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• 21. [Article] High-Risk Prescribing and Opioid Overdose: Prospects for Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Based Proactive Alerts

  In order to develop a simple, valid model to identify patients at high risk for opioid overdose-related hospitalization and mortality Oregon PDMP, Vital Records, and Hospital Discharge data were linked ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: High-Risk Prescribing and Opioid Overdose: Prospects for Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Based Proactive Alerts Author: Geissert, Peter, Hallvik,, Otterloo, Joshua Van, O'Kane, Nicole, Alley, Lindsey, Carson, Jody, Leichtling, Gillian, Hildebran, Christi, Wakeland, Wayne, Deyo, Richard A., McCarty, Dennis Year: 2017 In order to develop a simple, valid model to identify patients at high risk for opioid overdose-related hospitalization and mortality Oregon PDMP, Vital Records, and Hospital Discharge data were linked to estimate two logistic models; A first model that included a broad range of risk factors from the literature and a second simplified model. ROC curves, sensitivity and specificity of the models were analyzed. Variables retained in the final model were age categories over 35, number of prescribers, number of pharmacies, and prescriptions for long acting opioids, benzodiazepines/sedatives, or carisoprodol. The ability of the model to discriminate between patients who did and did not overdose was reasonably good (AUC = .82, Nagelkerke R2 = .11). The positive predictive value of the model was low. Computationally simple models can identify high risk patients based on prescription history alone, but improvement of the predictive value of models may require information from outside the PDMP. Patient or prescription features that predict opioid overdose may differ from those that predict diversion. Title: High-Risk Prescribing and Opioid Overdose: Prospects for Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Based Proactive Alerts Author: Geissert, Peter, Hallvik,, Otterloo, Joshua Van, O'Kane, Nicole, Alley, Lindsey, Carson, Jody, Leichtling, Gillian, Hildebran, Christi, Wakeland, Wayne, Deyo, Richard A., McCarty, Dennis Year: 2017 In order to develop a simple, valid model to identify patients at high risk for opioid overdose-related hospitalization and mortality Oregon PDMP, Vital Records, and Hospital Discharge data were linked to estimate two logistic models; A first model that included a broad range of risk factors from the literature and a second simplified model. ROC curves, sensitivity and specificity of the models were analyzed. Variables retained in the final model were age categories over 35, number of prescribers, number of pharmacies, and prescriptions for long acting opioids, benzodiazepines/sedatives, or carisoprodol. The ability of the model to discriminate between patients who did and did not overdose was reasonably good (AUC = .82, Nagelkerke R2 = .11). The positive predictive value of the model was low. Computationally simple models can identify high risk patients based on prescription history alone, but improvement of the predictive value of models may require information from outside the PDMP. Patient or prescription features that predict opioid overdose may differ from those that predict diversion. Close

• 22. [Article] The Characteristics of the Teacher Evaluation Process as Perceived by Elementary Teachers and Principals

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of elementary teachers and principals of the evaluation system used in two suburban school districts near Portland. Oregon. The two districts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Characteristics of the Teacher Evaluation Process as Perceived by Elementary Teachers and Principals Author: Taylor, Peter H. Year: 1989 The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of elementary teachers and principals of the evaluation system used in two suburban school districts near Portland. Oregon. The two districts involved in the study used the ITIP model for instruction and teacher evaluation over a period of several years. The Teacher Evaluation Profile (TEP) developed by the Northwest Regional Education Laboratory was the instrument used in the study of teachers. A modified version of the TEP was used with elementary principals. The population of the study consisted of 233 elementary teachers from grades K-6 and 14 elementary principals. The study examined their perceptions of the teacher characteristics, evaluator characteristics, evaluation procedures, the feedback, the evaluation context, and experience with Madeline Hunter's Instructional Theory into Practice. In addition to examining the general perceptions of teachers and the principals, the study also investigated four research questions: (I) Is the value that teachers place on teacher evaluation related to the characteristics of the evaluation? (2) Does the amount of training that teachers receive in ITIP affect the value they place on teacher evaluation? (3) Do probationary and tenured teachers have different perceptions about the nature and value of teacher evaluation? (4) Do principals and teachers have different perceptions about the nature and value of teacher evaluation? The results of the questionnaires were examined using ANOVA and correlational techniques. In addition, alpha coefficients were computed to estimate the internal reliability of the instruments. The findings suggest that teachers and principals had positive perceptions of the quality, impact, and value of the evaluation process. Teachers perceived a positive working relationship with their principals in the evaluation process, and they rated the principals high on their evaluation skills. Teachers reported that feedback from principals was specific and that feedback was generally helpful. Teachers and principals agreed that there was value in sharing a common terminology (from lTIP) for discussions in the evaluation conference. Title: The Characteristics of the Teacher Evaluation Process as Perceived by Elementary Teachers and Principals Author: Taylor, Peter H. Year: 1989 The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of elementary teachers and principals of the evaluation system used in two suburban school districts near Portland. Oregon. The two districts involved in the study used the ITIP model for instruction and teacher evaluation over a period of several years. The Teacher Evaluation Profile (TEP) developed by the Northwest Regional Education Laboratory was the instrument used in the study of teachers. A modified version of the TEP was used with elementary principals. The population of the study consisted of 233 elementary teachers from grades K-6 and 14 elementary principals. The study examined their perceptions of the teacher characteristics, evaluator characteristics, evaluation procedures, the feedback, the evaluation context, and experience with Madeline Hunter's Instructional Theory into Practice. In addition to examining the general perceptions of teachers and the principals, the study also investigated four research questions: (I) Is the value that teachers place on teacher evaluation related to the characteristics of the evaluation? (2) Does the amount of training that teachers receive in ITIP affect the value they place on teacher evaluation? (3) Do probationary and tenured teachers have different perceptions about the nature and value of teacher evaluation? (4) Do principals and teachers have different perceptions about the nature and value of teacher evaluation? The results of the questionnaires were examined using ANOVA and correlational techniques. In addition, alpha coefficients were computed to estimate the internal reliability of the instruments. The findings suggest that teachers and principals had positive perceptions of the quality, impact, and value of the evaluation process. Teachers perceived a positive working relationship with their principals in the evaluation process, and they rated the principals high on their evaluation skills. Teachers reported that feedback from principals was specific and that feedback was generally helpful. Teachers and principals agreed that there was value in sharing a common terminology (from lTIP) for discussions in the evaluation conference. Close

• 23. [Article] Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Mapping Landscape Values: Issues, Challenges and Lessons Learned from Field Work on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington

  In order to inform natural resource policy and land management decisions, landscape values mapping (LVM) is increasingly used to collect data about the meanings that people attach to places and the activities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Mapping Landscape Values: Issues, Challenges and Lessons Learned from Field Work on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington Author: Besser, Diane, McLain, Rebecca J., Cerveny, Lee, Biedenweg, Kelly, Banis, David Year: 2014 In order to inform natural resource policy and land management decisions, landscape values mapping (LVM) is increasingly used to collect data about the meanings that people attach to places and the activities associated with those places. This type of mapping provides geographically referenced data on areas of high density of values or associated with different types of values. This article focuses on issues and challenges that commonly occur in LVM, drawing on lessons learned in the US Forest Service Olympic Peninsula Human Ecology Mapping Project. The discussion covers choosing a spatial scale for collecting data, creating the base map, developing data collection strategies, the use of ascribed versus assigned values, and the pros and cons of different mapping formats. Understanding the common issues and challenges in LVM will assist policy makers, land managers, and researchers in designing a LVM project that effectively balances project goals, time and budgetary constraints, and personnel resources in a way that ensures the most robust data and inclusive public participation. Title: Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Mapping Landscape Values: Issues, Challenges and Lessons Learned from Field Work on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington Author: Besser, Diane, McLain, Rebecca J., Cerveny, Lee, Biedenweg, Kelly, Banis, David Year: 2014 In order to inform natural resource policy and land management decisions, landscape values mapping (LVM) is increasingly used to collect data about the meanings that people attach to places and the activities associated with those places. This type of mapping provides geographically referenced data on areas of high density of values or associated with different types of values. This article focuses on issues and challenges that commonly occur in LVM, drawing on lessons learned in the US Forest Service Olympic Peninsula Human Ecology Mapping Project. The discussion covers choosing a spatial scale for collecting data, creating the base map, developing data collection strategies, the use of ascribed versus assigned values, and the pros and cons of different mapping formats. Understanding the common issues and challenges in LVM will assist policy makers, land managers, and researchers in designing a LVM project that effectively balances project goals, time and budgetary constraints, and personnel resources in a way that ensures the most robust data and inclusive public participation. Close

• 24. [Article] Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy

  As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Burcsu, Theresa, Kagan, James S. Year: 2011 As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial modeling to identify conservation opportunity areas (COAs). To complete the project, INR analysts proposed a strategy that would map high value areas using a landscape approach that is focused on relatively high spatial resolution data sets available for the whole metropolitan region. The approach creates 2 main metrics: one focused on terrestrial organisms and the other focused on aquatic and riparian organisms. These are combined to create a map of highly ranked land areas that can be used to formulate a map of conservation opportunity areas. The purpose of the COA mapping project was to use geographic information system methods to identify landscape patches with conservation and restoration potential. The criteria used to identify these high value patches was based on a number of base- and derived-data sets that we call “data inputs.” The data ranged from recently mapped land use and land cover types, hydrological data to indicate species habitat requirements, and road influence on habitat patches. The project identified some areas in which data gaps exist (e.g., region-wide biodiversity data collected and mapped in consistent ways) and some opportunities for improving existent data sets (e.g., land use/land cover map). The project provided several layers that can be used to guide the final Regional Conservation Strategy in selecting conservation opportunity areas. The best layer will depend upon the needs of the RCS efforts, however, in our opinion the most appropriate layer to use is COA 3.11.1 which weights wetlands fairly high, but not as highly as the second data draft. COA 3.10.1 offers similar results as well. Overall it appears that the model results corroborate corridors analysis done previously (Hennings and Soll 2010). There are some issues remaining that we feel can most adequately be addressed by updating the base land use/land cover map. Title: Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Burcsu, Theresa, Kagan, James S. Year: 2011 As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial modeling to identify conservation opportunity areas (COAs). To complete the project, INR analysts proposed a strategy that would map high value areas using a landscape approach that is focused on relatively high spatial resolution data sets available for the whole metropolitan region. The approach creates 2 main metrics: one focused on terrestrial organisms and the other focused on aquatic and riparian organisms. These are combined to create a map of highly ranked land areas that can be used to formulate a map of conservation opportunity areas. The purpose of the COA mapping project was to use geographic information system methods to identify landscape patches with conservation and restoration potential. The criteria used to identify these high value patches was based on a number of base- and derived-data sets that we call “data inputs.” The data ranged from recently mapped land use and land cover types, hydrological data to indicate species habitat requirements, and road influence on habitat patches. The project identified some areas in which data gaps exist (e.g., region-wide biodiversity data collected and mapped in consistent ways) and some opportunities for improving existent data sets (e.g., land use/land cover map). The project provided several layers that can be used to guide the final Regional Conservation Strategy in selecting conservation opportunity areas. The best layer will depend upon the needs of the RCS efforts, however, in our opinion the most appropriate layer to use is COA 3.11.1 which weights wetlands fairly high, but not as highly as the second data draft. COA 3.10.1 offers similar results as well. Overall it appears that the model results corroborate corridors analysis done previously (Hennings and Soll 2010). There are some issues remaining that we feel can most adequately be addressed by updating the base land use/land cover map. Close

• 25. [Article] Isotopic Signatures and Concentration Profiles of Nitrous Oxide in a Rice-Based Ecosystem During the Drained Crop-Growing Season

  The stable isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N₂O) in agricultural soils can improve our understanding of the relative contributions of the main microbial processes (nitrification and denitrification) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Isotopic Signatures and Concentration Profiles of Nitrous Oxide in a Rice-Based Ecosystem During the Drained Crop-Growing Season Author: Xiong, Z. Q., Khalil, M. A. K., Xing, G., Shearer, Martha J., Butenhoff, Christopher Lee Year: 2009 The stable isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N₂O) in agricultural soils can improve our understanding of the relative contributions of the main microbial processes (nitrification and denitrification) responsible for N₂O formation in soils, and can provide constraints for the atmospheric N2O budget. Here, we present soil profiles featuring N₂O concentrations and δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values in N₂O over time, which permit the in situ identification of processes and sites of N₂O production in a rice-based ecosystem seeded with winter wheat. Our δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O soil profile values support the conclusion that denitrification is the dominant process behind N₂O production during the winter wheat season. The soil N₂O gas concentrations are higher below 10 cm than above 10 cm, and more depleted in ¹⁵N - N₂O at 10–15 cm depth compared to other soil depths, which indicates that the N₂O production zone is located at a depth of 10–15 cm within 0–20 cm. The δ¹⁵Nair and δ¹⁸OSMOW (δ¹⁸O of standard mean ocean water) values for soil gas N₂O averaged over the entire wheat growing season are +0.90 ± 2.9 (n = 64) and +39.3 ± 3.1 (n = 64), respectively. Given that paddy source N₂O is much heavier in both measured ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O compared to other fertilized soils, agricultural soils have been underestimated as a source of N₂O since isotopic constraints from rice agriculture have not been taken into account. Title: Isotopic Signatures and Concentration Profiles of Nitrous Oxide in a Rice-Based Ecosystem During the Drained Crop-Growing Season Author: Xiong, Z. Q., Khalil, M. A. K., Xing, G., Shearer, Martha J., Butenhoff, Christopher Lee Year: 2009 The stable isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N₂O) in agricultural soils can improve our understanding of the relative contributions of the main microbial processes (nitrification and denitrification) responsible for N₂O formation in soils, and can provide constraints for the atmospheric N2O budget. Here, we present soil profiles featuring N₂O concentrations and δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O values in N₂O over time, which permit the in situ identification of processes and sites of N₂O production in a rice-based ecosystem seeded with winter wheat. Our δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O soil profile values support the conclusion that denitrification is the dominant process behind N₂O production during the winter wheat season. The soil N₂O gas concentrations are higher below 10 cm than above 10 cm, and more depleted in ¹⁵N - N₂O at 10–15 cm depth compared to other soil depths, which indicates that the N₂O production zone is located at a depth of 10–15 cm within 0–20 cm. The δ¹⁵Nair and δ¹⁸OSMOW (δ¹⁸O of standard mean ocean water) values for soil gas N₂O averaged over the entire wheat growing season are +0.90 ± 2.9 (n = 64) and +39.3 ± 3.1 (n = 64), respectively. Given that paddy source N₂O is much heavier in both measured ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O compared to other fertilized soils, agricultural soils have been underestimated as a source of N₂O since isotopic constraints from rice agriculture have not been taken into account. Close

• 26. [Article] When Perceived Innovation Job Requirement Increases Employee Innovative Behavior: A Sensemaking Perspective

  Building on the sensemaking perspective, we theorize and test conditions under which perceived innovation job requirement increases employee innovative behavior. Using data consisting of 311 employee–supervisor ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: When Perceived Innovation Job Requirement Increases Employee Innovative Behavior: A Sensemaking Perspective Author: Shin, Shung Jae, Yuan, Feirong, Jones, Jesse H. Year: 2017 Building on the sensemaking perspective, we theorize and test conditions under which perceived innovation job requirement increases employee innovative behavior. Using data consisting of 311 employee–supervisor pairs from two companies in China, we found that perceived innovation job requirement had a more positive relation with innovative behavior for employees with low intrinsic interest in innovation than for those with high intrinsic interest. In addition, this positive effect for low-intrinsic-interest employees was achieved only when these employees interpreted the job requirement as important either because performance-reward expectancy was high or because perceived value for the organization was high. We discuss the implications of these results for research and practice. Title: When Perceived Innovation Job Requirement Increases Employee Innovative Behavior: A Sensemaking Perspective Author: Shin, Shung Jae, Yuan, Feirong, Jones, Jesse H. Year: 2017 Building on the sensemaking perspective, we theorize and test conditions under which perceived innovation job requirement increases employee innovative behavior. Using data consisting of 311 employee–supervisor pairs from two companies in China, we found that perceived innovation job requirement had a more positive relation with innovative behavior for employees with low intrinsic interest in innovation than for those with high intrinsic interest. In addition, this positive effect for low-intrinsic-interest employees was achieved only when these employees interpreted the job requirement as important either because performance-reward expectancy was high or because perceived value for the organization was high. We discuss the implications of these results for research and practice. Close

• 27. [Article] Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Surrounding Residential Property Values

  As bus rapid transit (BRT) grows in popularity in the United States, a better understanding of the mode’s impacts on land uses and property values is needed. Economic theory suggests, and literature has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Surrounding Residential Property Values Author: Perk, Victoria, Catalá, Martin, Mantius, Maximillian, Corcoran, Katrina Year: 2017 As bus rapid transit (BRT) grows in popularity in the United States, a better understanding of the mode’s impacts on land uses and property values is needed. Economic theory suggests, and literature has shown, that people are willing to pay higher housing costs to lower their costs of transportation to areas of economic activity. Does high-quality BRT service reliably provide such access and, thereby, increase residential property values? The hypothesis is that property values are higher closer to BRT stations, reflecting a premium for the access provided by the BRT service to various goods, services, employment, education, and recreation. There has been some work on this topic outside of the U.S.; however, due to various cultural, social, and institutional differences, those experiences may not be applicable to U.S. property values. The literature includes, to date, very little work on U.S. BRT systems’ impacts on property values using robust econometric techniques and/or spatial modeling. Further, because every BRT system is different, it is necessary to analyze additional case studies to provide a more robust understanding of how modern U.S. experiences with BRT services may affect surrounding property values. This research contributes to the relatively small body of literature on property value impacts of BRT in the U.S. by conducting a case study on Lane Transit District’s EmX BRT service (Eugene, Oregon) using econometric modeling techniques to estimate changes in property values associated with the BRT. The analysis is based on hedonic price regression analysis, where sale prices are modeled using several property characteristics that contribute to the market or sale price. The findings of this research indicate that the EmX BRT system does positively impact surrounding single-family home sale prices. Results are statistically significant yet, as expected, relatively small in magnitude. An interesting finding is that the impact of the EmX stations on property values increased in each of the three periods examined in this study. For 2005 single-family home sales, the price increased $823 on average for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2010, the marginal impact increased to an average of $1,056 for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2016, every 100 meters closer to a station adds an average of $1,128 to a home’s sale price. These results provide further insight into how BRT services can enhance the livability and economic development in a community, and provide policymakers and the transit industry throughout the U.S. with the best information possible to make informed transit investment decisions in their communities. Title: Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Surrounding Residential Property Values Author: Perk, Victoria, Catalá, Martin, Mantius, Maximillian, Corcoran, Katrina Year: 2017 As bus rapid transit (BRT) grows in popularity in the United States, a better understanding of the mode’s impacts on land uses and property values is needed. Economic theory suggests, and literature has shown, that people are willing to pay higher housing costs to lower their costs of transportation to areas of economic activity. Does high-quality BRT service reliably provide such access and, thereby, increase residential property values? The hypothesis is that property values are higher closer to BRT stations, reflecting a premium for the access provided by the BRT service to various goods, services, employment, education, and recreation. There has been some work on this topic outside of the U.S.; however, due to various cultural, social, and institutional differences, those experiences may not be applicable to U.S. property values. The literature includes, to date, very little work on U.S. BRT systems’ impacts on property values using robust econometric techniques and/or spatial modeling. Further, because every BRT system is different, it is necessary to analyze additional case studies to provide a more robust understanding of how modern U.S. experiences with BRT services may affect surrounding property values. This research contributes to the relatively small body of literature on property value impacts of BRT in the U.S. by conducting a case study on Lane Transit District’s EmX BRT service (Eugene, Oregon) using econometric modeling techniques to estimate changes in property values associated with the BRT. The analysis is based on hedonic price regression analysis, where sale prices are modeled using several property characteristics that contribute to the market or sale price. The findings of this research indicate that the EmX BRT system does positively impact surrounding single-family home sale prices. Results are statistically significant yet, as expected, relatively small in magnitude. An interesting finding is that the impact of the EmX stations on property values increased in each of the three periods examined in this study. For 2005 single-family home sales, the price increased $823 on average for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2010, the marginal impact increased to an average of $1,056 for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2016, every 100 meters closer to a station adds an average of $1,128 to a home’s sale price. These results provide further insight into how BRT services can enhance the livability and economic development in a community, and provide policymakers and the transit industry throughout the U.S. with the best information possible to make informed transit investment decisions in their communities. Close

• 28. [Article] Teaching Sculpture in High Schools

  This thesis proposes to develop a one-year sculpture program for high school art students. The intention is to present a reference and guide for those teachers interested in establishing their own sculpture ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Teaching Sculpture in High Schools Author: Helzer, Richard Henry Year: 1971 This thesis proposes to develop a one-year sculpture program for high school art students. The intention is to present a reference and guide for those teachers interested in establishing their own sculpture program. Justifications for the course are discussed, including the importance of experiencing three-dimensional forms for any student interested in the visual experiences of life - be it nature or the man-made environment. The general approach to teaching sculpturing is presented along with a sequence of projects designed to provide the student with a variety of experiences with sculpturing as an art form and means of personal expression. Also included is a description of desirable classroom characteristics, materials and tools. The conclusion contains my personal views on the value of offering sculpturing at the high school level and the benefits to student, school and community. I also recommend a means of selecting students for the class and reasons for such selection. Here also, as a result of three year's of teaching at the high school level, I feel that it is necessary to make comment about the importance of the high school art teacher's commitment to their subject matter. Title: Teaching Sculpture in High Schools Author: Helzer, Richard Henry Year: 1971 This thesis proposes to develop a one-year sculpture program for high school art students. The intention is to present a reference and guide for those teachers interested in establishing their own sculpture program. Justifications for the course are discussed, including the importance of experiencing three-dimensional forms for any student interested in the visual experiences of life - be it nature or the man-made environment. The general approach to teaching sculpturing is presented along with a sequence of projects designed to provide the student with a variety of experiences with sculpturing as an art form and means of personal expression. Also included is a description of desirable classroom characteristics, materials and tools. The conclusion contains my personal views on the value of offering sculpturing at the high school level and the benefits to student, school and community. I also recommend a means of selecting students for the class and reasons for such selection. Here also, as a result of three year's of teaching at the high school level, I feel that it is necessary to make comment about the importance of the high school art teacher's commitment to their subject matter. Close

• 29. [Article] Measuring Dynamic Patterns in the Structure of Substate Economies

  The objective of this study was to explore a new method of analyzing the performance of substate economies. A major limitation of conventional analyses of economic diversity and growth is the reliance ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Measuring Dynamic Patterns in the Structure of Substate Economies Author: McHugh, Richard, Cooper, Ronald, Martin, Sheila A., Otto, Daniel, Johnson, Stanley R. Year: 1990 The objective of this study was to explore a new method of analyzing the performance of substate economies. A major limitation of conventional analyses of economic diversity and growth is the reliance on static measures of economic structure. Such measures do not capture the patterns of growth dynamics or structural change the region may be experiencing. This paper discusses a new measure of dynamic economic diversity and explores its relationship to economic performance. The measure is a statistical index that reflects the degree to which employment in a county's industries move together over time. The more the industries' employment levels move together, the higher the value of the index. A high index indicates a high degree of regional economic integration. The analysis was applied to county-level data from three states: Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The findings: • Metro areas showed the highest values of the dynamic coherence index, and farm counties had the lowest values. Nonfarm/nor~etro counties were in the middle range. • High-coherence counties tend to have higher levels of per capita income. • Dynamic coherence appears to be positively related to the rate of economic growth as measured by employment growth rates. These findings may indicate that conventional static measures do not capture the economic linkages between industry sectors that make them move together. The positive correlations between the index of dynamic coherence and both income and employment growth may be reflecting the importance of interindustry linkages to the growth process. Title: Measuring Dynamic Patterns in the Structure of Substate Economies Author: McHugh, Richard, Cooper, Ronald, Martin, Sheila A., Otto, Daniel, Johnson, Stanley R. Year: 1990 The objective of this study was to explore a new method of analyzing the performance of substate economies. A major limitation of conventional analyses of economic diversity and growth is the reliance on static measures of economic structure. Such measures do not capture the patterns of growth dynamics or structural change the region may be experiencing. This paper discusses a new measure of dynamic economic diversity and explores its relationship to economic performance. The measure is a statistical index that reflects the degree to which employment in a county's industries move together over time. The more the industries' employment levels move together, the higher the value of the index. A high index indicates a high degree of regional economic integration. The analysis was applied to county-level data from three states: Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The findings: • Metro areas showed the highest values of the dynamic coherence index, and farm counties had the lowest values. Nonfarm/nor~etro counties were in the middle range. • High-coherence counties tend to have higher levels of per capita income. • Dynamic coherence appears to be positively related to the rate of economic growth as measured by employment growth rates. These findings may indicate that conventional static measures do not capture the economic linkages between industry sectors that make them move together. The positive correlations between the index of dynamic coherence and both income and employment growth may be reflecting the importance of interindustry linkages to the growth process. Close

• 30. [Article] Interpreting Activation Energies in Digital Image Sensors

  We present a study demonstrating the dependence of apparent activation energies on signal charge in digital image sensors. The data presented in this paper are for a charge-coupled device imager, but the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interpreting Activation Energies in Digital Image Sensors Author: Dunlap, Justin C., Blouke, Morley M., Bodegom, Erik, Widenhorn, Ralf Year: 2015 We present a study demonstrating the dependence of apparent activation energies on signal charge in digital image sensors. The data presented in this paper are for a charge-coupled device imager, but the analysis can be applied to CMOS sensors or generally to any system that shows nonlinearity with respect to time. Activation energies for some pixels are observed to vary between values at about half the bandgap of silicon, when calculated at low signal-charge levels, to values approaching the bandgap when calculated at high signal-charge levels. As such, the traditional method of calculating activation energies using a single exposure time at varying temperatures will result in different activation energies dependent on the exposure time chosen, making it difficult to draw physically meaningful conclusions from its value. Therefore, a method of calculating activation energies using a single signal-charge level is proposed, making it easier to correlate activation energies with impurities. Further, we demonstrate how a model of a pixel with a fixed location impurity in conjunction with a moving depletion edge, due to a changing depletion region size, can lead to this behavior. Title: Interpreting Activation Energies in Digital Image Sensors Author: Dunlap, Justin C., Blouke, Morley M., Bodegom, Erik, Widenhorn, Ralf Year: 2015 We present a study demonstrating the dependence of apparent activation energies on signal charge in digital image sensors. The data presented in this paper are for a charge-coupled device imager, but the analysis can be applied to CMOS sensors or generally to any system that shows nonlinearity with respect to time. Activation energies for some pixels are observed to vary between values at about half the bandgap of silicon, when calculated at low signal-charge levels, to values approaching the bandgap when calculated at high signal-charge levels. As such, the traditional method of calculating activation energies using a single exposure time at varying temperatures will result in different activation energies dependent on the exposure time chosen, making it difficult to draw physically meaningful conclusions from its value. Therefore, a method of calculating activation energies using a single signal-charge level is proposed, making it easier to correlate activation energies with impurities. Further, we demonstrate how a model of a pixel with a fixed location impurity in conjunction with a moving depletion edge, due to a changing depletion region size, can lead to this behavior. Close