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As a senior at Portland State University I have been exposed to many real-life advertising situations. This immersion in the advertising world has been an invaluable experience that has given me significant ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Shifting Advertising Agency Structure and Evolving Technology
- Author:
- Norris, Sarah A.
- Year:
- 2017
As a senior at Portland State University I have been exposed to many real-life advertising situations. This immersion in the advertising world has been an invaluable experience that has given me significant insight into advertising agencies and their operations from multiple different positions throughout the typical firm. This experience has helped me shape my thesis into a question that is relevant not only for the advertising community as a whole but also as someone hoping to enter the field within the next few years. My goal for this thesis is not to simply gain total knowledge in one specific area of advertising, but to create an accurate perspective of the advertising ecosystem and all the businesses and people that interact with or depend on it, as it exists today. I will go in depth on all the aspects of the “advertising ecosystem” later in this paper,) I am using this terminology as an overarching term for all businesses that rely or drive any form of work related to advertising). These businesses can range from the advertising firm itself to the catering business that supplies sandwiches for a Nike photo-shoot. As a soon-to-be college graduate, it’s important to know exactly what the climate is for any potential field of work. I came to my topic by researching trends in the advertising ecosystem that have come about with the increased use of the Internet and technology in business. Almost everyone can not only advertise for themselves, but can also have access to a multitude of analytic tools that would previously have only been available to advertising and marketing professionals. There are a growing number of firms who use social media and low-cost creative departments, and whose success now threatens the larger advertising agencies. Because only a relatively few brands and companies have the funds to access larger more traditional firms, more small and micro businesses are turning to the only alternatives most of them can afford. For clarification, the traditional advertising firm is an all in-house firm that deals with every aspect of the advertising process from the PR to coupon development and media buying. These traditional firms are priced in one of three ways that I will explain further in my thesis. These firms tend to be more costly than most brands can afford. As I will discuss in my thesis the growing importance of small advertising firms has had reverberating effects on not only the industry but also the employees of the firms in question. Technology and the evolving tools of the Internet have allowed many brands and companies to reconsider the need for the traditional advertising agency, and has allowed for the growth of more non-traditional advertising shops.
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In the restoration of tidal wetland ecosystems, potential drivers of plant community development range from biotic controls (e.g. plant competition, seed dispersal) to abiotic controls (e.g. tidal flooding, ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Ecosystem Recovery in Estuarine Wetlands of the Columbia River Estuary
- Author:
- Kidd, Sarah Ann
- Year:
- 2017
In the restoration of tidal wetland ecosystems, potential drivers of plant community development range from biotic controls (e.g. plant competition, seed dispersal) to abiotic controls (e.g. tidal flooding, salinity levels). How these controls influence the success of tidal wetland restoration are only partly understood, but have important implications for wetland habitat recovery. Specifically, the extent to which the existing native and non-native seed banks in tidally reconnected wetlands interact with these controls is not clear, yet the potential success of passive restoration methods depends upon this understanding. For a 54-year chronosequence of eleven tidal wetland restoration sites in the Lower Columbia River of western Oregon, USA, it was hypothesized that native plant species and soil properties would show trends approaching reference levels within 3 to 20 years post-restoration and that lower elevation wetland areas within restored sites would exhibit a greater native species abundance and similarity to reference sites, compared with restored high elevation wetland areas. Results indicated that plant species richness, soil organic matter, bulk density, pH, and salinity conditions among the restoration sites reached reference wetland ranges within 3-6 years post-tidal reconnection. The mid-low marsh elevation zones (2.5 m) remained dominated by non-native species Phalaris arundinacea and Juncus effusus subsp. effusus. To investigate the mechanisms driving these non-native plant invasions, it was hypothesized that native and non-native wetland plant community distributions would be reflective both of their abundance in the seed bank and of their germination tolerance to wetland tidal flooding and salinity conditions. Using a factorial study design of three tidal conditions by three salinity levels, these hypotheses were tested in the greenhouse. Overall, non-native seeds were found to significantly outnumber native seeds in both seed banks. In the greenhouse, P. arundinacea and J. effusus were found to germinate more readily out of the seed bank under freshwater high-marsh flooding (1 hour a day) treatments as compared to oligohaline (3 ppt) mid-low marsh flooding (3-6 hours twice a day) treatments and to brackish salinity (10 ppt) treatments. Dominant native wetland species, Carex lyngbyei and Schoenoplectus lacustris, germination were not found to vary significantly among the treatments (p > 0.10). These results indicate that the salinity and flooding gradients within these restored marshes suppress germination of the non-native species in the low-mid marsh but not in the high marsh, where they are likely able to outcompete the native species due to their dominance in the seed bank. The implications of these results for passive tidal wetland restoration efforts are that both seed bank composition and species-specific tolerances to restored tidal flooding and salinity gradients are key mechanisms driving native and non-native plant community development and resilience.
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653. [Article] Optimization Model For Multiple Project Management
In any company, there are plenty of factors which can move a project past its deadline. It's very common for some project tasks (Activities) to be complex than anticipated or to have turnover on the project ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Optimization Model For Multiple Project Management
- Author:
- Bhatia, Aruna, Haciane, Gaya, Cheng, Juchun, Sathappan, Sivagamasundari, Deshpande, Tejas
- Year:
- 2017
In any company, there are plenty of factors which can move a project past its deadline. It's very common for some project tasks (Activities) to be complex than anticipated or to have turnover on the project that requires to bring new resources up to speed. Sometimes, many project activities are simply underestimated and they end up taking more time than predicted. Regardless of how it happens, most of the times managers discover that projects are trending beyond committed deadlines. If it’s still the beginning of the project, some corrective actions could be taken to bring project back on track. But, closer to project deadline, choices dwindle. In spite of such situations, project deadlines can’t be easily delayed or postponed as most of the projects in a company are interdependent in nature while sharing resources to maintain economies of scale. Changing customer demands or pressure of stiff competition in the market also force managers to get the project done before deadline.In such cases, companies prefer the option of ‘Project Crashing’ which simply means applying additional resources to the critical path or the sequence of activities that must be completed in required schedule. It's always possible to just throw more resources on the critical path, but crashing also means to get the biggest schedule gain for the least amount of incremental costs. To study the issue of Project Crashing and high crashing cost related to it, we examine the case of Siemens Energy Inc. Siemens Energy Inc. is a division of a large European company Siemens AG which has operations in manufacturing and electronics worldwide. Similar to all companies, Siemens Inc. also deals with the issue of managing multiple projects in a given period of time. Management at Siemens Inc. would like to prefer developing a standardized method or model that can help managers to make informed and rational decision which can help them to accomplish all the project activities in time with the least extra cost incurred. To begin with, we reviewed past literature available on Project Management. Most of them mainly focus on approaches used for schedule compression. In addition, we also reviewed past literature on optimization methods used for project crashing. Understading the past researches and the need of a robust and widely applicable optimization model for this classic but important problem, an attempt was made to address this Project Management. Hence, a model was developed using Linear Programming and Excel Solver which aims at meeting the project deadline with minimum cost.
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654. [Article] Employee Training Schedule Optimization
As the amount of technical information explodes in volume and technical professionals struggle with staying current with the latest information, one important channel is the large scale trade or technical ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Employee Training Schedule Optimization
- Author:
- Alzahrani, Ahmed, Gupta, Apeksha, Hsu, Allen Wei Chen, Tiwari, Rashi, Vinchhi, Komal
- Year:
- 2016
As the amount of technical information explodes in volume and technical professionals struggle with staying current with the latest information, one important channel is the large scale trade or technical conference. Bringing value back to business by keeping employees up to date with trends in the industry is something that a company expects when it invests time and money in sending its employees to such conferences. To choose sessions from a large conference is an exacting job for employees as they need to scroll over such huge data set and select the best session that matches their interest and preferences. This results in large number of employee hours consumed, which ultimately can prove expensive to a company. Due to these reasons, organizations might find formal planning methods beneficial to get the best return on their investment. To test this, we are examining the case of a major automotive industry company named Daimler Trucks North America. This company is sending six of its employees from the IT department to attend a conference conducted by IBM called “World of Watson”. Human Resource and IT capability being key resources to create competition and differentiating factors between two companies. Training presents a prime opportunity to expand the knowledge base of all employees, but companies and employees alike find this activity a little taxing, what with training conferences having a rigid schedule, with back to back sessions, some even running parallel to each other and add to this the work schedule of employees and their varying skills level and interests, companies and employees face variety of issues to be sorted out before employees can actually figure out which session to attend. The main objective of this project is to take the interest of the employee into account and develop an optimized schedule for 6 Daimler employees who have to attend a three-day training conference being organized by IBM. The primary metrics used for this schedule planning are the availability of employee, their skill level, and the area of preference. To increase overall coverage of sessions, we came up with a model that does not assign the same session to two employees. The model also assures that no time slot is left vacant. This helped with increasing the scope of learning. Currently, Daimler has a traditional and delegated approach, where another employee was given the task of going through the list of sessions and to choose the sessions each attendee should attend. The main problem with this approach is that the entire decision of selecting sessions is manual and hence not very personalized. This paper attempts to propose a scheduling tool based on excel to cope with the complex task of picking the best session to be attended by an employee based on their pillar preferences.
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655. [Article] RollTop Marketing Plan
Today’s consumers are exposed to a wide range of electronic gadgets, mainly laptops and tablets, each one addressing part of the users’ needs such as portability, performance, and application accessibility, ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- RollTop Marketing Plan
- Author:
- Hogaboam, Liliya, Cho, Yonghee, Natarajan, Rupha, Sater, Abrahim, Ju, Jiali, Provenzola, Jeremy
- Year:
- 2012
Today’s consumers are exposed to a wide range of electronic gadgets, mainly laptops and tablets, each one addressing part of the users’ needs such as portability, performance, and application accessibility, to name a few. The current fast pace, “on the move” life style is forcing the consumers to demand a full solution ready at their fingertips all the times. Possessing, carrying, and using two devices at once is not practical and is causing an inconvenient problem to a generation that is ready to own every single electronic gadget out there. Also, the trend of environmentally concerned people has been increasing year after year, as well as the consumer demand for green (recyclable and very efficient) products. A good point to keep in mind is that the manufacturers acknowledge the consumers’ partnership in innovation and they are giving it a great deal of consideration. At Samsung, being part of the current generation, we captured those concerns and developed the concept for the Rolltop. The solution is a Laptop/Tablet/Standalone screen, 3 in 1 product that satisfies the versatility of the “on the move” customer needs and ‘I need this gadget too’ desires. A fully recyclable, more efficient in terms of power consumption, and flexible OLED/LEC (organic light-emitting diode/electrochemical-cell) display combined with the latest computing power and other ergonomic/mechanic features will cover all our consumer concerns, strengthen Samsung’s position in the driver seat and most importantly, put the environmental efforts in consumer electronics on the right track. The Rolltop is the essential companion for the users, who through their turbulent lives, need an inherent keyboard to work on spreadsheets and other documents (as a 13-inch laptop), and a large multi-touch (17-inch tablet) screen and a stylus for design. Finally, the bonus 17” standalone display with its vibrant colors is there for movies time. The Rolltop will be equipped with an Intel Core i7 processor, a Windows 8 operating system, a 500GB or SSD storage of up to 128GB, the Wi-Fi, WiMax and Bluetooth options along with the latest Thunderbolt technology. The approximate 3 pounds device will be available for a suggested $1,215. Note: The Marketing Log appendix is included here as a supplemental file.
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656. [Article] The Role of Tourism in Development: A Case Study of Turkey
Until quite recently "tourism" was principally a feature of, and was largely confined to, the developed countries. During the past two decades, however, tourism has become an income earning alternative ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The Role of Tourism in Development: A Case Study of Turkey
- Author:
- Alipouraghtapeh, Habib
- Year:
- 1991
Until quite recently "tourism" was principally a feature of, and was largely confined to, the developed countries. During the past two decades, however, tourism has become an income earning alternative to the many Third World countries, and many have capitalized on the industry which has become known as a "passport to development." In recent years the situation has worsened for these former exporters of primary agricultural products. These products are suffering from the general fall in world commodity prices and competition from larger and more efficient agricultural producers. In addition, the world economic impact has been translated to ever-burgeoning foreign debt crisis and the further deterioration of balance of payments. The need for foreign currency has been intensified by the new export promotion policies which are replacing import substitution as the dominant development policy in Third World manufacturing. Tourism under these circumstances is a mixed blessing, and until very recently economists have pondered tourism's contribution carefully and have applied a wide range of theories to a description of the benefits of extended tourism business. In addition, with the new surge in tourism literature not only have the economic benefits of tourism been questioned, but tourism's social, cultural, and environmental impacts have become major issues of contention. The complex matrix of advantages and disadvantages ensures that governments must face an unenviable task of trying to weigh gains from new income and employment against certain less direct and long-term losses. While tourism on the one hand is blessed as the passport to development," on the other hand it has been characterized as a force which destroys uncomprehendingly and unintentionally cultural values and social customs. In order to enhance and secure the positive influences of tourism in the long run and ensure its sustainability as an alternative means of income, an elaborated national tourism policy is required. An effective policy would guide the industry through certain development plans in accordance with the overall national development policies. The current study suggests that Turkey's tourism development was subject to various deliberate influences and spontaneous dynamics without a prior policy formulation in the form of a national tourism policy. This study further suggests that the tourist boom of 1980s caught the government and private sector by surprise because of the lack of pre-planning or policy research. This is obvious when one examines the tourism organization and administration which is centrally controlled and implemented. The interaction between various levels of government is a critical point. This study also suggests that Turkey's position as a new tourist destination related positively to its new export promotion policies or the shift from an import substitution industrialization (lSI) economy to an export-oriented growth (XOG) economy. To note, motivations to develop tourism in Turkey are first, to gain foreign exchange, and second, to establish that Turkey represents a politically stable environment for foreign investment. However, the lack of a national tourism policy has confined the industry to only a "short term economic gain" objective which has ruled out any effort to measure its net economic value instead of gross economic revenue. Furthermore the "planning" process has remained limited to physical planning to the detriment of social, environmental, and territorial planning. The lack of regional planning with goals to reduce disparities are obvious signs of the failure of planning in the tourism sector. Therefore, this study suggests that tourism has not been employed in a fashion to alleviate or minimize spatial inequalities, but rather the trend has been to its intensification. "Domestic tourism" has been neglected in terms of policy and planning, and social tourism, will likely disappear because many will not be able to afford the uncontrolled tourist prices in the new crowded tourist centers. The result of the study, suggests that tourism development cannot be separated from the "development" ideologies and theories which are translated to policies in the national level. In order to achieve a better understanding of tourism's role within the national development policy, one needs to examine the extension of analysis beyond the core periphery relation which is manifested in "dependency theory." The new international division of labor will most likely devise a new pattern for capital accumulation. This new process has been manifested in "dependent development" which produced new formations (i.e., NICs) or "semiperipheral" economies. In order for tourism to be a viable economic and social sector, it must overcome the disadvantages of "dependent development." The prime task of this study was to examine the complex nature of the tourism industry in Turkey as it relates to the government's effort to tourism development. The study reveals that the government's involvement in the tourism industry was hampered by an impasse in development strategies and ideologies due to the retreatment from the etatist philosophy to the export oriented/privatization scenario. This resulted in a distortion characterized by inactivity in tourism (i.e., the absence of a national tourism policy. Tourism was perceived as a short-term remedy to the lack of foreign capital as an invisible sector (replacing worker's remittances from abroad). All told, the tourism industry, regardless of its myriad potentials, was confined to a few enclave developments as directed by market forces rather than as a derivative of formal planning decisions. The government's role remains passive at this point despite a requirement for active intervention in tourism activity_
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While many studies focus on the links between multiple risk factors and negative outcomes such as child maltreatment, less is known about the influence of protective factors in the face of risks. The theoretical ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Exploring the Effects of Multi-Level Protective and Risk Factors on Child and Parenting Outcomes in Families Participating in Healthy Start/Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO)
- Author:
- Nygren, Peggy
- Year:
- 2013
While many studies focus on the links between multiple risk factors and negative outcomes such as child maltreatment, less is known about the influence of protective factors in the face of risks. The theoretical base of this study was a social ecological model of interactive influences including individual parent, family, and neighborhood level factors to predict outcomes. Protective Factor Index (PFI) and Risk Factor Index (RFI) predictors were developed to explore potential multi-level protective factor buffering effects on key child development and parenting outcomes. Participants were first time mothers enrolled in a randomized controlled study of the Healthy Start/ Healthy Families Oregon (HS/HFO) home visitation program (treatment group) who completed a follow-up phone survey at the child’s 12 month birthday (n = 405). Families were offered HS/HFO services prenatally after meeting risk screening eligibility criteria on the New Baby Questionnaire (NBQ). Program mothers having received at least one home visit (n = 248) were included in the final analyses. Families had an average of 3.1 (SD = 1.2) NBQ risk factors at enrollment and 83% reported having trouble paying for basic needs. Families received an average of 16 home visits in the first 6 months of the program. Thirty-one percent of mothers were aged 19 or younger, 60% were White and Non-Hispanic, 31% were Hispanic, and 9% were another race/ethnicity. Hierarchical regression models with main effects (RFI, PFI, race) and an interaction term (RFI X PFI) were developed to predict eight outcomes. Interaction effects models were not significant. Five RFI main effects were significant: higher RFI scores were associated with greater likelihood of child welfare involvement, greater parenting stress, less favorable scores on child health and well-being, lower parent responsiveness and ii acceptance, and less supportive learning environments. One PFI main effect was significant: higher PFI scores predicted lower parenting stress. A trend level result showed higher PFI scores were associated with less child welfare involvement. Race was significant in two models: White/Non-Hispanic families were more likely to have a home visitor report child welfare involvement and had more frequent parent-child activities compared to other race/ethnicity families. Unpacking the results with separate single risk factor (12 items) and protective factor (10 items) regression models followed. Results showed parent’s prior family history of maltreatment and younger maternal age predicted child welfare involvement (home visitor report), while protection was seen for those with access to housing support. Social support and family functioning protectors were linked to lower parenting stress, while maternal depression showed the opposite finding. Better scores on a child health and well-being measure were seen with higher neighborhood cohesion and greater participation in HS/HFO; in contrast, neighborhood violence and frequent mobility were linked to worse scores. Developmentally supportive home environments were seen for families participating in additional parent support programs, in which the mother had greater knowledge of infant milestones and behavior, and if the family had access to housing supports. Unemployment proved to be associated with less enriched home environments. In summary, there was no support for the cumulative PFI in buffering risk for negative outcomes in this model. The RFI was also a more robust predictor of outcomes compared to the PFI in the main effects models. Overall, study findings provide some evidence for the utility of specific protective factors, as well as cumulative and specific single risk factors, for screening families for effectively targeting services and guiding the conceptual development of program and evaluation formats.
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658. [Article] Simplified Reversed Chloroquines to Overcome Malaria Resistance to Quinoline-based Drugs
Malaria is a major health problem, mainly in developing countries, and causes an estimated 1 million deaths per year. Plasmodium falciparum is the major type of human malaria parasite, and causes the most ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Simplified Reversed Chloroquines to Overcome Malaria Resistance to Quinoline-based Drugs
- Author:
- Gunsaru, Bornface
- Year:
- 2010
Malaria is a major health problem, mainly in developing countries, and causes an estimated 1 million deaths per year. Plasmodium falciparum is the major type of human malaria parasite, and causes the most infections and deaths. Malaria drugs, like any other drugs, suffer from possible side effects and the potential for emergence of resistance. Chloroquine, which was a very effective drug, has been used since about 1945, but its use is severely limited by resistance, even though it has mild side effects, and is otherwise very efficacious. Research has shown that there are chloroquine reversal agents, molecules that can reinstate antimalarial activity of chloroquine and chloroquine-like drugs; many such reversal agents are composed of two aromatic groups linked to a hydrogen bond acceptor several bonds away. By linking a chloroquine-like molecule to a reversal agent-like molecule, it was hoped that a hybrid molecule could be made with both antimalarial and reversal agent properties. In the Peyton Lab, such hybrid "Reversed Chloroquine" molecules have been synthesized and shown to have better antimalarial activity than chloroquine against the P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive strain D6, as well as the P. falciparum chloroquine-resistant strains Dd2 and 7G8. The work reported in this manuscript involves simplifying the reversal agent head group of the Reversed Chloroquine molecules, to a single aromatic ring instead of the two rings groups described by others; this modification retained, or even enhanced, the antimalarial activity of the parent Reversed Chloroquine molecules. Of note was compound PL154, which had IC50 values of 0.3 nM and 0.5 nM against chloroquine-sensitive D6 and chloroquine-resistant Dd2. Compound PL106 was made to increase water solubility (a requirement for bioavailability) of the simplified Reversed Chloroquine molecules. Molecular modifications inherent to PL106 were not very detrimental to the antimalarial activity, and PL106 was found to be orally available in mice infected with P. yoelli, with an ED50 value of about 5.5 mg/kg/d. Varying the linker length between the quinoline ring and the protonatable nitrogen, or between the head group and the protonatable nitrogen, did not have adverse effects on the antimalarial activities of the simplified Reversed Chloroquine molecules, in accord with the trends observed for the original design of Reversed Chloroquine molecules as found from previous studies in the Peyton Lab. The simplified Reversed Chloroquine molecules even tolerated aliphatic head groups (rather than the original design which specified aromatic rings), showing that major modifications could be made on the Reversed Chloroquine molecules without major loss in activity. A bisquinoline compound, PL192, was made that contained secondary nitrogens at position 4 of the quinoline ring (PL192 is a modification of piperaquine, a known antimalarial drug that contains tertiary nitrogens at position 4 of the quinoline ring); this compound was more potent than piperaquine which had an IC50 value of 0.7 nM against CQS D6 and an IC50 of 1.5 nM against CQR Dd2, PL192 had IC50 values of 0.63 nM against chloroquine sensitive D6 and 0.02 nM against chloroquine resistant Dd2. Finally, the mechanism of action of these simplified "Reversed Chloroquines" was evaluated; it was found that the simplified "Reversed Chloroquines" behaved like chloroquine in inhibiting β-hematin formation and in heme binding. However, the simplified "Reversed Chloroquines" were found to inhibit chloroquine transport for chloroquine resistant P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes to a lesser extant than the classical reversal agent verapamil. From these studies it was noted that the simplified "Reversed Chloroquines" may not behave as well as classical reversal agents would in restoring chloroquine efficacy, but they are very potent, and so could be a major step in developing drug candidates against malaria.
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Reliable estimates of river discharge and sediment transport to the ocean from large tidal rivers are vital for water resources management, efficient river and harbor management, navigational purposes, ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- A Novel Approach to Flow and Sediment Transport Estimation in Estuaries and Bays
- Author:
- Moftakhari Rostamkhani, Hamed
- Year:
- 2015
Reliable estimates of river discharge and sediment transport to the ocean from large tidal rivers are vital for water resources management, efficient river and harbor management, navigational purposes, and climate analyses. Due to the difficulties inherent in measuring tidal-river discharge, hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately characterize long-term (decadal) trends. Also, uncertainties associated with observation and calibration of hydrological models suggest a need for more accurate methods based on longer records of hydrodynamic parameters (e.g. tides). Tidal theory indicates that tides and river discharge interact through quadratic bed friction, which diminishes and distorts the tidal wave as discharge increases. In this study, using tidal constituents, astronomical forcing and a model of the frictional interaction of flow and tides, I propose a novel Tidal Discharge Estimate (TDE) to predict freshwater discharge with an approximate averaging interval of 18 days for time periods with tidal data but no river flow records. Next, using continuous wavelet analysis of tidal properties, I develop a method of estimating river discharge using tides measured on multiple gages along tidal rivers to improve the time-resolution and accuracy of TDE. The applicability of the Multiple-gauge Discharge Estimate (MTDE) is first demonstrated in the two largest tidal-fluvial systems of the Pacific Northwest, the Columbia River Estuary (CRE) and Fraser River Estuary (FRE). A numerical model of an idealized estuary with similar forcing as the FRE and CRE is next run under different hydrologic and morphologic scenarios to evaluate the effect of convergence, friction, and river flow variations on the applicability of MTDE. The TDE method was applied to the San Francisco Bay, using the continuous hourly tide record available since 1858. Results show that TDE reproduces known San Francisco (SF) Bay delta inflows from 1930-present with a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.81 and is a useful method for hindcasting historical flows from 1858 - 1929, a period that predates direct measurement of delta discharge. I also recover and digitize ~80 years of Sacramento River daily water level data between 1849 and 1946, from which river discharge to SF Bay is estimated on a daily basis, after adjusting for changes to the river channel. This discharge combined with Net Delta Outflow Index estimates (1930 - 2011) and flow estimates from tidal data (1858 - 2011) provides a more accurate version of SF Bay historic daily inflows from 1849 - 2011. Next, the history of sediment transport and discharge into SF Bay from 1849-present is reevaluated using the daily discharge estimates. A non-stationary rating curve between river flow and sediment transport is developed, with net sedimentation observed during five bathymetric surveys that were used to constrain the total integrated sediment discharge. Results show that ~1600±320 million-tons of sediment have been delivered to SF Bay between 1850 and 2011. There has been an approximately 25 - 30% reduction of annual flow since the 19th century, along with decreased sediment supply. This has resulted in a ~60% reduction in annual sediment delivery to SF Bay. The annual hydrograph of inflow to SF Bay and the seasonality of sediment flux have changed considerably over time, due to both human alteration and climate change. Significant historic spring-melt peak floods have disappeared in the modern system and now peak flows mostly occur in winter. My flow estimation methods also confirm that the flood of January 1862 had the largest daily sediment load and the second largest daily discharge since 1849.
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660. [Article] An Empirical Assessment of the Center-Periphery Hypothesis in International Economic Relations
There are two leading perspectives on trade and economic development: the classical view based on the ideas of free trade and comparative advantage, which regards the international division of labor through ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- An Empirical Assessment of the Center-Periphery Hypothesis in International Economic Relations
- Author:
- Shirazi, Fazlollah Bonakdar
- Year:
- 1988
There are two leading perspectives on trade and economic development: the classical view based on the ideas of free trade and comparative advantage, which regards the international division of labor through free trade as supporting economic development; and the dependency theory view regards the international division of labor as an obstacle to the economic development of the now underdeveloped countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate hypotheses advanced by dependency theory, and, more particularly, by Galtung's Structural Theory of Imperialism. According to Galtung's theory, the world is divided into center and periphery countries, themselves divided into center and periphery sectors. The distinction between center and periphery is based on differences among nations in trade partner concentration, export commodity concentration, vertical trade, and quality of life. A periphery country is said to have most of its trade with one center country, while a center country IS free to trade with many partners. A periphery country tends to export a small number of primary products, while a center country has a greater diversity of exports, which are principally manufactured goods. These factors reflect a dependence of the periphery on the center and produce a gap in the quality of life between the two. The synchronic properties of the center-periphery relationship are tested for 127 countries for the years 1962, 1970, and 1980 with bivariate correlation calculations among ten variables: 1- Trade Partner Concentration (EPC), 2- Total Trade Linkages (TTL), 3- Import Partner Concentration (IPC), 4- Export Commodity Concentration (ECC), 5- Import Commodity Concentration (ICC), 6- Vertical Trade (VT), 7- Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), 8- Percent share of GOP in Agriculture (AGR/GDP), 9- GNP per capita (GNP), and 10- Export Dependency (ED). The diachronic properties of the world system at the regional and global levels are investigated by: 1- developing export trade hierarchies to identify center and associated periphery countries; 2- comparing regional and global averages for the national variables; 3- conducting decomposition analysis of export/import activity to assess diversities within and among regions; and 4- calculating system-wide variables, Global Polarization (GP) and Global Concentration (GC), based also on import/export data. At the national level, all hypothesized relationships among the ten variables are confirmed (are statistically significant at the .05 level), except for all relationships involving ICC and some relationships involving ED. The ICC results support the contention of Michaely that import and export commodity concentrations are positively correlated, in contradiction to assertions made by Leontief. All correlations between TPC, ECC, VT, and POLl agree with the propositions of dependency theory. At the regional level, the study reveals the continued existence of differences between the industrialized region and the other regions of the world, despite improvements for some regions in some variables (e.g., EPC, VT, and POLl). Regions are more homogeneous with respect to member countries than the world is with respect to regions. At the global level five major hierarchies (United States, United Kingdom, France, West Germany, and Soviet Union) are identified. From 1962 to 1980, the United States' hierarchy grew, mostly at the expense of that of the United Kingdom. Japan's hierarchy, nonexistent in 1962, emerged strongly by 1980. The systemic variables, GP and GC showed moderate to high, but constant, levels. No clear trend is apparent over this study period for the world system as a whole. While global averages and averages for the non-industrialized regions show changes in many variables in the direction of reduced world system differentiation, the systemic variables and the results of the decomposition analysis show constancy over time. However, an increased differentiation is suggested by GNP I capita data. In summary, although systemic changes over time are complex and individual countries may show ascent or decline, the general pattern of differentiation between center and periphery, as proposed by Galtung and others, holds true for the post World War II period.