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• 361. [Article] Album 14, Photo #42

  Clockwise from top left: 1. NAACP organizers: Oliver Smith, U. K. Dummer, Otto Rutherford, Edgar Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 1957. 2. Rose Bud Study Club float 3. "Edgar Williams, Geraldine, Daisy Williams" ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #42 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1957 Clockwise from top left: 1. NAACP organizers: Oliver Smith, U. K. Dummer, Otto Rutherford, Edgar Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 1957. 2. Rose Bud Study Club float 3. "Edgar Williams, Geraldine, Daisy Williams" 4.Oliver Smith, Otto, Edgar Williams, 1957. Title: Album 14, Photo #42 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1957 Clockwise from top left: 1. NAACP organizers: Oliver Smith, U. K. Dummer, Otto Rutherford, Edgar Williams, Thurgood Marshall, 1957. 2. Rose Bud Study Club float 3. "Edgar Williams, Geraldine, Daisy Williams" 4.Oliver Smith, Otto, Edgar Williams, 1957. Close

• 362. [Article] "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #21"

  From back of photo: "NAACP Meeting - Tom Johnson purchasing Life Membership / L to R: 1. Otto Rutherford 2. U. H. Leverett 3. Sylvia Thompson 4. Edgar Williams 5. Oliver Smith 6. Tom Johnson"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #21" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1955 From back of photo: "NAACP Meeting - Tom Johnson purchasing Life Membership / L to R: 1. Otto Rutherford 2. U. H. Leverett 3. Sylvia Thompson 4. Edgar Williams 5. Oliver Smith 6. Tom Johnson" Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #21" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1955 From back of photo: "NAACP Meeting - Tom Johnson purchasing Life Membership / L to R: 1. Otto Rutherford 2. U. H. Leverett 3. Sylvia Thompson 4. Edgar Williams 5. Oliver Smith 6. Tom Johnson" Close

• 363. [Article] Album 14, Photo #41

  Caption: "Godfrey Ibom, Nigerian exchange student from the University of Oregon, presents proceeds from the first settlement under the Oregon Civil Rights Law to Miss Grace Choi, Korean exchange student ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #41 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1954 Caption: "Godfrey Ibom, Nigerian exchange student from the University of Oregon, presents proceeds from the first settlement under the Oregon Civil Rights Law to Miss Grace Choi, Korean exchange student for the University of Oregon Foreign Students' Service Fund and to Otto Rutherford, president of NAACP for its legal redress fund." Title: Album 14, Photo #41 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1954 Caption: "Godfrey Ibom, Nigerian exchange student from the University of Oregon, presents proceeds from the first settlement under the Oregon Civil Rights Law to Miss Grace Choi, Korean exchange student for the University of Oregon Foreign Students' Service Fund and to Otto Rutherford, president of NAACP for its legal redress fund." Close

• 364. [Article] Album 14, Photo #18

  Culture Club Mardi Gras to Benefit Scholarship Fund, May 12, 1941, Portland Women’s Club (1220 SW Taylor St). Royal Court: Joyce Hilliard, Rose Marie Brock, Phyllis Reynolds, Gertrude Williams, Betty Ann ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 14, Photo #18 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1941 Culture Club Mardi Gras to Benefit Scholarship Fund, May 12, 1941, Portland Women’s Club (1220 SW Taylor St). Royal Court: Joyce Hilliard, Rose Marie Brock, Phyllis Reynolds, Gertrude Williams, Betty Ann Rutherford, Ruby Minor Title: Album 14, Photo #18 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1941 Culture Club Mardi Gras to Benefit Scholarship Fund, May 12, 1941, Portland Women’s Club (1220 SW Taylor St). Royal Court: Joyce Hilliard, Rose Marie Brock, Phyllis Reynolds, Gertrude Williams, Betty Ann Rutherford, Ruby Minor Close

• 365. [Article] Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952

  This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952 Author: Jessie, Alison Leigh Year: 2015 This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers on the West Coast. The anti-Japanese movement was much larger in California, but this paper focuses on the attitudes in Oregon, which at times echoed sentiments in California but at other times conveyed support for Japanese naturalization. Naturalization laws at the turn of the century were vague, leaving the task of defining who was white, and thus eligible for naturalization, to the courts. Japanese applicants were often denied, but until the federal government clarified which immigrants could or could not become citizens, the subject remained open to debate. "Ineligibility to naturalization" was often used as a code for "Japanese" in discriminatory land use laws and similar legislation at the state level in California and in other western states. This study highlights several factors which influenced Oregonian editorials on the subject. First, the fear of offending Japan and provoking war with that empire was a foremost concern of Oregonian editors. California's moves to use naturalization law to prevent Japanese immigrants from owning land were seen as dangerous because they damaged relations with Japan and could lead to war. The Oregonian went so far as to recommend Japanese naturalization during the First World War. However, war and foreign relations were federal issues, thus the second theme seen throughout Oregonian editorials was deference to federal authority on questions related to naturalization. While suggesting that naturalization for existing immigrants might be good policy, the Oregonian urged the federal government to settle the matter. Once the Supreme Court ruled against Asian naturalization in 1922 and 1923, the Oregonian dropped its push for such rights. Nativism was another theme that influenced opinions at this time, and before 1923 the Oregonian generally opposed extreme nativist positions, while at the same time advocating for limits to Japanese immigration and against mixed marriages. This paper does not deal with the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II because naturalization was not the issue for the anti-exclusion movement at the time. Citizenship did not give the Nisei, second generation Japanese American citizens, any protection against their wartime removal from the West Coast. This study returns to the issue of naturalization for Japanese immigrants after the war, as a number of Issei, first generation Japanese immigrants, still lived in the United States but were denied citizenship, even though most had been in the country for decades at that point. There was less opposition to Japanese naturalization after the war due to the noted loyalty of the Japanese during the war, the focus on human rights as an issue promoted by the new United Nations, and Cold War politics which demanded better relations with Japan and thus fairer treatment of Japanese living in the United States. The Oregonian editorials reflected the shift in public opinion throughout the country in favor of lifting the racial bar to citizenship. Japanese Americans in Oregon were active in the campaign to change U.S. naturalization law. The issue was more important to the Japanese American community than it was to the Oregonian editorial board by then, as other Cold War events took precedence on the front and op-ed pages of the newspaper. Title: Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952 Author: Jessie, Alison Leigh Year: 2015 This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers on the West Coast. The anti-Japanese movement was much larger in California, but this paper focuses on the attitudes in Oregon, which at times echoed sentiments in California but at other times conveyed support for Japanese naturalization. Naturalization laws at the turn of the century were vague, leaving the task of defining who was white, and thus eligible for naturalization, to the courts. Japanese applicants were often denied, but until the federal government clarified which immigrants could or could not become citizens, the subject remained open to debate. "Ineligibility to naturalization" was often used as a code for "Japanese" in discriminatory land use laws and similar legislation at the state level in California and in other western states. This study highlights several factors which influenced Oregonian editorials on the subject. First, the fear of offending Japan and provoking war with that empire was a foremost concern of Oregonian editors. California's moves to use naturalization law to prevent Japanese immigrants from owning land were seen as dangerous because they damaged relations with Japan and could lead to war. The Oregonian went so far as to recommend Japanese naturalization during the First World War. However, war and foreign relations were federal issues, thus the second theme seen throughout Oregonian editorials was deference to federal authority on questions related to naturalization. While suggesting that naturalization for existing immigrants might be good policy, the Oregonian urged the federal government to settle the matter. Once the Supreme Court ruled against Asian naturalization in 1922 and 1923, the Oregonian dropped its push for such rights. Nativism was another theme that influenced opinions at this time, and before 1923 the Oregonian generally opposed extreme nativist positions, while at the same time advocating for limits to Japanese immigration and against mixed marriages. This paper does not deal with the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II because naturalization was not the issue for the anti-exclusion movement at the time. Citizenship did not give the Nisei, second generation Japanese American citizens, any protection against their wartime removal from the West Coast. This study returns to the issue of naturalization for Japanese immigrants after the war, as a number of Issei, first generation Japanese immigrants, still lived in the United States but were denied citizenship, even though most had been in the country for decades at that point. There was less opposition to Japanese naturalization after the war due to the noted loyalty of the Japanese during the war, the focus on human rights as an issue promoted by the new United Nations, and Cold War politics which demanded better relations with Japan and thus fairer treatment of Japanese living in the United States. The Oregonian editorials reflected the shift in public opinion throughout the country in favor of lifting the racial bar to citizenship. Japanese Americans in Oregon were active in the campaign to change U.S. naturalization law. The issue was more important to the Japanese American community than it was to the Oregonian editorial board by then, as other Cold War events took precedence on the front and op-ed pages of the newspaper. Close

• 366. [Article] Current Situations and Roles of the Portland hoshuukoo: From the Perspective of Heritage Japanese Education

  The Portland Japanese School (hoshuukoo) was established as a supplementary Saturday school by a Japanese business group of Portland (Shokookai). The mission of this school is to provide Japanese education ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Current Situations and Roles of the Portland hoshuukoo: From the Perspective of Heritage Japanese Education Author: Sugiue, Keiko Year: 2010 The Portland Japanese School (hoshuukoo) was established as a supplementary Saturday school by a Japanese business group of Portland (Shokookai). The mission of this school is to provide Japanese education to Japanese students who eventually go back to Japan and continue to study in the Japanese school system. My previous project found that Japanese parents, who are long term U.S. residents, want to send their children to the Portland hoshuukoo for the purpose of giving a heritage Japanese education. Utilizing a case study qualitative approach, the current study administered a questionnaire to heritage Japanese students and interviewed them, their parents, the school administrator, and teachers to shed light on their perceptual differences in expectations towards hoshuukoo. The data collected through the questionnaire and interview found that while the school maintains the original mission that hoshuukoo is to provide Japanese national education to those who will go back to Japan and continue to study in the Japanese schooling, the parents of heritage Japanese students expect that their children learn the Japanese language and culture and become "Japanese-like" person who acquires "Japanese-ness" from the education and experiences at the Portland hoshuukoo. It was also found that the teachers are aware of the gaps between the heritage Japanese students' needs for Japanese as a heritage language instruction and the school's mission but they have not been able to fulfill the student needs and expectations due to the absolute mission of the school and lack of time and resources. While there is the teacher's dilemma towards education to the heritage Japanese students, Portland hoshuukoo still carries a role as a place able to provide a heritage Japanese education with some conditions: which require heritage Japanese students tremendous effort and require their parents great support for their children. Considering that the heritage Japanese students at the Portland hoshuukoo may increase in future, this study suggests that now is the time to rethink or revise the school's mission to fulfill expectations and needs of students and parents at Portland hoshuukoo. Title: Current Situations and Roles of the Portland hoshuukoo: From the Perspective of Heritage Japanese Education Author: Sugiue, Keiko Year: 2010 The Portland Japanese School (hoshuukoo) was established as a supplementary Saturday school by a Japanese business group of Portland (Shokookai). The mission of this school is to provide Japanese education to Japanese students who eventually go back to Japan and continue to study in the Japanese school system. My previous project found that Japanese parents, who are long term U.S. residents, want to send their children to the Portland hoshuukoo for the purpose of giving a heritage Japanese education. Utilizing a case study qualitative approach, the current study administered a questionnaire to heritage Japanese students and interviewed them, their parents, the school administrator, and teachers to shed light on their perceptual differences in expectations towards hoshuukoo. The data collected through the questionnaire and interview found that while the school maintains the original mission that hoshuukoo is to provide Japanese national education to those who will go back to Japan and continue to study in the Japanese schooling, the parents of heritage Japanese students expect that their children learn the Japanese language and culture and become "Japanese-like" person who acquires "Japanese-ness" from the education and experiences at the Portland hoshuukoo. It was also found that the teachers are aware of the gaps between the heritage Japanese students' needs for Japanese as a heritage language instruction and the school's mission but they have not been able to fulfill the student needs and expectations due to the absolute mission of the school and lack of time and resources. While there is the teacher's dilemma towards education to the heritage Japanese students, Portland hoshuukoo still carries a role as a place able to provide a heritage Japanese education with some conditions: which require heritage Japanese students tremendous effort and require their parents great support for their children. Considering that the heritage Japanese students at the Portland hoshuukoo may increase in future, this study suggests that now is the time to rethink or revise the school's mission to fulfill expectations and needs of students and parents at Portland hoshuukoo. Close

• 367. [Article] A Stranger’s Welcome: Political Attitudes and the Tolerance of Immigrants

  The purpose of this essay is to explore correlations between political attitudes and the reception immigrants are likely to receive in their host state. We take up this topic in order to explore empirically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Stranger’s Welcome: Political Attitudes and the Tolerance of Immigrants Author: Yeşilada, Birol A., Carr, Craig Year: 2008 The purpose of this essay is to explore correlations between political attitudes and the reception immigrants are likely to receive in their host state. We take up this topic in order to explore empirically what there is to be said for the view, common among political theorists, that there is a tension between universalist liberal values and the nationalist convictions of citizens. As Margaret Canovan has stressed, “The universalist terms in which liberal political philosophies have often been framed imply obligations to humanity in general that are hard to reconcile with borders of any kind, let alone with the ethnic selection of potential citizens.”1 Anthony Birch has supplied some support for this view in his study of national integration and concludes that, “A government that diversifies its society by authorizing immigration that will have that effect is necessarily creating a potential social problem.” Underlying these concerns is the belief that national identities matter for citizens and that they just may matter enough to offset more liberal sympathies in the citizenry of even the most liberal states that might incline citizens to be more tolerant of immigrants. In the case of the US, some support for this can be found in John Higham’s monumental study of nativism in America and Rogers Smith’s equally monumental study of American immigration laws. Smith finds, for example, that liberal sentiments in the US, which would encourage tolerance of immigrants, have been offset historically by a tradition of ascriptive Americanism that tends to define what it means to be an American in familiar WASPish terms. Title: A Stranger’s Welcome: Political Attitudes and the Tolerance of Immigrants Author: Yeşilada, Birol A., Carr, Craig Year: 2008 The purpose of this essay is to explore correlations between political attitudes and the reception immigrants are likely to receive in their host state. We take up this topic in order to explore empirically what there is to be said for the view, common among political theorists, that there is a tension between universalist liberal values and the nationalist convictions of citizens. As Margaret Canovan has stressed, “The universalist terms in which liberal political philosophies have often been framed imply obligations to humanity in general that are hard to reconcile with borders of any kind, let alone with the ethnic selection of potential citizens.”1 Anthony Birch has supplied some support for this view in his study of national integration and concludes that, “A government that diversifies its society by authorizing immigration that will have that effect is necessarily creating a potential social problem.” Underlying these concerns is the belief that national identities matter for citizens and that they just may matter enough to offset more liberal sympathies in the citizenry of even the most liberal states that might incline citizens to be more tolerant of immigrants. In the case of the US, some support for this can be found in John Higham’s monumental study of nativism in America and Rogers Smith’s equally monumental study of American immigration laws. Smith finds, for example, that liberal sentiments in the US, which would encourage tolerance of immigrants, have been offset historically by a tradition of ascriptive Americanism that tends to define what it means to be an American in familiar WASPish terms. Close

• 368. [Article] Mental illness among Chinese in the United States: myth or reality?

  Several mental health professionals have suggested that Chinese in the United States as a group are less subject to mental disorders than other races. Whereas other investigators have also indicated that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mental illness among Chinese in the United States: myth or reality? Author: Leung, Alex C. N. Year: 1976 Several mental health professionals have suggested that Chinese in the United States as a group are less subject to mental disorders than other races. Whereas other investigators have also indicated that due to the influences of cultural conflict and racism, Chinese in the United States are under greater emotional distress than members of the host society. When stress from these sources becomes too great, mental health problems are frequently the result. The purpose of this library research thesis is to review the available research works related with Chinese Americans mental health problems in the hope of seeking answers to the following questions: Is mental illness among the Chinese a myth or reality? If mental illness does exist among the group, what is the rate and how is it distributed in the Chinese population? Are there some particular psychiatric maladies more commonly reported among the group than others? First, the literature review confirms that mental illness does exist among the Chinese population residing in the United States. Second, the review shows that the rate of mental illness is not uniform within the group, in that among recent immigrants, the aged and students studying in the United States experience a higher risk of mental break-down than do female immigrants, the young or the native born. Last but not least, research reveal that psychosomatization seems to be the origin of a significant portion of those reported cases of mental disorders. These conclusions are not as extreme as those suggested by Tom in his Chinatown sample, namely that Chinese-Americans have an extremely high rate of mental illness. However, they do indicate the mental health needs of Chinese are sufficient to warrant greater concern. Several suggestions on how to improve the mental health care for Chinese are made in the text. They include training bilingual professionals and paraprofessional modifications in therapeutic concepts and techniques; setting up community health programs in Chinatown's and encouraging more research to be done in this particular area. Title: Mental illness among Chinese in the United States: myth or reality? Author: Leung, Alex C. N. Year: 1976 Several mental health professionals have suggested that Chinese in the United States as a group are less subject to mental disorders than other races. Whereas other investigators have also indicated that due to the influences of cultural conflict and racism, Chinese in the United States are under greater emotional distress than members of the host society. When stress from these sources becomes too great, mental health problems are frequently the result. The purpose of this library research thesis is to review the available research works related with Chinese Americans mental health problems in the hope of seeking answers to the following questions: Is mental illness among the Chinese a myth or reality? If mental illness does exist among the group, what is the rate and how is it distributed in the Chinese population? Are there some particular psychiatric maladies more commonly reported among the group than others? First, the literature review confirms that mental illness does exist among the Chinese population residing in the United States. Second, the review shows that the rate of mental illness is not uniform within the group, in that among recent immigrants, the aged and students studying in the United States experience a higher risk of mental break-down than do female immigrants, the young or the native born. Last but not least, research reveal that psychosomatization seems to be the origin of a significant portion of those reported cases of mental disorders. These conclusions are not as extreme as those suggested by Tom in his Chinatown sample, namely that Chinese-Americans have an extremely high rate of mental illness. However, they do indicate the mental health needs of Chinese are sufficient to warrant greater concern. Several suggestions on how to improve the mental health care for Chinese are made in the text. They include training bilingual professionals and paraprofessional modifications in therapeutic concepts and techniques; setting up community health programs in Chinatown's and encouraging more research to be done in this particular area. Close

• 369. [Article] Hawaiian Presence at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site

  Fort Vancouver, as the colonial "Capital" of the Pacific Northwest in the 1820s-1840s, supported a multiethnic village of 600-1,000 occupants. A number of the villagers were Hawaiian men who worked in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hawaiian Presence at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site Author: Wilson, Douglas C. Year: 2012 Fort Vancouver, as the colonial "Capital" of the Pacific Northwest in the 1820s-1840s, supported a multiethnic village of 600-1,000 occupants. A number of the villagers were Hawaiian men who worked in the agricultural fields and sawmills of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) operations. Identification of Hawaiian residences and activities has been an important element of studies of Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, Vancouver, Washington, since the 1960s. Kauanui calls for a "broad research agenda that accounts for Hawaiian movements in their respective contexts of conditions, periods, reasons, and desires, to allow us to better account for Hawaiian presence on the North American continent.” Her call is to counter attempts to minimize or alter modern Hawaiian cultural identity and to better define the Hawaiian diaspora history. Research on fur trade Hawaiians dispels the notion that Hawaiian history is limited to Hawaii and allows us to better contextualize the broader issues of fur trade identity and social transition in the Pacific Northwest associated with indigenous, fur trade, and American immigrant eras (e.g., Philips 2008; Klimko 2004). This paper discusses Native Hawaiians at Fort Vancouver, and explores the material evidence of their lives. In it, I raise questions regarding the identity of Hawaiians as revealed in the material culture and documentary record of the Fort Vancouver village. Further, I present the rationale for an expanded exploration of the village to better define the uses of the landscape to augment other ongoing studies of architecture, ceramics, tobacco pipes, glass vessels, and other archeological data. Title: Hawaiian Presence at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site Author: Wilson, Douglas C. Year: 2012 Fort Vancouver, as the colonial "Capital" of the Pacific Northwest in the 1820s-1840s, supported a multiethnic village of 600-1,000 occupants. A number of the villagers were Hawaiian men who worked in the agricultural fields and sawmills of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) operations. Identification of Hawaiian residences and activities has been an important element of studies of Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, Vancouver, Washington, since the 1960s. Kauanui calls for a "broad research agenda that accounts for Hawaiian movements in their respective contexts of conditions, periods, reasons, and desires, to allow us to better account for Hawaiian presence on the North American continent.” Her call is to counter attempts to minimize or alter modern Hawaiian cultural identity and to better define the Hawaiian diaspora history. Research on fur trade Hawaiians dispels the notion that Hawaiian history is limited to Hawaii and allows us to better contextualize the broader issues of fur trade identity and social transition in the Pacific Northwest associated with indigenous, fur trade, and American immigrant eras (e.g., Philips 2008; Klimko 2004). This paper discusses Native Hawaiians at Fort Vancouver, and explores the material evidence of their lives. In it, I raise questions regarding the identity of Hawaiians as revealed in the material culture and documentary record of the Fort Vancouver village. Further, I present the rationale for an expanded exploration of the village to better define the uses of the landscape to augment other ongoing studies of architecture, ceramics, tobacco pipes, glass vessels, and other archeological data. Close

• 370. [Article] More than Meets the Eye: Latino Students in a Two-Way Immersion Program and Stereotype Threat

  Figures from the 2010 Census indicate that there are 50.5 million Latinos (16% of the total population) living in the United States (US) today. From 2000 to 2010, the Latino population experienced a very ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: More than Meets the Eye: Latino Students in a Two-Way Immersion Program and Stereotype Threat Author: Solares Vega, Edgar Ubaldino Year: 2016 Figures from the 2010 Census indicate that there are 50.5 million Latinos (16% of the total population) living in the United States (US) today. From 2000 to 2010, the Latino population experienced a very rapid growth rate of 43%, which accounted for over half the total population growth. More and more Latino students are entering our public schools and face the reality that 62 years after the Brown V. Board of Education ruling to integrate schools and equalize educational opportunities, schools are more racially and economically segregated and more unequal than they were more than half a century ago. As a group, Latinos continue to struggle academically and there is a large academic achievement gap between Latino students and White students. Using the lens of Latino Critical race theory, this narrative study was an attempt to understand the educational experience of five Latino students in a two-way immersion program within a racialized public education system in which negative stereotypes, such as lack of intellectual abilities, could create a threatening environment hindering their academic success. This narrative inquiry study sought to understand how, if at all, Latino students in a fifth grade two-way immersion program experienced anxiety about the ways they believe to be perceived in the classroom and school settings by their teachers and other classmates. Finding of this study confirmed the relative success of two-way immersion programs educating Latino students and highlighted the urgent need to conduct more research in bilingual settings trying to understand the role stereotype threat might play in the educational experience of Latino students. The fact that Latino students were still lagging behind their native English-speaking counterparts in the TWI program is a reality that must be researched further to understand the lived experiences of Latino students in bilingual programs. Title: More than Meets the Eye: Latino Students in a Two-Way Immersion Program and Stereotype Threat Author: Solares Vega, Edgar Ubaldino Year: 2016 Figures from the 2010 Census indicate that there are 50.5 million Latinos (16% of the total population) living in the United States (US) today. From 2000 to 2010, the Latino population experienced a very rapid growth rate of 43%, which accounted for over half the total population growth. More and more Latino students are entering our public schools and face the reality that 62 years after the Brown V. Board of Education ruling to integrate schools and equalize educational opportunities, schools are more racially and economically segregated and more unequal than they were more than half a century ago. As a group, Latinos continue to struggle academically and there is a large academic achievement gap between Latino students and White students. Using the lens of Latino Critical race theory, this narrative study was an attempt to understand the educational experience of five Latino students in a two-way immersion program within a racialized public education system in which negative stereotypes, such as lack of intellectual abilities, could create a threatening environment hindering their academic success. This narrative inquiry study sought to understand how, if at all, Latino students in a fifth grade two-way immersion program experienced anxiety about the ways they believe to be perceived in the classroom and school settings by their teachers and other classmates. Finding of this study confirmed the relative success of two-way immersion programs educating Latino students and highlighted the urgent need to conduct more research in bilingual settings trying to understand the role stereotype threat might play in the educational experience of Latino students. The fact that Latino students were still lagging behind their native English-speaking counterparts in the TWI program is a reality that must be researched further to understand the lived experiences of Latino students in bilingual programs. Close