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• 21. [Article] On the Validity of the Radiographic Method for Determining Age of Ancient Salmon

  White rings visible on the centrum face of salmon vertebrae with X-rays have been used since the 1980s to age Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), which in turn have been used to determine salmon species, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: On the Validity of the Radiographic Method for Determining Age of Ancient Salmon Author: Hofkamp, Anthony R., Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2017 White rings visible on the centrum face of salmon vertebrae with X-rays have been used since the 1980s to age Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), which in turn have been used to determine salmon species, season of capture and season of site occupation. This approach relies on a variety of assumptions, the most fundamental of which is that rings represent true years. Recent aDNA analysis has shown that the X-ray approach has flaws but the source of the error has been unknown. Given the value of reconstructing salmon population demographics and life history from ancient remains, establishing a valid and reliable method of ageing salmon vertebrae is extremely worthwhile. The main goal of our study was to evaluate if X-ray images of ring patterns on vertebrae provide a valid method of estimating fish age. Vertebrae from 66 adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) of known age were studied with X-rays, thin sections or low-powered (10–30 ×) magnification. We found that the white bands observed in X-rays are structural walls that do not grow annually. While X-rays are not a valid method for ageing salmonids, incremental growth seen on the surface of fish centra shows great promise for reconstructing ancient fish life history. Title: On the Validity of the Radiographic Method for Determining Age of Ancient Salmon Author: Hofkamp, Anthony R., Butler, Virginia L. Year: 2017 White rings visible on the centrum face of salmon vertebrae with X-rays have been used since the 1980s to age Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), which in turn have been used to determine salmon species, season of capture and season of site occupation. This approach relies on a variety of assumptions, the most fundamental of which is that rings represent true years. Recent aDNA analysis has shown that the X-ray approach has flaws but the source of the error has been unknown. Given the value of reconstructing salmon population demographics and life history from ancient remains, establishing a valid and reliable method of ageing salmon vertebrae is extremely worthwhile. The main goal of our study was to evaluate if X-ray images of ring patterns on vertebrae provide a valid method of estimating fish age. Vertebrae from 66 adult Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) of known age were studied with X-rays, thin sections or low-powered (10–30 ×) magnification. We found that the white bands observed in X-rays are structural walls that do not grow annually. While X-rays are not a valid method for ageing salmonids, incremental growth seen on the surface of fish centra shows great promise for reconstructing ancient fish life history. Close

• 22. [Article] The World Health Organization Age-Friendly Cities Project in Portland, Oregon, USA

  The older population is increasing in size in Portland, the state of Oregon, the United States, and the rest of the world. Our cities and regions are vital to the support of this demographic shift through ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The World Health Organization Age-Friendly Cities Project in Portland, Oregon, USA Author: Neal, Margaret B., DeLaTorre, Alan Kenneth Year: 2007 The older population is increasing in size in Portland, the state of Oregon, the United States, and the rest of the world. Our cities and regions are vital to the support of this demographic shift through the provision of quality built environments, services, and social, cultural, and civic engagement opportunities promote healthy and active aging. Over the next 30 years, the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area will see dramatic growth in the proportion of the population that is aged 65 and older. Although the total population will increase by 47 percent, the 65+ population will more than double, growing by over 137 percent, to comprise 17 percent of the population in 2030, compared to 10.5 percent in 2000. Fueling this increase will be the aging of the baby boomers. As a city and a region, changes that will enhance the quality of life, independence, and well-being of our aging population can be made. These include addressing important needs that are identified, and taking advantage of assets and resources that an older and experienced population provides. Title: The World Health Organization Age-Friendly Cities Project in Portland, Oregon, USA Author: Neal, Margaret B., DeLaTorre, Alan Kenneth Year: 2007 The older population is increasing in size in Portland, the state of Oregon, the United States, and the rest of the world. Our cities and regions are vital to the support of this demographic shift through the provision of quality built environments, services, and social, cultural, and civic engagement opportunities promote healthy and active aging. Over the next 30 years, the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area will see dramatic growth in the proportion of the population that is aged 65 and older. Although the total population will increase by 47 percent, the 65+ population will more than double, growing by over 137 percent, to comprise 17 percent of the population in 2030, compared to 10.5 percent in 2000. Fueling this increase will be the aging of the baby boomers. As a city and a region, changes that will enhance the quality of life, independence, and well-being of our aging population can be made. These include addressing important needs that are identified, and taking advantage of assets and resources that an older and experienced population provides. Close

• 23. [Article] Disengagement of older people in an urban setting

  This dissertation reevaluates the controversial Disengagement Theory of aging introduced by Elaine Cumming and William E. Henry in their book, Growing Old (1961), with particular emphasis on aging in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disengagement of older people in an urban setting Author: Somers, Melvina Year: 1977 This dissertation reevaluates the controversial Disengagement Theory of aging introduced by Elaine Cumming and William E. Henry in their book, Growing Old (1961), with particular emphasis on aging in the city. Disengagement theory embodies the antithesis to the traditional activity theory of aging based on a work ethic. Disengagement theory holds that normal aging is an inevitable mutual withdrawal or disengagement between the aging person and others in the social system, that it is universal, and that, by impl ication,it is a mutually satisfying condition since it results in a new equilibrium between society and the aging individual. The theory proposes that withdrawal happens automatically in the aging person because of ego changes which are "programmed" into the human organism. Activity theory, on the contrary, claims that maintaining physical, mental, or social activity is a prerequisite to successful aging. It implies that a meaningful social role is necessary to selfesteem, and that, allowing for biological impairments, the psychological needs of older people are not much different from those of middle-aged persons. Since the United States population aged 65 and over has a net annual increase of over 300,000 people, the questions as to whether they tend to be engaged or disengaged, and whether they should be integrated in or separated from the rest of society, become very important. According to the 1970 Census, over sixty percent of persons sixty-five and over live in metropolitan areas. Therefore their housing, transportation, medical care, and other needs have to be considered in urban policies. In planning services for older people it is imperative to know what kind of services are needed, and hence engagement or disengagement becomes a crucial question. It is the assumption in this research that the city and its older population have an investment in one another, and that the city is interested in the welfare of its older citizens. Theoretically, the study was guided by the principles of symbolic interactionism. Several methods were used in the approach to the research problem because it is believed that what is known as a "triangulated" perspective can come closest to revealing the various aspects of empirical reality. Specifically, the methods employed were the social survey, the depth interview, participant observation, unobtrusive observation, and the case study and life history technique. This research has used especially Weber's method of Verstehen or empathic unders tandi rig. Three hypotheses guided the research: Hypothesis One: Disengagement is not an intrinsic or inevitable phenomenon. If it occurs, it can be traced to various causes other than aging per se, such as ill health, personal misfortunes (such as widowhood), or social pressures (such as forced retirement). Hypthesis Two: Older people do not enjoy a disengaged state. There is continuity in personality and life style, and if older people choose nonengagement, it is a continuation of former habits. Hypothesis Three: A livable urban environment is a determinant in the life satisfaction of the aged. These hypotheses were tested empirically, using both qualitative and quantitative data; and our hypotheses have been confirmed by prevalence and recurrence of expected patterns in the behavior of our samples. The use of the inductive method has given consistent results in that no instances of intrinsic disengagement were discovered. We have been able to show that other causal factors were responsible for relative nonengagement if it occurred. The dissertation also reports many suggestions which were received on how the urban environment could be improved and how the city could help older people lead better lives. Title: Disengagement of older people in an urban setting Author: Somers, Melvina Year: 1977 This dissertation reevaluates the controversial Disengagement Theory of aging introduced by Elaine Cumming and William E. Henry in their book, Growing Old (1961), with particular emphasis on aging in the city. Disengagement theory embodies the antithesis to the traditional activity theory of aging based on a work ethic. Disengagement theory holds that normal aging is an inevitable mutual withdrawal or disengagement between the aging person and others in the social system, that it is universal, and that, by impl ication,it is a mutually satisfying condition since it results in a new equilibrium between society and the aging individual. The theory proposes that withdrawal happens automatically in the aging person because of ego changes which are "programmed" into the human organism. Activity theory, on the contrary, claims that maintaining physical, mental, or social activity is a prerequisite to successful aging. It implies that a meaningful social role is necessary to selfesteem, and that, allowing for biological impairments, the psychological needs of older people are not much different from those of middle-aged persons. Since the United States population aged 65 and over has a net annual increase of over 300,000 people, the questions as to whether they tend to be engaged or disengaged, and whether they should be integrated in or separated from the rest of society, become very important. According to the 1970 Census, over sixty percent of persons sixty-five and over live in metropolitan areas. Therefore their housing, transportation, medical care, and other needs have to be considered in urban policies. In planning services for older people it is imperative to know what kind of services are needed, and hence engagement or disengagement becomes a crucial question. It is the assumption in this research that the city and its older population have an investment in one another, and that the city is interested in the welfare of its older citizens. Theoretically, the study was guided by the principles of symbolic interactionism. Several methods were used in the approach to the research problem because it is believed that what is known as a "triangulated" perspective can come closest to revealing the various aspects of empirical reality. Specifically, the methods employed were the social survey, the depth interview, participant observation, unobtrusive observation, and the case study and life history technique. This research has used especially Weber's method of Verstehen or empathic unders tandi rig. Three hypotheses guided the research: Hypothesis One: Disengagement is not an intrinsic or inevitable phenomenon. If it occurs, it can be traced to various causes other than aging per se, such as ill health, personal misfortunes (such as widowhood), or social pressures (such as forced retirement). Hypthesis Two: Older people do not enjoy a disengaged state. There is continuity in personality and life style, and if older people choose nonengagement, it is a continuation of former habits. Hypothesis Three: A livable urban environment is a determinant in the life satisfaction of the aged. These hypotheses were tested empirically, using both qualitative and quantitative data; and our hypotheses have been confirmed by prevalence and recurrence of expected patterns in the behavior of our samples. The use of the inductive method has given consistent results in that no instances of intrinsic disengagement were discovered. We have been able to show that other causal factors were responsible for relative nonengagement if it occurred. The dissertation also reports many suggestions which were received on how the urban environment could be improved and how the city could help older people lead better lives. Close

• 24. [Article] Supporting the Aging Workforce: The Impact of Psychosocial Workplace Characteristics on Employees' Work Ability

  It is estimated that by 2020, 25% of the US labor force will be aged 55 or older. Along with this demographic shift, Americans and employees in other industrialized nations are now working longer than ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Supporting the Aging Workforce: The Impact of Psychosocial Workplace Characteristics on Employees' Work Ability Author: Rineer, Jennifer Rae Year: 2015 It is estimated that by 2020, 25% of the US labor force will be aged 55 or older. Along with this demographic shift, Americans and employees in other industrialized nations are now working longer than before, either out of preference or financial necessity. Therefore, it is essential that we understand how to support employees so that they can continue working in a healthy, happy, and productive manner as they age. The construct of work ability (the extent to which people perceive they can meet the mental and physical demands of their jobs) has the potential to guide research and practice on how best to support employees throughout the lifespan. However, though studied extensively in the occupational health literature, work ability has only recently gained attention in the Industrial/Organizational Psychology and Occupational Health Psychology literatures. This study helps to further integrate work ability into our field and theoretically ground the construct using the Job Demands-Resources model (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001). Specifically, this study examined psychosocial characteristics of the work environment (age diversity climate, team cohesion, organizational justice, and leader-member exchange) that were expected to buffer against the negative effects of increased age and poor health on work ability. The interaction between team cohesion and poor health had a significant effect on work ability. While the other hypothesized interaction relationships were unsupported, ancillary analyses showed that both team cohesion and age diversity climate do relate positively to work ability, even after controlling for age and health. These findings highlight the importance of a positive social work environment in supporting employees' work ability throughout the lifespan. Suggestions for future research include examining additional psychosocial predictors and behavioral outcomes of work ability, as well as conducting intervention studies aimed at increasing work ability by improving social aspects of the work environment. Title: Supporting the Aging Workforce: The Impact of Psychosocial Workplace Characteristics on Employees' Work Ability Author: Rineer, Jennifer Rae Year: 2015 It is estimated that by 2020, 25% of the US labor force will be aged 55 or older. Along with this demographic shift, Americans and employees in other industrialized nations are now working longer than before, either out of preference or financial necessity. Therefore, it is essential that we understand how to support employees so that they can continue working in a healthy, happy, and productive manner as they age. The construct of work ability (the extent to which people perceive they can meet the mental and physical demands of their jobs) has the potential to guide research and practice on how best to support employees throughout the lifespan. However, though studied extensively in the occupational health literature, work ability has only recently gained attention in the Industrial/Organizational Psychology and Occupational Health Psychology literatures. This study helps to further integrate work ability into our field and theoretically ground the construct using the Job Demands-Resources model (Demerouti, Bakker, Nachreiner, & Schaufeli, 2001). Specifically, this study examined psychosocial characteristics of the work environment (age diversity climate, team cohesion, organizational justice, and leader-member exchange) that were expected to buffer against the negative effects of increased age and poor health on work ability. The interaction between team cohesion and poor health had a significant effect on work ability. While the other hypothesized interaction relationships were unsupported, ancillary analyses showed that both team cohesion and age diversity climate do relate positively to work ability, even after controlling for age and health. These findings highlight the importance of a positive social work environment in supporting employees' work ability throughout the lifespan. Suggestions for future research include examining additional psychosocial predictors and behavioral outcomes of work ability, as well as conducting intervention studies aimed at increasing work ability by improving social aspects of the work environment. Close

• 25. [Article] The Prevalence of Rapid Weight Gain in Infancy Differs by the Growth Reference and Age Interval Used for Evaluation

  Background: Infant rapid weight gain (RWG) may predict subsequent obesity, but there are inconsistencies in the growth references and age intervals used for assessment. Methods: This study evaluated whether ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Prevalence of Rapid Weight Gain in Infancy Differs by the Growth Reference and Age Interval Used for Evaluation Author: Eckhardt, Cara L., Eng, Heather, Dills, John L., Wisner, Katherine L. Year: 2016 Background: Infant rapid weight gain (RWG) may predict subsequent obesity, but there are inconsistencies in the growth references and age intervals used for assessment. Methods: This study evaluated whether the prevalence of RWG (an increase of >0.67 in weight-for-age z-score) differed by growth reference (2006 WHO standards vs 2000 CDC references) and age interval of assessment (0–3, 0–6, 6–12 and 0–12 months). Pooled data from singleton term infants from two observational studies on maternal mood disorders during pregnancy were used (n = 161). Differences in RWG prevalence by growth reference and age interval were tested using Cochran’s Q and McNemar’s tests. Results: The CDC reference produced a higher RWG prevalence (14% of infants additionally categorized as RWG, p < 0.0001) within the 0–3 month age interval compared to the WHO standards; this pattern was reversed for the 6–12 and 0–12 month intervals. RWG prevalence did not differ across age interval within the WHO standards, but did differ with the CDC references (range: 22% for 0–3 months to 4.2% for 6–12 months, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Caution is advised when comparing studies with different criteria for RWG. Future studies should use the 2006 WHO standards and a consistent age interval of evaluation. Title: The Prevalence of Rapid Weight Gain in Infancy Differs by the Growth Reference and Age Interval Used for Evaluation Author: Eckhardt, Cara L., Eng, Heather, Dills, John L., Wisner, Katherine L. Year: 2016 Background: Infant rapid weight gain (RWG) may predict subsequent obesity, but there are inconsistencies in the growth references and age intervals used for assessment. Methods: This study evaluated whether the prevalence of RWG (an increase of >0.67 in weight-for-age z-score) differed by growth reference (2006 WHO standards vs 2000 CDC references) and age interval of assessment (0–3, 0–6, 6–12 and 0–12 months). Pooled data from singleton term infants from two observational studies on maternal mood disorders during pregnancy were used (n = 161). Differences in RWG prevalence by growth reference and age interval were tested using Cochran’s Q and McNemar’s tests. Results: The CDC reference produced a higher RWG prevalence (14% of infants additionally categorized as RWG, p < 0.0001) within the 0–3 month age interval compared to the WHO standards; this pattern was reversed for the 6–12 and 0–12 month intervals. RWG prevalence did not differ across age interval within the WHO standards, but did differ with the CDC references (range: 22% for 0–3 months to 4.2% for 6–12 months, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Caution is advised when comparing studies with different criteria for RWG. Future studies should use the 2006 WHO standards and a consistent age interval of evaluation. Close

• 26. [Article] Home Forward’s Aging in Place Initiative: Planning for Current and Future Residents

  This report was prepared on behalf of the Aging in Place Initiative of Home Forward. The Initiative sought to gather information about older persons currently residing in Home Forward’s public housing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Home Forward’s Aging in Place Initiative: Planning for Current and Future Residents Author: Carder, Paula C., Weinstein, Jenny, Kohon, Jacklyn Nicole Year: 2012 This report was prepared on behalf of the Aging in Place Initiative of Home Forward. The Initiative sought to gather information about older persons currently residing in Home Forward’s public housing properties, from persons age 55 and older on the waitlist for housing, and from older adults in the Portland area. While local data were unavailable at the time of this report, we know that nationally, more than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by persons age 62 and older. With this in mind, Home Forward must make decisions now about how to respond to the aging of both current residents and the local community. The population of older persons has and will continue to increase in Multnomah County, and Oregon. While many older persons enjoy relative economic stability, a sizeable number are very poor and face housing instability and declining health. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the poverty rate among county residents age 65 and older is 10.9%, higher than the national average of 9%. A recent study of Multnomah County adults with incomes at or below 200% of poverty level found that 44% of those who had moved in the prior five years had done so to reduce housing costs. Title: Home Forward’s Aging in Place Initiative: Planning for Current and Future Residents Author: Carder, Paula C., Weinstein, Jenny, Kohon, Jacklyn Nicole Year: 2012 This report was prepared on behalf of the Aging in Place Initiative of Home Forward. The Initiative sought to gather information about older persons currently residing in Home Forward’s public housing properties, from persons age 55 and older on the waitlist for housing, and from older adults in the Portland area. While local data were unavailable at the time of this report, we know that nationally, more than one-third (37 percent) of the approximately 5 million households receiving housing assistance from HUD are headed by persons age 62 and older. With this in mind, Home Forward must make decisions now about how to respond to the aging of both current residents and the local community. The population of older persons has and will continue to increase in Multnomah County, and Oregon. While many older persons enjoy relative economic stability, a sizeable number are very poor and face housing instability and declining health. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the poverty rate among county residents age 65 and older is 10.9%, higher than the national average of 9%. A recent study of Multnomah County adults with incomes at or below 200% of poverty level found that 44% of those who had moved in the prior five years had done so to reduce housing costs. Close

• 27. [Article] Verbal fluency performance of normal elderly subjects

  The purpose of this study was to measure the verbal fluency of normal gerontologic subjects and to determine the extent of association between verbal fluency score and level of education. Specifically, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Verbal fluency performance of normal elderly subjects Author: Secrest, Molly Year: 1982 The purpose of this study was to measure the verbal fluency of normal gerontologic subjects and to determine the extent of association between verbal fluency score and level of education. Specifically, this investigation sought to determine means, ranges and standard deviations for three groups of subjects: those 61 to 69 years of age, those 70 to 79 years of age, and those 80 years of age and above. In addition, correlations between verbal fluency score, and age, sex, years of education, and order of stimulus presentation were computed. Title: Verbal fluency performance of normal elderly subjects Author: Secrest, Molly Year: 1982 The purpose of this study was to measure the verbal fluency of normal gerontologic subjects and to determine the extent of association between verbal fluency score and level of education. Specifically, this investigation sought to determine means, ranges and standard deviations for three groups of subjects: those 61 to 69 years of age, those 70 to 79 years of age, and those 80 years of age and above. In addition, correlations between verbal fluency score, and age, sex, years of education, and order of stimulus presentation were computed. Close

• 28. [Article] Evaluating Your Age-Friendly Community Program: A Step-by-Step Guide

  This guidebook was developed to help you document and evaluate your community’s progress in becoming more age friendly. Although this task may sound intimidating, with a small dose of courage and by understanding ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluating Your Age-Friendly Community Program: A Step-by-Step Guide Author: Neal, Margaret B., Wernher, Iris Year: 2014 This guidebook was developed to help you document and evaluate your community’s progress in becoming more age friendly. Although this task may sound intimidating, with a small dose of courage and by understanding a few key terms, the building blocks of evaluation can come alive and help guide your work. Title: Evaluating Your Age-Friendly Community Program: A Step-by-Step Guide Author: Neal, Margaret B., Wernher, Iris Year: 2014 This guidebook was developed to help you document and evaluate your community’s progress in becoming more age friendly. Although this task may sound intimidating, with a small dose of courage and by understanding a few key terms, the building blocks of evaluation can come alive and help guide your work. Close

• 29. [Article] Estimates of Population Age Groups (ages under 18 yrs., 18-64 yrs., and 65 yrs. and over) for Oregon and Its Counties, July 1, 2015

  Estimates of Population Age Groups (ages under 18 yrs., 18-64 yrs., and 65 yrs. and over) for Oregon and Its Counties, July 1, 2015. Prepared by Population Research Center, Portland State University, January ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimates of Population Age Groups (ages under 18 yrs., 18-64 yrs., and 65 yrs. and over) for Oregon and Its Counties, July 1, 2015 Author: Proehl, Risa, Portland State University. Population Research Center Year: 2016 Estimates of Population Age Groups (ages under 18 yrs., 18-64 yrs., and 65 yrs. and over) for Oregon and Its Counties, July 1, 2015. Prepared by Population Research Center, Portland State University, January 2016. Title: Estimates of Population Age Groups (ages under 18 yrs., 18-64 yrs., and 65 yrs. and over) for Oregon and Its Counties, July 1, 2015 Author: Proehl, Risa, Portland State University. Population Research Center Year: 2016 Estimates of Population Age Groups (ages under 18 yrs., 18-64 yrs., and 65 yrs. and over) for Oregon and Its Counties, July 1, 2015. Prepared by Population Research Center, Portland State University, January 2016. Close

• 30. [Article] When Scoundrels Rule: Review of The Last Refuge: Patriotism, politics, and the environment in an age of terror, by David W. Orr

  Book Review of The Last Refuge: Patriotism, Politics, and the Environment in an Age of Terror. David W. Orr. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2004.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: When Scoundrels Rule: Review of The Last Refuge: Patriotism, politics, and the environment in an age of terror, by David W. Orr Author: Costanza, Robert Year: 2005 Book Review of The Last Refuge: Patriotism, Politics, and the Environment in an Age of Terror. David W. Orr. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2004. Title: When Scoundrels Rule: Review of The Last Refuge: Patriotism, politics, and the environment in an age of terror, by David W. Orr Author: Costanza, Robert Year: 2005 Book Review of The Last Refuge: Patriotism, Politics, and the Environment in an Age of Terror. David W. Orr. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2004. Close