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• 61. [Article] Kykloi : cyclic theories in ancient Greece

  It is both curious and frustrating, given the perennial popularity of the cycle concept in Ancient Greece, that there has not been a single book written devoted to the wide variety of philosophic and historical ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kykloi : cyclic theories in ancient Greece Author: Nelson, Hubert Wayne Year: 1980 It is both curious and frustrating, given the perennial popularity of the cycle concept in Ancient Greece, that there has not been a single book written devoted to the wide variety of philosophic and historical conceptions bound up with that loosely descriptive designation. This study was originally undertaken to satisfy my own curiosity on the subject. Herein I intend to survey the entire history of the cycle concept in general from about 700 B.C. to the time of Polybius in the second-century A.D. It is intended to be a descriptive as well as an analytical report. Title: Kykloi : cyclic theories in ancient Greece Author: Nelson, Hubert Wayne Year: 1980 It is both curious and frustrating, given the perennial popularity of the cycle concept in Ancient Greece, that there has not been a single book written devoted to the wide variety of philosophic and historical conceptions bound up with that loosely descriptive designation. This study was originally undertaken to satisfy my own curiosity on the subject. Herein I intend to survey the entire history of the cycle concept in general from about 700 B.C. to the time of Polybius in the second-century A.D. It is intended to be a descriptive as well as an analytical report. Close

• 62. [Article] Periodic Atlas of the Metroscape: Seeing the Past in the Present - A Snapshot of the Relationship between Urban Growth and Transportation

  With this edition of the periodic atlas, we explore the waves of growth and changes in urban form that have occurred over the last century in Metro's tri-county region using historic maps and the year-built ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Periodic Atlas of the Metroscape: Seeing the Past in the Present - A Snapshot of the Relationship between Urban Growth and Transportation Author: Merrick, Meg Year: 2011 With this edition of the periodic atlas, we explore the waves of growth and changes in urban form that have occurred over the last century in Metro's tri-county region using historic maps and the year-built information provided by Metro's Regional Land Information System (RLIS) for tax lots. Title: Periodic Atlas of the Metroscape: Seeing the Past in the Present - A Snapshot of the Relationship between Urban Growth and Transportation Author: Merrick, Meg Year: 2011 With this edition of the periodic atlas, we explore the waves of growth and changes in urban form that have occurred over the last century in Metro's tri-county region using historic maps and the year-built information provided by Metro's Regional Land Information System (RLIS) for tax lots. Close

• 63. [Article] 2000 Oregon Population Report

  This report presents the population estimates for Oregon and its counties and incorporated cities for July 1, 2000, based on the April 1, 2000 census information. The ten tables in this report show current ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 2000 Oregon Population Report Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Cai, Qian, Edmonston, Barry, Hough, George C., Jr. Year: 2001 This report presents the population estimates for Oregon and its counties and incorporated cities for July 1, 2000, based on the April 1, 2000 census information. The ten tables in this report show current 2000 population estimates as well as historical data. Supplements to the 2000 Population Report are included. Title: 2000 Oregon Population Report Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Cai, Qian, Edmonston, Barry, Hough, George C., Jr. Year: 2001 This report presents the population estimates for Oregon and its counties and incorporated cities for July 1, 2000, based on the April 1, 2000 census information. The ten tables in this report show current 2000 population estimates as well as historical data. Supplements to the 2000 Population Report are included. Close

• 64. [Article] 2009 Oregon Population Report

  This report contains the annual population estimates for Oregon, and its counties, incorporated cities, and unincorporated areas for July 1, 2009. Included in ten tables are the estimates summarized by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 2009 Oregon Population Report Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Proehl, Risa, Crain, Julia Year: 2010 This report contains the annual population estimates for Oregon, and its counties, incorporated cities, and unincorporated areas for July 1, 2009. Included in ten tables are the estimates summarized by unincorporated and incorporated areas at the state level, as well as metropolitan areas and non-metropolitan areas. Some tables include historical estimates and Census populations. Title: 2009 Oregon Population Report Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Proehl, Risa, Crain, Julia Year: 2010 This report contains the annual population estimates for Oregon, and its counties, incorporated cities, and unincorporated areas for July 1, 2009. Included in ten tables are the estimates summarized by unincorporated and incorporated areas at the state level, as well as metropolitan areas and non-metropolitan areas. Some tables include historical estimates and Census populations. Close

• 65. [Article] Population Forecasts for Marion County, its Cities and Unincorporated Area 2010-2030

  This report presents the results of a study conducted by the Population Research Center (PRC) to address long-range planning needs of Marion County and to produce population forecasts at the county and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population Forecasts for Marion County, its Cities and Unincorporated Area 2010-2030 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Proehl, Risa, Rynerson, Charles, Radin, Kenneth, Smith-Buani, Joseph Year: 2008 This report presents the results of a study conducted by the Population Research Center (PRC) to address long-range planning needs of Marion County and to produce population forecasts at the county and sub-county level. This report considers recent and historical demographic changes experienced within the County and provides forecasts from 2010 to 2030 in 5-year intervals. Expected future populations that result from the most-likely demographic trends throughout Marion County are presented in this report for all cities in the County. Title: Population Forecasts for Marion County, its Cities and Unincorporated Area 2010-2030 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Proehl, Risa, Rynerson, Charles, Radin, Kenneth, Smith-Buani, Joseph Year: 2008 This report presents the results of a study conducted by the Population Research Center (PRC) to address long-range planning needs of Marion County and to produce population forecasts at the county and sub-county level. This report considers recent and historical demographic changes experienced within the County and provides forecasts from 2010 to 2030 in 5-year intervals. Expected future populations that result from the most-likely demographic trends throughout Marion County are presented in this report for all cities in the County. Close

• 66. [Article] New FHWA VMT Forecasts Implications for Local Planning

  A summary of FHWA’s new national traffic trends assessment will be presented, including discussion of varied factors influencing forward-thinking forecasts. Examples of Oregon statewide vehicle miles travelled ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New FHWA VMT Forecasts Implications for Local Planning Author: Mortensen, Andrew Year: 2015 A summary of FHWA’s new national traffic trends assessment will be presented, including discussion of varied factors influencing forward-thinking forecasts. Examples of Oregon statewide vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and historic traffic trends from ATR stations in the Portland urban region and greater Willamette Valley will be highlighted. VMT, population and income data will be noted with implications on local transportation planning. Title: New FHWA VMT Forecasts Implications for Local Planning Author: Mortensen, Andrew Year: 2015 A summary of FHWA’s new national traffic trends assessment will be presented, including discussion of varied factors influencing forward-thinking forecasts. Examples of Oregon statewide vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and historic traffic trends from ATR stations in the Portland urban region and greater Willamette Valley will be highlighted. VMT, population and income data will be noted with implications on local transportation planning. Close

• 67. [Article] The fisheries of the Lower Columbia River, 1792 to 1850, based on EuroAmerican explorer and fur company accounts

  The role of fish in the Native American economy of the lower Columbia River has never been considered in detail. My study focused on the Columbia River from its mouth to the Cascades and the Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The fisheries of the Lower Columbia River, 1792 to 1850, based on EuroAmerican explorer and fur company accounts Author: Martin, Michael A. Year: 2006 The role of fish in the Native American economy of the lower Columbia River has never been considered in detail. My study focused on the Columbia River from its mouth to the Cascades and the Willamette River from its confluence with the Columbia to Willamette Falls. For this study I asked: How was salmon used? What other fish were important? Where and how were these fish taken and used? To address these questions, I evaluated historical documents, including explorer's accounts and the administrative records of fur companies dating from the late 1700's through the 1850's. I used fishery data, physical descriptions, migratory and spawning habits, and foraging patterns to identify fish in historic accounts. I annotated historic information and provided a synthesis of the historic fisheries. White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) dominated the trade. Chum (O.keta) and lamprey (Lampetra sp.) were available, although not traded in large numbers. White sturgeon, eulachon, fall chinook, chum and lamprey were smoke cured. Steel head (0. mykiss) , coho (O.kisutch), perch (Embiotocidae), and resident trout were traded in small numbers indicating that other fish were part of the economy. Sockeye. salmon (O.nerka) was not traded. f "~{.' Indians captured white sturgeon with: multiple hooks on set-lines and funnel nets to take white sturgeon during the winter; scoop nets and the eulachon rake took eulachon; spring and summer chinook were taken with hoop nets and platforms in the Cascades rapids and at Willamette Falls; gaffs were used to take chinook and sturgeon during the summer in Baker Bay; and hoop nets took fall chinook in streams. Seine nets were noted but not were not discussed except for the chinook fishery of Baker Bay. Historic information on fishes used and methods of capture contrasts with the archaeological record of the Portland Basin. Resident freshwater fish, minnows (Cyprinidae) and suckers (Catostomus sp.), are abundant in the archaeological faunal record, but are rarely mentioned in historic accounts. Artifacts such as net weights are common in archaeological contexts in contrast with the limited discussions in the historic record. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are reviewed. Title: The fisheries of the Lower Columbia River, 1792 to 1850, based on EuroAmerican explorer and fur company accounts Author: Martin, Michael A. Year: 2006 The role of fish in the Native American economy of the lower Columbia River has never been considered in detail. My study focused on the Columbia River from its mouth to the Cascades and the Willamette River from its confluence with the Columbia to Willamette Falls. For this study I asked: How was salmon used? What other fish were important? Where and how were these fish taken and used? To address these questions, I evaluated historical documents, including explorer's accounts and the administrative records of fur companies dating from the late 1700's through the 1850's. I used fishery data, physical descriptions, migratory and spawning habits, and foraging patterns to identify fish in historic accounts. I annotated historic information and provided a synthesis of the historic fisheries. White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) and chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) dominated the trade. Chum (O.keta) and lamprey (Lampetra sp.) were available, although not traded in large numbers. White sturgeon, eulachon, fall chinook, chum and lamprey were smoke cured. Steel head (0. mykiss) , coho (O.kisutch), perch (Embiotocidae), and resident trout were traded in small numbers indicating that other fish were part of the economy. Sockeye. salmon (O.nerka) was not traded. f "~{.' Indians captured white sturgeon with: multiple hooks on set-lines and funnel nets to take white sturgeon during the winter; scoop nets and the eulachon rake took eulachon; spring and summer chinook were taken with hoop nets and platforms in the Cascades rapids and at Willamette Falls; gaffs were used to take chinook and sturgeon during the summer in Baker Bay; and hoop nets took fall chinook in streams. Seine nets were noted but not were not discussed except for the chinook fishery of Baker Bay. Historic information on fishes used and methods of capture contrasts with the archaeological record of the Portland Basin. Resident freshwater fish, minnows (Cyprinidae) and suckers (Catostomus sp.), are abundant in the archaeological faunal record, but are rarely mentioned in historic accounts. Artifacts such as net weights are common in archaeological contexts in contrast with the limited discussions in the historic record. Possible explanations for these discrepancies are reviewed. Close

• 68. [Article] Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Trail : a study in consciousness

  This study is an attempt to discover how women participating in the mid-nineteenth century migration to Oregon viewed the westward journey and themselves in relationship to it. It is not a survey of the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Trail : a study in consciousness Author: Kesselman, Amy Year: 1974 This study is an attempt to discover how women participating in the mid-nineteenth century migration to Oregon viewed the westward journey and themselves in relationship to it. It is not a survey of the responses of all women in the westward movement, but, rather, an exploration of the perspective of those women who left a written record of their perceptions or recollections. The thesis focuses on the diaries and reminiscences of women travelling, primarily but not exclusively, in the years 1851-1853. The introductory material consists of a review of the existing historical literature on women and the West, and a discussion of the methods and assumptions used in the thesis. Following this is a short sketch of the history of the migration to Oregon. The major part of the thesis is organized around five themes which emerge from women’s diaries and reminiscences. Title: Diaries and reminiscences of women on the Oregon Trail : a study in consciousness Author: Kesselman, Amy Year: 1974 This study is an attempt to discover how women participating in the mid-nineteenth century migration to Oregon viewed the westward journey and themselves in relationship to it. It is not a survey of the responses of all women in the westward movement, but, rather, an exploration of the perspective of those women who left a written record of their perceptions or recollections. The thesis focuses on the diaries and reminiscences of women travelling, primarily but not exclusively, in the years 1851-1853. The introductory material consists of a review of the existing historical literature on women and the West, and a discussion of the methods and assumptions used in the thesis. Following this is a short sketch of the history of the migration to Oregon. The major part of the thesis is organized around five themes which emerge from women’s diaries and reminiscences. Close

• 69. [Article] The Mangroves of Ambanja and Ambaro Bays, Northwest Madagascar: Historical Dynamics, Current Status and Deforestation Mitigation Strategy

  Madagascar contains Africa’s fourth largest extent of mangroves, representing approximately 2% of the global distribution. Since 1990, more than 20% of Madagascar’s mangrove ecosystems have been heavily ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Mangroves of Ambanja and Ambaro Bays, Northwest Madagascar: Historical Dynamics, Current Status and Deforestation Mitigation Strategy Author: Jones, Trevor Gareth, Ratsimba, Harifidy Rakoto, Carro, Aude, Ravaoarinorotsihoarana, Lalao Year: 2016 Madagascar contains Africa’s fourth largest extent of mangroves, representing approximately 2% of the global distribution. Since 1990, more than 20% of Madagascar’s mangrove ecosystems have been heavily degraded or deforested due primarily to increased harvest for charcoal and timber and the expansion of agriculture and aquaculture. Anthropogenic-driven loss is particularly prominent in the north-western Ambanja and Ambaro Bays (AAB). At over 24,000 ha, AAB is one of Madagascar’s largest mangrove ecosystems, including prominent estuaries fed by rivers and streams originating in the country’s highest mountain range. Similar to the national rate, AAB has experienced approximately 20% loss since 1990, driven primarily by over-harvesting for charcoal and timber. Continued loss threatens the livelihoods and wellbeing of thousands of residents who rely on the many goods and services provided by a healthy, relatively intact mangrove ecosystem. To combat this loss, Blue Ventures (BV), in partnership with local communities and the University of Antananarivo, is working to protect, restore and encourage the sustainable use of mangroves. BVs’ Blue Forests project aims to help maintain and diversify local livelihoods and to sustainably manage mangroves and their associated biodiversity in AAB, as well as throughout western Madagascar. This chapter provides an overview of the biophysical characteristics, historic dynamics and current status of the AAB mangrove ecosystem, and mitigation strategies being implemented through BVs’ Blue Forests project. Title: The Mangroves of Ambanja and Ambaro Bays, Northwest Madagascar: Historical Dynamics, Current Status and Deforestation Mitigation Strategy Author: Jones, Trevor Gareth, Ratsimba, Harifidy Rakoto, Carro, Aude, Ravaoarinorotsihoarana, Lalao Year: 2016 Madagascar contains Africa’s fourth largest extent of mangroves, representing approximately 2% of the global distribution. Since 1990, more than 20% of Madagascar’s mangrove ecosystems have been heavily degraded or deforested due primarily to increased harvest for charcoal and timber and the expansion of agriculture and aquaculture. Anthropogenic-driven loss is particularly prominent in the north-western Ambanja and Ambaro Bays (AAB). At over 24,000 ha, AAB is one of Madagascar’s largest mangrove ecosystems, including prominent estuaries fed by rivers and streams originating in the country’s highest mountain range. Similar to the national rate, AAB has experienced approximately 20% loss since 1990, driven primarily by over-harvesting for charcoal and timber. Continued loss threatens the livelihoods and wellbeing of thousands of residents who rely on the many goods and services provided by a healthy, relatively intact mangrove ecosystem. To combat this loss, Blue Ventures (BV), in partnership with local communities and the University of Antananarivo, is working to protect, restore and encourage the sustainable use of mangroves. BVs’ Blue Forests project aims to help maintain and diversify local livelihoods and to sustainably manage mangroves and their associated biodiversity in AAB, as well as throughout western Madagascar. This chapter provides an overview of the biophysical characteristics, historic dynamics and current status of the AAB mangrove ecosystem, and mitigation strategies being implemented through BVs’ Blue Forests project. Close

• 70. [Article] The Bull Run River–Reservoir System Model

  The Bull Run watershed is located 41.8 kilometers east of Portland, Oregon in the Mt. Hood National Forest and consists of two reservoirs supplying drinking water to over 840,000 people in the Portland ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Bull Run River–Reservoir System Model Author: Annear, Robert Leslie, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 The Bull Run watershed is located 41.8 kilometers east of Portland, Oregon in the Mt. Hood National Forest and consists of two reservoirs supplying drinking water to over 840,000 people in the Portland metropolitan area. In March 1998 Steelhead and Spring Chinook were listed as threatened in the Lower Columbia basin under the Endangered Species Act. Historical reservoir operations during the summer released no water downstream resulting in stream temperatures exceeding the state water quality standard for salmonids. CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 is a two-dimensional water quality and hydrodynamic model capable of modeling watersheds with interconnected rivers, reservoirs and estuaries. CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 was used to model temperature in the reservoirs and river to investigate management strategies to meet water demand and fish habitat requirements. Management strategies evaluated included adding selective withdrawal, increasing reservoir size, constructing a new water supply reservoir, and altering selective withdrawal operations from historical patterns. Title: The Bull Run River–Reservoir System Model Author: Annear, Robert Leslie, Wells, Scott A. Year: 2002 The Bull Run watershed is located 41.8 kilometers east of Portland, Oregon in the Mt. Hood National Forest and consists of two reservoirs supplying drinking water to over 840,000 people in the Portland metropolitan area. In March 1998 Steelhead and Spring Chinook were listed as threatened in the Lower Columbia basin under the Endangered Species Act. Historical reservoir operations during the summer released no water downstream resulting in stream temperatures exceeding the state water quality standard for salmonids. CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 is a two-dimensional water quality and hydrodynamic model capable of modeling watersheds with interconnected rivers, reservoirs and estuaries. CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 was used to model temperature in the reservoirs and river to investigate management strategies to meet water demand and fish habitat requirements. Management strategies evaluated included adding selective withdrawal, increasing reservoir size, constructing a new water supply reservoir, and altering selective withdrawal operations from historical patterns. Close

• 71. [Article] Incorporating Archaeology Into Local Government Historic Preservation and Planning: A Review of Current Practice

  Problem, research strategy, and findings: The fate of archaeological sites in cities, towns, and county jurisdictions are greatly affected by the decisions of local governments and planning departments, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Incorporating Archaeology Into Local Government Historic Preservation and Planning: A Review of Current Practice Author: Deur, Douglas, Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2016 Problem, research strategy, and findings: The fate of archaeological sites in cities, towns, and county jurisdictions are greatly affected by the decisions of local governments and planning departments, which usually operate with little formal guidance regarding archaeological site stewardship. What strategies do local governments use to effectively manage archaeological sites in their jurisdictions? Which ones work best? To address these questions, we carried out an exploratory study of mechanisms used by local government planners for archaeological resource protection in 24 states between 2008 and 2015, obtaining information from 69 local governments. We use questionnaires and interviews with local government staff, Tribal Historic Preservation Officers (THPOs), and State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPOs), identifying the range of practices employed. Within the jurisdictions we studied, the most elaborate programs a) have local ordinances protecting archaeology, on-staff archaeologists, and use special archaeological districts and zoning overlays, survey, and development guidelines linked to archaeological site probability models; b) maintain cost-saving partnerships with SHPOs, THPOs, universities, and local nonprofit heritage organizations; c) or use a combination of these practices. Title: Incorporating Archaeology Into Local Government Historic Preservation and Planning: A Review of Current Practice Author: Deur, Douglas, Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2016 Problem, research strategy, and findings: The fate of archaeological sites in cities, towns, and county jurisdictions are greatly affected by the decisions of local governments and planning departments, which usually operate with little formal guidance regarding archaeological site stewardship. What strategies do local governments use to effectively manage archaeological sites in their jurisdictions? Which ones work best? To address these questions, we carried out an exploratory study of mechanisms used by local government planners for archaeological resource protection in 24 states between 2008 and 2015, obtaining information from 69 local governments. We use questionnaires and interviews with local government staff, Tribal Historic Preservation Officers (THPOs), and State Historic Preservation Officers (SHPOs), identifying the range of practices employed. Within the jurisdictions we studied, the most elaborate programs a) have local ordinances protecting archaeology, on-staff archaeologists, and use special archaeological districts and zoning overlays, survey, and development guidelines linked to archaeological site probability models; b) maintain cost-saving partnerships with SHPOs, THPOs, universities, and local nonprofit heritage organizations; c) or use a combination of these practices. Close

• 72. [Article] Welfare stigmatization and the elderly: the case of the Supplemental Security Income program

  Policy-makers and others historically have assumed that welfare programs should give assistance to the poor and carry stigma. This attitude in part developed from the English Poor Laws tradition in which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Welfare stigmatization and the elderly: the case of the Supplemental Security Income program Author: Man, Peter Jic-Leung Year: 1979 Policy-makers and others historically have assumed that welfare programs should give assistance to the poor and carry stigma. This attitude in part developed from the English Poor Laws tradition in which poverty was considered a negative condition. Labeling theory has often been used to explain the process of welfare stigmatization. Once an individual is labeled as a deviant, such as a welfare recipient, a self-fulfilling prophecy is initiated. Others perceive and respond to the individual as a deviant and the individual also internalized the stigma attached to such a role. The stigma attached to public dependency becomes an outcome of this labeling process. This study identifies the relationship between welfare stigma and the elderly and has three objectives. First, it challenges the usefulness of labeling theory in explaining the perception of welfare stigma among elderly recipients. Second, it analyzes why different levels of stigma are attached to different public assistance programs. Third, it examines why some recipients feel more stigmatized than others. Historically, the elderly poor have heen identified as the deserving poor and provided for under most social programs. Because of differential treatment between the elderly poor and the able-bodied poor, this study contends that these groups develop different self-images as welfare recipients. A single welfare image applied indiscriminately to both groups results in a poor fit. Instead of internalizing the negative image from the outside community, the elderly may have internalized the deserving poor image and subsequently perceive their welfare status as less stigmatized. Congress established the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program in 1972 to replace the state-run Old Age Assistance (OAA) program. By placing SSI under the Social Security Administration, this new program seeks to provide additional income with less stigma to the aged poor. Data for this study come from two separate surveys: a local survey of 400 respondents and a national survey of 8600 respondents. The most important dependent variable in this study is welfare stigma. It is operationally defined by three indicators: 1) whether recipients feel bothered in receiving assistance; 2) whether recipients feel embarrassed to admit their welfare status; and 3) whether recipients perceive community disrespect for thier welfare status. Factor analysis enabled a welfare stigma index to be constructed using the above three items. The often cited welfare stigma was not substantiated by the data. Elderly recipients of both OOA and SSI had low stigma feelings. Labeling theory, while useful in explaining welfare stigma of other poor subgroups, is not applicable to the elderly. Significantly less stigma was found to be associated with SSI than with OAA. Other findings supporting the SSI program include: more recipients had confidence in the Social Security Administration than in local welfare agencies; more were satisfied with the performance of SSI than with OAA; more non-recipients expressed a willingness to use SSI. In contrast to findings of many studies, this study found that some demographic variables, such as education and socioeconomic status, were significantly related to stigma. This study has theoretical and practical significance. First, it demonstrates that labeling theory is not useful in explaining stigma perception of the elderly. Second, it provides important baseline data to judge future performance of SSI and other similar programs. The analysis calls for the need to design effective social programs on a universalistic rather than class-specific basis. Options for change in the income-maintenance programs in the 1980's are discussed and include an analysis of the two-tier proposal. Title: Welfare stigmatization and the elderly: the case of the Supplemental Security Income program Author: Man, Peter Jic-Leung Year: 1979 Policy-makers and others historically have assumed that welfare programs should give assistance to the poor and carry stigma. This attitude in part developed from the English Poor Laws tradition in which poverty was considered a negative condition. Labeling theory has often been used to explain the process of welfare stigmatization. Once an individual is labeled as a deviant, such as a welfare recipient, a self-fulfilling prophecy is initiated. Others perceive and respond to the individual as a deviant and the individual also internalized the stigma attached to such a role. The stigma attached to public dependency becomes an outcome of this labeling process. This study identifies the relationship between welfare stigma and the elderly and has three objectives. First, it challenges the usefulness of labeling theory in explaining the perception of welfare stigma among elderly recipients. Second, it analyzes why different levels of stigma are attached to different public assistance programs. Third, it examines why some recipients feel more stigmatized than others. Historically, the elderly poor have heen identified as the deserving poor and provided for under most social programs. Because of differential treatment between the elderly poor and the able-bodied poor, this study contends that these groups develop different self-images as welfare recipients. A single welfare image applied indiscriminately to both groups results in a poor fit. Instead of internalizing the negative image from the outside community, the elderly may have internalized the deserving poor image and subsequently perceive their welfare status as less stigmatized. Congress established the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program in 1972 to replace the state-run Old Age Assistance (OAA) program. By placing SSI under the Social Security Administration, this new program seeks to provide additional income with less stigma to the aged poor. Data for this study come from two separate surveys: a local survey of 400 respondents and a national survey of 8600 respondents. The most important dependent variable in this study is welfare stigma. It is operationally defined by three indicators: 1) whether recipients feel bothered in receiving assistance; 2) whether recipients feel embarrassed to admit their welfare status; and 3) whether recipients perceive community disrespect for thier welfare status. Factor analysis enabled a welfare stigma index to be constructed using the above three items. The often cited welfare stigma was not substantiated by the data. Elderly recipients of both OOA and SSI had low stigma feelings. Labeling theory, while useful in explaining welfare stigma of other poor subgroups, is not applicable to the elderly. Significantly less stigma was found to be associated with SSI than with OAA. Other findings supporting the SSI program include: more recipients had confidence in the Social Security Administration than in local welfare agencies; more were satisfied with the performance of SSI than with OAA; more non-recipients expressed a willingness to use SSI. In contrast to findings of many studies, this study found that some demographic variables, such as education and socioeconomic status, were significantly related to stigma. This study has theoretical and practical significance. First, it demonstrates that labeling theory is not useful in explaining stigma perception of the elderly. Second, it provides important baseline data to judge future performance of SSI and other similar programs. The analysis calls for the need to design effective social programs on a universalistic rather than class-specific basis. Options for change in the income-maintenance programs in the 1980's are discussed and include an analysis of the two-tier proposal. Close

• 73. [Article] An Assessment of the Impact of Public Housing on the Low Income Elderly Residents of the Burnside Community

  This study will be a look at housing for Portland's Burnside population with special emphasis on the Foster hotel public housing project. Before housing or any other aspect of Burnside can be intelligently ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Assessment of the Impact of Public Housing on the Low Income Elderly Residents of the Burnside Community Author: Jacobs, Timothy C. Year: 1977 This study will be a look at housing for Portland's Burnside population with special emphasis on the Foster hotel public housing project. Before housing or any other aspect of Burnside can be intelligently discussed, it is important to have a realistic historical and contemporary understanding of the Burnside community. The second chapter of this study is designed to provide that understanding. The third chapter surveys the ways that other American cities have dealt with their skid row communities. Cities roughly the same size as Portland were chosen. Their efforts will be compared to Portland's plans for and actions toward its Burnside area -- the subject of Chapter IV. In this chapter, a critical analysis of the social policy recommendations made by the Human Resources Bureau for the downtown urban renewal area is offered as this is the official public social policy for the area. The next chapter of this study presents a survey done of the roster hotel to determine whether or not it is meeting the needs of the community. When the roster was initially planned, certain promises were made about who would be housed there and how it would serve Burnside. The questionnaire given to the Foster residents was designed to see if those promises were kept and to gauge the overall satisfaction the residents have with the hotel. It is hoped that with the background material provided in the first chapter of this study, a context will be established within which the reader can understand housing as it relates to this community. Title: An Assessment of the Impact of Public Housing on the Low Income Elderly Residents of the Burnside Community Author: Jacobs, Timothy C. Year: 1977 This study will be a look at housing for Portland's Burnside population with special emphasis on the Foster hotel public housing project. Before housing or any other aspect of Burnside can be intelligently discussed, it is important to have a realistic historical and contemporary understanding of the Burnside community. The second chapter of this study is designed to provide that understanding. The third chapter surveys the ways that other American cities have dealt with their skid row communities. Cities roughly the same size as Portland were chosen. Their efforts will be compared to Portland's plans for and actions toward its Burnside area -- the subject of Chapter IV. In this chapter, a critical analysis of the social policy recommendations made by the Human Resources Bureau for the downtown urban renewal area is offered as this is the official public social policy for the area. The next chapter of this study presents a survey done of the roster hotel to determine whether or not it is meeting the needs of the community. When the roster was initially planned, certain promises were made about who would be housed there and how it would serve Burnside. The questionnaire given to the Foster residents was designed to see if those promises were kept and to gauge the overall satisfaction the residents have with the hotel. It is hoped that with the background material provided in the first chapter of this study, a context will be established within which the reader can understand housing as it relates to this community. Close

• 74. [Article] Attitudes of psychiatric nurses and aides at an Oregon state hospital toward homosexuality

  Homosexuality is something which has been a part of almost every society throughout history. In western society this has been a subject of secrecy and taboo. Throughout our history homosexuals have been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Attitudes of psychiatric nurses and aides at an Oregon state hospital toward homosexuality Author: Andersen, Don Year: 1977 Homosexuality is something which has been a part of almost every society throughout history. In western society this has been a subject of secrecy and taboo. Throughout our history homosexuals have been persecuted and forced to hide their sexual identity. The effects of this on an individual should be something of concern to professionals in the mental health field. While in the past there has been little knowledge of homosexuality, and no self-expression on the part of homosexuals, there has, in recent years, been growing information and expression. The effect of this change on mental health workers is what this paper will examine. An historical survey will present the forces which shaped the current attitude of the mental health profession about homosexuality. I will present a general examination of the social ideology toward homosexuality in western society. I will also review the history of those homosexuals who have banded together for companionship, reform, and protest. This will be a context against which I will examine the attitudes of a specific group of people who care for the mentally ill--nurses and aides at a state mental hospital. The questionnaire I used to examine their attitudes surveys a broad range of possible attitudes about homosexuality. The responses will demonstrate what changes have occurred in society’s attitudes toward homosexuality. It will show, specifically, what the attitudes are of those who care for economically disadvantaged, severely disturbed homosexuals. Title: Attitudes of psychiatric nurses and aides at an Oregon state hospital toward homosexuality Author: Andersen, Don Year: 1977 Homosexuality is something which has been a part of almost every society throughout history. In western society this has been a subject of secrecy and taboo. Throughout our history homosexuals have been persecuted and forced to hide their sexual identity. The effects of this on an individual should be something of concern to professionals in the mental health field. While in the past there has been little knowledge of homosexuality, and no self-expression on the part of homosexuals, there has, in recent years, been growing information and expression. The effect of this change on mental health workers is what this paper will examine. An historical survey will present the forces which shaped the current attitude of the mental health profession about homosexuality. I will present a general examination of the social ideology toward homosexuality in western society. I will also review the history of those homosexuals who have banded together for companionship, reform, and protest. This will be a context against which I will examine the attitudes of a specific group of people who care for the mentally ill--nurses and aides at a state mental hospital. The questionnaire I used to examine their attitudes surveys a broad range of possible attitudes about homosexuality. The responses will demonstrate what changes have occurred in society’s attitudes toward homosexuality. It will show, specifically, what the attitudes are of those who care for economically disadvantaged, severely disturbed homosexuals. Close

• 75. [Article] The sasswood ordeal of the west Atlantic tribes of Sierra Leone and Liberia: an ethnohistoriographic survey

  The sasswood ordeal of poison presents a divinatory ritual which has been used in criminal cases by the traditional African of Sierra Leone and Liberia. For at least six hundred years, the peoples of these ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The sasswood ordeal of the west Atlantic tribes of Sierra Leone and Liberia: an ethnohistoriographic survey Author: Davies, Sarah Louise Year: 1973 The sasswood ordeal of poison presents a divinatory ritual which has been used in criminal cases by the traditional African of Sierra Leone and Liberia. For at least six hundred years, the peoples of these present countries have imposed this strictest of ordeals on their moral transgressors; and the practice has survived, despite the protestations of nineteenth-century missionaries and the encroachment of the western world. The investigation of the historical evidence of the sasswood ordeal among the West Atlantic tribes of Africa has three basic purposes. First, because of the paucity of interpretive data on the sasswood ordeal, the primary purpose of the thesis has been to more clearly delineate the meaning, characteristics, and functions of this poison ordeal as well as the swearing of oaths among the peoples of Sierra Leone and Liberia by amalgamating historical and more contemporaneous evidence. To this end, the distribution of the ordeal was considered; and descriptions were made of the various characteristics of the trait--complex--the poison’s action, the ritual and ceremonial aspects, the sasswood specialist, the accusations made in connection with the ordeal as well as indigenous myths of origin of the ordeal. Intracultural correlations were then presented to demonstrate the interdigitation of the elements in a culture in relation to the ordeal. Finally, some functions, other than the obvious guilt-determining aspect, were presented to demonstrate the various ways in which it had been used historically. A second purpose of this thesis was to demonstrate the intrinsically conservative: qualities of the ordeal as an aspect of religion and law. By assessing the impact of specific historical influences in the region of the West Atlantic tribes, such as Islam, colonialism, slavery, and urbanization, it was shown that no significant change had been witnessed through the six-hundred-year period of the historical record. In concluding this aspect, it was noted that certain "weaknesses" in the historical record—such as its being "piecemeal" and recorded only infrequently--caused problems in interpreting what appeared to be an intrinsically conservative nature of the sasswood ordeal. A third purpose, related to the second, was the application and assessment of "ethnohistoriographic" techniques, that is, those specific methods of historical scholarship utilized by the ethnographer in investigating past cultures. The limits of the use of the ethnohistoriographic techniques included observational bias (which was readily accountable, dealing as it did with hyperbole), the preoccupation with "sensational" data (which provided disparities, over-emphases in the historical record), as well as political motivations such that national prejudice frequently determined the "interpretation" placed on the ordeal. In addition, it was noted that because the sasswood ordeal may be classified as "esoterica," the record for this practice was generally spotty; and this fact affected interpretations on the actual change manifested in the trait complex. The main contribution made by this study has been to afford future readers with a composite and relatively complete source of information on one specific type of poison ordeal practiced among the West Atlantic tribes of Sierra Leone and Liberia. Title: The sasswood ordeal of the west Atlantic tribes of Sierra Leone and Liberia: an ethnohistoriographic survey Author: Davies, Sarah Louise Year: 1973 The sasswood ordeal of poison presents a divinatory ritual which has been used in criminal cases by the traditional African of Sierra Leone and Liberia. For at least six hundred years, the peoples of these present countries have imposed this strictest of ordeals on their moral transgressors; and the practice has survived, despite the protestations of nineteenth-century missionaries and the encroachment of the western world. The investigation of the historical evidence of the sasswood ordeal among the West Atlantic tribes of Africa has three basic purposes. First, because of the paucity of interpretive data on the sasswood ordeal, the primary purpose of the thesis has been to more clearly delineate the meaning, characteristics, and functions of this poison ordeal as well as the swearing of oaths among the peoples of Sierra Leone and Liberia by amalgamating historical and more contemporaneous evidence. To this end, the distribution of the ordeal was considered; and descriptions were made of the various characteristics of the trait--complex--the poison’s action, the ritual and ceremonial aspects, the sasswood specialist, the accusations made in connection with the ordeal as well as indigenous myths of origin of the ordeal. Intracultural correlations were then presented to demonstrate the interdigitation of the elements in a culture in relation to the ordeal. Finally, some functions, other than the obvious guilt-determining aspect, were presented to demonstrate the various ways in which it had been used historically. A second purpose of this thesis was to demonstrate the intrinsically conservative: qualities of the ordeal as an aspect of religion and law. By assessing the impact of specific historical influences in the region of the West Atlantic tribes, such as Islam, colonialism, slavery, and urbanization, it was shown that no significant change had been witnessed through the six-hundred-year period of the historical record. In concluding this aspect, it was noted that certain "weaknesses" in the historical record—such as its being "piecemeal" and recorded only infrequently--caused problems in interpreting what appeared to be an intrinsically conservative nature of the sasswood ordeal. A third purpose, related to the second, was the application and assessment of "ethnohistoriographic" techniques, that is, those specific methods of historical scholarship utilized by the ethnographer in investigating past cultures. The limits of the use of the ethnohistoriographic techniques included observational bias (which was readily accountable, dealing as it did with hyperbole), the preoccupation with "sensational" data (which provided disparities, over-emphases in the historical record), as well as political motivations such that national prejudice frequently determined the "interpretation" placed on the ordeal. In addition, it was noted that because the sasswood ordeal may be classified as "esoterica," the record for this practice was generally spotty; and this fact affected interpretations on the actual change manifested in the trait complex. The main contribution made by this study has been to afford future readers with a composite and relatively complete source of information on one specific type of poison ordeal practiced among the West Atlantic tribes of Sierra Leone and Liberia. Close

• 76. [Article] Calculating the Volume of the May 18, 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens

  The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens created a massive amount of sediment and debris, thought to be as much as 5.5 billion cubic yards. This sediment causes infill of river stretches and collects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calculating the Volume of the May 18, 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens Author: Wickham, Dâvid Nuñez Year: 2009 The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens created a massive amount of sediment and debris, thought to be as much as 5.5 billion cubic yards. This sediment causes infill of river stretches and collects along levees protecting southwest Washington State. The sediment must be removed to ensure these areas do not flood. The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) is tasked with flood protection for southwest Washington State and the levees protecting the cities of Castle Rock, Lexington, Kelso, and Longview. The Sediment Retention Dam, opened in 1989 is able to filter out larger particulate but fine grain sediment remains in the water column and is transported further down the river. In order to calculate how much sediment remains to be removed Portland State University’s Environmental Sciences and Management program and the USACOE formed a partnership and generated Digital Elevation Models (DEM) from topographic maps made by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). This was accomplished by taking 600 dots per inch (dpi) scanned images of the eruption path, geographically rectifying them in ESRI’s ArcMap software environment, and running Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) Unsupervised Classification utilizing ERDAS Imagine 9.3 software. After the contour lines were extracted from the images we cleaned up the lines in a raster environment, converted the raster to vector lines, and entered elevations. From these contour lines we created the DEM and calculated the volume difference between the pre-eruption 15 minute USGS maps and the 7.5 minute post-eruption quad maps. The volume difference was 7,870,546,345 m3 for Mount St. Helens quads, - 4,335,917,517 m3 for Spirit Lake quads, -220,149,557 m3 for Goat Mtn. in Cougar quads, -3,155,437,891 m3 for Elk Rock quads, and 734,102,545 m3 for Hoffstadt Mtn. in Elk Rock pre quad. These figures indicated a large generation of sediment and debris on the slope north of Mount St. Helens, sediment deposition in the Hoffstadt Mtn. river reach, and erosion in all other areas. The USACOE will use my raw data contour elevation lines to create their own DEMs incorporating stream locations to further refine the data. From this data they hope to extrapolate how much sediment is left and where the sediment deposits are likely to erode from in the future. Title: Calculating the Volume of the May 18, 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens Author: Wickham, Dâvid Nuñez Year: 2009 The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens created a massive amount of sediment and debris, thought to be as much as 5.5 billion cubic yards. This sediment causes infill of river stretches and collects along levees protecting southwest Washington State. The sediment must be removed to ensure these areas do not flood. The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE) is tasked with flood protection for southwest Washington State and the levees protecting the cities of Castle Rock, Lexington, Kelso, and Longview. The Sediment Retention Dam, opened in 1989 is able to filter out larger particulate but fine grain sediment remains in the water column and is transported further down the river. In order to calculate how much sediment remains to be removed Portland State University’s Environmental Sciences and Management program and the USACOE formed a partnership and generated Digital Elevation Models (DEM) from topographic maps made by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). This was accomplished by taking 600 dots per inch (dpi) scanned images of the eruption path, geographically rectifying them in ESRI’s ArcMap software environment, and running Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) Unsupervised Classification utilizing ERDAS Imagine 9.3 software. After the contour lines were extracted from the images we cleaned up the lines in a raster environment, converted the raster to vector lines, and entered elevations. From these contour lines we created the DEM and calculated the volume difference between the pre-eruption 15 minute USGS maps and the 7.5 minute post-eruption quad maps. The volume difference was 7,870,546,345 m3 for Mount St. Helens quads, - 4,335,917,517 m3 for Spirit Lake quads, -220,149,557 m3 for Goat Mtn. in Cougar quads, -3,155,437,891 m3 for Elk Rock quads, and 734,102,545 m3 for Hoffstadt Mtn. in Elk Rock pre quad. These figures indicated a large generation of sediment and debris on the slope north of Mount St. Helens, sediment deposition in the Hoffstadt Mtn. river reach, and erosion in all other areas. The USACOE will use my raw data contour elevation lines to create their own DEMs incorporating stream locations to further refine the data. From this data they hope to extrapolate how much sediment is left and where the sediment deposits are likely to erode from in the future. Close

• 77. [Article] Team 5 Business Plan Project

  What this business plan outlines are investment and business development opportunities in the recreational sports league market. It illustrates the addressable market in the United States, latent customer ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Team 5 Business Plan Project Author: Balasubramanian, Aparna, Uffelman, Michael, Alluhibi, Asem, Bhella, Opinderjit, Gilliland, Garrett, Runde, Neil Year: 2012 What this business plan outlines are investment and business development opportunities in the recreational sports league market. It illustrates the addressable market in the United States, latent customer needs within that market, a viable technical solution to those needs, and an economic modeling of the business possibility. The plan generation process used a deductive approach of to determine the addressable market size. The addressable market was appropriately segmented and a competitive gap analysis was performed. A survey was produced and applied during an on the street interviews with our target market. Needs were grouped and processed through the hierarchical decision making method to extract priority and consistency in the information. The prioritized needs were grouped and considered by contrasting existing solutions in the market. A pricing model emerged indicating multiple revenue stream opportunities. A requirements technical correlation method was applied to derive the overall picture of requirement fulfillment, complexity of solution and overall market position of the proposed product. Technical architecture documents were produced taking into account non-feature issues such as scalability, security and platform independence. Implementation and operation costs were extracted from the complexity models. A cost/revenue model was built using the most conservative minimum attractive rate of return. Determining risks and possible mitigation strategies are also presented. Research for software services in the recreational sports management market indicates a high degree of fragmentation. The large size of addressable market (15mil) along with high fragmentation creates a significant business opportunity technically well executed, smarty positioned product and using a unique profit-sharing pricing model. The project team is encouraged by the opportunity from a well-defined but poorly addressed market. The target rich environment allow us define initial market beach head and to respond as necessary with follow up products. The solution space is clearly understood by the team and tangible product benefits have been identified. There is risk in not testing some of the team’s assumption and product development execution. Title: Team 5 Business Plan Project Author: Balasubramanian, Aparna, Uffelman, Michael, Alluhibi, Asem, Bhella, Opinderjit, Gilliland, Garrett, Runde, Neil Year: 2012 What this business plan outlines are investment and business development opportunities in the recreational sports league market. It illustrates the addressable market in the United States, latent customer needs within that market, a viable technical solution to those needs, and an economic modeling of the business possibility. The plan generation process used a deductive approach of to determine the addressable market size. The addressable market was appropriately segmented and a competitive gap analysis was performed. A survey was produced and applied during an on the street interviews with our target market. Needs were grouped and processed through the hierarchical decision making method to extract priority and consistency in the information. The prioritized needs were grouped and considered by contrasting existing solutions in the market. A pricing model emerged indicating multiple revenue stream opportunities. A requirements technical correlation method was applied to derive the overall picture of requirement fulfillment, complexity of solution and overall market position of the proposed product. Technical architecture documents were produced taking into account non-feature issues such as scalability, security and platform independence. Implementation and operation costs were extracted from the complexity models. A cost/revenue model was built using the most conservative minimum attractive rate of return. Determining risks and possible mitigation strategies are also presented. Research for software services in the recreational sports management market indicates a high degree of fragmentation. The large size of addressable market (15mil) along with high fragmentation creates a significant business opportunity technically well executed, smarty positioned product and using a unique profit-sharing pricing model. The project team is encouraged by the opportunity from a well-defined but poorly addressed market. The target rich environment allow us define initial market beach head and to respond as necessary with follow up products. The solution space is clearly understood by the team and tangible product benefits have been identified. There is risk in not testing some of the team’s assumption and product development execution. Close

• 78. [Article] The Influence of Floodplain Restoration on Flow and Sediment Dynamics in an Urban River

  A study of floodplain sedimentation on a recently restored floodplain is presented. This study uses a two-dimensional hydro-morphodynamic model for predicting flow and suspended-sediment dynamics in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Influence of Floodplain Restoration on Flow and Sediment Dynamics in an Urban River Author: Ahilan, Sangaralingam, Guan, Mingfu, Sleigh, Andrew, Wright, Nigel G., Chang, Heejun Year: 2016 A study of floodplain sedimentation on a recently restored floodplain is presented. This study uses a two-dimensional hydro-morphodynamic model for predicting flow and suspended-sediment dynamics in the downstream of Johnson Creek, the East Lents reach, where the bank of the river has been reconfigured to reconnect to a restored floodplain on a 0.26 km2 (26-ha) site. The simulation scenarios include 10-, 50-, 100- and 500-year event-based deposition modelling of flood events and long-term modelling using the 64 historical flood events between 1941 and 2014. Simulation results showed that the restored floodplain significantly attenuates the upstream flood peak by up to 25% at the downstream. Results also indicated that approximately 20%–30% of sediment from the upstream is deposited on the East Lents floodplain. Furthermore, deposited sediment over the simulated period (1941–2014) is approximately 0.1% of the basin's flood storage capacity; however, the reduction in the storage does not offset the overall flood resilience impact of the flood basin. The sediment conservation at the East Lents flood basin as predicted by the model reduces the annual sediment loading of the Johnson Creek by 1% at the confluence with Willamette River, providing both improved water quality and flood resilience further downstream. Title: The Influence of Floodplain Restoration on Flow and Sediment Dynamics in an Urban River Author: Ahilan, Sangaralingam, Guan, Mingfu, Sleigh, Andrew, Wright, Nigel G., Chang, Heejun Year: 2016 A study of floodplain sedimentation on a recently restored floodplain is presented. This study uses a two-dimensional hydro-morphodynamic model for predicting flow and suspended-sediment dynamics in the downstream of Johnson Creek, the East Lents reach, where the bank of the river has been reconfigured to reconnect to a restored floodplain on a 0.26 km2 (26-ha) site. The simulation scenarios include 10-, 50-, 100- and 500-year event-based deposition modelling of flood events and long-term modelling using the 64 historical flood events between 1941 and 2014. Simulation results showed that the restored floodplain significantly attenuates the upstream flood peak by up to 25% at the downstream. Results also indicated that approximately 20%–30% of sediment from the upstream is deposited on the East Lents floodplain. Furthermore, deposited sediment over the simulated period (1941–2014) is approximately 0.1% of the basin's flood storage capacity; however, the reduction in the storage does not offset the overall flood resilience impact of the flood basin. The sediment conservation at the East Lents flood basin as predicted by the model reduces the annual sediment loading of the Johnson Creek by 1% at the confluence with Willamette River, providing both improved water quality and flood resilience further downstream. Close

• 79. [Article] Event Detection Using Correlation within Arrays of Streaming PMU Data

  This thesis provides a synchrophasor data analysis methodology that leverages both statistical correlation techniques and a statistical distribution in order to identify data inconsistencies, as well as ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Event Detection Using Correlation within Arrays of Streaming PMU Data Author: Landford, Jordan Year: 2016 This thesis provides a synchrophasor data analysis methodology that leverages both statistical correlation techniques and a statistical distribution in order to identify data inconsistencies, as well as power system contingencies. This research utilizes archived Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data obtained from the Bonneville Power Administration in order to show that this methodology is not only feasible, but extremely useful for power systems monitoring, decision support, and planning purposes. By analyzing positive sequence voltage angles between a pair of PMUs at two different substation locations, an historic record of correlation is established. From this record, a Rayleigh distribution of correlation coefficients is calculated. The statistical parameters of this Rayleigh distribution are used to infer occurrences of power system and data events. To monitor an entire system, a simple solution would be observing each of these parameters for every PMU combination. One issue with this approach is that correlation of some PMU pairs may be redundant or yield little value to monitoring capabilities. Additionally, this approach quickly encounters scalability issues as each additional PMU adds considerably to computation - for example, if the system contains n PMUs the amount of computations will be n(n-1)/2. System-wide monitoring of these parameters in this fashion is cumbersome and inefficient. To address these issues, an alternative scheme is proposed which involves monitoring only a subset of PMUs characterized by electrically coupled zones, or clusters, of PMUs. These clusters include both electrically-distant and electrically-near PMU sites. When monitored over an event, these yield statistical parameters sufficient for detecting event occurrences. This clustering scheme can be utilized to significantly decrease computation time and allocation of resources while maintaining optimal system observability. Results from the statistical methods are presented for a select few case studies for both data and power system event detection. In addition, determination of cluster size and content is discussed in detail. Lastly, the viability of monitoring pertinent statistical parameters over various clustering schemes is demonstrated. Title: Event Detection Using Correlation within Arrays of Streaming PMU Data Author: Landford, Jordan Year: 2016 This thesis provides a synchrophasor data analysis methodology that leverages both statistical correlation techniques and a statistical distribution in order to identify data inconsistencies, as well as power system contingencies. This research utilizes archived Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data obtained from the Bonneville Power Administration in order to show that this methodology is not only feasible, but extremely useful for power systems monitoring, decision support, and planning purposes. By analyzing positive sequence voltage angles between a pair of PMUs at two different substation locations, an historic record of correlation is established. From this record, a Rayleigh distribution of correlation coefficients is calculated. The statistical parameters of this Rayleigh distribution are used to infer occurrences of power system and data events. To monitor an entire system, a simple solution would be observing each of these parameters for every PMU combination. One issue with this approach is that correlation of some PMU pairs may be redundant or yield little value to monitoring capabilities. Additionally, this approach quickly encounters scalability issues as each additional PMU adds considerably to computation - for example, if the system contains n PMUs the amount of computations will be n(n-1)/2. System-wide monitoring of these parameters in this fashion is cumbersome and inefficient. To address these issues, an alternative scheme is proposed which involves monitoring only a subset of PMUs characterized by electrically coupled zones, or clusters, of PMUs. These clusters include both electrically-distant and electrically-near PMU sites. When monitored over an event, these yield statistical parameters sufficient for detecting event occurrences. This clustering scheme can be utilized to significantly decrease computation time and allocation of resources while maintaining optimal system observability. Results from the statistical methods are presented for a select few case studies for both data and power system event detection. In addition, determination of cluster size and content is discussed in detail. Lastly, the viability of monitoring pertinent statistical parameters over various clustering schemes is demonstrated. Close

• 80. [Article] International law, German Submarines and American Policy

  This thesis is a survey of the available material on the submarine issue during 1914-1917 as a factor in German-American relations which contributed to the American declaration of war in April 1917. No ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: International law, German Submarines and American Policy Author: Manson, Janet Marilyn Year: 1977 This thesis is a survey of the available material on the submarine issue during 1914-1917 as a factor in German-American relations which contributed to the American declaration of war in April 1917. No other scholarly work is devoted solely to the submarine issue during this period. The purpose of this thesis is to focus on the submarine as an international legal issue. German-American relations were strained during 1914-1917, because of the different interpretations of international law regarding the submarine. And this thesis was written in order to test the existing historical interpretations of the submarine issue as a focal point of German-American relations. Title: International law, German Submarines and American Policy Author: Manson, Janet Marilyn Year: 1977 This thesis is a survey of the available material on the submarine issue during 1914-1917 as a factor in German-American relations which contributed to the American declaration of war in April 1917. No other scholarly work is devoted solely to the submarine issue during this period. The purpose of this thesis is to focus on the submarine as an international legal issue. German-American relations were strained during 1914-1917, because of the different interpretations of international law regarding the submarine. And this thesis was written in order to test the existing historical interpretations of the submarine issue as a focal point of German-American relations. Close