Search

Search Results

• 241. [Article] HP Sprocket Marketing Plan

  HP Sprocket is a pocket-size photo printer, released in the market in September 2016. About the size of a smartphone, this Bluetooth printer goes anywhere. The Sprocket gives customers the ability to use ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: HP Sprocket Marketing Plan Author: Melendez, Alex Tacco, Singh, Anchal, Rosenthal, Janet, Vrushabhendra, Lipishree, Alzahrani, Saeed, Purwar, Shivani Year: 2017 HP Sprocket is a pocket-size photo printer, released in the market in September 2016. About the size of a smartphone, this Bluetooth printer goes anywhere. The Sprocket gives customers the ability to use their smartphone to take photos, with the added benefit of having a physical picture to keep forever. The Sprocket works with an App on a smartphone or a tablet. It instantly prints photos that are 2 X 3 inches and waterproof. With a peel able back, photos can turn into fun stickers. The Sprocket works with social media feeds, so you can incorporate text, emojis, filters and frames before you print. The Sprocket retails for $129.99 and replacement paper is $10 for 20 photo papers. The Sprocket is unique in that it does not require replacement ink. Instead, it uses Zink technology, and only requires the HP replacement photo paper. HP is counting on the Sprocket to boost their lagging printer sales. Currently, the printer market is stagnant. The introduction of the Sprocket boosted sales over the 2016 holidays season. So unexpectedly, that the Sprocket sold out. Although the competition is fierce, the Sprocket has edged out competitors to hold a slight market share lead. Based on App downloads, current market share is 38%. After implementation of the marketing plan, the Sprocket is projected to increase market share to 51% by the end of 2018. The Sprocket was originally marketed to the teenage girl demographic. There is a real opportunity for growth by pivoting to additional segments. The Sprocket will be promoted heavily in the category of women with children. This demographic holds the most opportunity, as they are making the majority of buying decisions as well as making gift purchases. The gifting opportunity will be promoted heavily during graduation season and Mother’s Day. To a lesser extent, the Sprocket will continue to be promoted to teenage girls, and additionally to the active senior population. Those seniors who are retired, use a smartphone, but would like to retain physical pictures. The Sprocket will be promoted through social media, with a separate campaign for each segment, as well as through tech fairs, SEO, and traditional advertising channels. The team will monitor these campaigns through a newly created marketing dashboard. In addition to an increase in sales, the marketing department will monitor customer satisfaction and customer engagement through on line reviews and online community engagement. The key success factors will be growth in sales, market share growth, and holiday sales growth. Title: HP Sprocket Marketing Plan Author: Melendez, Alex Tacco, Singh, Anchal, Rosenthal, Janet, Vrushabhendra, Lipishree, Alzahrani, Saeed, Purwar, Shivani Year: 2017 HP Sprocket is a pocket-size photo printer, released in the market in September 2016. About the size of a smartphone, this Bluetooth printer goes anywhere. The Sprocket gives customers the ability to use their smartphone to take photos, with the added benefit of having a physical picture to keep forever. The Sprocket works with an App on a smartphone or a tablet. It instantly prints photos that are 2 X 3 inches and waterproof. With a peel able back, photos can turn into fun stickers. The Sprocket works with social media feeds, so you can incorporate text, emojis, filters and frames before you print. The Sprocket retails for $129.99 and replacement paper is $10 for 20 photo papers. The Sprocket is unique in that it does not require replacement ink. Instead, it uses Zink technology, and only requires the HP replacement photo paper. HP is counting on the Sprocket to boost their lagging printer sales. Currently, the printer market is stagnant. The introduction of the Sprocket boosted sales over the 2016 holidays season. So unexpectedly, that the Sprocket sold out. Although the competition is fierce, the Sprocket has edged out competitors to hold a slight market share lead. Based on App downloads, current market share is 38%. After implementation of the marketing plan, the Sprocket is projected to increase market share to 51% by the end of 2018. The Sprocket was originally marketed to the teenage girl demographic. There is a real opportunity for growth by pivoting to additional segments. The Sprocket will be promoted heavily in the category of women with children. This demographic holds the most opportunity, as they are making the majority of buying decisions as well as making gift purchases. The gifting opportunity will be promoted heavily during graduation season and Mother’s Day. To a lesser extent, the Sprocket will continue to be promoted to teenage girls, and additionally to the active senior population. Those seniors who are retired, use a smartphone, but would like to retain physical pictures. The Sprocket will be promoted through social media, with a separate campaign for each segment, as well as through tech fairs, SEO, and traditional advertising channels. The team will monitor these campaigns through a newly created marketing dashboard. In addition to an increase in sales, the marketing department will monitor customer satisfaction and customer engagement through on line reviews and online community engagement. The key success factors will be growth in sales, market share growth, and holiday sales growth. Close

• 242. [Article] Acousto Characterization of Fluid-like Mesoscopic Films Under Shear

  Full understanding of the physics underlying the striking changes-in viscoelasticity, relaxation time, and phase transitions-that mesoscopic fluid-like systems undergo when placed under confinement or ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Acousto Characterization of Fluid-like Mesoscopic Films Under Shear Author: Fernandez, Rodolfo, Wang, Xiaohua, La Rosa, Andres H. Year: 2011 Full understanding of the physics underlying the striking changes-in viscoelasticity, relaxation time, and phase transitions-that mesoscopic fluid-like systems undergo when placed under confinement or when adsorbed at solid surfaces constitutes a long standing scientific challenge. One of the methods used to characterize these films consists of bringing a solid boundary closer to another solid boundary (while in relative lateral periodic motion) with a liquid trapped in between. In addition, using a tapered probe (~ 50 nm apex diameter) as one of the boundaries improves the lateral resolution of the measurement. In this scenario, the dynamics of the fluid is inferred from the changes in the tapered probe's motion. However, due to the complexity of the film's dynamics, different and sometimes conflicting experimental results are reported; in particular, for example, whether the motion of the probe changes due to its interaction with the fluid alone, or due to its intermittent mechanical contact with the solid substrate. Newer analytical methods would be highly desirable. Herein we report the monitoring of mesoscopic film dynamics from an acoustic measurements perspective (complemented with other more conventional sensing methods for control and comparison purposes). More specifically, two acoustic-based methods, Whispering-Gallery Acoustic Sensing or WGAS (that uses an acoustic sensor attached to a tapered probe) and Shear-force/Acoustic Near-field Microscopy or SANM (that uses an acoustic sensor attached to the solid substrate), monitor the effects that shear-force interactions exert not only on the laterally oscillating probe but also on the trapped mesoscopic fluid itself (as acoustic waves engendered at the fluid film couple into the static substrate and subsequently reaching the SANM acoustic transducer). One significant result of these measurements constitute the supporting evidence that the probe's motion is affected even when not in mechanical contact wit- the solid substrate, hence highlighting the role played by the adsorbed mesoscopic fluid layer as the source of the shear force interactions. On the other hand, to further support the SANM working principle (i. e. the measurement of acoustic waves engendered at adsorbed films of nanometer-sized) control experiments have also been performed for interrogating the dynamics of small millimeter-sized drops of water. Title: Acousto Characterization of Fluid-like Mesoscopic Films Under Shear Author: Fernandez, Rodolfo, Wang, Xiaohua, La Rosa, Andres H. Year: 2011 Full understanding of the physics underlying the striking changes-in viscoelasticity, relaxation time, and phase transitions-that mesoscopic fluid-like systems undergo when placed under confinement or when adsorbed at solid surfaces constitutes a long standing scientific challenge. One of the methods used to characterize these films consists of bringing a solid boundary closer to another solid boundary (while in relative lateral periodic motion) with a liquid trapped in between. In addition, using a tapered probe (~ 50 nm apex diameter) as one of the boundaries improves the lateral resolution of the measurement. In this scenario, the dynamics of the fluid is inferred from the changes in the tapered probe's motion. However, due to the complexity of the film's dynamics, different and sometimes conflicting experimental results are reported; in particular, for example, whether the motion of the probe changes due to its interaction with the fluid alone, or due to its intermittent mechanical contact with the solid substrate. Newer analytical methods would be highly desirable. Herein we report the monitoring of mesoscopic film dynamics from an acoustic measurements perspective (complemented with other more conventional sensing methods for control and comparison purposes). More specifically, two acoustic-based methods, Whispering-Gallery Acoustic Sensing or WGAS (that uses an acoustic sensor attached to a tapered probe) and Shear-force/Acoustic Near-field Microscopy or SANM (that uses an acoustic sensor attached to the solid substrate), monitor the effects that shear-force interactions exert not only on the laterally oscillating probe but also on the trapped mesoscopic fluid itself (as acoustic waves engendered at the fluid film couple into the static substrate and subsequently reaching the SANM acoustic transducer). One significant result of these measurements constitute the supporting evidence that the probe's motion is affected even when not in mechanical contact wit- the solid substrate, hence highlighting the role played by the adsorbed mesoscopic fluid layer as the source of the shear force interactions. On the other hand, to further support the SANM working principle (i. e. the measurement of acoustic waves engendered at adsorbed films of nanometer-sized) control experiments have also been performed for interrogating the dynamics of small millimeter-sized drops of water. Close

• 243. [Article] Effect of Reducing Maximum Cycle Length on Roadside Air Quality and Travel Times on a Corridor in Portland, OR

  The Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS), an adaptive signal system designed to reduce congestion, has been installed on a heavily trafficked roadway in Portland, OR. In addition to traffic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effect of Reducing Maximum Cycle Length on Roadside Air Quality and Travel Times on a Corridor in Portland, OR Author: Kendrick, Christine M., Urowsky, David, Rotich, Willie, Koonce, Peter, George, Linda Acha Year: 2014 The Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS), an adaptive signal system designed to reduce congestion, has been installed on a heavily trafficked roadway in Portland, OR. In addition to traffic performance metrics, we are investigating how this system affects roadway emissions of air pollutants. A twenty-second reduction to maximum cycle length was proposed for the SCATS system to address pedestrian delay concerns. A two-week trial period with this reduced cycle length was implemented. Travel times and roadside air pollution concentrations were monitored throughout this study period and compared to before and after periods with the current maximum cycle length. Average travel times were found to be significantly higher during the reduced maximum cycle length, but with a mean difference of only 4-5 seconds for travel time. Assessment of travel time for this roadway suggests that a twenty second decrease in maximum cycle length to help shorten pedestrian delay can be made without significant consequences to travel time. Total traffic volumes were consistent for all four weeks of the study. Meteorological conditions were similar for the first two weeks comparing maximum cycle lengths. A shift in ambient temperature led the second two weeks of the cycle length comparison to have more similar meteorological conditions versus the first two weeks. Average NO and NO2 concentrations were not significantly different for the first half of the study. However, NO and NO2 concentrations were significantly higher during the reduced maximum cycle length for the second half of the study. When there was a significant difference based on t-test statistics, the measurements did show an increase in roadside concentrations during the shorter maximum cycle length. Preliminary results are unclear if changes to air quality (as assessed by NO and NO2 concentrations) occur or not due to the reduced maximum cycle length. Results require further comparative analysis in which meteorology and traffic conditions are controlled for so that any difference in air quality due to maximum cycle length alone can be quantified. Title: Effect of Reducing Maximum Cycle Length on Roadside Air Quality and Travel Times on a Corridor in Portland, OR Author: Kendrick, Christine M., Urowsky, David, Rotich, Willie, Koonce, Peter, George, Linda Acha Year: 2014 The Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS), an adaptive signal system designed to reduce congestion, has been installed on a heavily trafficked roadway in Portland, OR. In addition to traffic performance metrics, we are investigating how this system affects roadway emissions of air pollutants. A twenty-second reduction to maximum cycle length was proposed for the SCATS system to address pedestrian delay concerns. A two-week trial period with this reduced cycle length was implemented. Travel times and roadside air pollution concentrations were monitored throughout this study period and compared to before and after periods with the current maximum cycle length. Average travel times were found to be significantly higher during the reduced maximum cycle length, but with a mean difference of only 4-5 seconds for travel time. Assessment of travel time for this roadway suggests that a twenty second decrease in maximum cycle length to help shorten pedestrian delay can be made without significant consequences to travel time. Total traffic volumes were consistent for all four weeks of the study. Meteorological conditions were similar for the first two weeks comparing maximum cycle lengths. A shift in ambient temperature led the second two weeks of the cycle length comparison to have more similar meteorological conditions versus the first two weeks. Average NO and NO2 concentrations were not significantly different for the first half of the study. However, NO and NO2 concentrations were significantly higher during the reduced maximum cycle length for the second half of the study. When there was a significant difference based on t-test statistics, the measurements did show an increase in roadside concentrations during the shorter maximum cycle length. Preliminary results are unclear if changes to air quality (as assessed by NO and NO2 concentrations) occur or not due to the reduced maximum cycle length. Results require further comparative analysis in which meteorology and traffic conditions are controlled for so that any difference in air quality due to maximum cycle length alone can be quantified. Close

• 244. [Article] Characterization of Mesoscopic Fluid Films for Applications in SPM Imaging and Fabrication of Nanostructures on Responsive Materials

  This dissertation focuses on characterization of the mesoscopic fluid film, testing its behavior in different application scenarios, including its role in near-field scanning probe microscopy imaging, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of Mesoscopic Fluid Films for Applications in SPM Imaging and Fabrication of Nanostructures on Responsive Materials Author: Wang, Xiaohua Year: 2013 This dissertation focuses on characterization of the mesoscopic fluid film, testing its behavior in different application scenarios, including its role in near-field scanning probe microscopy imaging, contribution to the phononic mechanism in nanotribology phenomena, utilizing it as a natural environment in the study of carbohydrate-protein interactions, and harnessing it as bridge to transport ions in the fabrication of nanostructures on responsive polymer materials. Due to their high resolution and versatile applications in a variety of fields, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has found widespread acceptance as an analytical and fabrication tool. However, the working mechanism of SPM that allows maintaining the probe-sample distance constant is still controversial. At the heart the problem is a lack of precise knowledge about the nature of the probe-sample interaction. One key factor is the presence of a mesoscopic fluid-like layer that naturally forms at any surface at ambient condition in which most SPMs are operated. Its mesoscopic nature (~20 nm in thickness) results in extraordinary behavior compared to the properties of bulk liquid. For example, the effective shear viscosity of confined mesoscopic fluids is enhanced, and viscoelastic relaxation times are prolonged. Despite the wide use of SPM techniques in ambient air, the basis of their working mechanisms is still not well understood. The probe-sample interaction is monitored using a combination of tuning-fork based shear force microscopy and our recently developed near-field acoustic technique. To characterize the mesoscopic fluid film a series of experiments are performed under different conditions in order to explore the benefits of having extra probing (acoustic) technique in addition to the shear-force approach. The presence of mesoscopic fluid layers as a natural environment enables the detection of protein-carbohydrate interactions. We demonstrated the capability of our shear-force/acoustic technique to monitor the rupture of chemical bonds between carbohydrate and protein pairs. Finally, we present fabrication of nanostructures via electric-field assisted dip-pen nanolithography by exploiting the responsive feature of a particular class of polymers, where the mesoscopic fluid layer also plays an important role in pattern creation. Title: Characterization of Mesoscopic Fluid Films for Applications in SPM Imaging and Fabrication of Nanostructures on Responsive Materials Author: Wang, Xiaohua Year: 2013 This dissertation focuses on characterization of the mesoscopic fluid film, testing its behavior in different application scenarios, including its role in near-field scanning probe microscopy imaging, contribution to the phononic mechanism in nanotribology phenomena, utilizing it as a natural environment in the study of carbohydrate-protein interactions, and harnessing it as bridge to transport ions in the fabrication of nanostructures on responsive polymer materials. Due to their high resolution and versatile applications in a variety of fields, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has found widespread acceptance as an analytical and fabrication tool. However, the working mechanism of SPM that allows maintaining the probe-sample distance constant is still controversial. At the heart the problem is a lack of precise knowledge about the nature of the probe-sample interaction. One key factor is the presence of a mesoscopic fluid-like layer that naturally forms at any surface at ambient condition in which most SPMs are operated. Its mesoscopic nature (~20 nm in thickness) results in extraordinary behavior compared to the properties of bulk liquid. For example, the effective shear viscosity of confined mesoscopic fluids is enhanced, and viscoelastic relaxation times are prolonged. Despite the wide use of SPM techniques in ambient air, the basis of their working mechanisms is still not well understood. The probe-sample interaction is monitored using a combination of tuning-fork based shear force microscopy and our recently developed near-field acoustic technique. To characterize the mesoscopic fluid film a series of experiments are performed under different conditions in order to explore the benefits of having extra probing (acoustic) technique in addition to the shear-force approach. The presence of mesoscopic fluid layers as a natural environment enables the detection of protein-carbohydrate interactions. We demonstrated the capability of our shear-force/acoustic technique to monitor the rupture of chemical bonds between carbohydrate and protein pairs. Finally, we present fabrication of nanostructures via electric-field assisted dip-pen nanolithography by exploiting the responsive feature of a particular class of polymers, where the mesoscopic fluid layer also plays an important role in pattern creation. Close

• 245. [Article] Seasonal Patterns of Melatonin, Cortisol, and Progesterone Secretion in Female Lambs Raised Beneath a 500-kV Transmission Line

  There is ongoing controversy about the possibility of adverse biological effects from environmental exposures to electric and magnetic fields. These fields are produced by all electrical equipment and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seasonal Patterns of Melatonin, Cortisol, and Progesterone Secretion in Female Lambs Raised Beneath a 500-kV Transmission Line Author: Lee, Jack Monroe, Jr. Year: 1992 There is ongoing controversy about the possibility of adverse biological effects from environmental exposures to electric and magnetic fields. These fields are produced by all electrical equipment and appliances including electrical transmission lines. The objective of this environmental science study was to investigate the possible effects of a high voltage transmission line on domestic sheep (Ovis aries L,), a species that can often be found near such lines. The study was primarily designed to determine whether a specific effect of electric and magnetic fields found in laboratory animals also occurs in livestock under natural environmental conditions. The effect is the ability of fields, at levels found in the environment, to significantly depress the normally high nocturnal concentrations of the pineal hormone melatonin. Melatonin mediates the reproductive response to changes in photoperiod in seasonal breeders such as sheep. Factors which modify the production of nocturnal melatonin in sheep can have important effects on the timing of seasonal reproduction including the onset of puberty in this species. Ten female Suffolk lambs were penned for 10 months directly beneath a 500-kV transmission line near Estacada, Oregon. Ten other lambs of the same type were penned in a control area away from the transmission line where electric and magnetic fields were at ambient levels. Serum melatonin was analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) from 6618 blood samples collected at 0.5 to 3-hour intervals over eight 48-hour periods. Serum progesterone was analyzed by RIA from blood samples collected twice weekly beginning when the lambs were 23 weeks old. This hormone was used to measure the onset of puberty. Serum cortisol was also assayed by RIA from the blood samples collected during the 48-hour samples. This was done to assess whether exposure to the transmission line produced stress in the growing lambs. Other supplemental biological data collected included body weight gain, wool growth, and behavior. An extensive study was conducted by engineers from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) to measure electric and magnetic fields and noise to which the lambs were exposed. This was accomplished by installing permanent monitors near both the control and line pens. Results showed that lambs in both the control and line groups had the typical pattern of melatonin secretion consisting of low daytime and high nighttime serum concentrations. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in melatonin levels, or in the phase or duration of the nighttime melatonin elevation. Age at puberty and number of reproductive cycles also did not differ between groups. Serum cortisol showed a circadian rhythm with highest concentrations during the day. Cortisol concentrations also seemed to reflect effects of known stressors on livestock, e.g., weaning, introduction to new housing, and vehicle transport. There were, however, no differences in cortisol concentrations between groups. Statistical analyses on other biological parameters revealed no differences between groups for body weight gain, wool growth, or behavior. The electrical monitoring program verified that the line group lambs were exposed to electric and magnetic fields at levels typical of those found beneath commercial 500-kV transmission lines. In summary, the large effect of electric and magnetic fields on melatonin concentrations reported in laboratory animals was not observed in this study of sheep. Title: Seasonal Patterns of Melatonin, Cortisol, and Progesterone Secretion in Female Lambs Raised Beneath a 500-kV Transmission Line Author: Lee, Jack Monroe, Jr. Year: 1992 There is ongoing controversy about the possibility of adverse biological effects from environmental exposures to electric and magnetic fields. These fields are produced by all electrical equipment and appliances including electrical transmission lines. The objective of this environmental science study was to investigate the possible effects of a high voltage transmission line on domestic sheep (Ovis aries L,), a species that can often be found near such lines. The study was primarily designed to determine whether a specific effect of electric and magnetic fields found in laboratory animals also occurs in livestock under natural environmental conditions. The effect is the ability of fields, at levels found in the environment, to significantly depress the normally high nocturnal concentrations of the pineal hormone melatonin. Melatonin mediates the reproductive response to changes in photoperiod in seasonal breeders such as sheep. Factors which modify the production of nocturnal melatonin in sheep can have important effects on the timing of seasonal reproduction including the onset of puberty in this species. Ten female Suffolk lambs were penned for 10 months directly beneath a 500-kV transmission line near Estacada, Oregon. Ten other lambs of the same type were penned in a control area away from the transmission line where electric and magnetic fields were at ambient levels. Serum melatonin was analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) from 6618 blood samples collected at 0.5 to 3-hour intervals over eight 48-hour periods. Serum progesterone was analyzed by RIA from blood samples collected twice weekly beginning when the lambs were 23 weeks old. This hormone was used to measure the onset of puberty. Serum cortisol was also assayed by RIA from the blood samples collected during the 48-hour samples. This was done to assess whether exposure to the transmission line produced stress in the growing lambs. Other supplemental biological data collected included body weight gain, wool growth, and behavior. An extensive study was conducted by engineers from the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) to measure electric and magnetic fields and noise to which the lambs were exposed. This was accomplished by installing permanent monitors near both the control and line pens. Results showed that lambs in both the control and line groups had the typical pattern of melatonin secretion consisting of low daytime and high nighttime serum concentrations. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in melatonin levels, or in the phase or duration of the nighttime melatonin elevation. Age at puberty and number of reproductive cycles also did not differ between groups. Serum cortisol showed a circadian rhythm with highest concentrations during the day. Cortisol concentrations also seemed to reflect effects of known stressors on livestock, e.g., weaning, introduction to new housing, and vehicle transport. There were, however, no differences in cortisol concentrations between groups. Statistical analyses on other biological parameters revealed no differences between groups for body weight gain, wool growth, or behavior. The electrical monitoring program verified that the line group lambs were exposed to electric and magnetic fields at levels typical of those found beneath commercial 500-kV transmission lines. In summary, the large effect of electric and magnetic fields on melatonin concentrations reported in laboratory animals was not observed in this study of sheep. Close

• 246. [Article] Using Turbidity Monitoring and LiDAR-Derived Imagery to Investigate Sources of Suspended Sediment in the Little North Santiam River Basin, Oregon, Winter 2009-2010

  The Little North Santiam River Basin is a 111-square mile watershed located in the Cascade Range of western Oregon. The Little North Santiam River is a major tributary to the North Santiam River, which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Using Turbidity Monitoring and LiDAR-Derived Imagery to Investigate Sources of Suspended Sediment in the Little North Santiam River Basin, Oregon, Winter 2009-2010 Author: Sobieszczyk, Steven Year: 2010 The Little North Santiam River Basin is a 111-square mile watershed located in the Cascade Range of western Oregon. The Little North Santiam River is a major tributary to the North Santiam River, which is the primary source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon and surrounding communities. Consequently, water quality conditions in the Little North Santiam River, such as high turbidity, affect treatment and delivery of the drinking water. Between 2001 and 2008, suspended-sediment loads from the Little North Santiam River accounted for 69% of the total suspended-sediment load that passed the treatment plant. Recent studies suggest that much of this sediment originates from landslide activity in the basin. Using airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-derived imagery, 401 landslides were mapped in the Little North Santiam River Basin. Landslide types vary by location, with deep-seated earth flows and earth slumps common in the lower half of the basin and channelized debris flows prominent in the upper basin. Over 37% of the lower basin shows evidence of landslide activity compared to just 4% of the upper basin. Instream turbidity monitoring and suspended-sediment load estimates during the winter of 2009-2010 demonstrate a similar distribution of sediment transport in the basin. During a 3-month study period, from December 2009 through February 2010, the lower basin supplied 2,990 tons, or 91% of the suspended-sediment load to the Little North Santiam River, whereas the upper basin supplied only 310 tons of sediment. One small 23-acre earth flow in the lower basin, the Evans Creek Landslide, supplied 28% of the total suspended-sediment load, even though it only comprises 0.0004% of the basin. The Evans Creek Landslide is an active earth flow that has been moving episodically since at least 1945, with surges occurring between 1945 and 1955, 1970 and 1977, in February 1996, and in January 2004. Recent erosion of the landslide toe by Evans Creek continues to destabilize the slope, supplying much of the sediment measured in the Little North Santiam River. Over the last 64 years, the average landslide movement rate has been between 5 and 12 feet per year. Title: Using Turbidity Monitoring and LiDAR-Derived Imagery to Investigate Sources of Suspended Sediment in the Little North Santiam River Basin, Oregon, Winter 2009-2010 Author: Sobieszczyk, Steven Year: 2010 The Little North Santiam River Basin is a 111-square mile watershed located in the Cascade Range of western Oregon. The Little North Santiam River is a major tributary to the North Santiam River, which is the primary source of drinking water for Salem, Oregon and surrounding communities. Consequently, water quality conditions in the Little North Santiam River, such as high turbidity, affect treatment and delivery of the drinking water. Between 2001 and 2008, suspended-sediment loads from the Little North Santiam River accounted for 69% of the total suspended-sediment load that passed the treatment plant. Recent studies suggest that much of this sediment originates from landslide activity in the basin. Using airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-derived imagery, 401 landslides were mapped in the Little North Santiam River Basin. Landslide types vary by location, with deep-seated earth flows and earth slumps common in the lower half of the basin and channelized debris flows prominent in the upper basin. Over 37% of the lower basin shows evidence of landslide activity compared to just 4% of the upper basin. Instream turbidity monitoring and suspended-sediment load estimates during the winter of 2009-2010 demonstrate a similar distribution of sediment transport in the basin. During a 3-month study period, from December 2009 through February 2010, the lower basin supplied 2,990 tons, or 91% of the suspended-sediment load to the Little North Santiam River, whereas the upper basin supplied only 310 tons of sediment. One small 23-acre earth flow in the lower basin, the Evans Creek Landslide, supplied 28% of the total suspended-sediment load, even though it only comprises 0.0004% of the basin. The Evans Creek Landslide is an active earth flow that has been moving episodically since at least 1945, with surges occurring between 1945 and 1955, 1970 and 1977, in February 1996, and in January 2004. Recent erosion of the landslide toe by Evans Creek continues to destabilize the slope, supplying much of the sediment measured in the Little North Santiam River. Over the last 64 years, the average landslide movement rate has been between 5 and 12 feet per year. Close

• 247. [Article] A Study of Successful Management Teams in Oregon Public School Systems

  The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the current status of successful management teams in Oregon public schools as they exist in 1988, after more than fifteen years of evolution as the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Study of Successful Management Teams in Oregon Public School Systems Author: Carnes, James R. Year: 1988 The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the current status of successful management teams in Oregon public schools as they exist in 1988, after more than fifteen years of evolution as the preferred management practice. Study Questions asked were: (1) Why was the team management concept implemented? (2) How has the management team evolved? (3) How is the management team organized? (4) How does the management team operate? (5) How are management team members involved in developing, recommending, implementing, and monitoring school district policies and administrative regulations? (6) What are the most important characteristics or elements found as part of successful management teams which are essential to the school district's management team being "successful"? A descriptive, multiple-case study design was used to study the activities of successful management teams within the unique context of their actual school system operations. Three "successful" management teams were selected for case studies by a panel of educational experts, using the following criterion. Which Oregon public school systems represent both: (a) "a successful management team" as endorsed and promoted by the Confederation of Oregon School Administrators and the Oregon School Boards Association, and (b) "a state of the art" model of team management as it is evolving? Separate case studies were conducted and written for each of the three selected management teams. Multiple sources of evidence were collected, using (1) documentation, (2) archival records, (3) interviews and surveys, and (4) direct observations. A cross-case analysis was conducted, resulting in a written description of the similarities among successful management teams in three Oregon public school systems. The conclusions of the study supported the five study propositions: (1) successful management teams implemented the team management concept because it was the preferred method of educational leadership which allowed greater participation by administrators, and resulted in improved decision making; (2) successful management teams have evolved since their original implementation, until they presently represent the unique management needs and resources of the school system; (3) successful management teams are made up of a group of school district administrators consisting of the superintendent and (or representatives of) central staff, principals, and ancillary personnel having supervisory positions; and are structured to allow the maximum, efficient input and participation by that group; (4) successful management teams involve administrators in developing, recommending, implementing, and monitoring school district policies and admlnistrative regulations; and (5) successful management teams have in common certain characteristics or elements which are essential to the management teams being "successful." The following synthesis of the conclusions was developed from a multitude of identified characteristics or elements of successful management teams. Successful management teams: (1) establish and support common goals and direction for the school system; (2) involve all team members in shared decision-making; (3) foster teamwork and team spirit; (4) involve all team members in the policy and administrative regulation activities of the school system; and (5) are designed, organized, and operated in response to the unique requirements of the organization. Recommendations were made to practitioners for the application of the conclusions and identified characteristics or elements of successful management teams. A Management Team Profile instrument was also developed for use in assessing the successfulness of management teams. Suggestions for additional study were made based upon the findings and experience in conducting this study. Replication of this study in large school districts and districts with unsuccessful management teams could provide further insights into what makes management teams "successful." Title: A Study of Successful Management Teams in Oregon Public School Systems Author: Carnes, James R. Year: 1988 The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the current status of successful management teams in Oregon public schools as they exist in 1988, after more than fifteen years of evolution as the preferred management practice. Study Questions asked were: (1) Why was the team management concept implemented? (2) How has the management team evolved? (3) How is the management team organized? (4) How does the management team operate? (5) How are management team members involved in developing, recommending, implementing, and monitoring school district policies and administrative regulations? (6) What are the most important characteristics or elements found as part of successful management teams which are essential to the school district's management team being "successful"? A descriptive, multiple-case study design was used to study the activities of successful management teams within the unique context of their actual school system operations. Three "successful" management teams were selected for case studies by a panel of educational experts, using the following criterion. Which Oregon public school systems represent both: (a) "a successful management team" as endorsed and promoted by the Confederation of Oregon School Administrators and the Oregon School Boards Association, and (b) "a state of the art" model of team management as it is evolving? Separate case studies were conducted and written for each of the three selected management teams. Multiple sources of evidence were collected, using (1) documentation, (2) archival records, (3) interviews and surveys, and (4) direct observations. A cross-case analysis was conducted, resulting in a written description of the similarities among successful management teams in three Oregon public school systems. The conclusions of the study supported the five study propositions: (1) successful management teams implemented the team management concept because it was the preferred method of educational leadership which allowed greater participation by administrators, and resulted in improved decision making; (2) successful management teams have evolved since their original implementation, until they presently represent the unique management needs and resources of the school system; (3) successful management teams are made up of a group of school district administrators consisting of the superintendent and (or representatives of) central staff, principals, and ancillary personnel having supervisory positions; and are structured to allow the maximum, efficient input and participation by that group; (4) successful management teams involve administrators in developing, recommending, implementing, and monitoring school district policies and admlnistrative regulations; and (5) successful management teams have in common certain characteristics or elements which are essential to the management teams being "successful." The following synthesis of the conclusions was developed from a multitude of identified characteristics or elements of successful management teams. Successful management teams: (1) establish and support common goals and direction for the school system; (2) involve all team members in shared decision-making; (3) foster teamwork and team spirit; (4) involve all team members in the policy and administrative regulation activities of the school system; and (5) are designed, organized, and operated in response to the unique requirements of the organization. Recommendations were made to practitioners for the application of the conclusions and identified characteristics or elements of successful management teams. A Management Team Profile instrument was also developed for use in assessing the successfulness of management teams. Suggestions for additional study were made based upon the findings and experience in conducting this study. Replication of this study in large school districts and districts with unsuccessful management teams could provide further insights into what makes management teams "successful." Close

• 248. [Article] A Land Use Network for the Johnson Creek Watershed

  This document presents a design for a Land Use Network. It is a starting point from which to build a network that connects, educates, and motivates stakeholders within the Johnson Creek Watershed to facilitate ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Land Use Network for the Johnson Creek Watershed Author: Caldwell, Jessica, Felton, Joyce, Redden, Elisa, Pagenstecher, Gerhard Year: 1998 This document presents a design for a Land Use Network. It is a starting point from which to build a network that connects, educates, and motivates stakeholders within the Johnson Creek Watershed to facilitate effective participation in the land use process. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council contracted the Watershed Network Group (WNG) to design the Network as a mechanism for organizing efforts to promote environmentally sound development throughout the watershed. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council comprises representatives from government, residents, and business organizations with interest in the Johnson Creek Watershed. The need for a Land Use Network within the watershed arose because existing methods of monitoring and managing the effects of development on the watershed are inadequate for meeting current development pressures. Development pressures on the watershed have had negative effects on the watershed environment. Development pressures are expected to increase as expansion of the Urban Growth Boundary makes more land available for development. Currently, each jurisdiction addresses the impacts of development as they occur within its own boundary. However, the Johnson Creek Watershed extends across several jurisdictional boundaries, and environmental impacts are not confined to the jurisdiction of origin. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council was formed in 1992 to monitor and manage impacts across boundaries, on a watershed-wide basis. To operate effectively, the Council needs a way to establish two-way communication among all stakeholders in the watershed. A Land Use Network would help fill that need by providing a focal point for gathering and distributing land-use information. It would organize the information-gathering process, develop educational materials for public distribution, and organize the distribution channels. To develop the Land Use Network plan, the WNG researched the history of the watershed and its regulatory environment, theories of communication, and information on citizen participation networks. The WNG also conducted interviews and focus groups with current stakeholders to help clarify issues and identify communication needs that a Land Use Network might address. Finally, the WNG outlines a proposal for the Land Use Network. The proposal begins with a Network Structure diagram that illustrates the main elements of the Network Proposal. The elements of the Network Structure show how the Network can function effectively in the land use planning process. The issues, recommendations and actions provide methods for implementation for each element of the Network Structure. Finally, a summary of recommended actions shows the short-term, ongoing, and long-term implementation actions for the Network. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe and Connie Ozawa. Title: A Land Use Network for the Johnson Creek Watershed Author: Caldwell, Jessica, Felton, Joyce, Redden, Elisa, Pagenstecher, Gerhard Year: 1998 This document presents a design for a Land Use Network. It is a starting point from which to build a network that connects, educates, and motivates stakeholders within the Johnson Creek Watershed to facilitate effective participation in the land use process. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council contracted the Watershed Network Group (WNG) to design the Network as a mechanism for organizing efforts to promote environmentally sound development throughout the watershed. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council comprises representatives from government, residents, and business organizations with interest in the Johnson Creek Watershed. The need for a Land Use Network within the watershed arose because existing methods of monitoring and managing the effects of development on the watershed are inadequate for meeting current development pressures. Development pressures on the watershed have had negative effects on the watershed environment. Development pressures are expected to increase as expansion of the Urban Growth Boundary makes more land available for development. Currently, each jurisdiction addresses the impacts of development as they occur within its own boundary. However, the Johnson Creek Watershed extends across several jurisdictional boundaries, and environmental impacts are not confined to the jurisdiction of origin. The Johnson Creek Watershed Council was formed in 1992 to monitor and manage impacts across boundaries, on a watershed-wide basis. To operate effectively, the Council needs a way to establish two-way communication among all stakeholders in the watershed. A Land Use Network would help fill that need by providing a focal point for gathering and distributing land-use information. It would organize the information-gathering process, develop educational materials for public distribution, and organize the distribution channels. To develop the Land Use Network plan, the WNG researched the history of the watershed and its regulatory environment, theories of communication, and information on citizen participation networks. The WNG also conducted interviews and focus groups with current stakeholders to help clarify issues and identify communication needs that a Land Use Network might address. Finally, the WNG outlines a proposal for the Land Use Network. The proposal begins with a Network Structure diagram that illustrates the main elements of the Network Proposal. The elements of the Network Structure show how the Network can function effectively in the land use planning process. The issues, recommendations and actions provide methods for implementation for each element of the Network Structure. Finally, a summary of recommended actions shows the short-term, ongoing, and long-term implementation actions for the Network. This project was conducted under the supervision of Deborah Howe and Connie Ozawa. Close

• 249. [Article] Understanding the Links Between Cyanobacteria Physiology and Hydrodynamics may Help Find Adaption Strategies for Toxic Blooms

  Even though we are managing lakes to decrease algal blooms overall, harmful algal blooms seem to be showing up more and more frequently. Although the word “blooms” connotes dominance and rapid growth, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding the Links Between Cyanobacteria Physiology and Hydrodynamics may Help Find Adaption Strategies for Toxic Blooms Author: Rueter, John Year: 2016 Even though we are managing lakes to decrease algal blooms overall, harmful algal blooms seem to be showing up more and more frequently. Although the word “blooms” connotes dominance and rapid growth, dangerous accumulations of cyanobacteria can occur because of combinations of physiological advantages and particular weather and hydrodynamic conditions. I am particularly interested in specific conditions that might favor Aphanizomenon versus those that might favor Microcystis in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes. Aphanizomenon is a nuisance and large blooms can lead to oxygen depletion and fish deaths. Microcystis can both be a nuisance and is toxic. The comparison of the physiologies of these two cyanobacterial strains could lead to an understanding of both short term adaptation and mitigation tactics as well as long term lake restoration strategies. Ideally, we would like to employ lake restoration strategies and see constant improvement leading to safer and cleaner water. However, either because of threshold effects or ineffective lake management approaches, we might have to take short-term manipulations that can reduce local accumulations of cyanobacteria to protect the health of humans and other species. These short term tactics must have three characteristics: First, we need to find mitigation techniques that might knock down or stall a bloom of algae from occurring. Second, we have to have ways to model and monitor these manipulations over relevant time and space scales. Third, any short-term techniques we employ should not substantial interfere with the long term goals of lake restoration, i.e. the quick fix shouldn’t undermine the solving the problem. I will present several potential short-term solutions based algal physiology and hydrodynamics. Then I will describe how we have used temperature datalogging (10 minute intervals) and high-resolution transects (1 meter spatial resolution) to understand impacts on accumulation processes. Then finally, I will describe a framework for supporting fast and cheap methods to adapt to cyanobacteria accumulations that don’t result in unintended consequences or interfere with lake restoration efforts. Title: Understanding the Links Between Cyanobacteria Physiology and Hydrodynamics may Help Find Adaption Strategies for Toxic Blooms Author: Rueter, John Year: 2016 Even though we are managing lakes to decrease algal blooms overall, harmful algal blooms seem to be showing up more and more frequently. Although the word “blooms” connotes dominance and rapid growth, dangerous accumulations of cyanobacteria can occur because of combinations of physiological advantages and particular weather and hydrodynamic conditions. I am particularly interested in specific conditions that might favor Aphanizomenon versus those that might favor Microcystis in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes. Aphanizomenon is a nuisance and large blooms can lead to oxygen depletion and fish deaths. Microcystis can both be a nuisance and is toxic. The comparison of the physiologies of these two cyanobacterial strains could lead to an understanding of both short term adaptation and mitigation tactics as well as long term lake restoration strategies. Ideally, we would like to employ lake restoration strategies and see constant improvement leading to safer and cleaner water. However, either because of threshold effects or ineffective lake management approaches, we might have to take short-term manipulations that can reduce local accumulations of cyanobacteria to protect the health of humans and other species. These short term tactics must have three characteristics: First, we need to find mitigation techniques that might knock down or stall a bloom of algae from occurring. Second, we have to have ways to model and monitor these manipulations over relevant time and space scales. Third, any short-term techniques we employ should not substantial interfere with the long term goals of lake restoration, i.e. the quick fix shouldn’t undermine the solving the problem. I will present several potential short-term solutions based algal physiology and hydrodynamics. Then I will describe how we have used temperature datalogging (10 minute intervals) and high-resolution transects (1 meter spatial resolution) to understand impacts on accumulation processes. Then finally, I will describe a framework for supporting fast and cheap methods to adapt to cyanobacteria accumulations that don’t result in unintended consequences or interfere with lake restoration efforts. Close

• 250. [Article] Optimizing Network Connectivity for Mobile Health Technologies in sub-Saharan Africa

  Background: Mobile health (mHealth) technologies hold incredible promise to improve healthcare delivery in resourcelimited settings. Network reliability across large catchment areas can be a major challenge. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Optimizing Network Connectivity for Mobile Health Technologies in sub-Saharan Africa Author: Siedner, Mark J., Lankowski, Alexander J., Musinga, Derrick, Jackson, Jonathan, Muzoora, Conrad, Hunt, Peter W., Martin, Jeffrey N., Bangsberg, David, Haberer, Jessica E. Year: 2012 Background: Mobile health (mHealth) technologies hold incredible promise to improve healthcare delivery in resourcelimited settings. Network reliability across large catchment areas can be a major challenge. We performed an analysis of network failure frequency as part of a study of real-time adherence monitoring in rural Uganda. We hypothesized that the addition of short messaging service (SMS+GPRS) to the standard cellular network modality (GPRS) would reduce network disruptions and improve transmission of data. Methods: Participants were enrolled in a study of real-time adherence monitoring in southwest Uganda. In June 2011, we began using Wisepill devices that transmit data each time the pill bottle is opened. We defined network failures as medication interruptions of .48 hours duration that were transmitted when network connectivity was re-established. During the course of the study, we upgraded devices from GPRS to GPRS+SMS compatibility. We compared network failure rates between GPRS and GPRS+SMS periods and created geospatial maps to graphically demonstrate patterns of connectivity. Results: One hundred fifty-seven participants met inclusion criteria of seven days of SMS and seven days of SMS+GPRS observation time. Seventy-three percent were female, median age was 40 years (IQR 33–46), 39% reported .1-hour travel time to clinic and 17% had home electricity. One hundred one had GPS coordinates recorded and were included in the geospatial maps. The median number of network failures per person-month for the GPRS and GPRS+SMS modalities were 1.5 (IQR 1.0–2.2) and 0.3 (IQR 0–0.9) respectively, (mean difference 1.2, 95%CI 1.0–1.3, p-value,0.0001). Improvements in network connectivity were notable throughout the region. Study costs increased by approximately $1USD per personmonth. Conclusions: Addition of SMS to standard GPRS cellular network connectivity can significantly reduce network connection failures for mobile health applications in remote areas. Projects depending on mobile health data in resource-limited settings should consider this upgrade to optimize mHealth applications. Note: At the time of writing, David Bangsberg was affiliated with Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, and Ragon Institute. Title: Optimizing Network Connectivity for Mobile Health Technologies in sub-Saharan Africa Author: Siedner, Mark J., Lankowski, Alexander J., Musinga, Derrick, Jackson, Jonathan, Muzoora, Conrad, Hunt, Peter W., Martin, Jeffrey N., Bangsberg, David, Haberer, Jessica E. Year: 2012 Background: Mobile health (mHealth) technologies hold incredible promise to improve healthcare delivery in resourcelimited settings. Network reliability across large catchment areas can be a major challenge. We performed an analysis of network failure frequency as part of a study of real-time adherence monitoring in rural Uganda. We hypothesized that the addition of short messaging service (SMS+GPRS) to the standard cellular network modality (GPRS) would reduce network disruptions and improve transmission of data. Methods: Participants were enrolled in a study of real-time adherence monitoring in southwest Uganda. In June 2011, we began using Wisepill devices that transmit data each time the pill bottle is opened. We defined network failures as medication interruptions of .48 hours duration that were transmitted when network connectivity was re-established. During the course of the study, we upgraded devices from GPRS to GPRS+SMS compatibility. We compared network failure rates between GPRS and GPRS+SMS periods and created geospatial maps to graphically demonstrate patterns of connectivity. Results: One hundred fifty-seven participants met inclusion criteria of seven days of SMS and seven days of SMS+GPRS observation time. Seventy-three percent were female, median age was 40 years (IQR 33–46), 39% reported .1-hour travel time to clinic and 17% had home electricity. One hundred one had GPS coordinates recorded and were included in the geospatial maps. The median number of network failures per person-month for the GPRS and GPRS+SMS modalities were 1.5 (IQR 1.0–2.2) and 0.3 (IQR 0–0.9) respectively, (mean difference 1.2, 95%CI 1.0–1.3, p-value,0.0001). Improvements in network connectivity were notable throughout the region. Study costs increased by approximately $1USD per personmonth. Conclusions: Addition of SMS to standard GPRS cellular network connectivity can significantly reduce network connection failures for mobile health applications in remote areas. Projects depending on mobile health data in resource-limited settings should consider this upgrade to optimize mHealth applications. Note: At the time of writing, David Bangsberg was affiliated with Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, and Ragon Institute. Close