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This report was prepared for the Clackamas County Blue Ribbon Committee on Law Enforcement by the Center for Urban Studies, Portland State University. The report provides a description of the current system ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Law Enforcement Services in Clackamas County: Description and Financial Analysis
- Author:
- Davis, Judy Seppanen, Morris, Peter B., Bechtel, Mark, Monroe, Jan, Tracy, Charles, Edner, Sheldon
- Year:
- 1988
This report was prepared for the Clackamas County Blue Ribbon Committee on Law Enforcement by the Center for Urban Studies, Portland State University. The report provides a description of the current system of law enforcement service provision in the County by city and County service providers. It also analyzes the current financing process of law enforcement with regard to the equity of service received in relation co amounts paid by city and County residents. The analysis focuses only on law enforcement and does not address rhe other services provided by the County or other jurisdictions. Further, the findings presented here are factual and descriptive in nature and do not presume to recommend policy actions. General courses of action are recommended in a subsequent report. Finally, the reader should remember that service delivery at the local government level is no longer a simple matter. The individual actions of a single jwisdiction can have significant consequences for its neighbors and vice versa. In a metropolitan setting, service delivery is increasingly a matter of intergovernmental collaboration and cooperation. The period covered by the research is Fiscal Year 1986-87. This time period was chosen because the Committee lacked the resources for a long term trend analysis and for the mosc recenrly available audited expenditure reports of the covered jurisdictions. The jurisdictions involved included: Clackamas County Sheriffs Office (CCSO) and the cities of Barlow, Canby, Estacada, Gladstone, Happy Valley, Johnson City, Lake Oswego, Milwaukie, Molalla, Oregon City, Portland, Rivergrove, Sandy, Tualatin, West Linn, and Wilsonville. For reasons of data availability and analytical difficulties, the Portland and Tualatin law enforcement agencies were not fully treated in the analysis. All services provided by law enforcement agencies in the County were reviewed for this report. The current data collection system for each jurisdiction was consulted to establish the degree to which comparative analyses across jurisdictions would be possible. While each jurisdiction reportS to the state mandated Oregon Uniform Crime Reports system, the level of comparability is minimal because of reponing difference and the limits of this system. The Clackamas Law Enforcement Automated Support System data base was reviewed for its usefulness, but it also had limitations. Hence, for these and other limitations, the researchers were confined tO describing the current system without being able to compare service effectiveness. The kinds and degree of services provided are described for each jurisdiction and the extent of interjurisdictional contracting is also considered. Jurisdictional comparisons of personnel in total, per capita, and per square mile are provided. Similar comparisons are provided for crime response in total and per sworn officer.
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312. [Article] The Erosion of Coastal Sediment and Regeneration of Rhizophora mangle Following Anthropogenic Disturbance on Turneffe Atoll, Belize
As communities and managers become aware of the long-term impacts of mangrove loss, estimated at 1-2% per year, interest in sediment erosion and mangrove rehabilitation has increased substantially. In ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The Erosion of Coastal Sediment and Regeneration of Rhizophora mangle Following Anthropogenic Disturbance on Turneffe Atoll, Belize
- Author:
- Hayden, Heather Lyn
- Year:
- 2015
As communities and managers become aware of the long-term impacts of mangrove loss, estimated at 1-2% per year, interest in sediment erosion and mangrove rehabilitation has increased substantially. In this thesis project I 1) examine erosion rates within coastal fringing Rhizophora mangle ecosystems following mangrove clearing and compare these rates to accretion rates in intact mangroves; and 2) investigate the abiotic factors influencing mangrove seedling survival and regeneration of naturally colonizing R. mangle, in historic mangrove habitat after anthropogenic clearing. Differences in erosion were compared between patches of open-coast intact and anthropogenically cleared R. mangle to quantify the sediment trapping function provided by mangroves and its loss following clearing over a 24 month period. Growth rates of mangrove seedlings in intact forest were compared to seedlings in cleared areas. Seedling growth indicators were measured on 100 seedlings at five sites (50 in the intact and 50 in the cleared areas). To examine the limiting factors on seedling growth rates, nutrient addition and wave protection treatments were applied to seedlings in three disturbed areas. Sites within intact mangroves had sediment accretion (M= +3.83 mm) while areas cleared of mangroves had sediment erosion (M= -7.30 mm). Seedling growth (height) over the 2 year study period significantly differed between intact mangrove (M = 15.6 cm) and cleared (M = 10.24 cm) areas. Seedling mortality from the cleared areas (31%) differed from the intact areas (13%). Average seedling growth (height) was: greater with both nutrient/wave (M = 18.4 cm) and nutrient (M = 17.65 cm) treatments compared to controls (M = 10.8 cm), which suggests that providing nutrients and/or wave protection result in growth outputs comparable to seedlings found in intact mangroves. This study may prove to be useful in identifying areas that are most vulnerable to erosion following mangrove removal and ideal location of restoration following mangrove removal. Areas cleared of mangroves can lead to intensified erosion in areas where fringing reefs are not continuous. When managers are determining areas to focus resources for restoration, focusing on areas with nutrient rich habitat may result in higher survival rates and growth outputs.
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313. [Article] Models for Energy Portfolio of Sustainable Energy Sources in Oregon: Minority Report – Group 2
Oregon imports most of the energy from out of the state. In 2009, Oregonians spent more than $14 billion on energy consumption. Oregon has been a leader in conservation energy, in the development of renewable ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Models for Energy Portfolio of Sustainable Energy Sources in Oregon: Minority Report – Group 2
- Author:
- Talla, Rajasree, Talla, Rajesh, Natarajan, Rupha
- Year:
- 2012
Oregon imports most of the energy from out of the state. In 2009, Oregonians spent more than $14 billion on energy consumption. Oregon has been a leader in conservation energy, in the development of renewable energy and in growth of green jobs. Promoting a diversity of renewable energy generating resources in Oregon is good energy policy for a state that has an electricity system heavily dependent on hydropower and increasingly dependent on fossil fuels. Oregon is already making use of renewable technologies including hydro, wind, direct use of geothermal, biomass, and solar. By building on these achievements, Oregon thrives to continue to be a leader on renewable energy policy and aims to meet a large fraction of its energy needs with new renewables by the year 2025. Governor Kulonguski says “We can make Oregon the national leader in renewable energy and renewable product manufacturing. Development of renewable energy will lessen our reliance on fossil, protect Oregon’s clean air and create jobs.”[2] Some of the benefits of renewable energy include risk mitigation of the fluctuations in prices and availability of fossil fuels towards a more sustainable source. Economic development and job creation though locally established power plants. Environmental benefits from using abundantly available natural sources that causes far lesser impact on the environment. Objective of this paper is to propose an economic portfolio model for sustainable energy generation in the State of Oregon by year 2020. We are considering Biomass, Hydroelectric, Solar, Wind and Geothermal energy sources. We also project Oregon’s future supply and generation requirements in terms of costs and plant capacity to fulfill their demand for energy though in-state renewable energy sources. Refer main paper (refer ETM 590 Spring 2012 team 2 paper) for details of the current energy situation and renewable energy sources evaluation.
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314. [Article] The Effect of Road Investment on Economic Development: A Case Study of the Oregon Counties
Despite its significance and frequent mentioning in the literature, the relationship between road investment and economic development has never been clearly understood. A significant number of scholars ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- The Effect of Road Investment on Economic Development: A Case Study of the Oregon Counties
- Author:
- Al-Alwan, Ameer Mohammed
- Year:
- 1991
Despite its significance and frequent mentioning in the literature, the relationship between road investment and economic development has never been clearly understood. A significant number of scholars in this field have always emphasized the need for further research to examine this complex and dynamic relationship. Historically, investment in transportation networks has played a great role in the development of cities, regions, and nations. This positive view is attributed to the indispensable role that water transportation, and then rail transport, played in the early development of Europe and the United States. In recent years, many scholars, as well as policy makers, have disputed that investment in transportation, and in particular roads, in the regions of a highly developed country like the United States will have a great impact on economic development. This disagreement and speculation about the role of transportation investment, especially roads which constitute a large portion of the transportation network, on economic development has made justification for roads funding difficult. This is coupled with the recent decline in federal funding for many civilian programs, and in particular, regional economic development program, that include investment in road systems. Furthermore, rising construction and maintenance costs for major highway systems have substantially out-paced the current funding levels. As a result of the shortage of roads funding and the lack of federal support, individual states have started to take on more responsibility for keeping their road network intact. In almost all the states in the nation, and Oregon is no exception, the state Departments of Transportation have started to use economic development as a criterion for roads funding. Therefore, it is the objective of this dissertation to examine the longitudinal impact of the various types of roads investments on economic development in Oregon in order to better understand this dynamic relationship. Total road expenditures, capital expenditures in the three types of roads (primary, secondary, and local), total maintenance expenditures, and maintenance expenditures in the three types of roads are used as a measure of road investments. Total employment to growth and employment to growth in manufacturing and service sectors are used as a measure of economic development. In order to achieve the above objective, the Granger Causality test at different level of aggregation is used to examine this relationship. First, the state as a single aggregate unit is used to examine the effect of the various road investments on the three employment to growth sectors. Second, different spatial groupings, such as Portland Metropolitan Counties vs. the rest of the state Counties, Urban Counties, vs. Rural Counties, Interstate Counties vs. Non-Interstate Counties, Coastal Counties vs. Non-Coastal Counties, and the Department of Transportation's five designated regions are used to examine this relationship. Finally, the county level as a single disaggregate unit is also used. The results highlighted the complexity of the relationship between road investments and economic development. The nature of this relationship varies from one region to another, and mainly depends on the level of aggregation in determining the direction of this relationship. At the aggregate level, the state as one geographic unit, the various road investments have a positive impact on the employment to growth in this region. In particular, total road expenditure and capital expenditure on primary and secondary roads have a one-way directional relationship runs from the various road expenditures to employment to growth, and the effect of this investment is long-term. This analysis also indicates that the different spatial groupings have demonstrated different relationships. Nevertheless, the general pattern for most spatial groupings tends to suggest either a one-way directional relationship runs from the various road expenditures to employment to growth or a bi-directional relationship. No findings support the hypothesis that employment to growth in the three economic sectors causes road expenditures, with the exception of very few cases, especially at the lower end of the analysis at the county level, where the results are highly discrepant and mixed. In addition, this research indicates that the time-lag effect measured by lag-length and accumulative lag effect changes as the level of aggregation changes. However, the general pattern seems to indicate that total road expenditures and capital expenditures for the three types of roads, particularly primary and secondary roads, have a long-term effect on employment to growth. Also, the relative magnitude effect of total road expenditures and capital expenditures on primary and secondary roads is greater on the employment to growth than is the comparable effect of maintenance expenditures in most spatial groupings. Furthermore, the effect of the various road expenditures on the type of employment (manufacturing and service) depends greatly on the level of aggregation and the type of road Investment Finally, this study provides public policy makers, transportation planners, and regional economic developers a better understanding of the complex relationship between road investment and economic development. A better understanding of this highly complex and dynamic relationship can guide decision makers to best utilize their limited resources. In addition, this research offers insight into the theories and works in the field of transportation and economic development.
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Understanding the maintenance of sexual systems is of great interest to evolutionary and ecological biologists because plant systems are extremely varied. Plant sexual systems have evolved to include not ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Spatial Segregation of the Sexes in a Salt Marsh Grass Distichlis spicata (Poaceae)
- Author:
- Mercer, Charlene Ashley
- Year:
- 2010
Understanding the maintenance of sexual systems is of great interest to evolutionary and ecological biologists because plant systems are extremely varied. Plant sexual systems have evolved to include not only complete plants with both male and female reproduction occurring on one plant (i.e., monoecious and hermaphroditic) but also plants with male and female function on separate plants (dioecious). The dioecious reproductive system can be used to test theories on niche differentiation given that having separate plants potentially allows for the exploitation of a broader niche. This increase in the realized niche is due to the ability for separate sexes to occupy different niches, which may occur in different physical habitats. Some dioecious plants have been shown to occur in areas biased to nearly 100% male or nearly 100% female, called spatial segregation of the sexes (SSS). Occupying a broader niche could increase fitness in some species when the separation is used for one sex to gain access to resources that increase reproductive success and/or if the separation inhibits deleterious competition. These two mechanisms have been previously proposed for the evolution of SSS in dioecious plants. The first mechanism suggests that males and females have evolved to occupy different niches due to differences in reproduction (sexual specialization). The hypothesis for the sexual specialization mechanism is that females should have higher fitness in female-majority sites and males should have higher fitness in male-majority sites. The second mechanism states that males and females occupy different niches due to competition between the sexes (niche partitioning). The hypothesis for niche partitioning states that inter-sexual competition should decrease fitness more than intra-sexual competition. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. In our research we use the salt-marsh grass Distichlis spicata as our study species because this plant is dioecious and because molecular markers have been developed to determine the sex of juvenile plants. These molecular markers are important for testing the niche partitioning hypothesis for SSS in juveniles. Furthermore, previous work in California has shown that plants occur in areas nearly 100% female and nearly 100% male called spatial segregation of the sexes (SSS). The previous research also showed that female-majority sites were higher in soil phosphorus than male-majority sites. We conduct all research, presented in the proceeding chapters, on Distichlis spicata in the Sand Lake estuary near Pacific City, Oregon and in the laboratory at Portland State University. In Chapter 1 we used field data to answer two questions: (1) Does Distichlis spicata exhibit SSS in Oregon, and (2) If SSS is occurring, do differences occur in plant form and function (sexual specialization) in reproductive female and male plants in female-majority and male-majority sites? We used a sex ratio survey and collected field data on reproductive males and females. Our results show that there are female-majority and male-majority areas and SSS is occurring in the Sand Lake Estuary. Results from our native plant data suggest that reproductive females perform better in female-majority sites compared to male-majority sites which could suggest that sexual specialization is occurring in females. We currently have a long term field reciprocal transplant experiment in place to further address this hypothesis. In Chapter 2 we use field dada to address the following questions: (1) Does site-specific soil nutrient content occur in August, when females have set seed? (2) Does sex-specific mycorrhizal colonization occur in reproductively mature plants? (3) Does sex-specific mycorrhizal colonization vary seasonally in natural populations? Inside the roots of D. spicata a symbiotic relationship is formed between plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AM). The AM- plant relationship has been shown to thrive in phosphorus limited areas because the mycorrhizal fungus increases nutrient access to the plant. We analyzed the results of the field soil nutrient content and mycorrhizal colonization in roots of native Distichlis spicata from male-majority and female-majority sites. The root colonization included staining roots with trypan blue and viewing sections of the roots under the microscope. Our results show that female- majority sites are higher in phosphorus and are found to have higher AM colonization than male- majority sites in the field. In Chapter 3 we then reciprocally transplanted D. spicata plants in the field to address the following questions: (1) Does niche partitioning occur in D. spicata, and (2) If niche partitioning is occurring, which plants are competing more? Our reciprocal transplant experiment included seeds grown in intra-sexual, inter-sexual and no competition in cones, planted directly into the field, and allowed to grow for 15 months. After the 15 months was over we measured survival, dry weight and root/shoot ratio. The design of the experiment was to determine the effects of competition (intra-sexual and inter-sexual) and no competition on (single male and female) on survival, biomass and root/shoot ratios. Our results show that niche partitioning is occurring and plants in inter-sexual competition have significantly less biomass then intra-sexual competitors. In, Chapter 4, we conduct a laboratory experiment to address the following questions: (1) Do plants show plasticity in their response to root exudates of the competing plant in regards to the sexual phenotype of the competitor? (2) Do plants show plasticity in their response to root exudates of the competing plant with respect to the relatedness of the competitor? We use sterile seeds grown in 24-well plates containing liquid media. For each competing plant, we picked plants up out of the wells and into the competing plants wells so that plants only experienced media that the competing plant had grown. At no time do roots ever come into contact with one another. We measured primary root length, number of lateral roots, the number of root hairs, root/shoot ratio and total dry weight. We analyzed the study two different ways, one for sexual type competition (inter-sexual, intra-sexual, none) and for plant relationship (KIN, STRANGER and OWN). The results for the sexual type competition found that inter-sexual competition was greater for root/shoot ratio and dry weight. The results for plant relationship competition found that kin plants had a significantly greater number of lateral roots and a significantly longer primary root. The last chapter, Chapter 5, includes a summary of our conclusions. Our study found SSS occurring in the Sand Lake Estuary in Oregon with female-majority sites higher in phosphorus and root colonization higher in percent colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compared to male-majority sites. Based on the sexual specialization hypothesis as a mechanism for SSS, we found that females had greater fitness in female-majority sites compared to male-majority sites, suggesting that sexual specialization is occurring in reproductive females. We then tested the niche partitioning hypothesis for SSS, and we found consistent lab and field results suggesting that niche partitioning due to inter-sexual competition is an explanation for why females and males D. spicata plants spatially segregate themselves at the juvenile life history stage. Furthermore, we found that plants that have the same mother had a significantly greater number of lateral roots and a significantly longer primary root. These results suggest that KIN plants respond differently to one another compared to plants paired with a plant not from the same mother (STRANGER) or when the plant is alone (OWN).