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• 2541. [Article] The perinatal regionalization policy: a study in form and development

  The purpose of this research was to demonstrate one way in which the analytical and creative components of policy can complement one another to provide insight for understanding emergent (developmental) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The perinatal regionalization policy: a study in form and development Author: Umbdenstock, Linda Year: 1981 The purpose of this research was to demonstrate one way in which the analytical and creative components of policy can complement one another to provide insight for understanding emergent (developmental) and cooperative systems. As a case study, this research examined a perinatal regionalization project--a new health care delivery system--to determine how it might develop from this point in its history, i.e., what form it might take. The key questions were: how do we design a workable and significant system? How much is science; how much art? Given the emergent social nature of the system, a twofold approach was required. The first approach, analytically organized, used multiple perspectives in gathering information for policy planning and implementation. The second approach, process oriented, used a new form of Delphi as a creative, participatory decision technique to design a policy structure. Application of multiple perspectives to a prospective issue, combining them with the participatory approach of the decision Delphi and distinguishing methods appropriate for emergent policy systems were departures from previous research. Data collection involved content analysis, extensive interviewing, and participant observation. Analysis based on three perspectives, technical-rational (T), organizational (O), and personal (P), yielded distinct pictures of the emerging social technology of regionalized perinatal health care delivery. The T perspective emphasized the well-ordered approach to implementation and indicated some areas to reinforce and develop based on measured outcomes. The O perspective emphasized the network of interrelated roles, procedures, and reinforcements (sources of satisfaction). It noted junctures for making inroads into the existing system. The P perspective provided the most immediate grasp of the essential and unique world of the participants. It found that images serve as both compelling visions and forces for change characterized by this non-trivial uniqueness. Delphi found that systems structures can be generated endogenously. Analysis of the three perspectives found that each of the three requires a type of research appropriate to it. In fact, the elusive P perspective can be formulated experientially--a self-reflective type of research--and communicated creatively. Both enhance its value. Analysis also found that while the three are distinct, each adds a dimension to understanding that would be lost without it. They can be integrated as mutual contexts of each other. Analysis found that the form of communication is as important as the form of research. Non-traditional means are more appropriate. Analysis found that design considers form as system self-image, system boundary, and system control. These distinguish the new system from the old. The concept is quite different from implementation as a sequential process in policy. Title: The perinatal regionalization policy: a study in form and development Author: Umbdenstock, Linda Year: 1981 The purpose of this research was to demonstrate one way in which the analytical and creative components of policy can complement one another to provide insight for understanding emergent (developmental) and cooperative systems. As a case study, this research examined a perinatal regionalization project--a new health care delivery system--to determine how it might develop from this point in its history, i.e., what form it might take. The key questions were: how do we design a workable and significant system? How much is science; how much art? Given the emergent social nature of the system, a twofold approach was required. The first approach, analytically organized, used multiple perspectives in gathering information for policy planning and implementation. The second approach, process oriented, used a new form of Delphi as a creative, participatory decision technique to design a policy structure. Application of multiple perspectives to a prospective issue, combining them with the participatory approach of the decision Delphi and distinguishing methods appropriate for emergent policy systems were departures from previous research. Data collection involved content analysis, extensive interviewing, and participant observation. Analysis based on three perspectives, technical-rational (T), organizational (O), and personal (P), yielded distinct pictures of the emerging social technology of regionalized perinatal health care delivery. The T perspective emphasized the well-ordered approach to implementation and indicated some areas to reinforce and develop based on measured outcomes. The O perspective emphasized the network of interrelated roles, procedures, and reinforcements (sources of satisfaction). It noted junctures for making inroads into the existing system. The P perspective provided the most immediate grasp of the essential and unique world of the participants. It found that images serve as both compelling visions and forces for change characterized by this non-trivial uniqueness. Delphi found that systems structures can be generated endogenously. Analysis of the three perspectives found that each of the three requires a type of research appropriate to it. In fact, the elusive P perspective can be formulated experientially--a self-reflective type of research--and communicated creatively. Both enhance its value. Analysis also found that while the three are distinct, each adds a dimension to understanding that would be lost without it. They can be integrated as mutual contexts of each other. Analysis found that the form of communication is as important as the form of research. Non-traditional means are more appropriate. Analysis found that design considers form as system self-image, system boundary, and system control. These distinguish the new system from the old. The concept is quite different from implementation as a sequential process in policy. Close

• 2542. [Article] New 4-Aminoquinoline Compounds to Reverse Drug Resistance in <i>P. falciparum</i> Malaria, and a Survey of Early European Antimalarial Treatments

  Intermittent fevers caused by Plasmodium parasites have been known for millennia, and have caused untold human suffering. Today, millions of people are afflicted by malaria each year, and hundreds of thousands ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: New 4-Aminoquinoline Compounds to Reverse Drug Resistance in <i>P. falciparum</i> Malaria, and a Survey of Early European Antimalarial Treatments Author: Liebman, Katherine May Year: 2014 Intermittent fevers caused by Plasmodium parasites have been known for millennia, and have caused untold human suffering. Today, millions of people are afflicted by malaria each year, and hundreds of thousands die. Historically, the most successful synthetic antimalarial drug was chloroquine, as it was safe, inexpensive, and highly efficacious. However, plasmodial resistance to chloroquine now greatly limits its utility. Previously in our laboratories it has been shown that attachment of a "reversal agent moiety" to the side chain of chloroquine can result in the restoration of activity against chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum malaria. In the first part of the work presented here, a study has been made of the importance of the quinoline ring substitution pattern to the activity of such reversed chloroquines. The compounds presented here include those bearing a substituent in the 2-, 5, 6-, 7-, and/or 8- position, and include those with chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro, nitro, trifluoromethyl, methyl, and methoxy substituents. For reversed chloroquines, 2-, 5-, and 8- substituents have been found to decrease in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum relative to 7-chloro substitution, whereas 6- and 7- substituted compounds with various substituents have in many cases similar activity to that of 7-chloro substituted compounds. Little difference has been observed between 6- and 7- substitution, or between chlorine and a methyl group in position 6. In most cases these effects on activity are directionally similar to those observed for chloroquine analogs without an attached reversal agent, but the magnitude of the effect is generally smaller, suggesting that the activities of reversed chloroquines are less affected by modifications to the quinoline ring system than is true for chloroquine analogs without an attached reversal agent. The second portion of this work presents an asymmetrical bis-quinoline (PL241) that is highly active against P. falciparum malaria, with an IC50 of less than 0.1 nM for all strains tested. Mechanistic studies have been performed in which the substitution patterns of the two quinoline rings of PL241 are modified in ways that indicate that either ring system is equally capable of participating in the antimalarial activity of these compounds. The excellent in vitro antiplasmodial activity of PL241 makes this a compound of great interest for further development as a potential antimalarial drug. In the third part of this work, a survey has been made of antimalarial treatments recommended in the European medical literature from the time of Pliny the Elder (active in the first century A.D.) through the advent of modern malaria chemotherapy in the early twentieth century. In the fifteen primary sources utilized in this study, 251 distinct substances - primarily plants - were identified as having likely been used in the treatment of malaria. Of the 38 substances that were described in three or more sources, at least fifteen have been examined by other workers for antiplasmodial activity; in many cases, they were found to have antiplasmodial activity in vitro or in vivo. However, the majority of the phytotherapies for malaria identified in this project have not yet been tested against Plasmodium species, and may provide valuable leads in the search for new compounds active against drug-resistant malaria. Title: New 4-Aminoquinoline Compounds to Reverse Drug Resistance in <i>P. falciparum</i> Malaria, and a Survey of Early European Antimalarial Treatments Author: Liebman, Katherine May Year: 2014 Intermittent fevers caused by Plasmodium parasites have been known for millennia, and have caused untold human suffering. Today, millions of people are afflicted by malaria each year, and hundreds of thousands die. Historically, the most successful synthetic antimalarial drug was chloroquine, as it was safe, inexpensive, and highly efficacious. However, plasmodial resistance to chloroquine now greatly limits its utility. Previously in our laboratories it has been shown that attachment of a "reversal agent moiety" to the side chain of chloroquine can result in the restoration of activity against chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum malaria. In the first part of the work presented here, a study has been made of the importance of the quinoline ring substitution pattern to the activity of such reversed chloroquines. The compounds presented here include those bearing a substituent in the 2-, 5, 6-, 7-, and/or 8- position, and include those with chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro, nitro, trifluoromethyl, methyl, and methoxy substituents. For reversed chloroquines, 2-, 5-, and 8- substituents have been found to decrease in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum relative to 7-chloro substitution, whereas 6- and 7- substituted compounds with various substituents have in many cases similar activity to that of 7-chloro substituted compounds. Little difference has been observed between 6- and 7- substitution, or between chlorine and a methyl group in position 6. In most cases these effects on activity are directionally similar to those observed for chloroquine analogs without an attached reversal agent, but the magnitude of the effect is generally smaller, suggesting that the activities of reversed chloroquines are less affected by modifications to the quinoline ring system than is true for chloroquine analogs without an attached reversal agent. The second portion of this work presents an asymmetrical bis-quinoline (PL241) that is highly active against P. falciparum malaria, with an IC50 of less than 0.1 nM for all strains tested. Mechanistic studies have been performed in which the substitution patterns of the two quinoline rings of PL241 are modified in ways that indicate that either ring system is equally capable of participating in the antimalarial activity of these compounds. The excellent in vitro antiplasmodial activity of PL241 makes this a compound of great interest for further development as a potential antimalarial drug. In the third part of this work, a survey has been made of antimalarial treatments recommended in the European medical literature from the time of Pliny the Elder (active in the first century A.D.) through the advent of modern malaria chemotherapy in the early twentieth century. In the fifteen primary sources utilized in this study, 251 distinct substances - primarily plants - were identified as having likely been used in the treatment of malaria. Of the 38 substances that were described in three or more sources, at least fifteen have been examined by other workers for antiplasmodial activity; in many cases, they were found to have antiplasmodial activity in vitro or in vivo. However, the majority of the phytotherapies for malaria identified in this project have not yet been tested against Plasmodium species, and may provide valuable leads in the search for new compounds active against drug-resistant malaria. Close

• 2543. [Article] An exploration into aspects of broken color as exemplified in the works of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists and the application of these theories within painting experiences of the adolescent student

  I. Statement of Research Problem. The research was an exploration into the broken color technique within the paintings of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists and the application of their techniques ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An exploration into aspects of broken color as exemplified in the works of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists and the application of these theories within painting experiences of the adolescent student Author: Handy, Frank Edwin Year: 1969 I. Statement of Research Problem. The research was an exploration into the broken color technique within the paintings of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists and the application of their techniques within the painting experiences of the adolescent student. II. Resume of the Data. The application of pure pigment directly, without blending, constitutes one of the major aims of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists. The breaking of color was done in many methods by juxtaposition of hues and values in various combinations to give the desired effect; it was applied through a wide range of brush techniques such as comma-shaped, spots, hatchings, and a multitude of undefinable forms. Historical Data. The emphasis upon color in painting has a heritage stemming from the city of Venice during the Renaissance. The Venetian artists began what is known today as the painterly direction of painting. Many artists thereafter portrayed this painterly mode such as Caravaggio, Rubens, Constable, and Delacroix. It was, however, during the latter half of the nineteenth century in France that the painterly style reached new heights through the art of the Impressionists. The Impressionists sought to capture the momentary effect of light upon their canvases through many diverse methods of broken color. The Neo-Impressionists felt Impressionism was too unstructured; therefore, they based their method on a scientific approach. Colors were broken into small dots and placed contiguous to one another. Through optical fusion, these dots would fuse into a new and more vibrant hue. Painting Data. Data was gained from the involvement into actual painting where the broken color techniques were explored. Some of the factors are that media having a rapid drying quality (such as acrylics or casein) are superior to the slower drying oils; that the various methods of brush strokes used in the application of pigment created a varied broken effect; and the use of pure hues aids in the freshness of color passages. Educational Data. Within art education a knowledge of the aspects of broken color will aid the art educator in presenting a painting program in which the student will become involved in exploring new dimensions in color perception. III. Data Obtained. The data was obtained in three principle ways: the readings relevant to the subject, the involvement into specifically related paintings, and the application of broken color techniques within the adolescent art program. Readings. The readings involved the general history of the period, biographies, and texts relating to aspects of color. Paintings. Several large paintings were undertaken with specific objectives. Four major paintings were done in the divisionalist method, each with selected subject and light conditions. Others were painted by the direct application of pure pigment with landscape and figures as the motif. Classroom application. The techniques of breaking color were presented to several groups of adolescent art students. They were encouraged to explore divided color utilizing various media. IV. Summary. Research in the broken color technique should create a greater visual awareness of the richness of color. Through the juxtaposition of color the eye would be put to work mixing colors; the observer, therefore, will take a more active role in the perception of all images on the retina of the eye. The emphasis upon color in painting had a long heritage; it was fully exposed in the broken color style of the Impressionists. Neo-Impressionism also added new vistas in the perception of color. This period of painting contributed greatly to the contemporary arts. Therefore, it is an important era to be explored by art students today to develop more insight into the nature of color within painting. Title: An exploration into aspects of broken color as exemplified in the works of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists and the application of these theories within painting experiences of the adolescent student Author: Handy, Frank Edwin Year: 1969 I. Statement of Research Problem. The research was an exploration into the broken color technique within the paintings of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists and the application of their techniques within the painting experiences of the adolescent student. II. Resume of the Data. The application of pure pigment directly, without blending, constitutes one of the major aims of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists. The breaking of color was done in many methods by juxtaposition of hues and values in various combinations to give the desired effect; it was applied through a wide range of brush techniques such as comma-shaped, spots, hatchings, and a multitude of undefinable forms. Historical Data. The emphasis upon color in painting has a heritage stemming from the city of Venice during the Renaissance. The Venetian artists began what is known today as the painterly direction of painting. Many artists thereafter portrayed this painterly mode such as Caravaggio, Rubens, Constable, and Delacroix. It was, however, during the latter half of the nineteenth century in France that the painterly style reached new heights through the art of the Impressionists. The Impressionists sought to capture the momentary effect of light upon their canvases through many diverse methods of broken color. The Neo-Impressionists felt Impressionism was too unstructured; therefore, they based their method on a scientific approach. Colors were broken into small dots and placed contiguous to one another. Through optical fusion, these dots would fuse into a new and more vibrant hue. Painting Data. Data was gained from the involvement into actual painting where the broken color techniques were explored. Some of the factors are that media having a rapid drying quality (such as acrylics or casein) are superior to the slower drying oils; that the various methods of brush strokes used in the application of pigment created a varied broken effect; and the use of pure hues aids in the freshness of color passages. Educational Data. Within art education a knowledge of the aspects of broken color will aid the art educator in presenting a painting program in which the student will become involved in exploring new dimensions in color perception. III. Data Obtained. The data was obtained in three principle ways: the readings relevant to the subject, the involvement into specifically related paintings, and the application of broken color techniques within the adolescent art program. Readings. The readings involved the general history of the period, biographies, and texts relating to aspects of color. Paintings. Several large paintings were undertaken with specific objectives. Four major paintings were done in the divisionalist method, each with selected subject and light conditions. Others were painted by the direct application of pure pigment with landscape and figures as the motif. Classroom application. The techniques of breaking color were presented to several groups of adolescent art students. They were encouraged to explore divided color utilizing various media. IV. Summary. Research in the broken color technique should create a greater visual awareness of the richness of color. Through the juxtaposition of color the eye would be put to work mixing colors; the observer, therefore, will take a more active role in the perception of all images on the retina of the eye. The emphasis upon color in painting had a long heritage; it was fully exposed in the broken color style of the Impressionists. Neo-Impressionism also added new vistas in the perception of color. This period of painting contributed greatly to the contemporary arts. Therefore, it is an important era to be explored by art students today to develop more insight into the nature of color within painting. Close

• 2544. [Article] Leben heisst Töten; die Kriegsdeutung Ernst Jüngers dargestellt an In Stahlgewittern und Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis

  In this thesis an attempt is made to show the impression World War I made on the mind of a young German author. I have tried to interpret his outlook on war and to show how he could arrive at such a seemingly ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Leben heisst Töten; die Kriegsdeutung Ernst Jüngers dargestellt an In Stahlgewittern und Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis Author: Schroeder-Sherwin, Sabine Year: 1972 In this thesis an attempt is made to show the impression World War I made on the mind of a young German author. I have tried to interpret his outlook on war and to show how he could arrive at such a seemingly sordid statement as "living is killing". In 1920 a relatively unknown member of the Reichswehr published an account of World War I that soon became a bestseller. The book was In Stahlgewittern, its author Ernst Jünger. It was followed two years later by Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis. Their common subject was war. The success of the two novels served to catapult Ernst Jünger from being a highly decorated officer of the war, but otherwise widely unknown, into the limelight of fame. It opened the doors for him to the intellectual and literary circles of Germany and later on of Europe. Although the subject of both works specifically pertains to World War I, almost the whole length of which the author had seen on the western front, their scope is much wider. Jünger attempts to show how he sees war in general. To make this clear he deals lengthily with the word of Heraklit of war as the father of all things. At the time that Jünger published these books which show war as a positive experience, the general literary feeling in Europe was still strongly anti-war. Nevertheless he managed not only to voice his opinion, but also to use these works especially as the starting point of an immensely successful and prolific literary career. Even though Ernst Jünger does not deny the horrors and atrocities of war, his books are an apotheosis of the subject. Paradoxically, war to him is the one thing that will serve to perpetuate the human race. This is achieved in a way that is vaguely reminiscent of Darwin's theory of the survival of the fittest. In war a new elite or new "race" is born. Just as war has fathered it, it in turn will be responsible for the following generations. Race, in Jünger's sense, is not a biological term, rather a philosophical experience. To survive, and to create the new man, the soldier has again to be made aware of his past. Only by linking his prehistoric existence with modern man and modern man's accomplishments, will he be able to form this new race. Blood, i.e. instinct rather than reasoning, originality rather than the stifling process of learning, is modern man's only means for survival. Especially with this theory Jünger came dangerously close to the world of ideas of National-Socialism. Even though Jünger was opposed to the crude ideology of the Nazis, he did little to defend his works against their use and exploitation. This, as well as his own ideas about war, has made him one of the most controversial German writers of the twentieth century. Title: Leben heisst Töten; die Kriegsdeutung Ernst Jüngers dargestellt an In Stahlgewittern und Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis Author: Schroeder-Sherwin, Sabine Year: 1972 In this thesis an attempt is made to show the impression World War I made on the mind of a young German author. I have tried to interpret his outlook on war and to show how he could arrive at such a seemingly sordid statement as "living is killing". In 1920 a relatively unknown member of the Reichswehr published an account of World War I that soon became a bestseller. The book was In Stahlgewittern, its author Ernst Jünger. It was followed two years later by Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis. Their common subject was war. The success of the two novels served to catapult Ernst Jünger from being a highly decorated officer of the war, but otherwise widely unknown, into the limelight of fame. It opened the doors for him to the intellectual and literary circles of Germany and later on of Europe. Although the subject of both works specifically pertains to World War I, almost the whole length of which the author had seen on the western front, their scope is much wider. Jünger attempts to show how he sees war in general. To make this clear he deals lengthily with the word of Heraklit of war as the father of all things. At the time that Jünger published these books which show war as a positive experience, the general literary feeling in Europe was still strongly anti-war. Nevertheless he managed not only to voice his opinion, but also to use these works especially as the starting point of an immensely successful and prolific literary career. Even though Ernst Jünger does not deny the horrors and atrocities of war, his books are an apotheosis of the subject. Paradoxically, war to him is the one thing that will serve to perpetuate the human race. This is achieved in a way that is vaguely reminiscent of Darwin's theory of the survival of the fittest. In war a new elite or new "race" is born. Just as war has fathered it, it in turn will be responsible for the following generations. Race, in Jünger's sense, is not a biological term, rather a philosophical experience. To survive, and to create the new man, the soldier has again to be made aware of his past. Only by linking his prehistoric existence with modern man and modern man's accomplishments, will he be able to form this new race. Blood, i.e. instinct rather than reasoning, originality rather than the stifling process of learning, is modern man's only means for survival. Especially with this theory Jünger came dangerously close to the world of ideas of National-Socialism. Even though Jünger was opposed to the crude ideology of the Nazis, he did little to defend his works against their use and exploitation. This, as well as his own ideas about war, has made him one of the most controversial German writers of the twentieth century. Close

• 2545. [Article] Lifeblood of the Earth: Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute) Hydrological Knowledge and Perceptions of Restoration in Two Southern Nevada Protected Areas

  In the arid landscapes of the southern Great Basin and northern Mojave Desert, issues surrounding water resource management are often politically contentious. Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute) have known and managed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lifeblood of the Earth: Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute) Hydrological Knowledge and Perceptions of Restoration in Two Southern Nevada Protected Areas Author: Wendel, Kendra Lesley Year: 2014 In the arid landscapes of the southern Great Basin and northern Mojave Desert, issues surrounding water resource management are often politically contentious. Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute) have known and managed these resources for thousands of years prior to Euro-American arrival in the region. A variety of factors, including federal policies that resulted in the creation of reservations and forced placement in boarding schools, as well as contemporary resource commodification, have influenced Nuwuvi knowledge and practice. In this thesis, I examined the character of Nuwuvi ethnohydrological knowledge, including management knowledge, of two protected areas: Spring Mountains National Recreation Area (SMNRA), managed by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and Desert National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR), managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). In addition, I investigated perceptions of water health and restoration among participants from the two managing agencies and six Nuwuvi Nations. I addressed these topics using the theoretical framework of political ecology and a methodology that included semi-structured interviews and demographic questionnaires with 16 Nuwuvi knowledge holders and four federal agency participants. I conducted text analysis of partial interview transcripts using the inductive coding method in order to identify recurring themes and concepts related to hydrology, management, and restoration. My results illustrated that Nuwuvi ethnohydrological knowledge, which developed incrementally over time, conceptualized water as a sentient being that required human interaction to remain healthy. There was also evidence that Nuwuvi knowledge of water was changing as a result of political, economic, and social forces. Furthermore, these findings suggest that Nuwuvi and agency approaches to hydrological management and restoration were built upon differing epistemologies, though there was convergence among specific management and restoration techniques. Based on these results, a report of findings from the Nuwuvi Knowledge-to-Action project, including recommendations for collaborative stewardship approaches, was delivered to participants in August 2013. Title: Lifeblood of the Earth: Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute) Hydrological Knowledge and Perceptions of Restoration in Two Southern Nevada Protected Areas Author: Wendel, Kendra Lesley Year: 2014 In the arid landscapes of the southern Great Basin and northern Mojave Desert, issues surrounding water resource management are often politically contentious. Nuwuvi (Southern Paiute) have known and managed these resources for thousands of years prior to Euro-American arrival in the region. A variety of factors, including federal policies that resulted in the creation of reservations and forced placement in boarding schools, as well as contemporary resource commodification, have influenced Nuwuvi knowledge and practice. In this thesis, I examined the character of Nuwuvi ethnohydrological knowledge, including management knowledge, of two protected areas: Spring Mountains National Recreation Area (SMNRA), managed by the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and Desert National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR), managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). In addition, I investigated perceptions of water health and restoration among participants from the two managing agencies and six Nuwuvi Nations. I addressed these topics using the theoretical framework of political ecology and a methodology that included semi-structured interviews and demographic questionnaires with 16 Nuwuvi knowledge holders and four federal agency participants. I conducted text analysis of partial interview transcripts using the inductive coding method in order to identify recurring themes and concepts related to hydrology, management, and restoration. My results illustrated that Nuwuvi ethnohydrological knowledge, which developed incrementally over time, conceptualized water as a sentient being that required human interaction to remain healthy. There was also evidence that Nuwuvi knowledge of water was changing as a result of political, economic, and social forces. Furthermore, these findings suggest that Nuwuvi and agency approaches to hydrological management and restoration were built upon differing epistemologies, though there was convergence among specific management and restoration techniques. Based on these results, a report of findings from the Nuwuvi Knowledge-to-Action project, including recommendations for collaborative stewardship approaches, was delivered to participants in August 2013. Close

• 2546. [Article] Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP): Rationale, Design, and Methods of a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Vitamin C Supplementation in Pregnancy for the Primary Prevention of Effects of in Utero Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Infant Lung Function and Respiratory Health

  Despite strong anti-smoking efforts, at least 12% of American women cannot quit smoking when pregnant resulting in > 450,000 smoke-exposed infants born yearly. Smoking during pregnancy is the largest preventable ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP): Rationale, Design, and Methods of a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Vitamin C Supplementation in Pregnancy for the Primary Prevention of Effects of in Utero Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Infant Lung Function and Respiratory Health Author: McEvoy, Cindy T., Milner, Kristin F., Schermana, Ashley J., Schilling, Diane G., Tiller, Christina J., Vuylsteke, Brittany, Shorey-Kendrick, Lyndsey E., Spindel, Eliot R., Schuff, Robert, Mitchell, Julie, Peters, Dawn, Metz, Jill, Haas, David, Jackson, Keith, Tepper, Robert S., Morris, Cynthia D. Year: 2017 Despite strong anti-smoking efforts, at least 12% of American women cannot quit smoking when pregnant resulting in > 450,000 smoke-exposed infants born yearly. Smoking during pregnancy is the largest preventable cause of childhood respiratory illness including wheezing and asthma. Recent studies have shown a protective effect of vitamin C supplementation on the lung function of offspring exposed to in utero smoke in a non-human primate model and an initial human trial. Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate pulmonary function at 3 months of age in infants delivered to pregnant smokers randomized to 500 mg/day of vitamin C versus placebo during pregnancy. Secondary aims evaluate the incidence of wheezing through 12 months and pulmonary function testing at 12 months of age. Women are randomized between 13 and 23 weeks gestation from clinical sites in Portland, Oregon at Oregon Health & Science University and PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center and in Indianapolis, Indiana at Indiana University and Wishard Hospital. Vitamin C supplementation occurs from randomization to delivery. Monthly contact with participants and monitoring of medical records is performed to document medication adherence, changes in smoking and medical history, and adverse events. Pulmonary function testing of offspring occurs at 3 and 12 months of age and incidence of wheezing and respiratory illness through 12 months is captured via at least quarterly questionnaires. Ancillary studies are investigating the impact of vitamin C on placental blood flow and DNA methylation. Title: Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP): Rationale, Design, and Methods of a Randomized, Controlled Trial of Vitamin C Supplementation in Pregnancy for the Primary Prevention of Effects of in Utero Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Infant Lung Function and Respiratory Health Author: McEvoy, Cindy T., Milner, Kristin F., Schermana, Ashley J., Schilling, Diane G., Tiller, Christina J., Vuylsteke, Brittany, Shorey-Kendrick, Lyndsey E., Spindel, Eliot R., Schuff, Robert, Mitchell, Julie, Peters, Dawn, Metz, Jill, Haas, David, Jackson, Keith, Tepper, Robert S., Morris, Cynthia D. Year: 2017 Despite strong anti-smoking efforts, at least 12% of American women cannot quit smoking when pregnant resulting in > 450,000 smoke-exposed infants born yearly. Smoking during pregnancy is the largest preventable cause of childhood respiratory illness including wheezing and asthma. Recent studies have shown a protective effect of vitamin C supplementation on the lung function of offspring exposed to in utero smoke in a non-human primate model and an initial human trial. Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate pulmonary function at 3 months of age in infants delivered to pregnant smokers randomized to 500 mg/day of vitamin C versus placebo during pregnancy. Secondary aims evaluate the incidence of wheezing through 12 months and pulmonary function testing at 12 months of age. Women are randomized between 13 and 23 weeks gestation from clinical sites in Portland, Oregon at Oregon Health & Science University and PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center and in Indianapolis, Indiana at Indiana University and Wishard Hospital. Vitamin C supplementation occurs from randomization to delivery. Monthly contact with participants and monitoring of medical records is performed to document medication adherence, changes in smoking and medical history, and adverse events. Pulmonary function testing of offspring occurs at 3 and 12 months of age and incidence of wheezing and respiratory illness through 12 months is captured via at least quarterly questionnaires. Ancillary studies are investigating the impact of vitamin C on placental blood flow and DNA methylation. Close

• 2547. [Article] Surviving Catastrophe: Resource Allocation and Plant Interactions Among the Mosses of Mount St. Helens Volcano

  Mosses are some of the first colonizers to disturbed sites, yet their roles in early plant community structuring are not well understood. The primary succession zones of volcanoes provide opportunities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surviving Catastrophe: Resource Allocation and Plant Interactions Among the Mosses of Mount St. Helens Volcano Author: Williams, Trevor David Year: 2016 Mosses are some of the first colonizers to disturbed sites, yet their roles in early plant community structuring are not well understood. The primary succession zones of volcanoes provide opportunities to conduct natural experiments into how mosses contribute to early plant community formation, as well as how the unique environments found in such zones affect plant traits, particularly those associated with stress tolerance. Though plant community changes have been well-documented since Mount St. Helens (MSH) volcano erupted in 1980, the volcano's moss assemblages, their influence on other plants, and their potential roles in chemical-mediated competition and biogeochemical cycling have garnered little attention. Using a natural stress gradient from primary to secondary succession zones on MSH, and in control and nutrient manipulated test plots, I sought to elucidate how populations of three dominant moss species, Polytrichum juniperinum, Ceratodon purpureus, and Racomitrium canescens, respond to abiotic stress, as well as to provide life history and interaction data on establishment stages of these stress tolerant taxa. I first analyzed possible tradeoffs in survival strategies of four moss communities in test plots along an abiotic stress gradient. In P. juniperinum, seta specific density (mg/mm) increased significantly in response to nitrogen (N) addition. Differences in both vegetative and sexual reproductive morphological measurements were dependent on site and did not correlate with abiotic stress. In C. purpureus, the percentage of total spores germinated increased with N addition. Site dependent responses in nutrient allocation to vegetative and reproductive structures may be a result of phenotypic plasticity alone or may be a result of local adaptation. In mosses adapted to environmental stress, the allocation of nitrogen must be balanced between growth and survival. Efficient nitrogen uptake confers a competitive advantage if allocated to the higher dispersal of quickly germinating spores. Second, my results show the moss R. canescens may be able to inhibit the germination rate of co-occurring moss spores when spores were germinated in moss gametophyte infusions. R. canescens may also inhibit the germination of the co-occurring vascular plant Lupinus lepidus when seeds are germinated within intact moss patches. By uncovering chemical-mediated interactions between mosses on the germination and initial growth of neighboring mosses and vascular plants we can gain a better understanding of the mechanisms stress tolerant plants may use to limit resource competition. Such advantages offer insight into how mosses effectively colonize and affect primary succession landscapes. Title: Surviving Catastrophe: Resource Allocation and Plant Interactions Among the Mosses of Mount St. Helens Volcano Author: Williams, Trevor David Year: 2016 Mosses are some of the first colonizers to disturbed sites, yet their roles in early plant community structuring are not well understood. The primary succession zones of volcanoes provide opportunities to conduct natural experiments into how mosses contribute to early plant community formation, as well as how the unique environments found in such zones affect plant traits, particularly those associated with stress tolerance. Though plant community changes have been well-documented since Mount St. Helens (MSH) volcano erupted in 1980, the volcano's moss assemblages, their influence on other plants, and their potential roles in chemical-mediated competition and biogeochemical cycling have garnered little attention. Using a natural stress gradient from primary to secondary succession zones on MSH, and in control and nutrient manipulated test plots, I sought to elucidate how populations of three dominant moss species, Polytrichum juniperinum, Ceratodon purpureus, and Racomitrium canescens, respond to abiotic stress, as well as to provide life history and interaction data on establishment stages of these stress tolerant taxa. I first analyzed possible tradeoffs in survival strategies of four moss communities in test plots along an abiotic stress gradient. In P. juniperinum, seta specific density (mg/mm) increased significantly in response to nitrogen (N) addition. Differences in both vegetative and sexual reproductive morphological measurements were dependent on site and did not correlate with abiotic stress. In C. purpureus, the percentage of total spores germinated increased with N addition. Site dependent responses in nutrient allocation to vegetative and reproductive structures may be a result of phenotypic plasticity alone or may be a result of local adaptation. In mosses adapted to environmental stress, the allocation of nitrogen must be balanced between growth and survival. Efficient nitrogen uptake confers a competitive advantage if allocated to the higher dispersal of quickly germinating spores. Second, my results show the moss R. canescens may be able to inhibit the germination rate of co-occurring moss spores when spores were germinated in moss gametophyte infusions. R. canescens may also inhibit the germination of the co-occurring vascular plant Lupinus lepidus when seeds are germinated within intact moss patches. By uncovering chemical-mediated interactions between mosses on the germination and initial growth of neighboring mosses and vascular plants we can gain a better understanding of the mechanisms stress tolerant plants may use to limit resource competition. Such advantages offer insight into how mosses effectively colonize and affect primary succession landscapes. Close

• 2548. [Article] Dismantling the Gate, Crossing the Threshold: The Promise of Producerly Paratexts in Building an Innovative, Responsive, and Representative Book Industry

  Aisha Saeed was the first to use the hashtag that would fuel what was (and continues to be) arguably the first digital campaign to speak loudly and directly to publishers and booksellers about the mis-and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dismantling the Gate, Crossing the Threshold: The Promise of Producerly Paratexts in Building an Innovative, Responsive, and Representative Book Industry Author: Athey, Dory Year: 2016 Aisha Saeed was the first to use the hashtag that would fuel what was (and continues to be) arguably the first digital campaign to speak loudly and directly to publishers and booksellers about the mis-and underrepresentation of nonwhite, differently abled, and queer populations in young adult and children’s literature. Though Saeed’s original tweet received only eleven retweets and seven likes, two years later, the #WeNeedDiverseBooks hashtag is now just a piece of the larger organization that generated more than 333,000 dollars in 2014 (its first year as an organization) and continues to promote large-scale programming in schools, organize festivals, award grants, and develop partnerships with organizations and companies from all sides of the YA and children’s book industry––from publishers to librarians to booksellers. Today, the organization functions as a persistent knock on the gatekeepers’ door, demanding entry through the gate and responsiveness from the keepers. The reach of We Need Diverse Books is huge, its message loud, and it’s difficult to know where and how to categorize this new type of influence on writing and publishing. How do digital communities and conversations -- organized by hashtags and hosted on social networking and micro-blogging sites -- shape and inform how and what we read and publish? Still dominated by white, able bodied, and cisgender faces, brains, and experiences (see Lee & Low Books recently released results of the Diversity Baseline Survey), the publishing industry today is challenged to the next steps. What are they? How can publishers leverage a new and rapidly evolving media environment to stay accountable to readers and audiences? The following examination posits that these emergent, participatory digital environs might be productively considered paratexts, that is, the pieces of a book that surround and extend it, that “present…and make it present…to assure its presence in the world.”5 Taking literary critic Gérard Genette’s original concept of paratext and introducing it to media theorist John Fiske's concept of "the producerly text," we arrive at what I call the "producerly paratext," which not only presents and makes present the book, but also invites outside parties to participate in that presentation. Forging spaces for that participation is the way forward for the book industry and its inhabitants who are striving, and often stumbling, to keep up with ever more rapid technological change, meet a more and more elusive bottom line, and build a more responsive and representative industry. This exploration will take three turns. The first is a twofold examination that defines the theoretical framework of the producerly paratext and then brings it into conversation with book history, keeping a keen eye toward the capacity of emerging technology to enable paratexts that are sites of resistance and reformulation. The second is a compendium of examples of paratexts that bring that examination to bear in the present moment of media and the book industry. Bringing the We Need Diverse Books campaign’s use of networked, digital tools into conversation with contemporary conceptualizations of paratext yields a dynamic vision of a publishing industry poised to actively become more innovative, responsive, and representative. The third is a blueprint for producerly paratext production: a consideration how the publishing industry might move forward on this particular track, work with audiences to understand paratexts, and build new producerly ones that both hold publishers accountable and function as spaces of resistance and reformulation––paratexts that continue to dismantle the gate and let readers cross the threshold. Title: Dismantling the Gate, Crossing the Threshold: The Promise of Producerly Paratexts in Building an Innovative, Responsive, and Representative Book Industry Author: Athey, Dory Year: 2016 Aisha Saeed was the first to use the hashtag that would fuel what was (and continues to be) arguably the first digital campaign to speak loudly and directly to publishers and booksellers about the mis-and underrepresentation of nonwhite, differently abled, and queer populations in young adult and children’s literature. Though Saeed’s original tweet received only eleven retweets and seven likes, two years later, the #WeNeedDiverseBooks hashtag is now just a piece of the larger organization that generated more than 333,000 dollars in 2014 (its first year as an organization) and continues to promote large-scale programming in schools, organize festivals, award grants, and develop partnerships with organizations and companies from all sides of the YA and children’s book industry––from publishers to librarians to booksellers. Today, the organization functions as a persistent knock on the gatekeepers’ door, demanding entry through the gate and responsiveness from the keepers. The reach of We Need Diverse Books is huge, its message loud, and it’s difficult to know where and how to categorize this new type of influence on writing and publishing. How do digital communities and conversations -- organized by hashtags and hosted on social networking and micro-blogging sites -- shape and inform how and what we read and publish? Still dominated by white, able bodied, and cisgender faces, brains, and experiences (see Lee & Low Books recently released results of the Diversity Baseline Survey), the publishing industry today is challenged to the next steps. What are they? How can publishers leverage a new and rapidly evolving media environment to stay accountable to readers and audiences? The following examination posits that these emergent, participatory digital environs might be productively considered paratexts, that is, the pieces of a book that surround and extend it, that “present…and make it present…to assure its presence in the world.”5 Taking literary critic Gérard Genette’s original concept of paratext and introducing it to media theorist John Fiske's concept of "the producerly text," we arrive at what I call the "producerly paratext," which not only presents and makes present the book, but also invites outside parties to participate in that presentation. Forging spaces for that participation is the way forward for the book industry and its inhabitants who are striving, and often stumbling, to keep up with ever more rapid technological change, meet a more and more elusive bottom line, and build a more responsive and representative industry. This exploration will take three turns. The first is a twofold examination that defines the theoretical framework of the producerly paratext and then brings it into conversation with book history, keeping a keen eye toward the capacity of emerging technology to enable paratexts that are sites of resistance and reformulation. The second is a compendium of examples of paratexts that bring that examination to bear in the present moment of media and the book industry. Bringing the We Need Diverse Books campaign’s use of networked, digital tools into conversation with contemporary conceptualizations of paratext yields a dynamic vision of a publishing industry poised to actively become more innovative, responsive, and representative. The third is a blueprint for producerly paratext production: a consideration how the publishing industry might move forward on this particular track, work with audiences to understand paratexts, and build new producerly ones that both hold publishers accountable and function as spaces of resistance and reformulation––paratexts that continue to dismantle the gate and let readers cross the threshold. Close

• 2549. [Article] MCI Status, Amyloid and Tau Biomarkers, and Composite Cognitive Impairment Scores are Associated with Cogstate Performance in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention

  Background: CogState is a computerized cognitive battery spanning domains of memory, executive function, and speed and processing. CogState, designed to be robust to education level and efficient for repeated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: MCI Status, Amyloid and Tau Biomarkers, and Composite Cognitive Impairment Scores are Associated with Cogstate Performance in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention Author: Racine, Annie M., Koscik, Rebecca L., Clark, Lindsay R., Mueller, Kimberly D., Berman, Sara Elizabeth, Nicholas, Christopher R., Asthana, Sanjay, Blennow, Kaj, Zetterberg, Henrik, Jedynak, Bruno, Bilgel, Murat, Christian, Bradley T., Carlsson, Cynthia M., Johnson, Sterling C. Year: 2016 Background: CogState is a computerized cognitive battery spanning domains of memory, executive function, and speed and processing. CogState, designed to be robust to education level and efficient for repeated administration with minimal practice effects, holds potential for detecting early cognitive deficits that may prove to be due to preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This project aimed to provide convergent and construct validity for CogState in detecting preclinical AD during late-middle-age. Methods: 279 late-middle-aged participants from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention (mean age 63±7 years; 69% female; 37% APOE4+) completed a traditional paper-based neuropsychological battery and a CogState battery consisting of seven tests approximately six years post-baseline. A composite cognitive impairment score (CCI) was calculated using eight neuropsychological tests acquired longitudinally and was estimated at age 50 to remove confounding age effects; higher CCI indicates lower cognitive performance. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) status (n=36) was determined by consensus using clinical and/or pyschometric criteria. A subset underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection (n=36) and PET-PiB imaging (n=46). To determine clinical relevance of CogState, MCI and normal controls were compared by ANCOVA on select CogState variables controlling for age, literacy, gender, APOE4, AD family history, self-rated computer familiarity, and depression. To determine whether biomarkers (CSF Aβ42/Aβ40, CSF total-tau/Aβ42, global PiB burden) or CCI predict CogState performance, we ran multiple regression models controlling for age, sex, literacy, and computer familiarity. Results: MCI participants performed significantly worse (p Conclusions: MCI status, biomarkers for amyloid and tau, and CCI all predict performance on the CogState variables assessed in this study of late-middle-aged adults. CogState performance at a single time point may be an important indicator of preclinical AD processes. Title: MCI Status, Amyloid and Tau Biomarkers, and Composite Cognitive Impairment Scores are Associated with Cogstate Performance in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention Author: Racine, Annie M., Koscik, Rebecca L., Clark, Lindsay R., Mueller, Kimberly D., Berman, Sara Elizabeth, Nicholas, Christopher R., Asthana, Sanjay, Blennow, Kaj, Zetterberg, Henrik, Jedynak, Bruno, Bilgel, Murat, Christian, Bradley T., Carlsson, Cynthia M., Johnson, Sterling C. Year: 2016 Background: CogState is a computerized cognitive battery spanning domains of memory, executive function, and speed and processing. CogState, designed to be robust to education level and efficient for repeated administration with minimal practice effects, holds potential for detecting early cognitive deficits that may prove to be due to preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This project aimed to provide convergent and construct validity for CogState in detecting preclinical AD during late-middle-age. Methods: 279 late-middle-aged participants from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer’s Prevention (mean age 63±7 years; 69% female; 37% APOE4+) completed a traditional paper-based neuropsychological battery and a CogState battery consisting of seven tests approximately six years post-baseline. A composite cognitive impairment score (CCI) was calculated using eight neuropsychological tests acquired longitudinally and was estimated at age 50 to remove confounding age effects; higher CCI indicates lower cognitive performance. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) status (n=36) was determined by consensus using clinical and/or pyschometric criteria. A subset underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collection (n=36) and PET-PiB imaging (n=46). To determine clinical relevance of CogState, MCI and normal controls were compared by ANCOVA on select CogState variables controlling for age, literacy, gender, APOE4, AD family history, self-rated computer familiarity, and depression. To determine whether biomarkers (CSF Aβ42/Aβ40, CSF total-tau/Aβ42, global PiB burden) or CCI predict CogState performance, we ran multiple regression models controlling for age, sex, literacy, and computer familiarity. Results: MCI participants performed significantly worse (p Conclusions: MCI status, biomarkers for amyloid and tau, and CCI all predict performance on the CogState variables assessed in this study of late-middle-aged adults. CogState performance at a single time point may be an important indicator of preclinical AD processes. Close

• 2550. [Article] Using Cultural Relevancy to Promote African American Brain Health

  African Americans are disproportionately more likely than older whites to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD). Despite these disparities, there is difficulty in motivating African Americans ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Cultural Relevancy to Promote African American Brain Health Author: Walker, Miya Year: 2017 African Americans are disproportionately more likely than older whites to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD). Despite these disparities, there is difficulty in motivating African Americans to engage in activities suitable to maintaining cognitive health (walking, social engagement, physical activity). The Sharing History through Active Reminiscence and Photo-imagery (SHARP) walking program (Croff, PI) combines these proactive activities in a culturally relevant way to create a motivational force to preserve cognitive health. SHARP engaged 19 African Americans aged 55 and older on 72 themed, 1-mile walks over 6 months in Portland, Oregon’s historically Black neighborhoods. This study examines participant responses to the SHARP walk “Afrocentrism” to illustrate how culture can be used to motivate walking and social engagement among older African Americans. The “Afrocentrism” walk presents three questions with historic neighborhood images, each approximately 10 minutes apart along the route: What are your memories of Afrocentric art? What did it mean to you and your community? Did you, your friends or family show your Afrocentrism in the 1960's, 70's and 80's? How? What did it mean to you? Do you have any memories about this [African clothing] shop? How were expressions of Afrocentrism accepted in the 1960's and 70's in Portland? Participant narratives were audio recorded. Narratives were then coded for common themes that gave insight to the importance of culture in health programming. Specific conversations amongst walking groups varied around the “Afrocentrism” prompts, however, walking groups reminisced over the same prominent people and places in the community. The commonality of participants shared neighborhood experiences creates a collective historical narrative and allows for connection to one another in ways that support connection to the neighborhood and to African American culture. This collective narrative informs researchers and allows for a deeper understanding of the Black experience, thus further facilitating the incorporation of culturally relevant prompts into the program. This is an essential way SHARP motivates participants to exercise and engage socially. Incorporating culture into health programs, as SHARP does, can be transferable to other health promotion programs to sustain retention and engagement. Title: Using Cultural Relevancy to Promote African American Brain Health Author: Walker, Miya Year: 2017 African Americans are disproportionately more likely than older whites to develop Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (ADOD). Despite these disparities, there is difficulty in motivating African Americans to engage in activities suitable to maintaining cognitive health (walking, social engagement, physical activity). The Sharing History through Active Reminiscence and Photo-imagery (SHARP) walking program (Croff, PI) combines these proactive activities in a culturally relevant way to create a motivational force to preserve cognitive health. SHARP engaged 19 African Americans aged 55 and older on 72 themed, 1-mile walks over 6 months in Portland, Oregon’s historically Black neighborhoods. This study examines participant responses to the SHARP walk “Afrocentrism” to illustrate how culture can be used to motivate walking and social engagement among older African Americans. The “Afrocentrism” walk presents three questions with historic neighborhood images, each approximately 10 minutes apart along the route: What are your memories of Afrocentric art? What did it mean to you and your community? Did you, your friends or family show your Afrocentrism in the 1960's, 70's and 80's? How? What did it mean to you? Do you have any memories about this [African clothing] shop? How were expressions of Afrocentrism accepted in the 1960's and 70's in Portland? Participant narratives were audio recorded. Narratives were then coded for common themes that gave insight to the importance of culture in health programming. Specific conversations amongst walking groups varied around the “Afrocentrism” prompts, however, walking groups reminisced over the same prominent people and places in the community. The commonality of participants shared neighborhood experiences creates a collective historical narrative and allows for connection to one another in ways that support connection to the neighborhood and to African American culture. This collective narrative informs researchers and allows for a deeper understanding of the Black experience, thus further facilitating the incorporation of culturally relevant prompts into the program. This is an essential way SHARP motivates participants to exercise and engage socially. Incorporating culture into health programs, as SHARP does, can be transferable to other health promotion programs to sustain retention and engagement. Close