Search

Search Results

• 21. [Article] Oregon Natural Areas Plan

  The rich diversity of ecosystems and native plants and animals is one of Oregon's most distinctive and valued qualities. Our state contains rain forests, dry forests, oak woodlands, alpine meadows, prairies, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Natural Areas Plan Author: Oregon Natural Heritage Advisory Council Year: 2010 The rich diversity of ecosystems and native plants and animals is one of Oregon's most distinctive and valued qualities. Our state contains rain forests, dry forests, oak woodlands, alpine meadows, prairies, deserts, marshes, estuaries, dunes, rocky headlands, lakes and streams. There are a number of reasons it is so diverse. First are the extremes of climate, with rainfall ranging from over 200 inches a year along Oregon’s north coast, to less than 7 inches a year in the Alvord Desert, and temperatures from the very mild banana belt along the coast near the California border to the extremes of the high alpine areas of the Wallowa Mountains. Secondly, Oregon is diverse geographically and geologically, having ancient serpentine landscapes in the Siskiyou Mountains and recent volcanics in the Cascades and the deepest gorge in North America at Hells Canyon. Lastly, Oregon is a floristic crossroads, with arctic boreal species finding their southern limit, Rocky Mountain species common in northeastern Oregon, Great Basin species in southeastern Oregon, and California coastal and Sierra species in the southwest, all mixing with native northwestern taxa to create a wide array of habitats. Title: Oregon Natural Areas Plan Author: Oregon Natural Heritage Advisory Council Year: 2010 The rich diversity of ecosystems and native plants and animals is one of Oregon's most distinctive and valued qualities. Our state contains rain forests, dry forests, oak woodlands, alpine meadows, prairies, deserts, marshes, estuaries, dunes, rocky headlands, lakes and streams. There are a number of reasons it is so diverse. First are the extremes of climate, with rainfall ranging from over 200 inches a year along Oregon’s north coast, to less than 7 inches a year in the Alvord Desert, and temperatures from the very mild banana belt along the coast near the California border to the extremes of the high alpine areas of the Wallowa Mountains. Secondly, Oregon is diverse geographically and geologically, having ancient serpentine landscapes in the Siskiyou Mountains and recent volcanics in the Cascades and the deepest gorge in North America at Hells Canyon. Lastly, Oregon is a floristic crossroads, with arctic boreal species finding their southern limit, Rocky Mountain species common in northeastern Oregon, Great Basin species in southeastern Oregon, and California coastal and Sierra species in the southwest, all mixing with native northwestern taxa to create a wide array of habitats. Close

• 22. [Article] The Burden of Oregon History: The Historian as Prophet

  In the latter part of his public career, after a lifetime of studying and thinking about the region and its people, Dodds began to write about “the tragedy of the lack of tragedy” in the lives of Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Burden of Oregon History: The Historian as Prophet Author: Rosenberg, John P. Year: 2005 In the latter part of his public career, after a lifetime of studying and thinking about the region and its people, Dodds began to write about “the tragedy of the lack of tragedy” in the lives of Pacific Northwesterners. Life had been relatively easy and perhaps “too successful” for the region’s citizens, “especially if one were a Caucasian,” wrote Gordon Dodds in the epilogue to his 1986 regional history, The American Northwest: A History of Oregon and Washington. Pacific Northwesterners had mastered their few difficulties with relative ease and their undemanding past may have left them unprepared for the adversities that lay ahead. Whatever vague foreboding Dodds may have sensed when he wrote those words in the mid-1980s, the adversity he alluded to was not long in appearing. With the passage of the property tax limitation Measure 5 in Oregon in 1991, whatever fragile regional consensus existed regarding the public funding of education and social welfare programs came crashing down. The passage some 15 years later of Measure 37, which essentially dismantled Oregon’s nationally acclaimed land-use planning system, completed the apparent sea change in regional self-understanding. Whatever reputation Oregon had previously enjoyed as a bastion of environmental commitment and liberal sentiment was now defunct. A brave new world of libertarian values and minimal government intrusion (or support) was ready to greet any new arrivals. While the changes in political sentiment in Oregon reflected the rise of conservative values nationally, they seemed especially pronounced here given the state’s prior reputation. All this, of course, begs the question of whether or not, given these apparently great changes in Oregonians’ social and political self-understanding, the past in any sense could have served as prelude to someone who wanted to trace a vague outline of the future before it was thrust upon us in its present form. Were the seeds of Oregon’s current dilemma buried in its past? Could an alert and curious historian who knew where to look have predicted the current state of affairs, in which every session of the legislature, for example, pits proponents of public education against supporters of social welfare programs for an every-shrinking revenue pie? What happened to the Oregon that, despite its eccentricities and contradictions, many of us knew and loved before 1991? And was its rapid demise predictable? Title: The Burden of Oregon History: The Historian as Prophet Author: Rosenberg, John P. Year: 2005 In the latter part of his public career, after a lifetime of studying and thinking about the region and its people, Dodds began to write about “the tragedy of the lack of tragedy” in the lives of Pacific Northwesterners. Life had been relatively easy and perhaps “too successful” for the region’s citizens, “especially if one were a Caucasian,” wrote Gordon Dodds in the epilogue to his 1986 regional history, The American Northwest: A History of Oregon and Washington. Pacific Northwesterners had mastered their few difficulties with relative ease and their undemanding past may have left them unprepared for the adversities that lay ahead. Whatever vague foreboding Dodds may have sensed when he wrote those words in the mid-1980s, the adversity he alluded to was not long in appearing. With the passage of the property tax limitation Measure 5 in Oregon in 1991, whatever fragile regional consensus existed regarding the public funding of education and social welfare programs came crashing down. The passage some 15 years later of Measure 37, which essentially dismantled Oregon’s nationally acclaimed land-use planning system, completed the apparent sea change in regional self-understanding. Whatever reputation Oregon had previously enjoyed as a bastion of environmental commitment and liberal sentiment was now defunct. A brave new world of libertarian values and minimal government intrusion (or support) was ready to greet any new arrivals. While the changes in political sentiment in Oregon reflected the rise of conservative values nationally, they seemed especially pronounced here given the state’s prior reputation. All this, of course, begs the question of whether or not, given these apparently great changes in Oregonians’ social and political self-understanding, the past in any sense could have served as prelude to someone who wanted to trace a vague outline of the future before it was thrust upon us in its present form. Were the seeds of Oregon’s current dilemma buried in its past? Could an alert and curious historian who knew where to look have predicted the current state of affairs, in which every session of the legislature, for example, pits proponents of public education against supporters of social welfare programs for an every-shrinking revenue pie? What happened to the Oregon that, despite its eccentricities and contradictions, many of us knew and loved before 1991? And was its rapid demise predictable? Close

• 23. [Article] Biostratigraphy of the type Weberg Member, Snowshoe Formation, Grant County, Oregon

  Thirty three species of ammonites are recorded from the composite type section of the Weberg Member of the Snowshoe Formation in the Suplee area, Grant County, Oregon. Holcophylloceras burkei, Euhoploceras ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biostratigraphy of the type Weberg Member, Snowshoe Formation, Grant County, Oregon Author: Taylor, David G. Year: 1977 Thirty three species of ammonites are recorded from the composite type section of the Weberg Member of the Snowshoe Formation in the Suplee area, Grant County, Oregon. Holcophylloceras burkei, Euhoploceras westi, E. tubereulosum and Strigoceras taylori are described as new, while four new species belonging to the genera Sonninia [?], Bradfordia, Pseudotoites and Witchellia are not formally named. Three ammonite zonules characterize the ammonite sequence of the type Weberg composite section. The sequence correlates with parts of the standard lower and middle Bajocian (Jurassic) of northwestern Europe. In addition, four associations (paleo-communities) of benthic mega invertebrates, the Gervillia, Protocardia, Isocyprina and Bositra buahii associations are delineated. The type Weberg composite section is a record of a local marine transgression westward onto an island system. The section also represents sedimentation over an irregular pre-Snowshoe topographic high, and indicates a progressive change from proximal to distal source of pre-Snowshoe sediments, from high to low energy conditions, and perhaps a slight deepening of the ocean bottom. Ammonites are rare in the lower division of the Weberg Member, locally present in fine sandy limestones of the lower part of the upper division, abundant and most diverse in silt-rich, clay-poor limestones of the upper part of the upper division, and locally abundant in mudstones of the Warm Springs Member. Recurrent associations of certain ammonite species, strong correlation of the associations with lithofacies and biofacies, and pervasive faunal differences of ammonites between facies indicate in general that the distributional patterns of the ammonites reflect spatial life-habitats. The spotty yet widespread geographic occurrence of several ammonite species suggest they had undergone extensive planktic dispersal, thus ocean currents probably played an important role in their distributional patterns. Title: Biostratigraphy of the type Weberg Member, Snowshoe Formation, Grant County, Oregon Author: Taylor, David G. Year: 1977 Thirty three species of ammonites are recorded from the composite type section of the Weberg Member of the Snowshoe Formation in the Suplee area, Grant County, Oregon. Holcophylloceras burkei, Euhoploceras westi, E. tubereulosum and Strigoceras taylori are described as new, while four new species belonging to the genera Sonninia [?], Bradfordia, Pseudotoites and Witchellia are not formally named. Three ammonite zonules characterize the ammonite sequence of the type Weberg composite section. The sequence correlates with parts of the standard lower and middle Bajocian (Jurassic) of northwestern Europe. In addition, four associations (paleo-communities) of benthic mega invertebrates, the Gervillia, Protocardia, Isocyprina and Bositra buahii associations are delineated. The type Weberg composite section is a record of a local marine transgression westward onto an island system. The section also represents sedimentation over an irregular pre-Snowshoe topographic high, and indicates a progressive change from proximal to distal source of pre-Snowshoe sediments, from high to low energy conditions, and perhaps a slight deepening of the ocean bottom. Ammonites are rare in the lower division of the Weberg Member, locally present in fine sandy limestones of the lower part of the upper division, abundant and most diverse in silt-rich, clay-poor limestones of the upper part of the upper division, and locally abundant in mudstones of the Warm Springs Member. Recurrent associations of certain ammonite species, strong correlation of the associations with lithofacies and biofacies, and pervasive faunal differences of ammonites between facies indicate in general that the distributional patterns of the ammonites reflect spatial life-habitats. The spotty yet widespread geographic occurrence of several ammonite species suggest they had undergone extensive planktic dispersal, thus ocean currents probably played an important role in their distributional patterns. Close

• 24. [Article] Hydrogeologic Investigation of the Klamath Marsh, Klamath County, Oregon

  Klamath Marsh is a wetland complex that lies in the rain shadow of the Cascade Range in the Williamson River sub-basin of the Klamath Basin. The marsh lies directly east of Crater Lake in an area inundated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrogeologic Investigation of the Klamath Marsh, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Melady, Jason Michael Year: 2002 Klamath Marsh is a wetland complex that lies in the rain shadow of the Cascade Range in the Williamson River sub-basin of the Klamath Basin. The marsh lies directly east of Crater Lake in an area inundated by pyroclastic-flow and -fall deposits from the Holocene eruptions of Mount Mazama. The physical characteristics of rocks of Pleistocene versus Pliocene age combined with NNW -striking fault systems divide the Williamson River basin into two distinct hydrogeologic regimes. The northwestern regime includes the east slope of the Cascades and consists of at least 150 m of interbedded sand, gravel, and stacks (15 to 45 m) of thin (3-5 m) and vesiculated basalt lava flows. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 150 cm near the crest of the Cascades to 50 cm near Klamath Marsh. Moderate to high yield (100 to 4000 gpm) water wells, springs and flowing wells suggest high permeability and ground water potential. The southeastern regime is underlain by Pliocene pyroclastic flows (∼ 40 m) and lava flows (>30 m). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 70 cm in the highlands to 50 cm in the lowlands. Low-yield (20-100 gpm) water wells and perched unconfined aquifers in Holocene pumice deposits suggest low permeability and low ground water potential in areas underlain by the pyroclastic flows. Volumetric analysis of inflows and outflows in Klamath Marsh for 2000 indicates approximately 86% of inflow is from groundwater and 14% from surface water, with nearly 200 x 10⁶ m³ of water removed by evapotranspiration Title: Hydrogeologic Investigation of the Klamath Marsh, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Melady, Jason Michael Year: 2002 Klamath Marsh is a wetland complex that lies in the rain shadow of the Cascade Range in the Williamson River sub-basin of the Klamath Basin. The marsh lies directly east of Crater Lake in an area inundated by pyroclastic-flow and -fall deposits from the Holocene eruptions of Mount Mazama. The physical characteristics of rocks of Pleistocene versus Pliocene age combined with NNW -striking fault systems divide the Williamson River basin into two distinct hydrogeologic regimes. The northwestern regime includes the east slope of the Cascades and consists of at least 150 m of interbedded sand, gravel, and stacks (15 to 45 m) of thin (3-5 m) and vesiculated basalt lava flows. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 150 cm near the crest of the Cascades to 50 cm near Klamath Marsh. Moderate to high yield (100 to 4000 gpm) water wells, springs and flowing wells suggest high permeability and ground water potential. The southeastern regime is underlain by Pliocene pyroclastic flows (∼ 40 m) and lava flows (>30 m). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 70 cm in the highlands to 50 cm in the lowlands. Low-yield (20-100 gpm) water wells and perched unconfined aquifers in Holocene pumice deposits suggest low permeability and low ground water potential in areas underlain by the pyroclastic flows. Volumetric analysis of inflows and outflows in Klamath Marsh for 2000 indicates approximately 86% of inflow is from groundwater and 14% from surface water, with nearly 200 x 10⁶ m³ of water removed by evapotranspiration Close

• 25. [Article] Phylogeography of Two Species of the Genus Apochthonius Chamberlin, 1929, in the Pacific Northwest (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones)

  I used mitochondrial COI sequence data from forty one individuals to investigate phylogenetic relationships among populations of two morphologically similar species of the pseudoscorpion genus Apochthonius, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Phylogeography of Two Species of the Genus Apochthonius Chamberlin, 1929, in the Pacific Northwest (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones) Author: Welch, Brandi Lynn Year: 2016 I used mitochondrial COI sequence data from forty one individuals to investigate phylogenetic relationships among populations of two morphologically similar species of the pseudoscorpion genus Apochthonius, A. minimus and A. occidentalis, in western Washington, Oregon, and northern California. My goal was to assess whether genetic structure in the two species was congruent with geography. Many plant and animal species in the Pacific Northwestern United States have shown patterns of genetic differentiation that follow both north-south and east-west trends, indicating that geologic and climatic events in the past separated populations to the extent that they became genetically differentiated. A distinct geographic pattern emerged within A. occidentalis, with at least one northern and two southern populations. A clade containing all A. minimus sequences was recovered. However, this clade falls within the larger clade of A. occidentalis, rendering A. occidentalis paraphyletic. Furthermore, the A. minimus sequences showed north-south geographic structuring within the clade. Population genetic analyses were performed based on geographic location within the Pacific Northwest. I found high genetic differentiation coupled with low gene flow between most populations, with the exception of the Portland and North Coast Range populations. These data suggest the presence of more than two species of Apochthonius in the Pacific Northwest. Title: Phylogeography of Two Species of the Genus Apochthonius Chamberlin, 1929, in the Pacific Northwest (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones) Author: Welch, Brandi Lynn Year: 2016 I used mitochondrial COI sequence data from forty one individuals to investigate phylogenetic relationships among populations of two morphologically similar species of the pseudoscorpion genus Apochthonius, A. minimus and A. occidentalis, in western Washington, Oregon, and northern California. My goal was to assess whether genetic structure in the two species was congruent with geography. Many plant and animal species in the Pacific Northwestern United States have shown patterns of genetic differentiation that follow both north-south and east-west trends, indicating that geologic and climatic events in the past separated populations to the extent that they became genetically differentiated. A distinct geographic pattern emerged within A. occidentalis, with at least one northern and two southern populations. A clade containing all A. minimus sequences was recovered. However, this clade falls within the larger clade of A. occidentalis, rendering A. occidentalis paraphyletic. Furthermore, the A. minimus sequences showed north-south geographic structuring within the clade. Population genetic analyses were performed based on geographic location within the Pacific Northwest. I found high genetic differentiation coupled with low gene flow between most populations, with the exception of the Portland and North Coast Range populations. These data suggest the presence of more than two species of Apochthonius in the Pacific Northwest. Close

• 26. [Article] Dreissenid Mussel Research Priorities Workshop

  Currently, dreissenid mussels have yet to be detected in the northwestern part of the United States and western Canada. Infestation of one of the jurisdictions within the mussel-free Pacific Northwest ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dreissenid Mussel Research Priorities Workshop Author: Sytsma, Mark D., Phillips, Stephen, Counihan, Timothy D. Year: 2015 Currently, dreissenid mussels have yet to be detected in the northwestern part of the United States and western Canada. Infestation of one of the jurisdictions within the mussel-free Pacific Northwest would likely have significant economic, soci­etal and environmental implications for the entire region. Understanding the biology and environmental tolerances of dreissenid mussels, and effectiveness of various man­agement strategies, is key to prevention. On November 4-5, 2015, the Aquatic Bioinvasion Research and Policy Institute and the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs at Portland State University, the US Geological Survey, and the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, convened a Dreissenid Mussel Research Priorities Workshop funded by the Great Northern Landscape Conservation Cooperative. The purpose of the workshop was to review dreissenid research priorities in the 2010 Quagga-Zebra Mussel Action Plan for Western U.S. Waters, reassess those priorities, incorporate new information and emerging trends, and develop priorities to strategically focus research efforts on zebra and quagga mussels in the Pacific Northwest and ensure that future research is focused on the highest priorities. It is important to note that there is some repetition among dreissenid research priority categories (e.g., prevention, detection, control, monitoring, and biology). Workshop participants with research experience in dreissenid mussel biology and management were identified by a literature review. State and federal agency managers were also invited to the workshop to ensure relevancy and practicality of the work­shop outcomes. A total of 28 experts (see sidebar) in mussel biology, ecology, and management attended the workshop. Title: Dreissenid Mussel Research Priorities Workshop Author: Sytsma, Mark D., Phillips, Stephen, Counihan, Timothy D. Year: 2015 Currently, dreissenid mussels have yet to be detected in the northwestern part of the United States and western Canada. Infestation of one of the jurisdictions within the mussel-free Pacific Northwest would likely have significant economic, soci­etal and environmental implications for the entire region. Understanding the biology and environmental tolerances of dreissenid mussels, and effectiveness of various man­agement strategies, is key to prevention. On November 4-5, 2015, the Aquatic Bioinvasion Research and Policy Institute and the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs at Portland State University, the US Geological Survey, and the Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, convened a Dreissenid Mussel Research Priorities Workshop funded by the Great Northern Landscape Conservation Cooperative. The purpose of the workshop was to review dreissenid research priorities in the 2010 Quagga-Zebra Mussel Action Plan for Western U.S. Waters, reassess those priorities, incorporate new information and emerging trends, and develop priorities to strategically focus research efforts on zebra and quagga mussels in the Pacific Northwest and ensure that future research is focused on the highest priorities. It is important to note that there is some repetition among dreissenid research priority categories (e.g., prevention, detection, control, monitoring, and biology). Workshop participants with research experience in dreissenid mussel biology and management were identified by a literature review. State and federal agency managers were also invited to the workshop to ensure relevancy and practicality of the work­shop outcomes. A total of 28 experts (see sidebar) in mussel biology, ecology, and management attended the workshop. Close

• 27. [Article] Assessing Habitat Requirements of Pond-Breeding Amphibians in a Highly Urbanized Landscape:Implications for Management

  Management of urban aquatic habitats for native wildlife, such as amphibians, is an important contemporary goal for many municipalities. However, our understanding of how local and landscape characteristics ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Habitat Requirements of Pond-Breeding Amphibians in a Highly Urbanized Landscape:Implications for Management Author: Guderyahn, Laura B., Smithers, Ashley P., Mims, Meryl C. Year: 2016 Management of urban aquatic habitats for native wildlife, such as amphibians, is an important contemporary goal for many municipalities. However, our understanding of how local and landscape characteristics of urban aquatic habitat promote or inhibit amphibian occupancy and recruitment is limited. In this study, we examined amphibian community composition and occurrence patterns in ponds, wetlands, and swales of Gresham, Oregon. We collected occurrence data for five native amphibians: northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile), long-toed salamander (A. macrodactylum), Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora), and rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) as well as one non-native amphibian, the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). One hundred sites were surveyed from 2007 to 2013. Local and landscape attributes were characterized for each site, and potential drivers of species occupancy were evaluated using a combination of multivariate approaches and generalized linear models. In general, percent impervious surface and distance to nearest forest patch, both associated with urbanization, were negatively correlated with site occupancy for all species. Non-native vegetation was also negatively associated with occupancy of three species (long-toed salamanders, Pacific chorus frogs, and northern red-legged frogs). In contrast, occupancy was positively correlated with pond depth and hydroperiod length for all species. We found evidence of two distinct groups of co-occurring amphibian species driven by habitat depth and hydroperiod. Finally, we report results of threshold analyses that examined species-specific habitat associations. This study describes urban habitat associations of a native amphibian community, identifies factors with positive, negative or mixed relationships with amphibian species, and is an important step in informing the management of urban aquatic habitat to promote persistence of native amphibians. Title: Assessing Habitat Requirements of Pond-Breeding Amphibians in a Highly Urbanized Landscape:Implications for Management Author: Guderyahn, Laura B., Smithers, Ashley P., Mims, Meryl C. Year: 2016 Management of urban aquatic habitats for native wildlife, such as amphibians, is an important contemporary goal for many municipalities. However, our understanding of how local and landscape characteristics of urban aquatic habitat promote or inhibit amphibian occupancy and recruitment is limited. In this study, we examined amphibian community composition and occurrence patterns in ponds, wetlands, and swales of Gresham, Oregon. We collected occurrence data for five native amphibians: northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile), long-toed salamander (A. macrodactylum), Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora), and rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) as well as one non-native amphibian, the American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus). One hundred sites were surveyed from 2007 to 2013. Local and landscape attributes were characterized for each site, and potential drivers of species occupancy were evaluated using a combination of multivariate approaches and generalized linear models. In general, percent impervious surface and distance to nearest forest patch, both associated with urbanization, were negatively correlated with site occupancy for all species. Non-native vegetation was also negatively associated with occupancy of three species (long-toed salamanders, Pacific chorus frogs, and northern red-legged frogs). In contrast, occupancy was positively correlated with pond depth and hydroperiod length for all species. We found evidence of two distinct groups of co-occurring amphibian species driven by habitat depth and hydroperiod. Finally, we report results of threshold analyses that examined species-specific habitat associations. This study describes urban habitat associations of a native amphibian community, identifies factors with positive, negative or mixed relationships with amphibian species, and is an important step in informing the management of urban aquatic habitat to promote persistence of native amphibians. Close

• 28. [Article] CHANCE: a probabilistic model for electrical energy planning

  The energy resource planning process for electric utilities in the Northwestern United States is unique because the region relies upon a mix of hydro and thermal resources. Consequently, methods used to ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CHANCE: a probabilistic model for electrical energy planning Author: Wakeland, Wayne William Year: 1977 The energy resource planning process for electric utilities in the Northwestern United States is unique because the region relies upon a mix of hydro and thermal resources. Consequently, methods used to study predominantly thermal or predominantly hydro systems are not applicable. Methods are needed to determine if a particular configuration of resources will be adequate to meet future energy load, taking into account various sources of uncertainty. A literature survey of presently available methods is described, and one method is studied in some detail. A new method for analyzing systems that rely upon a mix of hydro and thermal resources is then described. The primary contributors to uncertainty in a hydro/thermal electricity supply system are: (1) uncertain rainfall and snowfall, which results in uncertain availability of hydro energy; (2) the uncertain arrival times of planned nuclear and coal plants; (3) uncertain capacity factors for thermal plants; and (4) the uncertain amount of energy that customers will require in future years. The new model, called CHANCE, characterizes each of these uncertain phenomena with a probability density function. Mathematical convolution and an algorithm developed by the author are then used to determine the probability density function for the energy margin--the difference between supply and demand. Measures of the "energy adequacy" of the supply system are then computed from the energy margin probability density function. A computer program was designed so that the conceptual model can be easily applied to any desired electrical supply system. Once an appropriate set of input assumptions h2ve been determined, they are easily entered into the computer via a question and answer sequence and stored for future use. The computer program then computes the energy adequacy of the system. The user can then change assumptions and/or resource schedules via a question and answer sequence, and recompute the energy adequacy. The computer then prepares a report showing how the alternative assumptions and/or schedules compare. CHANCE has been applied to Pacific Power and Light Company, Portland, Oregon. At the present time, about half of their energy is generated by hydro plants and the other half is generated by coal plants. Only a small fraction is generated by nuclear plants. All planned additional generation is either coal-fired or nuclear-fired. The results of applying CHANCE indicate that planned resources are not likely to be adequate to meet the needs in the early 1980's. Several evaluation exercises have also been carried out. First, CHANCE was calibrated against other electrical energy planning models used by Pacific Power and Light. Next, the sensitivity of the CHANCE model to changes in input assumptions was measured. As was anticipated, the model is highly sensitive to the assumed energy load forecast, to the assumed potential delays in the arrival of resources, and to the assumed thermal plant capacity factors. Thus, more research in these areas is warranted. Research that might lead to improvements in the CHANCE model is then outlined, and final conclusions are drawn. The final conclusions are that the CHANCE model: (1) is valid relative to the outlined scope, (2) is quite versatile and flexible, and (3) fulfills an important need in electrical energy planning. Title: CHANCE: a probabilistic model for electrical energy planning Author: Wakeland, Wayne William Year: 1977 The energy resource planning process for electric utilities in the Northwestern United States is unique because the region relies upon a mix of hydro and thermal resources. Consequently, methods used to study predominantly thermal or predominantly hydro systems are not applicable. Methods are needed to determine if a particular configuration of resources will be adequate to meet future energy load, taking into account various sources of uncertainty. A literature survey of presently available methods is described, and one method is studied in some detail. A new method for analyzing systems that rely upon a mix of hydro and thermal resources is then described. The primary contributors to uncertainty in a hydro/thermal electricity supply system are: (1) uncertain rainfall and snowfall, which results in uncertain availability of hydro energy; (2) the uncertain arrival times of planned nuclear and coal plants; (3) uncertain capacity factors for thermal plants; and (4) the uncertain amount of energy that customers will require in future years. The new model, called CHANCE, characterizes each of these uncertain phenomena with a probability density function. Mathematical convolution and an algorithm developed by the author are then used to determine the probability density function for the energy margin--the difference between supply and demand. Measures of the "energy adequacy" of the supply system are then computed from the energy margin probability density function. A computer program was designed so that the conceptual model can be easily applied to any desired electrical supply system. Once an appropriate set of input assumptions h2ve been determined, they are easily entered into the computer via a question and answer sequence and stored for future use. The computer program then computes the energy adequacy of the system. The user can then change assumptions and/or resource schedules via a question and answer sequence, and recompute the energy adequacy. The computer then prepares a report showing how the alternative assumptions and/or schedules compare. CHANCE has been applied to Pacific Power and Light Company, Portland, Oregon. At the present time, about half of their energy is generated by hydro plants and the other half is generated by coal plants. Only a small fraction is generated by nuclear plants. All planned additional generation is either coal-fired or nuclear-fired. The results of applying CHANCE indicate that planned resources are not likely to be adequate to meet the needs in the early 1980's. Several evaluation exercises have also been carried out. First, CHANCE was calibrated against other electrical energy planning models used by Pacific Power and Light. Next, the sensitivity of the CHANCE model to changes in input assumptions was measured. As was anticipated, the model is highly sensitive to the assumed energy load forecast, to the assumed potential delays in the arrival of resources, and to the assumed thermal plant capacity factors. Thus, more research in these areas is warranted. Research that might lead to improvements in the CHANCE model is then outlined, and final conclusions are drawn. The final conclusions are that the CHANCE model: (1) is valid relative to the outlined scope, (2) is quite versatile and flexible, and (3) fulfills an important need in electrical energy planning. Close

• 29. [Article] Children's drama available for the elementary school children of Portland, Oregon

  This thesis was an endeavor to find the drama available for the elementary children of Portland, Oregon. In deciding what drama was for children two different forms were first researched. Children’s theatre ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Children's drama available for the elementary school children of Portland, Oregon Author: Gender, Margaret Othus Year: 1967 This thesis was an endeavor to find the drama available for the elementary children of Portland, Oregon. In deciding what drama was for children two different forms were first researched. Children’s theatre done by adults such as in community services, educational programs and professional and commercial theatres were studied. Drama by children, referred to as the less formalized drama, creative dramatics was also investigated. To further examine the background of children’s theatre in the United States, various children’s theatres around the country were studied including the University Children’s Theatre at Northwestern under the direction of Winifred Ward and Goodman Memorial Children’s Theatre in Chicago under the direction of Charlotte Chorpenning. With the advent of the educational field into children’s theatre culminating with the Children’s Theatre Conference the movement became wide spread throughout the United States. A great deal has been done to spark children’s drama not only in the viewing of children’s plays in production but affording children actual participation in creative drama workshops and children’s productions. More and more community theatres, commercial groups and universities are doing children’s drama throughout the nation. In an effort to find what was being offered to the Portland children in drama, the Portland Public Grade Schools were first approached. With the help of the Language Arts Supervisor five areas of drama for children were researched through reading and interviews. Although the Portland Public Grade Schools have no drama courses instructed by specific drama teachers they do encourage drama to be correlated into the classroom program and taught in “in service” courses for their teachers. The “model school program” has drama as a definite course and the Portland schools offer a summer school which has a creative drama course available to the elementary school children. The University of Portland, a Catholic university in Portland, has achieved the most definite progress in the Portland area in children’s theatre. They not only produce children’s plays during the school year but offer creative drama and playwriting in their course of study. Under the instruction and production of Mrs. Catherine Roberts for the last six years they are striving to bring children’s theatre to the Portland children and their teachers. Portland does offer some excellent theatre for children in the community. The Portland Junior League, a service group, has nationally been involved throughout the years with their children’s play productions by their groups for the school children of their communities. Now, after turning their productions over to Portland University they still maintain a very worthwhile program of puppetry for the school children of Portland. Portland Junior Civic Theatre, one of the oldest children’s theatre groups in Portland, not only produces children’s productions by children but conducts a children’s drama school throughout the year. The Portland Park Bureau also takes an active part particularly during the summer in children’s drama and training. The newest to Portland is the Playmaker’s Group, relatively young but eager in its endeavor for the children of the area. Their efforts include both productions and schooling on a creative drama promise, with improvisational plays by the adult Playmaker casts. Children’s theatre in Portland is developing but has faced many problems and has many more to surmount. The progress of the active workers in this movement show hope for the future for the children of Portland. The appendix of the thesis is devoted to several programs involved with the teaching of drama. First is a course in creative drama offered to college students in the colleges and universities having such courses in their curriculum. A creative drama course correlated with the regular classroom subjects in the Portland Grade School Curriculum is also included. Last, a summer school plan for community theatre is shown. All the arts combine in the theatre, decor, the dance, impersonation, effective speech, the song, pantomime, the projection of personality, the art of suppressing self and even ill will, for the unity of effort. Hundreds of other arts could be listed including the art of living together and the art of creative imagination. That is why the play can never be omitted from child education. Title: Children's drama available for the elementary school children of Portland, Oregon Author: Gender, Margaret Othus Year: 1967 This thesis was an endeavor to find the drama available for the elementary children of Portland, Oregon. In deciding what drama was for children two different forms were first researched. Children’s theatre done by adults such as in community services, educational programs and professional and commercial theatres were studied. Drama by children, referred to as the less formalized drama, creative dramatics was also investigated. To further examine the background of children’s theatre in the United States, various children’s theatres around the country were studied including the University Children’s Theatre at Northwestern under the direction of Winifred Ward and Goodman Memorial Children’s Theatre in Chicago under the direction of Charlotte Chorpenning. With the advent of the educational field into children’s theatre culminating with the Children’s Theatre Conference the movement became wide spread throughout the United States. A great deal has been done to spark children’s drama not only in the viewing of children’s plays in production but affording children actual participation in creative drama workshops and children’s productions. More and more community theatres, commercial groups and universities are doing children’s drama throughout the nation. In an effort to find what was being offered to the Portland children in drama, the Portland Public Grade Schools were first approached. With the help of the Language Arts Supervisor five areas of drama for children were researched through reading and interviews. Although the Portland Public Grade Schools have no drama courses instructed by specific drama teachers they do encourage drama to be correlated into the classroom program and taught in “in service” courses for their teachers. The “model school program” has drama as a definite course and the Portland schools offer a summer school which has a creative drama course available to the elementary school children. The University of Portland, a Catholic university in Portland, has achieved the most definite progress in the Portland area in children’s theatre. They not only produce children’s plays during the school year but offer creative drama and playwriting in their course of study. Under the instruction and production of Mrs. Catherine Roberts for the last six years they are striving to bring children’s theatre to the Portland children and their teachers. Portland does offer some excellent theatre for children in the community. The Portland Junior League, a service group, has nationally been involved throughout the years with their children’s play productions by their groups for the school children of their communities. Now, after turning their productions over to Portland University they still maintain a very worthwhile program of puppetry for the school children of Portland. Portland Junior Civic Theatre, one of the oldest children’s theatre groups in Portland, not only produces children’s productions by children but conducts a children’s drama school throughout the year. The Portland Park Bureau also takes an active part particularly during the summer in children’s drama and training. The newest to Portland is the Playmaker’s Group, relatively young but eager in its endeavor for the children of the area. Their efforts include both productions and schooling on a creative drama promise, with improvisational plays by the adult Playmaker casts. Children’s theatre in Portland is developing but has faced many problems and has many more to surmount. The progress of the active workers in this movement show hope for the future for the children of Portland. The appendix of the thesis is devoted to several programs involved with the teaching of drama. First is a course in creative drama offered to college students in the colleges and universities having such courses in their curriculum. A creative drama course correlated with the regular classroom subjects in the Portland Grade School Curriculum is also included. Last, a summer school plan for community theatre is shown. All the arts combine in the theatre, decor, the dance, impersonation, effective speech, the song, pantomime, the projection of personality, the art of suppressing self and even ill will, for the unity of effort. Hundreds of other arts could be listed including the art of living together and the art of creative imagination. That is why the play can never be omitted from child education. Close

• 30. [Article] Investigating the Potential of Land Use Modifications to Mitigate the Respiratory Health Impacts of NO2: A Case Study in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Area

  The health impacts of urban air pollution are a growing concern in our rapidly urbanizing world. Urban air pollutants show high intra-urban spatial variability linked to urban land use and land cover (LULC). ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigating the Potential of Land Use Modifications to Mitigate the Respiratory Health Impacts of NO2: A Case Study in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Area Author: Rao, Meenakshi Year: 2016 The health impacts of urban air pollution are a growing concern in our rapidly urbanizing world. Urban air pollutants show high intra-urban spatial variability linked to urban land use and land cover (LULC). This correlation of air pollutants with LULC is widely recognized; LULC data is an integral input into a wide range of models, especially land use regression models developed by epidemiologists to study the impact of air pollution on human health. Given the demonstrated links between LULC and urban air pollution, and between urban air pollution and health, an interesting question arises: what is the potential of LULC modifications to mitigate the health impacts of urban air pollution? In this dissertation we assess the potential of LULC modifications to mitigate the health impacts of NO2, a respiratory irritant and strong marker for combustion-related air pollution, in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area in northwestern USA. We begin by measuring summer and winter NO2 in the area using a spatially dense network of passive NO2 samplers. We next develop an annual average model for NO2 based on the observational data, using random forest -- for the first time in the realm of urban air pollution -- to disentangle the effects of highly correlated LULC variables on ambient NO2 concentrations. We apply this random forest (LURF) model to a 200m spatial grid covering the study area, and use this 200m LURF model to quantify the effect of different urban land use categories on ambient concentrations of NO2. Using the changes in ambient NO2 concentrations resulting from land use modifications as input to BenMAP (a health benefits assessment tool form the US EPA), we assess the NO2-related health impact associated with each land use category and its modifications. We demonstrate how the LURF model can be used to assess the respiratory health benefits of competing land use modifications, including city-wide and local-scale mitigation strategies based on modifying tree canopy and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Planting trees is a common land cover modification strategy undertaken by cities to reduce air pollution. Statistical models such as LUR and LURF demonstrate a correlation between tree cover and reduced air pollution, but they cannot demonstrate causation. Hence, we run the atmospheric chemistry and transport model CMAQ to examine to what extent the dry deposition mechanism can explain the reduction of NO2 which statistical models associate with tree canopy. Results from our research indicate that even though the Portland-Vancouver area is in compliance with the US EPA NO2 standards, ambient concentrations of NO2 still create an annual health burden of at least $40 million USD. Our model suggests that NO2 associated with high intensity development and VMT may be creating an annual health burden of $7 million and $3.3 million USD respectively. Existing tree canopy, on the other hand, is associated with an annual health benefit of $1.4 million USD. LULC modifications can mitigate some fraction of this health burden. A 2% increase in tree canopy across the study area may reduce incidence rates of asthma exacerbation by as much as 7%. We also find that increasing tree canopy is a more effective strategy than reducing VMT in terms of mitigating the health burden of NO2. CMAQ indicates that the amount of NO2 removed by dry deposition is an order of magnitude smaller than that predicted by our statistical model. About one-third of the difference can be explained by the lower NO2 values predicted by CMAQ, and one-third may be attributable to parameterization of stomatal uptake. Title: Investigating the Potential of Land Use Modifications to Mitigate the Respiratory Health Impacts of NO2: A Case Study in the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Area Author: Rao, Meenakshi Year: 2016 The health impacts of urban air pollution are a growing concern in our rapidly urbanizing world. Urban air pollutants show high intra-urban spatial variability linked to urban land use and land cover (LULC). This correlation of air pollutants with LULC is widely recognized; LULC data is an integral input into a wide range of models, especially land use regression models developed by epidemiologists to study the impact of air pollution on human health. Given the demonstrated links between LULC and urban air pollution, and between urban air pollution and health, an interesting question arises: what is the potential of LULC modifications to mitigate the health impacts of urban air pollution? In this dissertation we assess the potential of LULC modifications to mitigate the health impacts of NO2, a respiratory irritant and strong marker for combustion-related air pollution, in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area in northwestern USA. We begin by measuring summer and winter NO2 in the area using a spatially dense network of passive NO2 samplers. We next develop an annual average model for NO2 based on the observational data, using random forest -- for the first time in the realm of urban air pollution -- to disentangle the effects of highly correlated LULC variables on ambient NO2 concentrations. We apply this random forest (LURF) model to a 200m spatial grid covering the study area, and use this 200m LURF model to quantify the effect of different urban land use categories on ambient concentrations of NO2. Using the changes in ambient NO2 concentrations resulting from land use modifications as input to BenMAP (a health benefits assessment tool form the US EPA), we assess the NO2-related health impact associated with each land use category and its modifications. We demonstrate how the LURF model can be used to assess the respiratory health benefits of competing land use modifications, including city-wide and local-scale mitigation strategies based on modifying tree canopy and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Planting trees is a common land cover modification strategy undertaken by cities to reduce air pollution. Statistical models such as LUR and LURF demonstrate a correlation between tree cover and reduced air pollution, but they cannot demonstrate causation. Hence, we run the atmospheric chemistry and transport model CMAQ to examine to what extent the dry deposition mechanism can explain the reduction of NO2 which statistical models associate with tree canopy. Results from our research indicate that even though the Portland-Vancouver area is in compliance with the US EPA NO2 standards, ambient concentrations of NO2 still create an annual health burden of at least $40 million USD. Our model suggests that NO2 associated with high intensity development and VMT may be creating an annual health burden of $7 million and $3.3 million USD respectively. Existing tree canopy, on the other hand, is associated with an annual health benefit of $1.4 million USD. LULC modifications can mitigate some fraction of this health burden. A 2% increase in tree canopy across the study area may reduce incidence rates of asthma exacerbation by as much as 7%. We also find that increasing tree canopy is a more effective strategy than reducing VMT in terms of mitigating the health burden of NO2. CMAQ indicates that the amount of NO2 removed by dry deposition is an order of magnitude smaller than that predicted by our statistical model. About one-third of the difference can be explained by the lower NO2 values predicted by CMAQ, and one-third may be attributable to parameterization of stomatal uptake. Close