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• 41. [Article] Pharmaceutical Contaminants as Stressors on Rocky Intertidal and Estuarine Organisms: a Case Study of Fluoxetine

  Contaminants such as pharmaceuticals are of increasing concern due to their ubiquitous use and persistence in surface waters worldwide. Limited attention has been paid to the effects of pharmaceuticals ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pharmaceutical Contaminants as Stressors on Rocky Intertidal and Estuarine Organisms: a Case Study of Fluoxetine Author: Peters, Joseph Richard Year: 2016 Contaminants such as pharmaceuticals are of increasing concern due to their ubiquitous use and persistence in surface waters worldwide. Limited attention has been paid to the effects of pharmaceuticals on marine life, despite widespread detection of these contaminants in the marine environment. Of the existing studies, the majority assess the negative effects of pharmaceuticals over an exposure period of 30 days or less and focus on cellular and subcellular biomarkers. Longer studies are required to determine if chronic contaminant exposure poses risks to marine life at environmentally relevant concentrations. Also scarce in the literature is examination of whole organism effects to identify potential community-level consequences. Two long-term studies with the antidepressant pharmaceutical, fluoxetine (the active constituent in Prozac®) were conducted to determine whether nominal concentrations detected in estuarine and coastal environments affect organism health and interactions. First, we measured whole organism metrics in the California mussel, Mytilus californianus over a period of 107 days. Specifically, we measured algal clearance rates, growth, and condition indices for both reproductive and overall health. We found that fluoxetine negatively affects all measured characteristics, however many effects are mediated by length of exposure. Perhaps the most notable result was that mussels spiked with fluoxetine cleared less algae after 30 days of exposure. Reduced growth and condition indices likely are a consequence of improper nutrition among fluoxetine-treated mussels. Any level of fluoxetine significantly affected the gonadosomatic index after 47 days. The results from this study on mussels fill an important data gap, highlighting organism-level effects of chronic exposure periods; such data more explicitly identify the impacts of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants on marine communities and ecosystems. Fluoxetine has also been documented to affect the behavior of fish and invertebrates, including freshwater and marine bivalves, crustaceans, and fish. Given that other crustaceans exhibited increased activity levels under fluoxetine exposure, we hypothesized that this would subject them to greater predation risk. In our second exposure study, we assessed whether a similar range of fluoxetine concentrations used in the mussel study altered the risk behavior of the Oregon mud crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, in response to a common predator, the red rock crab, Cancer productus. We conducted this study for 60 days, conducting day and night behavioral trials (with and without predators) four times a week. We found that crabs exposed to any amount of fluoxetine (3 or 30 ng/L) had increased activity levels relative to controls; however behaviors of 3 ng/L-spiked crabs were not always significantly different from controls. Among control crabs, day and night trials yielded similar results, where a clear response to the addition of the predator was observed. Crabs dosed with fluoxetine exhibited more foraging and active behaviors in the presence of the predator. Additionally, crabs spiked with fluoxetine at 30 ng/L had the greatest risk of mortality either by predation by red rock crabs or due to more aggressive behaviors among conspecifics. The results of this study shed light on a particularly unexplored area of contaminants research: how do psychoactive pharmaceuticals affect animal behavior when exposed to the low concentrations persisting in the aquatic environment for a prolonged period of time? Title: Pharmaceutical Contaminants as Stressors on Rocky Intertidal and Estuarine Organisms: a Case Study of Fluoxetine Author: Peters, Joseph Richard Year: 2016 Contaminants such as pharmaceuticals are of increasing concern due to their ubiquitous use and persistence in surface waters worldwide. Limited attention has been paid to the effects of pharmaceuticals on marine life, despite widespread detection of these contaminants in the marine environment. Of the existing studies, the majority assess the negative effects of pharmaceuticals over an exposure period of 30 days or less and focus on cellular and subcellular biomarkers. Longer studies are required to determine if chronic contaminant exposure poses risks to marine life at environmentally relevant concentrations. Also scarce in the literature is examination of whole organism effects to identify potential community-level consequences. Two long-term studies with the antidepressant pharmaceutical, fluoxetine (the active constituent in Prozac®) were conducted to determine whether nominal concentrations detected in estuarine and coastal environments affect organism health and interactions. First, we measured whole organism metrics in the California mussel, Mytilus californianus over a period of 107 days. Specifically, we measured algal clearance rates, growth, and condition indices for both reproductive and overall health. We found that fluoxetine negatively affects all measured characteristics, however many effects are mediated by length of exposure. Perhaps the most notable result was that mussels spiked with fluoxetine cleared less algae after 30 days of exposure. Reduced growth and condition indices likely are a consequence of improper nutrition among fluoxetine-treated mussels. Any level of fluoxetine significantly affected the gonadosomatic index after 47 days. The results from this study on mussels fill an important data gap, highlighting organism-level effects of chronic exposure periods; such data more explicitly identify the impacts of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants on marine communities and ecosystems. Fluoxetine has also been documented to affect the behavior of fish and invertebrates, including freshwater and marine bivalves, crustaceans, and fish. Given that other crustaceans exhibited increased activity levels under fluoxetine exposure, we hypothesized that this would subject them to greater predation risk. In our second exposure study, we assessed whether a similar range of fluoxetine concentrations used in the mussel study altered the risk behavior of the Oregon mud crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, in response to a common predator, the red rock crab, Cancer productus. We conducted this study for 60 days, conducting day and night behavioral trials (with and without predators) four times a week. We found that crabs exposed to any amount of fluoxetine (3 or 30 ng/L) had increased activity levels relative to controls; however behaviors of 3 ng/L-spiked crabs were not always significantly different from controls. Among control crabs, day and night trials yielded similar results, where a clear response to the addition of the predator was observed. Crabs dosed with fluoxetine exhibited more foraging and active behaviors in the presence of the predator. Additionally, crabs spiked with fluoxetine at 30 ng/L had the greatest risk of mortality either by predation by red rock crabs or due to more aggressive behaviors among conspecifics. The results of this study shed light on a particularly unexplored area of contaminants research: how do psychoactive pharmaceuticals affect animal behavior when exposed to the low concentrations persisting in the aquatic environment for a prolonged period of time? Close

• 42. [Article] Hydrogeology of the McKinney Butte Area: Sisters, Oregon

  McKinney Butte, a late Tertiary andesite vent and flow complex, is located near the town of Sisters, Oregon, in the upper Deschutes Basin, and is situated along the structural trend that forms the eastern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrogeology of the McKinney Butte Area: Sisters, Oregon Author: Hackett, Joshua Andrew Year: 2011 McKinney Butte, a late Tertiary andesite vent and flow complex, is located near the town of Sisters, Oregon, in the upper Deschutes Basin, and is situated along the structural trend that forms the eastern margin of the High Cascades graben (Sisters fault zone and Green Ridge). Rapid development and over appropriated surface water resources in this area have led to an increased dependence upon groundwater resources. A primary concern of resource managers is the potential impact of expanding groundwater use on stream flows and spring discharge. Two sets of springs (McKinney Butte Springs and Camp Polk Springs) discharge to Whychus Creek along the east flank of McKinney Butte, and during low-flow conditions supply a substantial component of the total flow in the creek. Despite their contribution to Whychus Creek, the springs along McKinney Butte are small-scale features and have received less attention than larger volume (> 2 m³/s) springs that occur in the basin (i.e., Metolius Spring and Lower Opal Springs). This study used discharge measurements in Whychus Creek upstream and downstream of the springs, and mixing models using measurements of electrical conductivity and temperature in the springs and Whychus Creek to determine the contribution of the springs to the creek. Isotopic, thermal, and geochemical signatures for the McKinney Butte and Camp Polk Springs, and local streams (Whychus Creek and Indian Ford Creek) and springs (Metolius Spring, Paulina Spring, Alder Springs, and Lower Opal Spring) were assessed to determine the source(s) of the McKinney Butte and Camp Polk Springs. The discharge and hydrochemical data along with hydraulic head data from local wells were used in the development of a conceptual model of groundwater flow for the McKinney Butte area. Discharge from the McKinney Butte Springs supplies the majority of water to Whychus Creek on the east flank of McKinney Butte (~0.20 m³/s), provides up to 46% of the flow in the creek, and is relatively stable throughout the year. Discharge from the Camp Polk Springs is less than 0.05 m³/s. Isotopic, thermal, and geochemical signatures indicate distinct sources for the McKinney Butte and Camp Polk Springs. Groundwater discharged at the McKinney Butte Springs is depleted in heavy stable isotopes (δD and δ¹⁸O) relative to the Camp Polk Springs. Recharge elevations inferred from stable isotope concentrations are 1800-1900 m for the McKinney Butte Springs and 950-1300 m for the Camp Polk Springs. Elevated water temperature in the McKinney Butte Springs relative to the average air temperature at the inferred recharge elevation indicates the presence of geothermal heat and implies deep circulation in the flow system. The temperature in the Camp Polk Springs is not elevated. The Camp Polk Springs, though not the McKinney Butte Springs, contain elevated concentrations of ions Cl, SO₄, and NO₃ that are indicative of contamination. The study results indicate the source of the Camp Polk Springs is shallow groundwater whereas the McKinney Butte Springs discharge water that has circulated deep in the groundwater flow system. Additionally, the hydrochemical traits of the McKinney Butte Springs are similar to Metolius Spring, suggesting discharge from the McKinney Butte Springs is controlled by the structural trend that forms the eastern margin of the High Cascades graben. The significant difference in discharge between the McKinney Butte Springs and Metolius spring may be related to the size of faults that occur locally. Title: Hydrogeology of the McKinney Butte Area: Sisters, Oregon Author: Hackett, Joshua Andrew Year: 2011 McKinney Butte, a late Tertiary andesite vent and flow complex, is located near the town of Sisters, Oregon, in the upper Deschutes Basin, and is situated along the structural trend that forms the eastern margin of the High Cascades graben (Sisters fault zone and Green Ridge). Rapid development and over appropriated surface water resources in this area have led to an increased dependence upon groundwater resources. A primary concern of resource managers is the potential impact of expanding groundwater use on stream flows and spring discharge. Two sets of springs (McKinney Butte Springs and Camp Polk Springs) discharge to Whychus Creek along the east flank of McKinney Butte, and during low-flow conditions supply a substantial component of the total flow in the creek. Despite their contribution to Whychus Creek, the springs along McKinney Butte are small-scale features and have received less attention than larger volume (> 2 m³/s) springs that occur in the basin (i.e., Metolius Spring and Lower Opal Springs). This study used discharge measurements in Whychus Creek upstream and downstream of the springs, and mixing models using measurements of electrical conductivity and temperature in the springs and Whychus Creek to determine the contribution of the springs to the creek. Isotopic, thermal, and geochemical signatures for the McKinney Butte and Camp Polk Springs, and local streams (Whychus Creek and Indian Ford Creek) and springs (Metolius Spring, Paulina Spring, Alder Springs, and Lower Opal Spring) were assessed to determine the source(s) of the McKinney Butte and Camp Polk Springs. The discharge and hydrochemical data along with hydraulic head data from local wells were used in the development of a conceptual model of groundwater flow for the McKinney Butte area. Discharge from the McKinney Butte Springs supplies the majority of water to Whychus Creek on the east flank of McKinney Butte (~0.20 m³/s), provides up to 46% of the flow in the creek, and is relatively stable throughout the year. Discharge from the Camp Polk Springs is less than 0.05 m³/s. Isotopic, thermal, and geochemical signatures indicate distinct sources for the McKinney Butte and Camp Polk Springs. Groundwater discharged at the McKinney Butte Springs is depleted in heavy stable isotopes (δD and δ¹⁸O) relative to the Camp Polk Springs. Recharge elevations inferred from stable isotope concentrations are 1800-1900 m for the McKinney Butte Springs and 950-1300 m for the Camp Polk Springs. Elevated water temperature in the McKinney Butte Springs relative to the average air temperature at the inferred recharge elevation indicates the presence of geothermal heat and implies deep circulation in the flow system. The temperature in the Camp Polk Springs is not elevated. The Camp Polk Springs, though not the McKinney Butte Springs, contain elevated concentrations of ions Cl, SO₄, and NO₃ that are indicative of contamination. The study results indicate the source of the Camp Polk Springs is shallow groundwater whereas the McKinney Butte Springs discharge water that has circulated deep in the groundwater flow system. Additionally, the hydrochemical traits of the McKinney Butte Springs are similar to Metolius Spring, suggesting discharge from the McKinney Butte Springs is controlled by the structural trend that forms the eastern margin of the High Cascades graben. The significant difference in discharge between the McKinney Butte Springs and Metolius spring may be related to the size of faults that occur locally. Close

• 43. [Article] Invertebrate Community Composition Across Inundation Regimes and Its Potential to Reduce Plant Stress

  Appreciation of the ecological and economic values associated with healthy salt marshes has led to a recent rise in the number of marshes that are being targeted for restoration by dike removal. The success ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Invertebrate Community Composition Across Inundation Regimes and Its Potential to Reduce Plant Stress Author: Lawson, Inez Ilicia Year: 2017 Appreciation of the ecological and economic values associated with healthy salt marshes has led to a recent rise in the number of marshes that are being targeted for restoration by dike removal. The success of restoration is often measured by the return of marsh plants, though this overlooks a key component of salt marshes, that of the invertebrate community within marsh sediments. To evaluate the short-term recovery of these invertebrates, sediment cores were collected across an elevational gradient in a recent dike removal marsh, one and two years post removal, and a nearby reference marsh. Abundance, richness and diversity as well as morphospecies community composition were compared across treatment groups (Reference, Removal) and elevation zone (High Marsh, Low Marsh). Morphospecies richness, abundance and diversity were significantly higher in Low Marsh samples than in High Marsh samples, though no statistically significant differences were found across treatments of the same elevation (e.g., Reference Low Marsh versus Removal Low Marsh). Pair-wise ANOSIM results found significant differences between community compositions across treatments, specifically Reference Low Marsh and Removal Low Marsh. The marsh edge, the lowest point of vascular plant growth before transitioning to tide flats, is considered a high stress environment for emergent vegetation. Plant establishment and survival in this low elevation zone is limited by the tolerance to inundation duration and frequency and anoxic sediments. Bioturbation and burrowing by macroinvertebrates increases the surface area exposed to surface water for gas exchange, increasing the depth of the redox potential discontinuity layer. Crabs that make stable, maintained burrows have been shown to increase oxygen penetration into sediment, improving plant productivity. Such crabs are not found in salt marshes of the Pacific Northwest of North America. However, other burrowing invertebrates may have a positive impact on plant health in these areas by reducing abiotic stress due to anoxic sediments, thereby allowing plants to establish and survive lower in the intertidal zone. To assess this potential relationship, study plots of Distichlis spicata were selected at equivalent elevations at the lowest point of plant establishment at the marsh edge. Focal plant rhizomes were severed from upland ramets and assigned an invertebrate abundance treatment based on a visual burrow count surrounding each plant (9 cm diameter). Focal plants were visited monthly from July to September 2016, plant health variables of chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence (photosynthetic efficiency), and sediment ORP readings were collected. Plant survivorship was significantly higher in plots with invertebrates, 96% of plants in "With Invertebrate" plots and 50% of plants in "No Invertebrates" plots survived the duration of the study. Plant health (chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence) generally increased with increased invertebrate presence though, not statistically significant. There may be potential for improved plant productivity and resilience to plants at the marsh edge due to invertebrate burrowing activity. This benefit could help mitigate projected losses in plant productivity due to sea level rise, though more research is needed to investigate the mechanism by which these invertebrates confer a health benefit to plants at the marsh edge. Title: Invertebrate Community Composition Across Inundation Regimes and Its Potential to Reduce Plant Stress Author: Lawson, Inez Ilicia Year: 2017 Appreciation of the ecological and economic values associated with healthy salt marshes has led to a recent rise in the number of marshes that are being targeted for restoration by dike removal. The success of restoration is often measured by the return of marsh plants, though this overlooks a key component of salt marshes, that of the invertebrate community within marsh sediments. To evaluate the short-term recovery of these invertebrates, sediment cores were collected across an elevational gradient in a recent dike removal marsh, one and two years post removal, and a nearby reference marsh. Abundance, richness and diversity as well as morphospecies community composition were compared across treatment groups (Reference, Removal) and elevation zone (High Marsh, Low Marsh). Morphospecies richness, abundance and diversity were significantly higher in Low Marsh samples than in High Marsh samples, though no statistically significant differences were found across treatments of the same elevation (e.g., Reference Low Marsh versus Removal Low Marsh). Pair-wise ANOSIM results found significant differences between community compositions across treatments, specifically Reference Low Marsh and Removal Low Marsh. The marsh edge, the lowest point of vascular plant growth before transitioning to tide flats, is considered a high stress environment for emergent vegetation. Plant establishment and survival in this low elevation zone is limited by the tolerance to inundation duration and frequency and anoxic sediments. Bioturbation and burrowing by macroinvertebrates increases the surface area exposed to surface water for gas exchange, increasing the depth of the redox potential discontinuity layer. Crabs that make stable, maintained burrows have been shown to increase oxygen penetration into sediment, improving plant productivity. Such crabs are not found in salt marshes of the Pacific Northwest of North America. However, other burrowing invertebrates may have a positive impact on plant health in these areas by reducing abiotic stress due to anoxic sediments, thereby allowing plants to establish and survive lower in the intertidal zone. To assess this potential relationship, study plots of Distichlis spicata were selected at equivalent elevations at the lowest point of plant establishment at the marsh edge. Focal plant rhizomes were severed from upland ramets and assigned an invertebrate abundance treatment based on a visual burrow count surrounding each plant (9 cm diameter). Focal plants were visited monthly from July to September 2016, plant health variables of chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence (photosynthetic efficiency), and sediment ORP readings were collected. Plant survivorship was significantly higher in plots with invertebrates, 96% of plants in "With Invertebrate" plots and 50% of plants in "No Invertebrates" plots survived the duration of the study. Plant health (chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence) generally increased with increased invertebrate presence though, not statistically significant. There may be potential for improved plant productivity and resilience to plants at the marsh edge due to invertebrate burrowing activity. This benefit could help mitigate projected losses in plant productivity due to sea level rise, though more research is needed to investigate the mechanism by which these invertebrates confer a health benefit to plants at the marsh edge. Close

• 44. [Article] Evidence Supporting Treatment Practice Based Delineation of Stormwater Runoff Zones

  Particles mobilized by stormwater negatively affect receiving surface waters. Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) can reduce solids along with associated pollutants in runoff but engineers and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evidence Supporting Treatment Practice Based Delineation of Stormwater Runoff Zones Author: Gorski, Jacob J. Year: 2013 Particles mobilized by stormwater negatively affect receiving surface waters. Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) can reduce solids along with associated pollutants in runoff but engineers and environmental managers have been long vexed by the problem of choosing the optimal BMP for a given situation. A common BMP process for solids removal is sedimentation. This thesis addresses the question of whether the effectiveness (and thus choice) of a sedimentation device can be estimated (and thus optimized) from the particle size properties of runoff, which, in turn, could be associated with specific runoff zones or land uses. Presented here is a series of experiments to determine the solids-removal capabilities of a manufactured oil-water separator that also removes solids via sedimentation. A statistical model developed from the experimental data shows that, under normal operating conditions, influent particle size can be used to accurately estimate effluent total suspended solids (TSS) for BMPs of this type. Relationships between particle size and particle-bound metal concentrations for Cu, Zn and Pb were then obtained from the literature and incorporated into the model to allow estimates of metal removal efficiencies based on TSS and PSD. The model can be used with an arbitrary particle size distribution (PSD); this allows effluent quality predictions to be made considering that particle sizes entering stormwater BMPs could vary due to anthropogenic, hydraulic or hydrologic factors. To place these experimental and modeling results in the context of an urban environment, samples of deposited stormwater solids were collected from residential areas, commercial areas and an industrial zone in Portland, Oregon, and the PSD of each sample was determined using light obstruction particle sizing. PSDs ranging over sizes from 3μm to 200μm vary among these locations. Areas with high anthropogenic impact were found to have PSDs skewed toward the smallest particle sizes. The statistical model developed here was then used to show that the effluent quality of the BMP tested would differ depending on the locations where solids were collected. The evidence presented in this thesis thus indicates that device performance will correlate with geographic locations or land use zone and validates further investigation into delineating the City of Portland's characteristic runoff zones and using the runoff characteristics of each zone to map it to the most desirable treatment practices. Title: Evidence Supporting Treatment Practice Based Delineation of Stormwater Runoff Zones Author: Gorski, Jacob J. Year: 2013 Particles mobilized by stormwater negatively affect receiving surface waters. Stormwater best management practices (BMPs) can reduce solids along with associated pollutants in runoff but engineers and environmental managers have been long vexed by the problem of choosing the optimal BMP for a given situation. A common BMP process for solids removal is sedimentation. This thesis addresses the question of whether the effectiveness (and thus choice) of a sedimentation device can be estimated (and thus optimized) from the particle size properties of runoff, which, in turn, could be associated with specific runoff zones or land uses. Presented here is a series of experiments to determine the solids-removal capabilities of a manufactured oil-water separator that also removes solids via sedimentation. A statistical model developed from the experimental data shows that, under normal operating conditions, influent particle size can be used to accurately estimate effluent total suspended solids (TSS) for BMPs of this type. Relationships between particle size and particle-bound metal concentrations for Cu, Zn and Pb were then obtained from the literature and incorporated into the model to allow estimates of metal removal efficiencies based on TSS and PSD. The model can be used with an arbitrary particle size distribution (PSD); this allows effluent quality predictions to be made considering that particle sizes entering stormwater BMPs could vary due to anthropogenic, hydraulic or hydrologic factors. To place these experimental and modeling results in the context of an urban environment, samples of deposited stormwater solids were collected from residential areas, commercial areas and an industrial zone in Portland, Oregon, and the PSD of each sample was determined using light obstruction particle sizing. PSDs ranging over sizes from 3μm to 200μm vary among these locations. Areas with high anthropogenic impact were found to have PSDs skewed toward the smallest particle sizes. The statistical model developed here was then used to show that the effluent quality of the BMP tested would differ depending on the locations where solids were collected. The evidence presented in this thesis thus indicates that device performance will correlate with geographic locations or land use zone and validates further investigation into delineating the City of Portland's characteristic runoff zones and using the runoff characteristics of each zone to map it to the most desirable treatment practices. Close

• 45. [Article] Examining the Effects of Climate Change and Urban Development on Water Demand: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Future Water Demand in Hillsboro, Oregon

  In the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area, suburban cities such as Hillsboro are projected to grow as people seek affordable housing near a rapidly growing metropolis. This thesis examines the combined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Examining the Effects of Climate Change and Urban Development on Water Demand: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Future Water Demand in Hillsboro, Oregon Author: House-Peters, Lily Year: 2010 In the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area, suburban cities such as Hillsboro are projected to grow as people seek affordable housing near a rapidly growing metropolis. This thesis examines the combined impact of'c1imate change and urban development on both neighborhood and municipal scale residential water demand in Hillsboro, Oregon. I use two models, a surface energy balance model, Local-scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS), and a system dynamics model, CCDomestic, to investigate changes in residential water demand in the 2040s at two distinct spatial scales, the neighborhood and the municipality. I calibrate and validate each model to the reference period and then simulate the future (2030-2059) under three statistically downscaled global climate models and two urban development scenarios. The findings of this study indicate that climate change and urban development will not evenly affect water consumption in neighborhoods across a city. Instead, the current land cover and residential density of a neighborhood exert an important influence on the response. Heavily vegetated neighborhoods exhibit large increases in water demand under urban sprawl and warming scenarios, while neighborhoods dominated by impervious surfaces decrease water consumption under sprawl scenarios and show little change in water consumption under combined sprawl and warming scenarios. At the municipal scale findings suggest that water demand is highly sensitive to urban design and management and that the combination of urban densification and water conservation regulations could mitigate increases in water consumption from population growth and climate change. Title: Examining the Effects of Climate Change and Urban Development on Water Demand: A Multi-Scale Analysis of Future Water Demand in Hillsboro, Oregon Author: House-Peters, Lily Year: 2010 In the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area, suburban cities such as Hillsboro are projected to grow as people seek affordable housing near a rapidly growing metropolis. This thesis examines the combined impact of'c1imate change and urban development on both neighborhood and municipal scale residential water demand in Hillsboro, Oregon. I use two models, a surface energy balance model, Local-scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme (LUMPS), and a system dynamics model, CCDomestic, to investigate changes in residential water demand in the 2040s at two distinct spatial scales, the neighborhood and the municipality. I calibrate and validate each model to the reference period and then simulate the future (2030-2059) under three statistically downscaled global climate models and two urban development scenarios. The findings of this study indicate that climate change and urban development will not evenly affect water consumption in neighborhoods across a city. Instead, the current land cover and residential density of a neighborhood exert an important influence on the response. Heavily vegetated neighborhoods exhibit large increases in water demand under urban sprawl and warming scenarios, while neighborhoods dominated by impervious surfaces decrease water consumption under sprawl scenarios and show little change in water consumption under combined sprawl and warming scenarios. At the municipal scale findings suggest that water demand is highly sensitive to urban design and management and that the combination of urban densification and water conservation regulations could mitigate increases in water consumption from population growth and climate change. Close

• 46. [Article] 3D Numerical Temperature Model Development and Calibration for Lakes and Reservoirs: A Case Study

  A 3D hydrodynamic and temperature numerical model was developed and calibrated for Lake Chaplain, Washington, USA. The governing equations are the continuity equation, free surface equation, momentum equation, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 3D Numerical Temperature Model Development and Calibration for Lakes and Reservoirs: A Case Study Author: Al-Zubaidi, Hussein A. M., Wells, Scott A. Year: 2017 A 3D hydrodynamic and temperature numerical model was developed and calibrated for Lake Chaplain, Washington, USA. The governing equations are the continuity equation, free surface equation, momentum equation, and conservation equation of transport. The model employs the semi-implicit finite difference scheme to solve the governing equations and higher order schemes (QUICK and Quickest) for mass and heat transport in contrast to simpler but more diffusive first order UPWIND scheme. A unique feature of the 3D numerical solution of the model free surface equation is that the solution uses a tri-diagonal matrix form rather than a more common pentadiagonal matrix. The surface heat exchange and turbulence structure were based on the CE-QUAL-W2 model. Comparisons in water surface levels and temperature vertical profiles between model predictions and data were performed using different advective transport schemes. The model matched data with good error statistics. Title: 3D Numerical Temperature Model Development and Calibration for Lakes and Reservoirs: A Case Study Author: Al-Zubaidi, Hussein A. M., Wells, Scott A. Year: 2017 A 3D hydrodynamic and temperature numerical model was developed and calibrated for Lake Chaplain, Washington, USA. The governing equations are the continuity equation, free surface equation, momentum equation, and conservation equation of transport. The model employs the semi-implicit finite difference scheme to solve the governing equations and higher order schemes (QUICK and Quickest) for mass and heat transport in contrast to simpler but more diffusive first order UPWIND scheme. A unique feature of the 3D numerical solution of the model free surface equation is that the solution uses a tri-diagonal matrix form rather than a more common pentadiagonal matrix. The surface heat exchange and turbulence structure were based on the CE-QUAL-W2 model. Comparisons in water surface levels and temperature vertical profiles between model predictions and data were performed using different advective transport schemes. The model matched data with good error statistics. Close

• 47. [Article] Validation of the CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 River Basin Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model

  CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3, a 2-D (longitudinal-vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model for river basins combining both river and stratified river-estuary and lakereservoir flow, is a development product ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Validation of the CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 River Basin Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model Author: Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3, a 2-D (longitudinal-vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model for river basins combining both river and stratified river-estuary and lakereservoir flow, is a development product of the Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg, MS, USA. With the development and release of any revised or reformulated model codes, significant model validation is required. This includes comparison of model results to simple analytical solutions for hydrodynamics and water quality transport, as well as comparison to laboratory and field data. In this paper, the model is compared to numerous analytical solutions for mass transport (1-D advective mass transport) and hydrodynamics (impulsive wind stress on water surface, seiching). Suggestions are presented for proper validation protocols for hydrodynamic and water quality models. Title: Validation of the CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 River Basin Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model Author: Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3, a 2-D (longitudinal-vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model for river basins combining both river and stratified river-estuary and lakereservoir flow, is a development product of the Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg, MS, USA. With the development and release of any revised or reformulated model codes, significant model validation is required. This includes comparison of model results to simple analytical solutions for hydrodynamics and water quality transport, as well as comparison to laboratory and field data. In this paper, the model is compared to numerous analytical solutions for mass transport (1-D advective mass transport) and hydrodynamics (impulsive wind stress on water surface, seiching). Suggestions are presented for proper validation protocols for hydrodynamic and water quality models. Close

• 48. [Article] Basis of the CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 River Basin Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model

  CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3, a 2-D (longitudinal-vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model for river basins combining both river and stratified river-estuary and lake-reservoir flow, is a development product ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Basis of the CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 River Basin Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model Author: Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3, a 2-D (longitudinal-vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model for river basins combining both river and stratified river-estuary and lake-reservoir flow, is a development product of the Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg, MS, USA. With the development and release of any revised or reformulated model codes, significant model validation is required. This includes comparison of model results to simple analytical solutions for hydrodynamics and water quality transport, as well as comparison to laboratory and field data. In this paper, the model is compared to numerous analytical solutions for mass transport (1- D advective mass transport) and hydrodynamics (impulsive wind stress on water surface, seiching). Suggestions are presented for proper validation protocols for hydrodynamic and water quality models. Title: Basis of the CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 River Basin Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model Author: Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3, a 2-D (longitudinal-vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model for river basins combining both river and stratified river-estuary and lake-reservoir flow, is a development product of the Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg, MS, USA. With the development and release of any revised or reformulated model codes, significant model validation is required. This includes comparison of model results to simple analytical solutions for hydrodynamics and water quality transport, as well as comparison to laboratory and field data. In this paper, the model is compared to numerous analytical solutions for mass transport (1- D advective mass transport) and hydrodynamics (impulsive wind stress on water surface, seiching). Suggestions are presented for proper validation protocols for hydrodynamic and water quality models. Close

• 49. [Article] Water Purification Technologies: From a Residential Scale Perspective

  The Problem: Small communities in many parts of the world do not have fresh water, especially after natural disasters. Many Puerto Rico local governments did not investigate and maintain local water purification ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Purification Technologies: From a Residential Scale Perspective Author: Nguyen, Tin, Owaishiz, Abdalilah, Ryan, Mark Year: 2017 The Problem: Small communities in many parts of the world do not have fresh water, especially after natural disasters. Many Puerto Rico local governments did not investigate and maintain local water purification and pipe systems or possible superfund sites in preparation of natural disasters because they do not have enough staff due to Territory and EPA budget cuts. Local governments in Puerto Rico need to continue to react quickly because a majority of regional communities who have had community water service have not been able to restore their water systems. According to Vox, “there have also been reports of water contaminated raw sewage and at least 74 suspected cases and two deaths from leptospirosis, a deadly animal-borne disease that can also live in water” [31]. If people in Puerto Rico keep drinking water from dirty water pump systems due to the shortage of drinking water many more people in Puerto Rico can become seriously ill and may lead to death. Local governments in Puerto Rico need to reach out to the EPA and CDCP to provide effective strategies of water purification and help citizens by providing clean water technology to examine water that contains virus and contamination. The United States government needs to collaborate with Puerto Rico to resolve the environment issues occurring. According to Vox, “there are 18 superfund sites in Puerto Rico, including the Dorado Groundwater Contamination Site in the north-central part of the island where some people were getting their water. The site is part of a drinking water system that serves 67,000 people” [31]. According to Peter Lopez, the newly appointed head of EPA Region II, “From my experience, communities that are struggling financially are going to be hardest pressed to respond” [31]. This is a challenge when local governments do not receive help from FEMA to have funding for the healthcare fund, superfund site investigation, maintenance of pump systems, and delivery cost for thousands of bottles of water to reach Puerto Ricans hands. People have to use this unsafe water and they try to boil it but the taste is unacceptable. According to Oren and Atabey for USA today, Ortiz worries that the bad-tasting, blue-colored water that runs in her pipes is unsafe. She and her aunt use it only to clean clothes and dishes, and to shower. They had tried boiling it, but “it tasted weird,” Ortiz said. Bottled water can be hard to find and gets expensive, said her aunt, Maria Ortiz, 66. “If you are lucky to find some, a pack of 24 water bottles that used to be $3.99 now is about $7.50,” she said [32]. More and more Puerto Ricans are having a shortage of water delivered to them due to the lack of staffing. Our Focus: Evaluate water purification technologies in communities (at the residential level) of Puerto Rico and other Island Nations which have recently been devastated by hurricanes and are suffering greatly from lack of fresh water. Introduction: Less than 1% of the water on this planet is fresh water suitable for human use and most of that is inaccessible being frozen in polar ice caps. Climate change furthers this discrepancy when global temperatures rise. Climate becomes more radical increasing climatic extremes and causing more natural disasters. Contamination is a great risk to our water; especially surface water where pathogenic bacteria and microbes flourish and dissolved dirt can make it turbid. This is a problem on a massive global scale, but locally it is not challenging to solve. Providing clean water and educating people locally at the residential level is relatively easy. Title: Water Purification Technologies: From a Residential Scale Perspective Author: Nguyen, Tin, Owaishiz, Abdalilah, Ryan, Mark Year: 2017 The Problem: Small communities in many parts of the world do not have fresh water, especially after natural disasters. Many Puerto Rico local governments did not investigate and maintain local water purification and pipe systems or possible superfund sites in preparation of natural disasters because they do not have enough staff due to Territory and EPA budget cuts. Local governments in Puerto Rico need to continue to react quickly because a majority of regional communities who have had community water service have not been able to restore their water systems. According to Vox, “there have also been reports of water contaminated raw sewage and at least 74 suspected cases and two deaths from leptospirosis, a deadly animal-borne disease that can also live in water” [31]. If people in Puerto Rico keep drinking water from dirty water pump systems due to the shortage of drinking water many more people in Puerto Rico can become seriously ill and may lead to death. Local governments in Puerto Rico need to reach out to the EPA and CDCP to provide effective strategies of water purification and help citizens by providing clean water technology to examine water that contains virus and contamination. The United States government needs to collaborate with Puerto Rico to resolve the environment issues occurring. According to Vox, “there are 18 superfund sites in Puerto Rico, including the Dorado Groundwater Contamination Site in the north-central part of the island where some people were getting their water. The site is part of a drinking water system that serves 67,000 people” [31]. According to Peter Lopez, the newly appointed head of EPA Region II, “From my experience, communities that are struggling financially are going to be hardest pressed to respond” [31]. This is a challenge when local governments do not receive help from FEMA to have funding for the healthcare fund, superfund site investigation, maintenance of pump systems, and delivery cost for thousands of bottles of water to reach Puerto Ricans hands. People have to use this unsafe water and they try to boil it but the taste is unacceptable. According to Oren and Atabey for USA today, Ortiz worries that the bad-tasting, blue-colored water that runs in her pipes is unsafe. She and her aunt use it only to clean clothes and dishes, and to shower. They had tried boiling it, but “it tasted weird,” Ortiz said. Bottled water can be hard to find and gets expensive, said her aunt, Maria Ortiz, 66. “If you are lucky to find some, a pack of 24 water bottles that used to be $3.99 now is about $7.50,” she said [32]. More and more Puerto Ricans are having a shortage of water delivered to them due to the lack of staffing. Our Focus: Evaluate water purification technologies in communities (at the residential level) of Puerto Rico and other Island Nations which have recently been devastated by hurricanes and are suffering greatly from lack of fresh water. Introduction: Less than 1% of the water on this planet is fresh water suitable for human use and most of that is inaccessible being frozen in polar ice caps. Climate change furthers this discrepancy when global temperatures rise. Climate becomes more radical increasing climatic extremes and causing more natural disasters. Contamination is a great risk to our water; especially surface water where pathogenic bacteria and microbes flourish and dissolved dirt can make it turbid. This is a problem on a massive global scale, but locally it is not challenging to solve. Providing clean water and educating people locally at the residential level is relatively easy. Close

• 50. [Article] Bottom Topography Mapping via Nonlinear Data Assimilation

  A variational data assimilation method is described for bottom topography mapping in rivers and estuaries using remotely sensed observations of water surface currents. The velocity field and bottom topography ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bottom Topography Mapping via Nonlinear Data Assimilation Author: Zaron, Edward D., Pradal, Marie-Aude, Miller, Patrick D., Blumberg, Alan F., Georgas, Nickitas, Li, Wei, Cornuelle, Julia Muccino Year: 2011 A variational data assimilation method is described for bottom topography mapping in rivers and estuaries using remotely sensed observations of water surface currents. The velocity field and bottom topography are related by the vertically integrated momentum and continuity equations, leading to a nonlinear inverse problem for bottom topography, which is solved using a Picard iteration strategy combined with a nonlinear line search. An illustration of the method is shown for Haverstraw Bay, in the Hudson River, where the known bottom topography is well reconstructed. Once the topography has been estimated, currents and water levels may be forecast. The method makes feasible 1) the estimation of bottom topography in regions where in situ data collection may be impossible, dangerous, or expensive, and 2) the calibration of barotropic shallow-water models via control of the bottom topography. Title: Bottom Topography Mapping via Nonlinear Data Assimilation Author: Zaron, Edward D., Pradal, Marie-Aude, Miller, Patrick D., Blumberg, Alan F., Georgas, Nickitas, Li, Wei, Cornuelle, Julia Muccino Year: 2011 A variational data assimilation method is described for bottom topography mapping in rivers and estuaries using remotely sensed observations of water surface currents. The velocity field and bottom topography are related by the vertically integrated momentum and continuity equations, leading to a nonlinear inverse problem for bottom topography, which is solved using a Picard iteration strategy combined with a nonlinear line search. An illustration of the method is shown for Haverstraw Bay, in the Hudson River, where the known bottom topography is well reconstructed. Once the topography has been estimated, currents and water levels may be forecast. The method makes feasible 1) the estimation of bottom topography in regions where in situ data collection may be impossible, dangerous, or expensive, and 2) the calibration of barotropic shallow-water models via control of the bottom topography. Close