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• 41. [Article] Investigating the Link Between Surface Water and Groundwater in the Tule Lake Subbasin, Oregon and California

  Water allocation in the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California has been challenging. Irrigators have increasingly turned to groundwater to make up for surface water shortages because of shifts in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigating the Link Between Surface Water and Groundwater in the Tule Lake Subbasin, Oregon and California Author: Pischel, Esther Maria Year: 2014 Water allocation in the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California has been challenging. Irrigators have increasingly turned to groundwater to make up for surface water shortages because of shifts in allocation toward in-stream flows for Endangered Species Act listed fishes. The largest increase in groundwater pumping has been in and around the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Irrigation Project, which includes the Tule Lake subbasin in the southern part of the upper Klamath Basin. Previous groundwater flow model simulations indicate that water level declines from pumping may result in decreased flow to agricultural drains in the Tule Lake subbasin. Agricultural drains on the Klamath Project are an important source of water for downstream irrigators and for the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges. To better assess the impact of increased pumping on drain flow and on the water balance of the groundwater system, flow data from agricultural drains were evaluated to investigate the changes that have taken place in groundwater discharge to drains since pumping volumes increased. Additionally, a fine-grid groundwater model of the Tule Lake subbasin was developed based on the existing regional flow model. The fine-grid model has sufficient vertical and horizontal resolution to simulate vertical head gradients, takes advantage of time-series data from 38 observation wells for model calibration, and allows agricultural drains to be more explicitly represented. Results of the drain flow analysis show that the groundwater discharge to agricultural drains has decreased by approximately 4000 hectare-meters from the 1997-2000 average discharge. Most of this decrease takes place in the northern and southeastern portions of the subbasin. Results of the groundwater model show that the initial source of water to wells is groundwater storage. By 2006, approximately 56% of the water from wells is sourced from agricultural drains. Title: Investigating the Link Between Surface Water and Groundwater in the Tule Lake Subbasin, Oregon and California Author: Pischel, Esther Maria Year: 2014 Water allocation in the upper Klamath Basin of Oregon and California has been challenging. Irrigators have increasingly turned to groundwater to make up for surface water shortages because of shifts in allocation toward in-stream flows for Endangered Species Act listed fishes. The largest increase in groundwater pumping has been in and around the Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Irrigation Project, which includes the Tule Lake subbasin in the southern part of the upper Klamath Basin. Previous groundwater flow model simulations indicate that water level declines from pumping may result in decreased flow to agricultural drains in the Tule Lake subbasin. Agricultural drains on the Klamath Project are an important source of water for downstream irrigators and for the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges. To better assess the impact of increased pumping on drain flow and on the water balance of the groundwater system, flow data from agricultural drains were evaluated to investigate the changes that have taken place in groundwater discharge to drains since pumping volumes increased. Additionally, a fine-grid groundwater model of the Tule Lake subbasin was developed based on the existing regional flow model. The fine-grid model has sufficient vertical and horizontal resolution to simulate vertical head gradients, takes advantage of time-series data from 38 observation wells for model calibration, and allows agricultural drains to be more explicitly represented. Results of the drain flow analysis show that the groundwater discharge to agricultural drains has decreased by approximately 4000 hectare-meters from the 1997-2000 average discharge. Most of this decrease takes place in the northern and southeastern portions of the subbasin. Results of the groundwater model show that the initial source of water to wells is groundwater storage. By 2006, approximately 56% of the water from wells is sourced from agricultural drains. Close

• 42. [Article] Report on Wintering Western Snowy Plovers at Coos Bay North Spit and Impacts to Plovers from The North Jetty Repair Project, Winter 2009

  The Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) breeds along the coast of the Pacific Ocean in California, Oregon, and Washington and at alkaline lakes in the interior of the western United ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report on Wintering Western Snowy Plovers at Coos Bay North Spit and Impacts to Plovers from The North Jetty Repair Project, Winter 2009 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2009 The Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) breeds along the coast of the Pacific Ocean in California, Oregon, and Washington and at alkaline lakes in the interior of the western United States (Page et al. 1991). Loss of habitat, predation pressures, and disturbance have caused the decline of the coastal population of Snowy Plovers and led to the listing of the Pacific Coast Population of Western Snowy Plovers as Threatened on March 5, 1993 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993). Oregon Western Snowy Plovers are known to winter along the coast of Oregon as well as migrate to other wintering locations, mainly in California (Lauten et al. 2001, ORNHIC unpublished data). Previous winter surveys along the Oregon coast (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, unpublished data, ORNHIC unpublished data) have documented the locations of wintering Snowy Plovers. Coos Bay North Spit (CBNS) is one location where plovers are known to winter. During the winter of 2008-2009, Army Corp of Engineers (ACOE) contracted Kerr Contractors, Inc. to complete repairs on the North Jetty of the Coos River. ACOE consulted with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) regarding impacts to sensitive species including Western Snowy Plover. ACOE contracted Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center (ORNHIC) to complete two Snowy Plover surveys prior to jetty repair work, two plover surveys per week during repair work, and two plover surveys post repair work to document any potential impacts to wintering plovers. In winter, plovers tend to spend much of their time roosting along the high tide wrack line, but also spend time foraging, often on the wet sand near the surf (ORHIC, unpublished data). At CBNS, winter Snowy Plover survey data has shown that plovers will roost and feed on the beach north of the North Jetty, but also spend time roosting on the South Spoil and Habitat Restoration Areas (HRAs) east of the foredune. Large 20-ton dump trucks and other large equipment were used to haul material to the North Jetty. Vehicles used the foredune road that bisects the HRAs. Our objectives were to survey and monitor Snowy Plovers on the beach, HRAs, and South Spoil, to document the number of plovers using the area and any impacts or disturbance to the plovers during the North Jetty repair project. Title: Report on Wintering Western Snowy Plovers at Coos Bay North Spit and Impacts to Plovers from The North Jetty Repair Project, Winter 2009 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2009 The Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) breeds along the coast of the Pacific Ocean in California, Oregon, and Washington and at alkaline lakes in the interior of the western United States (Page et al. 1991). Loss of habitat, predation pressures, and disturbance have caused the decline of the coastal population of Snowy Plovers and led to the listing of the Pacific Coast Population of Western Snowy Plovers as Threatened on March 5, 1993 (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993). Oregon Western Snowy Plovers are known to winter along the coast of Oregon as well as migrate to other wintering locations, mainly in California (Lauten et al. 2001, ORNHIC unpublished data). Previous winter surveys along the Oregon coast (Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, unpublished data, ORNHIC unpublished data) have documented the locations of wintering Snowy Plovers. Coos Bay North Spit (CBNS) is one location where plovers are known to winter. During the winter of 2008-2009, Army Corp of Engineers (ACOE) contracted Kerr Contractors, Inc. to complete repairs on the North Jetty of the Coos River. ACOE consulted with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) regarding impacts to sensitive species including Western Snowy Plover. ACOE contracted Oregon Natural Heritage Information Center (ORNHIC) to complete two Snowy Plover surveys prior to jetty repair work, two plover surveys per week during repair work, and two plover surveys post repair work to document any potential impacts to wintering plovers. In winter, plovers tend to spend much of their time roosting along the high tide wrack line, but also spend time foraging, often on the wet sand near the surf (ORHIC, unpublished data). At CBNS, winter Snowy Plover survey data has shown that plovers will roost and feed on the beach north of the North Jetty, but also spend time roosting on the South Spoil and Habitat Restoration Areas (HRAs) east of the foredune. Large 20-ton dump trucks and other large equipment were used to haul material to the North Jetty. Vehicles used the foredune road that bisects the HRAs. Our objectives were to survey and monitor Snowy Plovers on the beach, HRAs, and South Spoil, to document the number of plovers using the area and any impacts or disturbance to the plovers during the North Jetty repair project. Close

• 43. [Article] Resolution and Reconstitution of the Photosystem I Reaction Center: Structure and Function of the Terminal Electron Acceptor FA/FB Polypeptide

  The Photosystem I core protein containing P700, A₀, A₁, and Fx has been isolated from Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 and spinach Photosystem I complexes with 6.8 M urea followed by sucrose density ultracentrifugtion. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Resolution and Reconstitution of the Photosystem I Reaction Center: Structure and Function of the Terminal Electron Acceptor FA/FB Polypeptide Author: Mehari, Tetemke Year: 1990 The Photosystem I core protein containing P700, A₀, A₁, and Fx has been isolated from Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 and spinach Photosystem I complexes with 6.8 M urea followed by sucrose density ultracentrifugtion. The Photosystem I core protein has retained > 90% of Fx and 100% of P700 (determined by optical spectroscopy) but is totally devoid of iron-sulfur centers Fᴀ and Fв (determined by optical and ESR spectroscopy). SDS-PAGE indicates the retention of the 82-and 83-kDa reaction center polypeptides. The loss of Fᴀ and Fв is further reflected in the decline of acid labile sulfide from 11.8 ± 0.4 S²-/P700 in the Photosystem I complex to 4.6 ± 0.3 S²-/P700 in the Photosystem I core.protein. This preparation represents the first isolation of an intact reaction center core incorporating the redox centers P700 through Fx but totally lacking Fᴀ and Fʙ. Complete restoration of electron flow from P700 to Fᴀ/Fв was achieved by incubating a P700 and Fx-containing Photosystem I core protein with a freshly isolated 8.9-kDa, Fᴀ/Fв polypeptide. When illuminated during freezing, both Fᴀ and Fв become quantitatively reduced, and the ESR spectrum is nearly indistinguishable from Fᴀ and Fв in the control Photosystem I complex. In the reconstituted Photosystem I complex Fx is photochemically reduced only in the presence of Fᴀ- and Fв- and the broad high field resonance of Fx in the core protein appears upon reconstitution to be indistinguishable from Fx in the control Photosystem I complex. Optical flash photolysis after extensive washing confirms the complete restoration of the P700+ [Fᴀ/Fв]- backreaction, indicating quantitative rebinding of the 8.9-kOa polypeptide. This procedure.represents the first reconstitution of the Photosystem I complex from a purified Photosystem I core protein and a freshly isolated 8.9 kDa Fᴀ/Fв holoprotein, and makes possible independent manipulation of the two subunits that carry the entire electron acceptor system of Photosystem I. The Fᴀ/Fв iron-sulfur clusters in the 8.9 kDa polypeptide are easily degraded to the level of zero-valence sulfur during isolation from the Photosystem I complex. The level of degradation is minimized by working under anaerobic conditions and low temperature. It has been found that incubation of the purified Photosystem I core protein and the low molecular mass polypeptides (which includes the 8.9-kDa Fᴀ/Fв apoprotein) with a solution of FeCI₃, Na₂S and B-mercaptoethanol restores the light induced charge separation between P700 and Fᴀ/Fв. The optical and spectroscopic properties are indistinguishable from the control Photosystem one I complex. When a rebuilt spinach or Synechococcus sp. PeC 6301 Fᴀ/Fв polypeptide is rebound to a Photosystem I core protein from the same species, the reconstituted complexes show light-induced ESR spectra of Fᴀ/Fв with g-values identical to their respective controls. However, when the rebuilt spinach Fᴀ/Fв polypeptide is rebound to a Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 Photosystem I core protein, the hybrid spinach Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 Photo system complex shows a light-induced ESR spectrum of Fᴀ/Fв with g- values that differ slightly, but characteristically, from those of both spinach and Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 control complexes. The hybrid spinach-Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 Photosystem I complex was completely functional in light-induced charge separation between P700 and Fᴀ/Fв and showed a normal 30-ms room temperature charge recombination between P700+ and [Fᴀ/Fв]-. Accordingly, rebuilding of the Fᴀ and Fв iron-sulfur clusters is now possible and reconstitution of the Fᴀ/Fв holoprotein after chemical modification of the Fᴀ/Fв apoprotein or genetic modification of the psaC gene should reveal new findings about Photosystem I structure and function. Title: Resolution and Reconstitution of the Photosystem I Reaction Center: Structure and Function of the Terminal Electron Acceptor FA/FB Polypeptide Author: Mehari, Tetemke Year: 1990 The Photosystem I core protein containing P700, A₀, A₁, and Fx has been isolated from Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 and spinach Photosystem I complexes with 6.8 M urea followed by sucrose density ultracentrifugtion. The Photosystem I core protein has retained > 90% of Fx and 100% of P700 (determined by optical spectroscopy) but is totally devoid of iron-sulfur centers Fᴀ and Fв (determined by optical and ESR spectroscopy). SDS-PAGE indicates the retention of the 82-and 83-kDa reaction center polypeptides. The loss of Fᴀ and Fв is further reflected in the decline of acid labile sulfide from 11.8 ± 0.4 S²-/P700 in the Photosystem I complex to 4.6 ± 0.3 S²-/P700 in the Photosystem I core.protein. This preparation represents the first isolation of an intact reaction center core incorporating the redox centers P700 through Fx but totally lacking Fᴀ and Fʙ. Complete restoration of electron flow from P700 to Fᴀ/Fв was achieved by incubating a P700 and Fx-containing Photosystem I core protein with a freshly isolated 8.9-kDa, Fᴀ/Fв polypeptide. When illuminated during freezing, both Fᴀ and Fв become quantitatively reduced, and the ESR spectrum is nearly indistinguishable from Fᴀ and Fв in the control Photosystem I complex. In the reconstituted Photosystem I complex Fx is photochemically reduced only in the presence of Fᴀ- and Fв- and the broad high field resonance of Fx in the core protein appears upon reconstitution to be indistinguishable from Fx in the control Photosystem I complex. Optical flash photolysis after extensive washing confirms the complete restoration of the P700+ [Fᴀ/Fв]- backreaction, indicating quantitative rebinding of the 8.9-kOa polypeptide. This procedure.represents the first reconstitution of the Photosystem I complex from a purified Photosystem I core protein and a freshly isolated 8.9 kDa Fᴀ/Fв holoprotein, and makes possible independent manipulation of the two subunits that carry the entire electron acceptor system of Photosystem I. The Fᴀ/Fв iron-sulfur clusters in the 8.9 kDa polypeptide are easily degraded to the level of zero-valence sulfur during isolation from the Photosystem I complex. The level of degradation is minimized by working under anaerobic conditions and low temperature. It has been found that incubation of the purified Photosystem I core protein and the low molecular mass polypeptides (which includes the 8.9-kDa Fᴀ/Fв apoprotein) with a solution of FeCI₃, Na₂S and B-mercaptoethanol restores the light induced charge separation between P700 and Fᴀ/Fв. The optical and spectroscopic properties are indistinguishable from the control Photosystem one I complex. When a rebuilt spinach or Synechococcus sp. PeC 6301 Fᴀ/Fв polypeptide is rebound to a Photosystem I core protein from the same species, the reconstituted complexes show light-induced ESR spectra of Fᴀ/Fв with g-values identical to their respective controls. However, when the rebuilt spinach Fᴀ/Fв polypeptide is rebound to a Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 Photosystem I core protein, the hybrid spinach Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 Photo system complex shows a light-induced ESR spectrum of Fᴀ/Fв with g- values that differ slightly, but characteristically, from those of both spinach and Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 control complexes. The hybrid spinach-Synechococcus sp. PCC 6301 Photosystem I complex was completely functional in light-induced charge separation between P700 and Fᴀ/Fв and showed a normal 30-ms room temperature charge recombination between P700+ and [Fᴀ/Fв]-. Accordingly, rebuilding of the Fᴀ and Fв iron-sulfur clusters is now possible and reconstitution of the Fᴀ/Fв holoprotein after chemical modification of the Fᴀ/Fв apoprotein or genetic modification of the psaC gene should reveal new findings about Photosystem I structure and function. Close

• 44. [Article] Final Report: Evaluation of the Morphoedaphic Index and Sediment Diatoms for Inference of Pre-European Settlement Total Phosphorus Concentration in EPA Region 10 Lakes

  Water quality in many Northwest lakes has declined over the past century due, in part, to increased anthropogenic nutrient loading (Edmonson and Lehman, 1981). Under the Clean Water Act, resource managers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final Report: Evaluation of the Morphoedaphic Index and Sediment Diatoms for Inference of Pre-European Settlement Total Phosphorus Concentration in EPA Region 10 Lakes Author: Miller, Rich, Hook, Aaron, Petersen, Richard, Sytsma, Mark D. Year: 2005 Water quality in many Northwest lakes has declined over the past century due, in part, to increased anthropogenic nutrient loading (Edmonson and Lehman, 1981). Under the Clean Water Act, resource managers such as the Washington Department of Ecology, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, and tribes are responsible for restoring and protecting the integrity of these waters. Targets for restoration or criteria for impairment are not well defined, however, and may naturally vary by geology, hydrology, morphometry, and climate. One way to determine whether lakes are impaired and to identify restoration targets is to assess lake reference conditions (EPA 2000). Reference conditions are the water quality conditions that would exist in the absence of anthropogenic perturbation. Reference conditions are not nutrient criteria but can be useful in establishing realistic criteria that reflect natural regional variations in water quality. The EPA suggests three general approaches for assessing reference conditions (EPA 2000): Observation of reference lake or entire lake population distributions Paleolimnological reconstruction of past conditions. Estimation of past conditions from mass balance nutrient loading models, morphoedaphic index models, or other mathematical models. The lake population distribution approach involves observing data from either a set of lakes that are relatively unimpacted or from a random selection of all lakes in a region. The lower percentile of each population distribution is assumed to represent reference conditions. The lower 75th percentile of the relatively unimpacted population distribution has been used as a cutoff for reference conditions while the 25th percentile has been used for the lake population distribution as a whole. The Washington Department of Ecology has used this approach to develop phosphorus criteria (Moore and Hicks 2004). This approach assumes that the percentiles in a distribution represent reference conditions. Paleolimnological models are based on the observation that sediments continually incorporate information from the overlying water column and that sediment cores provide a history of past conditions. Sedimented diatom-based water quality reconstructions are based on two main observations (Hall and Smol 1992): (1) individual diatom species have restricted nutrient requirements and are sensitive indicators of lake trophic status, and (2) the cell walls of diatoms are abundant and well preserved in most lake sediments and can usually be identified to a specific or subspecific level. Weighted-averaging and calibration statistical models have been used to relate sediment surface diatom assemblages to contemporary water quality parameters. These speciesenvironment relationships, known as transfer functions, can then be used to infer past water quality conditions from diatom remains preserved deep in sediments. This approach has been successfully applied in several geographic regions including the northeastern United States (Dixit et al. 1999), Minnesota (Ramstack et al. 2003), and British Columbia (Reavie et al. 1995). The morphoedaphic index (MEI) was originally developed to predict fisheries yield in lakes based on lake morphometry and alkalinity or conductivity (Ryder 1965). Vighi and Chiaudani (1985) suggested the utility of the index for inferring natural background phosphorus levels in lakes. Their major assumption was that human activities have not altered lake morphometry and ionic strength to the degree that the same activities have increased nutrient loading. While the model is simple, it has been successfully used in to infer background phosphorus concentration in Midwest lakes (Ramstack et al. 2003). We used the MEI and the sedimented diatom total phosphorus inference models to assess lake reference conditions for Puget Lowlands and Northern Willamette Valley Ecoregion Lakes. Title: Final Report: Evaluation of the Morphoedaphic Index and Sediment Diatoms for Inference of Pre-European Settlement Total Phosphorus Concentration in EPA Region 10 Lakes Author: Miller, Rich, Hook, Aaron, Petersen, Richard, Sytsma, Mark D. Year: 2005 Water quality in many Northwest lakes has declined over the past century due, in part, to increased anthropogenic nutrient loading (Edmonson and Lehman, 1981). Under the Clean Water Act, resource managers such as the Washington Department of Ecology, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, and tribes are responsible for restoring and protecting the integrity of these waters. Targets for restoration or criteria for impairment are not well defined, however, and may naturally vary by geology, hydrology, morphometry, and climate. One way to determine whether lakes are impaired and to identify restoration targets is to assess lake reference conditions (EPA 2000). Reference conditions are the water quality conditions that would exist in the absence of anthropogenic perturbation. Reference conditions are not nutrient criteria but can be useful in establishing realistic criteria that reflect natural regional variations in water quality. The EPA suggests three general approaches for assessing reference conditions (EPA 2000): Observation of reference lake or entire lake population distributions Paleolimnological reconstruction of past conditions. Estimation of past conditions from mass balance nutrient loading models, morphoedaphic index models, or other mathematical models. The lake population distribution approach involves observing data from either a set of lakes that are relatively unimpacted or from a random selection of all lakes in a region. The lower percentile of each population distribution is assumed to represent reference conditions. The lower 75th percentile of the relatively unimpacted population distribution has been used as a cutoff for reference conditions while the 25th percentile has been used for the lake population distribution as a whole. The Washington Department of Ecology has used this approach to develop phosphorus criteria (Moore and Hicks 2004). This approach assumes that the percentiles in a distribution represent reference conditions. Paleolimnological models are based on the observation that sediments continually incorporate information from the overlying water column and that sediment cores provide a history of past conditions. Sedimented diatom-based water quality reconstructions are based on two main observations (Hall and Smol 1992): (1) individual diatom species have restricted nutrient requirements and are sensitive indicators of lake trophic status, and (2) the cell walls of diatoms are abundant and well preserved in most lake sediments and can usually be identified to a specific or subspecific level. Weighted-averaging and calibration statistical models have been used to relate sediment surface diatom assemblages to contemporary water quality parameters. These speciesenvironment relationships, known as transfer functions, can then be used to infer past water quality conditions from diatom remains preserved deep in sediments. This approach has been successfully applied in several geographic regions including the northeastern United States (Dixit et al. 1999), Minnesota (Ramstack et al. 2003), and British Columbia (Reavie et al. 1995). The morphoedaphic index (MEI) was originally developed to predict fisheries yield in lakes based on lake morphometry and alkalinity or conductivity (Ryder 1965). Vighi and Chiaudani (1985) suggested the utility of the index for inferring natural background phosphorus levels in lakes. Their major assumption was that human activities have not altered lake morphometry and ionic strength to the degree that the same activities have increased nutrient loading. While the model is simple, it has been successfully used in to infer background phosphorus concentration in Midwest lakes (Ramstack et al. 2003). We used the MEI and the sedimented diatom total phosphorus inference models to assess lake reference conditions for Puget Lowlands and Northern Willamette Valley Ecoregion Lakes. Close