Maas-Hebner, Kathleen G., Schreck, Carl B., Hughes, Robert M., Yeakley, J. Alan, Molina, Nancy Year: 2016 We discuss the importance of addressing diffuse threats to long-term species and habitat viability in fish conservation and recovery planning. In the Pacific Northwest, USA, salmonid management plans have typically focused on degraded freshwater habitat, dams, fish passage, harvest rates, and hatchery releases. However, such plans inadequately address threats related to human population and economic growth, intra- and interspecific competition, and changes in climate, ocean, and estuarine conditions. Based on reviews conducted on eight conservation and/or recovery plans, we found that though threats resulting from such changes are difficult to model and/or predict, they are especially important for wide-ranging diadromous species. Adaptive management is also a critical but often inadequately constructed component of those plans. Adaptive management should be designed to respond to evolving knowledge about the fish and their supporting ecosystems; if done properly, it should help improve conservation efforts by decreasing uncertainty regarding known and diffuse threats. We conclude with a general call for environmental managers and planners to reinvigorate the adaptive management process in future management plans, including more explicitly identifying critical uncertainties, implementing monitoring programs to reduce those uncertainties, and explicitly stating what management actions will occur when pre-identified trigger points are reached. Title: Scientifically Defensible Fish Conservation and Recovery Plans: Addressing Diffuse Threats and Developing Rigorous Adaptive Management Plans Author: Maas-Hebner, Kathleen G., Schreck, Carl B., Hughes, Robert M., Yeakley, J. Alan, Molina, Nancy Year: 2016 We discuss the importance of addressing diffuse threats to long-term species and habitat viability in fish conservation and recovery planning. In the Pacific Northwest, USA, salmonid management plans have typically focused on degraded freshwater habitat, dams, fish passage, harvest rates, and hatchery releases. However, such plans inadequately address threats related to human population and economic growth, intra- and interspecific competition, and changes in climate, ocean, and estuarine conditions. Based on reviews conducted on eight conservation and/or recovery plans, we found that though threats resulting from such changes are difficult to model and/or predict, they are especially important for wide-ranging diadromous species. Adaptive management is also a critical but often inadequately constructed component of those plans. Adaptive management should be designed to respond to evolving knowledge about the fish and their supporting ecosystems; if done properly, it should help improve conservation efforts by decreasing uncertainty regarding known and diffuse threats. We conclude with a general call for environmental managers and planners to reinvigorate the adaptive management process in future management plans, including more explicitly identifying critical uncertainties, implementing monitoring programs to reduce those uncertainties, and explicitly stating what management actions will occur when pre-identified trigger points are reached. Close

• 73. [Article] Salmon at River's End: The Role of the Estuary in the Decline and Recovery of Columbia River salmon

  The continued decline of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations has long focused concerns on habitat changes upriver, particularly the effects of large hydroelectric dams. Increasing evidence ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon at River's End: The Role of the Estuary in the Decline and Recovery of Columbia River salmon Author: Bottom, Daniel L., Simenstad, Charles A., Burke, Jennifer, Baptista, Antonio M., Jay, David A., Jone, Kim K., Casillas, Edmundo, Schiewe, Michael H. Year: 2005 The continued decline of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations has long focused concerns on habitat changes upriver, particularly the effects of large hydroelectric dams. Increasing evidence that ocean conditions strongly influence salmon production, however, has raised questions about the importance of the estuarine environment to salmon and whether the hydropower system has affected estuarine-rearing habitats. In response to Northwest Power Planning Council recommendations, we initiated a review of what is known about the effects of the hydroelectric system on the hydrology, habitats, and ecology of the Columbia River estuary. Our goal was to develop recommendations for improving estuarine conditions or to identify research that may be needed before appropriate salmon-management changes can be defined. Our review and analyses addressed four major questions: (1) What habitats and processes support native salmon populations during the estuarine phase of their life cycle? (2) Have changes to the estuary had a significant role in salmon decline? (3) What have been the impacts of flow regulation on the hydrology, habitat, and biological interactions in the estuarine ecosystem? (4) What estuarine conditions are necessary to maintain salmonid diversity in the Columbia River basin? Title: Salmon at River's End: The Role of the Estuary in the Decline and Recovery of Columbia River salmon Author: Bottom, Daniel L., Simenstad, Charles A., Burke, Jennifer, Baptista, Antonio M., Jay, David A., Jone, Kim K., Casillas, Edmundo, Schiewe, Michael H. Year: 2005 The continued decline of Columbia River salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations has long focused concerns on habitat changes upriver, particularly the effects of large hydroelectric dams. Increasing evidence that ocean conditions strongly influence salmon production, however, has raised questions about the importance of the estuarine environment to salmon and whether the hydropower system has affected estuarine-rearing habitats. In response to Northwest Power Planning Council recommendations, we initiated a review of what is known about the effects of the hydroelectric system on the hydrology, habitats, and ecology of the Columbia River estuary. Our goal was to develop recommendations for improving estuarine conditions or to identify research that may be needed before appropriate salmon-management changes can be defined. Our review and analyses addressed four major questions: (1) What habitats and processes support native salmon populations during the estuarine phase of their life cycle? (2) Have changes to the estuary had a significant role in salmon decline? (3) What have been the impacts of flow regulation on the hydrology, habitat, and biological interactions in the estuarine ecosystem? (4) What estuarine conditions are necessary to maintain salmonid diversity in the Columbia River basin? Close

• 74. [Article] A finite difference soil-structure interaction study of a section of the Bonneville Navigation Lock buttress diaphragm wall utilizing pressuremeter test results

  The P-y curve, used in current practice as an efficient Iine-load vs. soi displacement model for input into the finite difference method of laterally loaded pile analysis, is extended in this study for ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A finite difference soil-structure interaction study of a section of the Bonneville Navigation Lock buttress diaphragm wall utilizing pressuremeter test results Author: McCormack, Thomas C. Year: 1987 The P-y curve, used in current practice as an efficient Iine-load vs. soi displacement model for input into the finite difference method of laterally loaded pile analysis, is extended in this study for use with cohesionless soils in diaphragm wall analysis on the Personal Computer with the BMCOL7 program. An analogous W-y curve is proposed, an elastic-plastic model with line-load limits developed from classical earth-pressure theories. A new formula for predicting a horizontal walI modulus for cohesionless soiIs from the pressuremeter modulus is developed for use in predicting the displacements on the W-y curves. The resulting modulus values are shown to yield reasonable displacements values. A new procedure for modeling preloaded tie-back anchors and staged excavation for diaphragm walIs was developed, utiIizing multiple computer runs, updated the W-y curves, and superposition of deflections. These new developments were applied to a parametric study of a deflection-critical section of the new Bonnevilie Nav-Lock Buttress Diaphragm Wall, for which extensive high-quality pressuremeter test results were available. Deflection curves of the wall are presented, showing the effect of variations in anchor preload, walI cracking, anchor slip, at-rest pressure, and soiI modulus. The results indicate that preloading will reduce wall deflections by at least 4-fold, but that wall cracking can potentially double deflections. Safety factors against passive soil failure were determined to be about 5 at anchor preload, and more than 40 after fulI excavation. Title: A finite difference soil-structure interaction study of a section of the Bonneville Navigation Lock buttress diaphragm wall utilizing pressuremeter test results Author: McCormack, Thomas C. Year: 1987 The P-y curve, used in current practice as an efficient Iine-load vs. soi displacement model for input into the finite difference method of laterally loaded pile analysis, is extended in this study for use with cohesionless soils in diaphragm wall analysis on the Personal Computer with the BMCOL7 program. An analogous W-y curve is proposed, an elastic-plastic model with line-load limits developed from classical earth-pressure theories. A new formula for predicting a horizontal walI modulus for cohesionless soiIs from the pressuremeter modulus is developed for use in predicting the displacements on the W-y curves. The resulting modulus values are shown to yield reasonable displacements values. A new procedure for modeling preloaded tie-back anchors and staged excavation for diaphragm walIs was developed, utiIizing multiple computer runs, updated the W-y curves, and superposition of deflections. These new developments were applied to a parametric study of a deflection-critical section of the new Bonnevilie Nav-Lock Buttress Diaphragm Wall, for which extensive high-quality pressuremeter test results were available. Deflection curves of the wall are presented, showing the effect of variations in anchor preload, walI cracking, anchor slip, at-rest pressure, and soiI modulus. The results indicate that preloading will reduce wall deflections by at least 4-fold, but that wall cracking can potentially double deflections. Safety factors against passive soil failure were determined to be about 5 at anchor preload, and more than 40 after fulI excavation. Close

• 75. [Article] Water Supply, Demand, and Quality Indicators for Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Water Resource Vulnerability in the Columbia River Basin

  We investigated water resource vulnerability in the US portion of the Columbia River basin (CRB) using multiple indicators representing water supply, water demand, and water quality. Based on the US county ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Supply, Demand, and Quality Indicators for Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Water Resource Vulnerability in the Columbia River Basin Author: Chang, Heejun, Jung, Il-Won, Strecker, Angela L., Wise, Daniel, Lafrenz, Martin, Shandas, Vivek, Moradkhani, Hamid, Yeakley, J. Alan, Pan, Yangdong, Bean, Robert Allen, Johnson, Gunnar, Psaris, Mike Year: 2013 We investigated water resource vulnerability in the US portion of the Columbia River basin (CRB) using multiple indicators representing water supply, water demand, and water quality. Based on the US county scale, spatial analysis was conducted using various biophysical and socio-economic indicators that control water vulnerability. Water supply vulnerability and water demand vulnerability exhibited a similar spatial clustering of hotspots in areas where agricultural lands and variability of precipitation were high but dam storage capacity was low. The hotspots of water quality vulnerability were clustered around the main stem of the Columbia River where major population and agricultural centres are located. This multiple equal weight indicator approach confirmed that different drivers were associated with different vulnerability maps in the sub-basins of the CRB. Water quality variables are more important than water supply and water demand variables in the Willamette River basin, whereas water supply and demand variables are more important than water quality variables in the Upper Snake and Upper Columbia River basins. This result suggests that current water resources management and practices drive much of the vulnerability within the study area. The analysis suggests the need for increased coordination of water management across multiple levels of water governance to reduce water resource vulnerability in the CRB and a potentially different weighting scheme that explicitly takes into account the input of various water stakeholders. Title: Water Supply, Demand, and Quality Indicators for Assessing the Spatial Distribution of Water Resource Vulnerability in the Columbia River Basin Author: Chang, Heejun, Jung, Il-Won, Strecker, Angela L., Wise, Daniel, Lafrenz, Martin, Shandas, Vivek, Moradkhani, Hamid, Yeakley, J. Alan, Pan, Yangdong, Bean, Robert Allen, Johnson, Gunnar, Psaris, Mike Year: 2013 We investigated water resource vulnerability in the US portion of the Columbia River basin (CRB) using multiple indicators representing water supply, water demand, and water quality. Based on the US county scale, spatial analysis was conducted using various biophysical and socio-economic indicators that control water vulnerability. Water supply vulnerability and water demand vulnerability exhibited a similar spatial clustering of hotspots in areas where agricultural lands and variability of precipitation were high but dam storage capacity was low. The hotspots of water quality vulnerability were clustered around the main stem of the Columbia River where major population and agricultural centres are located. This multiple equal weight indicator approach confirmed that different drivers were associated with different vulnerability maps in the sub-basins of the CRB. Water quality variables are more important than water supply and water demand variables in the Willamette River basin, whereas water supply and demand variables are more important than water quality variables in the Upper Snake and Upper Columbia River basins. This result suggests that current water resources management and practices drive much of the vulnerability within the study area. The analysis suggests the need for increased coordination of water management across multiple levels of water governance to reduce water resource vulnerability in the CRB and a potentially different weighting scheme that explicitly takes into account the input of various water stakeholders. Close

• 76. [Article] Breeding Trouble: West Nile on the Willamette?

  From the Roman aqueducts to Bonneville Dam, humans have built structures to moderate the extremes of natural water flow. Some of these structures, from Roman cisterns to the catch basins under modern city ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Breeding Trouble: West Nile on the Willamette? Author: Karr, Merilee Year: 2005 From the Roman aqueducts to Bonneville Dam, humans have built structures to moderate the extremes of natural water flow. Some of these structures, from Roman cisterns to the catch basins under modern city streets, have inadvertently supplied mosquitoes with the standing water in which they thrive and multiply. Even more mosquito habitat may have been created in the last decade by a change in the Clean Water Act. The original drive behind the Act, in 1972, was the elimination of point-source pollution: sewage and industrial discharge into waterways. In the 1990s new regulations aimed to prevent non-point-source pollution, due to urban stormwater runoff. There are two basic methods of cleaning stormwater: filtering, through earth, vegetation or manufactured filters; and settling, retaining the water behind a barrier to let particulates sink to the bottom. New studies show that water retention methods, such as the familiar catch basin, may breed mosquitoes. Even if retention structures are designed to minimize mosquito habitat by draining quickly, they may clog and accumulate standing water without regular maintenance. Title: Breeding Trouble: West Nile on the Willamette? Author: Karr, Merilee Year: 2005 From the Roman aqueducts to Bonneville Dam, humans have built structures to moderate the extremes of natural water flow. Some of these structures, from Roman cisterns to the catch basins under modern city streets, have inadvertently supplied mosquitoes with the standing water in which they thrive and multiply. Even more mosquito habitat may have been created in the last decade by a change in the Clean Water Act. The original drive behind the Act, in 1972, was the elimination of point-source pollution: sewage and industrial discharge into waterways. In the 1990s new regulations aimed to prevent non-point-source pollution, due to urban stormwater runoff. There are two basic methods of cleaning stormwater: filtering, through earth, vegetation or manufactured filters; and settling, retaining the water behind a barrier to let particulates sink to the bottom. New studies show that water retention methods, such as the familiar catch basin, may breed mosquitoes. Even if retention structures are designed to minimize mosquito habitat by draining quickly, they may clog and accumulate standing water without regular maintenance. Close

• 77. [Article] Historical and Existing Vascular and Bryophyte Flora, Former Blue Heron Paper Mill, Willamette Falls, Oregon City, Oregon

  Willamette Falls has long been a focus of botanical interest, but industrial development at the site has limited public access for over a century. The closure of the Blue Heron paper mill on the south ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical and Existing Vascular and Bryophyte Flora, Former Blue Heron Paper Mill, Willamette Falls, Oregon City, Oregon Author: Christy, John A., Gaddis, Philip Year: 2015 Willamette Falls has long been a focus of botanical interest, but industrial development at the site has limited public access for over a century. The closure of the Blue Heron paper mill on the south bank of the river, and proposed redevelopment of the site, has given planners an opportunity to revisit this part of the falls and identify its current flora. As part of the preconstruction planning process for public access to the falls, Metro contracted John Christy to document the historical and existing vascular flora on the site, and Philip Gaddis joined us to document the bryophyte flora. For millennia, the falls has been a magnet for fishing, settlement, and more recent industrial development. Photographs by Carleton Watkins show that the south bank of the river at Willamette Falls had been modified for industrial uses as early as 1867. Infrastructure included dams and spillways to create a boat basin, and millraces to power a sawmill, gristmill, and woolen mill. Later, paper mills and electrical generating stations were built on both sides of the falls. These activities concentrated at the falls have impacted all native habitat except vertical cliff faces on basalt outcrops along the river. Significant portions of the shoreline at the Blue Heron site have been modified by fill. Remaining habitat in natural or semi-natural condition includes areas hydrated by tidal action of the Willamette River, areas of seasonal or perennial seepage below spillways and the old grinders, and basalt outcrops with varying exposures. The basalt outcrops are a relic of the Bretz or Missoula Floods (Allen et al. 1986), and exposures along this part of the Willamette River provide outlier habitat for both mesic and xeric species more common in the Columbia River Gorge (Detling 1958). Willamette Falls has a similar history to that of Niagara Falls in terms of industrial development, presence of a rock substrate supporting disjunct populations of rare plants, and botanical exploration that occurred primarily between 1885 and 1915 (Eckel 2013). Title: Historical and Existing Vascular and Bryophyte Flora, Former Blue Heron Paper Mill, Willamette Falls, Oregon City, Oregon Author: Christy, John A., Gaddis, Philip Year: 2015 Willamette Falls has long been a focus of botanical interest, but industrial development at the site has limited public access for over a century. The closure of the Blue Heron paper mill on the south bank of the river, and proposed redevelopment of the site, has given planners an opportunity to revisit this part of the falls and identify its current flora. As part of the preconstruction planning process for public access to the falls, Metro contracted John Christy to document the historical and existing vascular flora on the site, and Philip Gaddis joined us to document the bryophyte flora. For millennia, the falls has been a magnet for fishing, settlement, and more recent industrial development. Photographs by Carleton Watkins show that the south bank of the river at Willamette Falls had been modified for industrial uses as early as 1867. Infrastructure included dams and spillways to create a boat basin, and millraces to power a sawmill, gristmill, and woolen mill. Later, paper mills and electrical generating stations were built on both sides of the falls. These activities concentrated at the falls have impacted all native habitat except vertical cliff faces on basalt outcrops along the river. Significant portions of the shoreline at the Blue Heron site have been modified by fill. Remaining habitat in natural or semi-natural condition includes areas hydrated by tidal action of the Willamette River, areas of seasonal or perennial seepage below spillways and the old grinders, and basalt outcrops with varying exposures. The basalt outcrops are a relic of the Bretz or Missoula Floods (Allen et al. 1986), and exposures along this part of the Willamette River provide outlier habitat for both mesic and xeric species more common in the Columbia River Gorge (Detling 1958). Willamette Falls has a similar history to that of Niagara Falls in terms of industrial development, presence of a rock substrate supporting disjunct populations of rare plants, and botanical exploration that occurred primarily between 1885 and 1915 (Eckel 2013). Close

• 78. [Article] National Evaluation of Safe Start Promising Approaches: Assessing Program Implementation

  Children's exposure to violence (CEV) — including direct child maltreatment, witnessing domestic violence, and witnessing community and school violence — can have serious consequences, including a variety ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: National Evaluation of Safe Start Promising Approaches: Assessing Program Implementation Author: Schultz, Dana, Jaycox, Lisa, Hickman, Laura J., Chandra, Anita, Barnes-Proby, Dionne, Acosta, Joie D., Beckman, Alice, Francois, Taria, Honess-Morreale, Lauren Year: 2010 Children's exposure to violence (CEV) — including direct child maltreatment, witnessing domestic violence, and witnessing community and school violence — can have serious consequences, including a variety of psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. Fortunately, research has shown that interventions for CEV can substantially improve children's chances of future social and psychological well-being. Safe Start Promising Approaches (SSPA) was the second phase of a planned four-phase initiative focusing on preventing and reducing the impact of CEV, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). OJJDP selected 15 program sites across the country that proposed a range of intervention approaches, focused on multiple types of violence, included variations in ages and age-appropriate practices, and would be implemented in different settings. Each site participated in a national evaluation, conducted by the RAND Corporation. The evaluation design involved three components: a process evaluation, an evaluation of training, and an outcomes evaluation. This report presents the results of the first two evaluations. It describes the program and community settings, interventions, and implementations of the 15 SSPA programs for the first two years of implementation (through March 2009), as well as the training evaluation results. Title: National Evaluation of Safe Start Promising Approaches: Assessing Program Implementation Author: Schultz, Dana, Jaycox, Lisa, Hickman, Laura J., Chandra, Anita, Barnes-Proby, Dionne, Acosta, Joie D., Beckman, Alice, Francois, Taria, Honess-Morreale, Lauren Year: 2010 Children's exposure to violence (CEV) — including direct child maltreatment, witnessing domestic violence, and witnessing community and school violence — can have serious consequences, including a variety of psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety. Fortunately, research has shown that interventions for CEV can substantially improve children's chances of future social and psychological well-being. Safe Start Promising Approaches (SSPA) was the second phase of a planned four-phase initiative focusing on preventing and reducing the impact of CEV, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). OJJDP selected 15 program sites across the country that proposed a range of intervention approaches, focused on multiple types of violence, included variations in ages and age-appropriate practices, and would be implemented in different settings. Each site participated in a national evaluation, conducted by the RAND Corporation. The evaluation design involved three components: a process evaluation, an evaluation of training, and an outcomes evaluation. This report presents the results of the first two evaluations. It describes the program and community settings, interventions, and implementations of the 15 SSPA programs for the first two years of implementation (through March 2009), as well as the training evaluation results. Close

• 79. [Article] Race and the Decision to Seek the Death Penalty in Federal Cases

  This study examined the relationship between the federal government’s decision to seek the death penalty in a case and that case’s characteristics, including the defendant’s and victim’s races. This research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Race and the Decision to Seek the Death Penalty in Federal Cases Author: Klein, Stephen P., Berk, Richard A., Hickman, Laura J. Year: 2006 This study examined the relationship between the federal government’s decision to seek the death penalty in a case and that case’s characteristics, including the defendant’s and victim’s races. This research began by identifying the types of data that would be appropriate and feasible to gather. Next, case characteristics were abstracted from Department of Justice Capital Case Unit (CCU) files. Defendant- and victim-race data were obtained from electronic files. Finally, three independent teams used these data to investigate whether charging decisions were related to defendant or victim race. The teams also examined whether these decisions were related to case characteristics and geographic area. There are large race effects in the raw data that are of concern. However, all three teams found that controlling for nonracial case characteristics eliminated these effects, and that these characteristics could predict the seek decision with 85 to 90 percent accuracy. These findings support the view that decisions to seek the death penalty were driven by heinousness of crimes rather than by race. Nevertheless, these findings are not definitive because of the difficulties in determining causation from statistical modeling of observational data. Title: Race and the Decision to Seek the Death Penalty in Federal Cases Author: Klein, Stephen P., Berk, Richard A., Hickman, Laura J. Year: 2006 This study examined the relationship between the federal government’s decision to seek the death penalty in a case and that case’s characteristics, including the defendant’s and victim’s races. This research began by identifying the types of data that would be appropriate and feasible to gather. Next, case characteristics were abstracted from Department of Justice Capital Case Unit (CCU) files. Defendant- and victim-race data were obtained from electronic files. Finally, three independent teams used these data to investigate whether charging decisions were related to defendant or victim race. The teams also examined whether these decisions were related to case characteristics and geographic area. There are large race effects in the raw data that are of concern. However, all three teams found that controlling for nonracial case characteristics eliminated these effects, and that these characteristics could predict the seek decision with 85 to 90 percent accuracy. These findings support the view that decisions to seek the death penalty were driven by heinousness of crimes rather than by race. Nevertheless, these findings are not definitive because of the difficulties in determining causation from statistical modeling of observational data. Close

• 80. [Article] Upper Spokane River Model: Model Calibration, 2001

  The Upper Spokane River system under consideration is located in the Northeastern part of Washington State and runs from the Stateline with Idaho, River mile (RM) 96.0, downstream to Long Lake dam at RM ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Spokane River Model: Model Calibration, 2001 Author: Berger, Chris, Annear, Robert Leslie, Welle, Benjamin Year: 2003 The Upper Spokane River system under consideration is located in the Northeastern part of Washington State and runs from the Stateline with Idaho, River mile (RM) 96.0, downstream to Long Lake dam at RM 32.5. Figure 1 shows the river system and an outline the boundaries of the City of Spokane. The Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology) is interested in a water quality model for the Upper Spokane River system for use in developing Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). As a result, Ecology and the Corps of Engineers funded a study to develop a water quality and hydrodynamic model of the Spokane River system for the years 1991 and 2000. Since the City of Spokane and other point dischargers to the Spokane River have taken considerable field data in the Spokane River system during 2001, the City of Spokane funded this study primarily to: • Continue the development of the Spokane River model for the year 2001, and • Ensure that the model retains its calibration for the year 2001 A hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 (Wells, 1997), was applied to the Spokane River system for the years 1991 and 2000. CE-QUAL-W2 is a two dimensional (longitudinalvertical), laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model that has been under development by the Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiments Station (Cole and Wells, 2000). This report evaluates the 2001 model calibration and discusses issues relative to that calibration effort. The calibration effort focused on model predictions of hydrodynamics (flow and water level), temperature, and eutrophication model parameters (such as nutrients, algae, dissolved oxygen, organic matter, coliform). The model calibration period was from March 15, 2001 to October 31, 2001. Title: Upper Spokane River Model: Model Calibration, 2001 Author: Berger, Chris, Annear, Robert Leslie, Welle, Benjamin Year: 2003 The Upper Spokane River system under consideration is located in the Northeastern part of Washington State and runs from the Stateline with Idaho, River mile (RM) 96.0, downstream to Long Lake dam at RM 32.5. Figure 1 shows the river system and an outline the boundaries of the City of Spokane. The Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology) is interested in a water quality model for the Upper Spokane River system for use in developing Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). As a result, Ecology and the Corps of Engineers funded a study to develop a water quality and hydrodynamic model of the Spokane River system for the years 1991 and 2000. Since the City of Spokane and other point dischargers to the Spokane River have taken considerable field data in the Spokane River system during 2001, the City of Spokane funded this study primarily to: • Continue the development of the Spokane River model for the year 2001, and • Ensure that the model retains its calibration for the year 2001 A hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 (Wells, 1997), was applied to the Spokane River system for the years 1991 and 2000. CE-QUAL-W2 is a two dimensional (longitudinalvertical), laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model that has been under development by the Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiments Station (Cole and Wells, 2000). This report evaluates the 2001 model calibration and discusses issues relative to that calibration effort. The calibration effort focused on model predictions of hydrodynamics (flow and water level), temperature, and eutrophication model parameters (such as nutrients, algae, dissolved oxygen, organic matter, coliform). The model calibration period was from March 15, 2001 to October 31, 2001. Close