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• 2401. [Article] Travel Mode Choice Framework Incorporating Realistic Bike and Walk Routes

  For a number of reasons--congestion, public health, greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, demographic shifts, and community livability to name a few--the importance of walking and bicycling as transportation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Travel Mode Choice Framework Incorporating Realistic Bike and Walk Routes Author: Broach, Joseph Paul Year: 2016 For a number of reasons--congestion, public health, greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, demographic shifts, and community livability to name a few--the importance of walking and bicycling as transportation options will only continue to increase. Currently, policy interest and infrastructure funding for nonmotorized modes far outstrip our ability to model bike and walk travel. To ensure scarce resources are used most effectively, accurate models sensitive to key policy variables are needed to support long-range planning and project evaluation, and to continue adding to our growing understanding of key factors driving walk and bike behavior. This research attempts to synthesize and advance the state of the art in trip-based, nonmotorized mode choice modeling. Over the past fifteen years, efforts to model the decision to walk or bike on a given trip have been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive behavioral framework and inconsistency in measurement scales and model specification. This project develops a mode choice behavioral framework that acknowledges the importance of attributes along the specific walk and bike routes that travelers are likely to consider, in addition to more traditional area-based measures of travel environments. The proposed framework is applied to a revealed preference, GPS-based travel dataset collected from 2010-2013 in Portland, Oregon. Measurement of nonmotorized trip distance, built environment, tour-level variables, and attitudinal attributes as well as mode availability are explicitly addressed. Route and mode choice models are specified using discrete choice techniques, and predicted walking and bicycling routes are tested as inputs to various mode choice models. Results suggest strong potential for predicted route measures to enhance walk and bicycle mode choice modeling. Findings also support the specific notion that bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure contribute not only to route choice but also to the choice of whether to bike or walk. For decisions to bicycle, availability of low-traffic routes may be particularly important to women. Model results further indicate that land use and built environments around trip ends and a person’s home still have important effects on nonmotorized travel when controlling for route quality. Both route and area travel environment impacts are mostly robust to the inclusion of residential self-selection variables, consistent with the idea that built environment differences matter even for households that choose to live in a walkable or bikeable neighborhood. The combination of area and route-based built environment measures alongside trip context, sociodemographic, and attitudinal attributes provides a new perspective on nonmotorized travel behavior relevant to both policy and practice. Title: Travel Mode Choice Framework Incorporating Realistic Bike and Walk Routes Author: Broach, Joseph Paul Year: 2016 For a number of reasons--congestion, public health, greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, demographic shifts, and community livability to name a few--the importance of walking and bicycling as transportation options will only continue to increase. Currently, policy interest and infrastructure funding for nonmotorized modes far outstrip our ability to model bike and walk travel. To ensure scarce resources are used most effectively, accurate models sensitive to key policy variables are needed to support long-range planning and project evaluation, and to continue adding to our growing understanding of key factors driving walk and bike behavior. This research attempts to synthesize and advance the state of the art in trip-based, nonmotorized mode choice modeling. Over the past fifteen years, efforts to model the decision to walk or bike on a given trip have been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive behavioral framework and inconsistency in measurement scales and model specification. This project develops a mode choice behavioral framework that acknowledges the importance of attributes along the specific walk and bike routes that travelers are likely to consider, in addition to more traditional area-based measures of travel environments. The proposed framework is applied to a revealed preference, GPS-based travel dataset collected from 2010-2013 in Portland, Oregon. Measurement of nonmotorized trip distance, built environment, tour-level variables, and attitudinal attributes as well as mode availability are explicitly addressed. Route and mode choice models are specified using discrete choice techniques, and predicted walking and bicycling routes are tested as inputs to various mode choice models. Results suggest strong potential for predicted route measures to enhance walk and bicycle mode choice modeling. Findings also support the specific notion that bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure contribute not only to route choice but also to the choice of whether to bike or walk. For decisions to bicycle, availability of low-traffic routes may be particularly important to women. Model results further indicate that land use and built environments around trip ends and a person’s home still have important effects on nonmotorized travel when controlling for route quality. Both route and area travel environment impacts are mostly robust to the inclusion of residential self-selection variables, consistent with the idea that built environment differences matter even for households that choose to live in a walkable or bikeable neighborhood. The combination of area and route-based built environment measures alongside trip context, sociodemographic, and attitudinal attributes provides a new perspective on nonmotorized travel behavior relevant to both policy and practice. Close

• 2402. [Article] Understanding Travel Modes to Non-work Destinations: Analysis of an Establishment Survey in Portland, Oregon

  During the past three decades, research in travel behavior has generally proceeded from broad-level, aggregate analysis of mode share--the proportions of walking, bicycling, transit, and vehicle travel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding Travel Modes to Non-work Destinations: Analysis of an Establishment Survey in Portland, Oregon Author: Muhs, Christopher D. Year: 2013 During the past three decades, research in travel behavior has generally proceeded from broad-level, aggregate analysis of mode share--the proportions of walking, bicycling, transit, and vehicle travel occurring in traffic analysis zones, census tracts, neighborhood, or other geographical units--to fine-grained, disaggregate analysis of mode choices and other trip-making attributes at the individual level. One potential issue is whether there are differences in the types of conclusions drawn from results of analyses performed at these different levels, as these results directly inform transportation planning and policy. This thesis aims in part to confirm whether the types of conclusions drawn from different levels of analysis are different, and to what extent. We also examine the relationships between the built environment and non-work travel choices from a unique analysis perspective. To do this, we use data from a 2011 travel intercept survey in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region that was administered at convenience store, bar, and restaurant establishments. We estimate, for each of the travel modes--walk, bicycle, and automobile--two analysis models: one binary logistic regression model for mode choice of the individual traveler going to the establishment and one multiple linear regression model for mode share of shoppers at the establishment. Both models control for socio-demographics, trip characteristics, and built environment measures of travelers. For the binary logistic regression models, the data are disaggregate and particular to the individual traveler. These models also controlled for attitudes and preference towards travel modes. For the multiple regression models, data are aggregated to the establishment. The built environment data in each model represent characteristics of urban form surrounding the establishment. The data being oriented to the destination-end of the trip, as well as providing controls on land use make this analysis unique in the literature, as most non-work travel studies use residential-based data. Results suggest that analyses performed at the two different levels provide policy-relevant but somewhat different conclusions. In general, characteristics of the individual and the trip have stronger associations with mode choices of individuals than when aggregated to the establishment and analyzed against the mode share patterns of shoppers. Instead, mode shares have stronger relationships with characteristics of the built environment. The built environment surrounding the destination has a much more pronounced association with mode shares at the establishment than with mode choices of individuals. The results highlight the usefulness of simple aggregate analysis, when appropriate. We also find large differences between modes in which characteristics are important for mode choice and mode share. Walking and automobile models behave somewhat similarly but in opposite directions, while bicycling behaves quite differently. These differences suggest on their own a move away from non-motorized travel to be considered as equivalent or assessed as one item in research and in practice. Title: Understanding Travel Modes to Non-work Destinations: Analysis of an Establishment Survey in Portland, Oregon Author: Muhs, Christopher D. Year: 2013 During the past three decades, research in travel behavior has generally proceeded from broad-level, aggregate analysis of mode share--the proportions of walking, bicycling, transit, and vehicle travel occurring in traffic analysis zones, census tracts, neighborhood, or other geographical units--to fine-grained, disaggregate analysis of mode choices and other trip-making attributes at the individual level. One potential issue is whether there are differences in the types of conclusions drawn from results of analyses performed at these different levels, as these results directly inform transportation planning and policy. This thesis aims in part to confirm whether the types of conclusions drawn from different levels of analysis are different, and to what extent. We also examine the relationships between the built environment and non-work travel choices from a unique analysis perspective. To do this, we use data from a 2011 travel intercept survey in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region that was administered at convenience store, bar, and restaurant establishments. We estimate, for each of the travel modes--walk, bicycle, and automobile--two analysis models: one binary logistic regression model for mode choice of the individual traveler going to the establishment and one multiple linear regression model for mode share of shoppers at the establishment. Both models control for socio-demographics, trip characteristics, and built environment measures of travelers. For the binary logistic regression models, the data are disaggregate and particular to the individual traveler. These models also controlled for attitudes and preference towards travel modes. For the multiple regression models, data are aggregated to the establishment. The built environment data in each model represent characteristics of urban form surrounding the establishment. The data being oriented to the destination-end of the trip, as well as providing controls on land use make this analysis unique in the literature, as most non-work travel studies use residential-based data. Results suggest that analyses performed at the two different levels provide policy-relevant but somewhat different conclusions. In general, characteristics of the individual and the trip have stronger associations with mode choices of individuals than when aggregated to the establishment and analyzed against the mode share patterns of shoppers. Instead, mode shares have stronger relationships with characteristics of the built environment. The built environment surrounding the destination has a much more pronounced association with mode shares at the establishment than with mode choices of individuals. The results highlight the usefulness of simple aggregate analysis, when appropriate. We also find large differences between modes in which characteristics are important for mode choice and mode share. Walking and automobile models behave somewhat similarly but in opposite directions, while bicycling behaves quite differently. These differences suggest on their own a move away from non-motorized travel to be considered as equivalent or assessed as one item in research and in practice. Close

• 2403. [Article] Techniques for Assessing the Socio-Economic Effects of Vehicle Mileage Fees

  This project considers the socio-economic impacts of the new highway user fee structure made possible by advanced technology. The fee structure also has implications for land use and healthy communities ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Techniques for Assessing the Socio-Economic Effects of Vehicle Mileage Fees Author: McMullen, B. Starr, Nakahara, Kyle, Biswas, Smita, Zhang, Lei, Valluri, Divya Year: 2008 This project considers the socio-economic impacts of the new highway user fee structure made possible by advanced technology. The fee structure also has implications for land use and healthy communities ( urban/rural, income distributional, and environmental impacts). The 2001 Oregon Legislature created the Road User Fee Task Force (RUFTF) to make recommendations regarding a potential replacement for the gasoline tax. A vehicle mile tax has subsequently been proposed as the replacement. Preliminary work has been devoted to exploring technical and institutional options for implementation of such a charge. OSU researchers have developed the technology and there is a pilot project in progress in the Portland area that tests charging vehicle mile road user fees using this technololgy. Media feedback on the proposed vehicle-mile tax has focused on 1) the possible (dis) incentives it could provide to the adoption of more fuel efficient vehicles 2) how the tax may unevenly impact drivers in urban versus rural Oregon, and 3) whether the change in tax structure will have an adverse impact on low income groups. The purpose of this study is to develop a model which provides an analytical framework from which to quantify the impact of changing to the proposed vehicle-mile tax. ODOT will use the results from this study to help formulate the specific form of the vehicle-mile tax (flat tax, a graduated tax, a higher tax for less fuel efficient vehicles, a differential tax for urban/rural areas, etc.). Perhaps just as important is the fact that ODOT needs some quantitative information on the socio-economic impact of such a tax, to use in public relations. A huge factor in determining the ultimate adoption of such a tax structure will be the public acceptance of this change and, in turn, they need to have full information on what it will do. Given the decreasing ability of the gasoline tax to cover the costs of the highway system, an alternative financing scheme is necessary to insure future mobility. There are also implications for environmental stewardship as a vehicle-mile tax has also been suggested as an emissions tax. Finally, once the technology is in place for a vehicle-mile tax, it becomes possible to implement a vehicle-mile tax that may vary by time of day and location, providing an efficient congestion pricing tool. The FHWA has five focus areas for policy research as listed in USDOT, Research, Development, and Technology Plan, 6th edition, FY 2005. One is developing analytical tools to evaluate the impacts of a broad range of highway policy options (p. 4-12). Under Future Direction in Highway Finance: to examine the long-term viability of existing highway financing mechanisms and explore issues relating to alternatives, including the future role of the private sector in providing and managing transportation resources. And under Legislative Analysis and Strategic Planning: Support the development, analysis, and implementation of transportation legislation and address strategic initiatives that are likely to influence future legislative and political directions. Thus, this project is consistent with national and state transportation strategies and priorities. Title: Techniques for Assessing the Socio-Economic Effects of Vehicle Mileage Fees Author: McMullen, B. Starr, Nakahara, Kyle, Biswas, Smita, Zhang, Lei, Valluri, Divya Year: 2008 This project considers the socio-economic impacts of the new highway user fee structure made possible by advanced technology. The fee structure also has implications for land use and healthy communities ( urban/rural, income distributional, and environmental impacts). The 2001 Oregon Legislature created the Road User Fee Task Force (RUFTF) to make recommendations regarding a potential replacement for the gasoline tax. A vehicle mile tax has subsequently been proposed as the replacement. Preliminary work has been devoted to exploring technical and institutional options for implementation of such a charge. OSU researchers have developed the technology and there is a pilot project in progress in the Portland area that tests charging vehicle mile road user fees using this technololgy. Media feedback on the proposed vehicle-mile tax has focused on 1) the possible (dis) incentives it could provide to the adoption of more fuel efficient vehicles 2) how the tax may unevenly impact drivers in urban versus rural Oregon, and 3) whether the change in tax structure will have an adverse impact on low income groups. The purpose of this study is to develop a model which provides an analytical framework from which to quantify the impact of changing to the proposed vehicle-mile tax. ODOT will use the results from this study to help formulate the specific form of the vehicle-mile tax (flat tax, a graduated tax, a higher tax for less fuel efficient vehicles, a differential tax for urban/rural areas, etc.). Perhaps just as important is the fact that ODOT needs some quantitative information on the socio-economic impact of such a tax, to use in public relations. A huge factor in determining the ultimate adoption of such a tax structure will be the public acceptance of this change and, in turn, they need to have full information on what it will do. Given the decreasing ability of the gasoline tax to cover the costs of the highway system, an alternative financing scheme is necessary to insure future mobility. There are also implications for environmental stewardship as a vehicle-mile tax has also been suggested as an emissions tax. Finally, once the technology is in place for a vehicle-mile tax, it becomes possible to implement a vehicle-mile tax that may vary by time of day and location, providing an efficient congestion pricing tool. The FHWA has five focus areas for policy research as listed in USDOT, Research, Development, and Technology Plan, 6th edition, FY 2005. One is developing analytical tools to evaluate the impacts of a broad range of highway policy options (p. 4-12). Under Future Direction in Highway Finance: to examine the long-term viability of existing highway financing mechanisms and explore issues relating to alternatives, including the future role of the private sector in providing and managing transportation resources. And under Legislative Analysis and Strategic Planning: Support the development, analysis, and implementation of transportation legislation and address strategic initiatives that are likely to influence future legislative and political directions. Thus, this project is consistent with national and state transportation strategies and priorities. Close

• 2404. [Article] Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Surrounding Residential Property Values

  As bus rapid transit (BRT) grows in popularity in the United States, a better understanding of the mode’s impacts on land uses and property values is needed. Economic theory suggests, and literature has ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Surrounding Residential Property Values Author: Perk, Victoria, Catalá, Martin, Mantius, Maximillian, Corcoran, Katrina Year: 2017 As bus rapid transit (BRT) grows in popularity in the United States, a better understanding of the mode’s impacts on land uses and property values is needed. Economic theory suggests, and literature has shown, that people are willing to pay higher housing costs to lower their costs of transportation to areas of economic activity. Does high-quality BRT service reliably provide such access and, thereby, increase residential property values? The hypothesis is that property values are higher closer to BRT stations, reflecting a premium for the access provided by the BRT service to various goods, services, employment, education, and recreation. There has been some work on this topic outside of the U.S.; however, due to various cultural, social, and institutional differences, those experiences may not be applicable to U.S. property values. The literature includes, to date, very little work on U.S. BRT systems’ impacts on property values using robust econometric techniques and/or spatial modeling. Further, because every BRT system is different, it is necessary to analyze additional case studies to provide a more robust understanding of how modern U.S. experiences with BRT services may affect surrounding property values. This research contributes to the relatively small body of literature on property value impacts of BRT in the U.S. by conducting a case study on Lane Transit District’s EmX BRT service (Eugene, Oregon) using econometric modeling techniques to estimate changes in property values associated with the BRT. The analysis is based on hedonic price regression analysis, where sale prices are modeled using several property characteristics that contribute to the market or sale price. The findings of this research indicate that the EmX BRT system does positively impact surrounding single-family home sale prices. Results are statistically significant yet, as expected, relatively small in magnitude. An interesting finding is that the impact of the EmX stations on property values increased in each of the three periods examined in this study. For 2005 single-family home sales, the price increased $823 on average for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2010, the marginal impact increased to an average of $1,056 for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2016, every 100 meters closer to a station adds an average of $1,128 to a home’s sale price. These results provide further insight into how BRT services can enhance the livability and economic development in a community, and provide policymakers and the transit industry throughout the U.S. with the best information possible to make informed transit investment decisions in their communities. Title: Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) on Surrounding Residential Property Values Author: Perk, Victoria, Catalá, Martin, Mantius, Maximillian, Corcoran, Katrina Year: 2017 As bus rapid transit (BRT) grows in popularity in the United States, a better understanding of the mode’s impacts on land uses and property values is needed. Economic theory suggests, and literature has shown, that people are willing to pay higher housing costs to lower their costs of transportation to areas of economic activity. Does high-quality BRT service reliably provide such access and, thereby, increase residential property values? The hypothesis is that property values are higher closer to BRT stations, reflecting a premium for the access provided by the BRT service to various goods, services, employment, education, and recreation. There has been some work on this topic outside of the U.S.; however, due to various cultural, social, and institutional differences, those experiences may not be applicable to U.S. property values. The literature includes, to date, very little work on U.S. BRT systems’ impacts on property values using robust econometric techniques and/or spatial modeling. Further, because every BRT system is different, it is necessary to analyze additional case studies to provide a more robust understanding of how modern U.S. experiences with BRT services may affect surrounding property values. This research contributes to the relatively small body of literature on property value impacts of BRT in the U.S. by conducting a case study on Lane Transit District’s EmX BRT service (Eugene, Oregon) using econometric modeling techniques to estimate changes in property values associated with the BRT. The analysis is based on hedonic price regression analysis, where sale prices are modeled using several property characteristics that contribute to the market or sale price. The findings of this research indicate that the EmX BRT system does positively impact surrounding single-family home sale prices. Results are statistically significant yet, as expected, relatively small in magnitude. An interesting finding is that the impact of the EmX stations on property values increased in each of the three periods examined in this study. For 2005 single-family home sales, the price increased $823 on average for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2010, the marginal impact increased to an average of $1,056 for every 100 meters closer to a station. In 2016, every 100 meters closer to a station adds an average of $1,128 to a home’s sale price. These results provide further insight into how BRT services can enhance the livability and economic development in a community, and provide policymakers and the transit industry throughout the U.S. with the best information possible to make informed transit investment decisions in their communities. Close

• 2405. [Article] Leveraging Digital Technology in Social Studies Education

  Today's K-12 classrooms are increasingly comprised of students who accomplish much of their informal learning through digital media and technology. In response, a growing number of educators are considering ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Leveraging Digital Technology in Social Studies Education Author: Lundy, Sarah Elizabeth Year: 2014 Today's K-12 classrooms are increasingly comprised of students who accomplish much of their informal learning through digital media and technology. In response, a growing number of educators are considering how they might draw upon these informal learning experiences to support student engagement and learning in the classroom through technology. The purpose of this study is for social studies educators, school administrators, teacher educators and curriculum developers to understand more about the potentials and limitations of integrating technology such as a digital text. This research focuses on the differences in experiences using a digital text and a printed text from the perspective of four high school social studies classes. The curriculum for the printed and digital texts was developed in collaboration with the Choices Program for the Twenty-First Century at Brown University. This research was based on the assumption that the thoughtful integration of a digital text in the classroom can support student engagement and differentiation while facilitating learning that students can readily transfer to multiple political, economic and social contexts beyond the classroom. Critically, students of poverty and students of color have the most to gain from increased access to digital technology in the public education system. People of color and people of poverty in the United States have significantly less access to technology at home than their white and middle class counterparts. Therefore, the classroom presents an opportunity for students who lack access to digital learning opportunities in their home environments to develop the technological fluency and digital literacy that are increasingly necessary to engage in multiple political and economic spheres in the United States. The current literature on digital technology in education lacks sufficient empirical evidence of the potential benefits and challenges that digital technologies may offer secondary social studies education from the perspective of the classroom. Therefore, the classroom field test that was undertaken for this research offers a more empirical understanding of digital texts from the important perspectives of students and teachers in the classroom learning community. This research was conducted in a large, suburban high school in the Portland Metropolitan area and compared the experiences of tenth-grade World History classes working with a print text to the experiences of tenth-grade World History classes working digitally. The mixed-methods multiple-case study design addresses the following research questions: a) In what ways, if at all, does a digital text provide high school social studies' students different affordances and academic skills than a printed text? and b) How, if at all, do high school social studies students interact differently with a digital text from a printed text? The analysis of data offered evidence that the use of the digital text supported technological fluency, the creation of more sophisticated learning products, differentiation for multiple learning styles and a more supportive reading experience due to its multimodal features. These unique academic affordances were not equivalently supported by the use of the print text. However, the type of text did not demonstrably influence students' ability to communicate their thinking in analytical writing. The analysis of data also suggested that students were somewhat more cognitively and behaviorally engaged in the digital case studies. Importantly, the digital text did not create a negatively discrepant learning experience for students of color but, rather, supported increased student engagement for both white students and students of color. The data also suggested that the digital text posed significant challenges for both students and teachers. The digital experience required students to learn new and challenging technology skills. The digital text also required more class time and created more classroom management challenges for teachers than the print experience. Despite these additional challenges, both students and teachers expressed a preference for the digital experience. Thus, the digital text seemed to provide both a more challenging and a more rewarding experience for students. This study has implications for educators that are interested in thoughtfully integrating a digital text or, a similar digital technology, in comparable classroom contexts. Title: Leveraging Digital Technology in Social Studies Education Author: Lundy, Sarah Elizabeth Year: 2014 Today's K-12 classrooms are increasingly comprised of students who accomplish much of their informal learning through digital media and technology. In response, a growing number of educators are considering how they might draw upon these informal learning experiences to support student engagement and learning in the classroom through technology. The purpose of this study is for social studies educators, school administrators, teacher educators and curriculum developers to understand more about the potentials and limitations of integrating technology such as a digital text. This research focuses on the differences in experiences using a digital text and a printed text from the perspective of four high school social studies classes. The curriculum for the printed and digital texts was developed in collaboration with the Choices Program for the Twenty-First Century at Brown University. This research was based on the assumption that the thoughtful integration of a digital text in the classroom can support student engagement and differentiation while facilitating learning that students can readily transfer to multiple political, economic and social contexts beyond the classroom. Critically, students of poverty and students of color have the most to gain from increased access to digital technology in the public education system. People of color and people of poverty in the United States have significantly less access to technology at home than their white and middle class counterparts. Therefore, the classroom presents an opportunity for students who lack access to digital learning opportunities in their home environments to develop the technological fluency and digital literacy that are increasingly necessary to engage in multiple political and economic spheres in the United States. The current literature on digital technology in education lacks sufficient empirical evidence of the potential benefits and challenges that digital technologies may offer secondary social studies education from the perspective of the classroom. Therefore, the classroom field test that was undertaken for this research offers a more empirical understanding of digital texts from the important perspectives of students and teachers in the classroom learning community. This research was conducted in a large, suburban high school in the Portland Metropolitan area and compared the experiences of tenth-grade World History classes working with a print text to the experiences of tenth-grade World History classes working digitally. The mixed-methods multiple-case study design addresses the following research questions: a) In what ways, if at all, does a digital text provide high school social studies' students different affordances and academic skills than a printed text? and b) How, if at all, do high school social studies students interact differently with a digital text from a printed text? The analysis of data offered evidence that the use of the digital text supported technological fluency, the creation of more sophisticated learning products, differentiation for multiple learning styles and a more supportive reading experience due to its multimodal features. These unique academic affordances were not equivalently supported by the use of the print text. However, the type of text did not demonstrably influence students' ability to communicate their thinking in analytical writing. The analysis of data also suggested that students were somewhat more cognitively and behaviorally engaged in the digital case studies. Importantly, the digital text did not create a negatively discrepant learning experience for students of color but, rather, supported increased student engagement for both white students and students of color. The data also suggested that the digital text posed significant challenges for both students and teachers. The digital experience required students to learn new and challenging technology skills. The digital text also required more class time and created more classroom management challenges for teachers than the print experience. Despite these additional challenges, both students and teachers expressed a preference for the digital experience. Thus, the digital text seemed to provide both a more challenging and a more rewarding experience for students. This study has implications for educators that are interested in thoughtfully integrating a digital text or, a similar digital technology, in comparable classroom contexts. Close

• 2406. [Article] Application of LRFD Geotechnical Principles for Pile Supported Bridges in Oregon: Phase 1

  Bridge foundations must be designed based on acceptable risks of failure. To secure rapid implementation of Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) principles for foundation design, the American Association ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Application of LRFD Geotechnical Principles for Pile Supported Bridges in Oregon: Phase 1 Author: Smith, Trevor D., Dusicka, Peter Year: 2009 Bridge foundations must be designed based on acceptable risks of failure. To secure rapid implementation of Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) principles for foundation design, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) are requiring their use through AASHTO code. The Bridge Section of the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) has responsibility for satisfactory design of all the bridge structures across the state’s highway system. The widespread geotechnical adoption of the LRFD code throughout state DOTs has been difficult in the case of deep foundations due to regional differences and in some cases a lack of any close match to DOT foundation practices. This lack of matching stems from the source research conducted on which the code is based, documented as NCHRP 507. For ODOT, the evaluation of nominal axial static capacity for each driven pile in the field is conducted by dynamic methods and AASHTO offers resistance factors for these techniques. ODOT typically uses the wave equation software (WEAP) applied at the end of initial driving, EOID, and occasionally at the beginning of pile restrike (BOR) to capture increases in capacity from set-up. This study reports that, based on past and new surveys, ODOT practice is reasonably typical for DOT practice in sands, silts, and clays. The AASHTO resistance factor, φ, for WEAP is at EOID and is too low for the efficient design of piles to match the likely probabilities of pile failure. The survey of Northwest state DOTs revealed that 80% of the DOTs believe that a φ of 0.4 is conservative and 37.5 % do not use the AASHTO-sanctioned φ of 0.4. Matching LRFD to allowable stress design (ASD) by direct calibration for a single pile, without any reported capacity bias, sets φ as 0.55 to match the ASD factor of safety of 2.5. An ODOT case history of a recently completed pilesupported bridge designed and constructed to FHWA and AASHTO ASD standards in use at that time, shows the number of piles at the bent studied would be doubled under new AASHTO requirements. This suggests the standard will add considerable pile foundation costs to all new bridges. This cost increase is a strong incentive to complete statistical recalibration of GRLWEAP dynamic capacity resistance value in a Phase 2 of this study. Title: Application of LRFD Geotechnical Principles for Pile Supported Bridges in Oregon: Phase 1 Author: Smith, Trevor D., Dusicka, Peter Year: 2009 Bridge foundations must be designed based on acceptable risks of failure. To secure rapid implementation of Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) principles for foundation design, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) are requiring their use through AASHTO code. The Bridge Section of the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) has responsibility for satisfactory design of all the bridge structures across the state’s highway system. The widespread geotechnical adoption of the LRFD code throughout state DOTs has been difficult in the case of deep foundations due to regional differences and in some cases a lack of any close match to DOT foundation practices. This lack of matching stems from the source research conducted on which the code is based, documented as NCHRP 507. For ODOT, the evaluation of nominal axial static capacity for each driven pile in the field is conducted by dynamic methods and AASHTO offers resistance factors for these techniques. ODOT typically uses the wave equation software (WEAP) applied at the end of initial driving, EOID, and occasionally at the beginning of pile restrike (BOR) to capture increases in capacity from set-up. This study reports that, based on past and new surveys, ODOT practice is reasonably typical for DOT practice in sands, silts, and clays. The AASHTO resistance factor, φ, for WEAP is at EOID and is too low for the efficient design of piles to match the likely probabilities of pile failure. The survey of Northwest state DOTs revealed that 80% of the DOTs believe that a φ of 0.4 is conservative and 37.5 % do not use the AASHTO-sanctioned φ of 0.4. Matching LRFD to allowable stress design (ASD) by direct calibration for a single pile, without any reported capacity bias, sets φ as 0.55 to match the ASD factor of safety of 2.5. An ODOT case history of a recently completed pilesupported bridge designed and constructed to FHWA and AASHTO ASD standards in use at that time, shows the number of piles at the bent studied would be doubled under new AASHTO requirements. This suggests the standard will add considerable pile foundation costs to all new bridges. This cost increase is a strong incentive to complete statistical recalibration of GRLWEAP dynamic capacity resistance value in a Phase 2 of this study. Close

• 2407. [Article] From College to Career: Understanding First Generation and Traditional Community College Transfer Students' Major and Career Choices

  While the connection between major choice and career goals seems logically obvious, research exploring this process is limited, particularly concerning how socio-economic class, based on parents' educational ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From College to Career: Understanding First Generation and Traditional Community College Transfer Students' Major and Career Choices Author: Shelton, Jeff Scott Year: 2013 While the connection between major choice and career goals seems logically obvious, research exploring this process is limited, particularly concerning how socio-economic class, based on parents' educational levels, influences the choice process. An important initial step in understanding this larger process is to explore how SES-based differences affect the process of choosing a major, a career goal and the way in which students link their major to a possible career. This study utilizes a comparative interview design to explore the lived experiences regarding major and career aspirations of first generation and traditional college seniors who have transferred from a community college to Portland State University. This study considers a first generation student to be any student that does not have a parent that has graduated from a four-year university in the United States. A traditional student is any student that has one or more parents who have earned at least a four-year degree in the U.S. Using a conceptual framework based on Pierre Bourdieu's work on social reproduction, this qualitative interview study examines how social and cultural capital as well as habitus influences first generation and traditional community college transfer students' choice of career, major and the link these students make between the two. This research found that the majority of students, both first generation and traditional community college transfer students, gained domain specific information that helped them with their major and or career goals from mentors such as, professors and academic advisers. However, Traditional students received "life advice" and encouragement from family members and employers that helped them to stay on track and gain inside information regarding their career choices. Traditional students used their past and current work history to assist them in strengthening their chances at realizing their career goals. Many traditional students planned to use the degrees they earned at college to advance within fields they already were working in. In comparison, it was only after they started college and settled on specific majors that first generation students looked for work experiences to help explore possible occupational outcomes. Another major difference between the two groups of students was that traditional students linked their majors to multiple jobs in an occupational area while first generation students linked their major to specific occupational positions. While there has been a large amount of research in the United States using Bourdieu's theory to examine how micro processes of language and teacher's expectations are utilized to maintain social stratification in K-12 education, there has been little research done on the micro processes that occur in college that lead to the reproduction of social class. This thesis illustrates how family background-based advantages that lead to differences in students' K-12 success actually continue after they enter higher education. By drawing attention to the importance of how family-background impacts major and career choices for community college transfer students after they arrive at the university, this thesis contributes to Bourdieu's explanation of how education at all levels contributes to the reproduction of a socially stratified society. Title: From College to Career: Understanding First Generation and Traditional Community College Transfer Students' Major and Career Choices Author: Shelton, Jeff Scott Year: 2013 While the connection between major choice and career goals seems logically obvious, research exploring this process is limited, particularly concerning how socio-economic class, based on parents' educational levels, influences the choice process. An important initial step in understanding this larger process is to explore how SES-based differences affect the process of choosing a major, a career goal and the way in which students link their major to a possible career. This study utilizes a comparative interview design to explore the lived experiences regarding major and career aspirations of first generation and traditional college seniors who have transferred from a community college to Portland State University. This study considers a first generation student to be any student that does not have a parent that has graduated from a four-year university in the United States. A traditional student is any student that has one or more parents who have earned at least a four-year degree in the U.S. Using a conceptual framework based on Pierre Bourdieu's work on social reproduction, this qualitative interview study examines how social and cultural capital as well as habitus influences first generation and traditional community college transfer students' choice of career, major and the link these students make between the two. This research found that the majority of students, both first generation and traditional community college transfer students, gained domain specific information that helped them with their major and or career goals from mentors such as, professors and academic advisers. However, Traditional students received "life advice" and encouragement from family members and employers that helped them to stay on track and gain inside information regarding their career choices. Traditional students used their past and current work history to assist them in strengthening their chances at realizing their career goals. Many traditional students planned to use the degrees they earned at college to advance within fields they already were working in. In comparison, it was only after they started college and settled on specific majors that first generation students looked for work experiences to help explore possible occupational outcomes. Another major difference between the two groups of students was that traditional students linked their majors to multiple jobs in an occupational area while first generation students linked their major to specific occupational positions. While there has been a large amount of research in the United States using Bourdieu's theory to examine how micro processes of language and teacher's expectations are utilized to maintain social stratification in K-12 education, there has been little research done on the micro processes that occur in college that lead to the reproduction of social class. This thesis illustrates how family background-based advantages that lead to differences in students' K-12 success actually continue after they enter higher education. By drawing attention to the importance of how family-background impacts major and career choices for community college transfer students after they arrive at the university, this thesis contributes to Bourdieu's explanation of how education at all levels contributes to the reproduction of a socially stratified society. Close

• 2408. [Article] The production of culture on the Oregon Federal Arts Project of the Works Progress Administration

  This thesis addresses the relationship between art and society by examining the production of culture on the Oregon Federal Art Project (FAP) of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The author examines ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The production of culture on the Oregon Federal Arts Project of the Works Progress Administration Author: Howe, Carolyn Year: 1980 This thesis addresses the relationship between art and society by examining the production of culture on the Oregon Federal Art Project (FAP) of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The author examines the social conditions and decision-making processes which shaped the art that was produced and determined who produced and who consumed the art of the FAP. Also examined are the changing social relations of art prior tCI), during, and after the WPA's Federal Art Project. The research for the thesis utilized inductive methods of research aimed at theory construction rather than theory testing, although theoretical questions guided the gathering and analysis of data. Most of the data were obtained from primary sources, including interviews with fifteen people who had varying degrees of familiarity with the Oregon FAP; letters of correspondence, memos, and other primary documents on the Oregon FAP were used extensively. Secondary sources supplemented these primary sources by providing an overview of the national FAP and providing comparative data on the New York City FAP. An important factor in the establishment of the national FAP was the political activism of artists, particularly in New York. In Oregon, where only a handful of artists were politically active, the upper class administrators of the FAP seemed to have had more autonomy in shaping the direction of the program. It is argued that in many cases the goals of the FAP, to provide employment for artists on relief and to use the skills of these people to create socially useful projects, were undermined due to the orientations and inclinations of administrators and business sponsors of the projects who emphasized the professional art aspect of the FAP rather than the relief, socially useful aspect of the project. Nevertheless, the Oregon FAP brought about a change in the social relations among the artist and the art audience; not only was art made more available to the Oregon public through the public display of art works, and through the free instruction of art at community art centers, but artists, themselves, were for the first time employed to exchange their labor, as artists, for a wage. In this sense, the FAP was seen as a kind of "cultural revolution," although an examination of the social relations of art following the 1930s reveals that the cultural revolution took the form of an entrepreneurial, petit bourgeois revolution, rather than the socialistic revolution many artists had hoped for. It is suggested that the nature of this revolution stems, in part, from the characteristics of the FAP, where artists were government employees, yet were administered by a bureaucracy staffed by an elite which traditionally had been the patrons of art. The conclusions of this thesis are stated in the form of tentative propositions that await further testing in subsequent comparative studies of the FAP. Title: The production of culture on the Oregon Federal Arts Project of the Works Progress Administration Author: Howe, Carolyn Year: 1980 This thesis addresses the relationship between art and society by examining the production of culture on the Oregon Federal Art Project (FAP) of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The author examines the social conditions and decision-making processes which shaped the art that was produced and determined who produced and who consumed the art of the FAP. Also examined are the changing social relations of art prior tCI), during, and after the WPA's Federal Art Project. The research for the thesis utilized inductive methods of research aimed at theory construction rather than theory testing, although theoretical questions guided the gathering and analysis of data. Most of the data were obtained from primary sources, including interviews with fifteen people who had varying degrees of familiarity with the Oregon FAP; letters of correspondence, memos, and other primary documents on the Oregon FAP were used extensively. Secondary sources supplemented these primary sources by providing an overview of the national FAP and providing comparative data on the New York City FAP. An important factor in the establishment of the national FAP was the political activism of artists, particularly in New York. In Oregon, where only a handful of artists were politically active, the upper class administrators of the FAP seemed to have had more autonomy in shaping the direction of the program. It is argued that in many cases the goals of the FAP, to provide employment for artists on relief and to use the skills of these people to create socially useful projects, were undermined due to the orientations and inclinations of administrators and business sponsors of the projects who emphasized the professional art aspect of the FAP rather than the relief, socially useful aspect of the project. Nevertheless, the Oregon FAP brought about a change in the social relations among the artist and the art audience; not only was art made more available to the Oregon public through the public display of art works, and through the free instruction of art at community art centers, but artists, themselves, were for the first time employed to exchange their labor, as artists, for a wage. In this sense, the FAP was seen as a kind of "cultural revolution," although an examination of the social relations of art following the 1930s reveals that the cultural revolution took the form of an entrepreneurial, petit bourgeois revolution, rather than the socialistic revolution many artists had hoped for. It is suggested that the nature of this revolution stems, in part, from the characteristics of the FAP, where artists were government employees, yet were administered by a bureaucracy staffed by an elite which traditionally had been the patrons of art. The conclusions of this thesis are stated in the form of tentative propositions that await further testing in subsequent comparative studies of the FAP. Close

• 2409. [Article] Population Determinants of Social Change: An Analysis of the Age composition of the United States from 1920 to 1983

  The purpose of this study is to explain the consequences of a changing age structure on social change in the urban industrialized environment. This analysis determines the impact of the younger to the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Population Determinants of Social Change: An Analysis of the Age composition of the United States from 1920 to 1983 Author: Burkhardt, Guy Norman Year: 1988 The purpose of this study is to explain the consequences of a changing age structure on social change in the urban industrialized environment. This analysis determines the impact of the younger to the older labor force aged population on both negative and positive forms of social change behavior. The indices of social behavior to be examined are the deviant behaviors of homicide, suicide and certain innovative behavior associated with patent activity. The specific age composition of the population to be examined is the ratio of young male adults aged 15-34 to those aged 35-64. The analysis of main effects of the model is conducted, controlling for the effects of unemployment and urban growth. These control variables have traditionally been documented as being important factors associated with deviant forms of behavior. However, the more contemporary literature increasingly recognizes the relationship between age and the tendency to act out certain social change behaviors. Most of social change emphasizes "negative" deviant behaviors. This study incorporated two innovative measures related to patents in an attempt to measure "positive" forms of deviant behavior. This strategy is used to determine if positive behavior can be explained by the same independent variables used to account for negative behavior. A multiple linear regression model is used to analyze the hypothesis of the research model. The results show a significant relationship between the age composition of the population and the selected indices of social behavior. As expected, the traditional indices of negative deviant behavior are consistent with the findings of the model. The less traditional indices used to measure innovation also result in positive findings. However, the significance of these latter findings is more modest in comparison to those of the traditional measures of deviant behavior. The implications of this study are that when pressure for opportunity builds in the population due to a heavy proportion of young adults, the prevalence of both positive (innovative) and negative (destructive) behavior increases. These behaviors reflect the need within society to change and adapt to population requirements. These dynamics are heightened as our society becomes more urbanized under the circumstances. The task for social policy makers is how to encourage the positive innovative forms of social change. Title: Population Determinants of Social Change: An Analysis of the Age composition of the United States from 1920 to 1983 Author: Burkhardt, Guy Norman Year: 1988 The purpose of this study is to explain the consequences of a changing age structure on social change in the urban industrialized environment. This analysis determines the impact of the younger to the older labor force aged population on both negative and positive forms of social change behavior. The indices of social behavior to be examined are the deviant behaviors of homicide, suicide and certain innovative behavior associated with patent activity. The specific age composition of the population to be examined is the ratio of young male adults aged 15-34 to those aged 35-64. The analysis of main effects of the model is conducted, controlling for the effects of unemployment and urban growth. These control variables have traditionally been documented as being important factors associated with deviant forms of behavior. However, the more contemporary literature increasingly recognizes the relationship between age and the tendency to act out certain social change behaviors. Most of social change emphasizes "negative" deviant behaviors. This study incorporated two innovative measures related to patents in an attempt to measure "positive" forms of deviant behavior. This strategy is used to determine if positive behavior can be explained by the same independent variables used to account for negative behavior. A multiple linear regression model is used to analyze the hypothesis of the research model. The results show a significant relationship between the age composition of the population and the selected indices of social behavior. As expected, the traditional indices of negative deviant behavior are consistent with the findings of the model. The less traditional indices used to measure innovation also result in positive findings. However, the significance of these latter findings is more modest in comparison to those of the traditional measures of deviant behavior. The implications of this study are that when pressure for opportunity builds in the population due to a heavy proportion of young adults, the prevalence of both positive (innovative) and negative (destructive) behavior increases. These behaviors reflect the need within society to change and adapt to population requirements. These dynamics are heightened as our society becomes more urbanized under the circumstances. The task for social policy makers is how to encourage the positive innovative forms of social change. Close

• 2410. [Article] Site Fidelity, Associations and Long-Term Bonds of Short-Finned Pilot Whales off the Island of Hawai`i

  Short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) are the most frequently sighted odontocete in a long-term study in Hawaiʹi (representing 23.8% of all odontocete sightings from directed research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Site Fidelity, Associations and Long-Term Bonds of Short-Finned Pilot Whales off the Island of Hawai`i Author: Mahaffy, Sabre D. Year: 2012 Short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) are the most frequently sighted odontocete in a long-term study in Hawaiʹi (representing 23.8% of all odontocete sightings from directed research efforts), yet little has been published on this species in Hawaiian waters. Studies elsewhere have suggested that short-finned pilot whales travel in stable mixed-sex groups composed of strongly associated individuals; however temporal analyses of social structure are lacking. To examine site fidelity, association patterns and temporal relationships, I analyzed data from 267 directed research and opportunistic encounters of short-finned pilot whales off the island of Hawai`i from 2003 through 2007. Sightings occurred year-round. Analysis of sighting depths in relation to effort indicated short-finned pilot whales are strongly associated with the island slope, with no sightings in water >2,700m deep despite effort to ~5,000m. Using only good quality photos, I identified 448 distinctive individuals; of these, 305 (68.1%) were seen more than once and 250 (55.8%) were seen in >1 year. Sighting histories varied from 1-29 sightings per individual (median=3) over the course of the study, suggesting only some individuals exhibit high site-fidelity. Degree of residency was assessed using multi-year site fidelity to the study area; individuals seen ≥5 times in ≥3 years were considered core residents (154 individuals) while individuals who fell below these criteria but that were seen more than once were termed residents (150 individuals) and those seen on a single occasion were termed visitors (142 individuals). Only 71.9% of the whales were linked by association into a single social network, suggesting the possibility of multiple populations using the study area. Individuals demonstrated preferential associations and community division was strongly supported by average-linkage hierarchical cluster analysis of the association data. Nine longitudinally-stable social units composed of key individuals (seen together ≥8 times in ≥4 years) and their constant companions (seen together ≥5 times in ≥3 years) were identified (unit membership 5-16, median=10.5; mean unit association index: 0.62-0.90). Qualitative assignment of age and sex classes to unit members indicated some segregation between adult males and female/calf pairs may occur. Temporal analysis using standardized lagged association rates of individuals grouped in the same encounter produced a best-fit model where dyads gradually disassociated over time while individuals grouped in the same day produced a model where dyads remained in association, suggesting companions not documented during an encounter are likely still present in the study area. Differential patterns of residency and site fidelity were unexpected and may be indicative of multiple populations around the main Hawaiian Islands. Additionally, the presence of a core resident population demonstrating strong, long-term site-fidelity and associations off the island of Hawaiʹi may warrant special management considerations. Evidence of fisheries-related injuries in addition to anthropogenic threats such as high levels of commercial and recreational vessel traffic, targeted tourist activities, and commercial and sports troll fisheries indicate that additional research is needed to evaluate potential threats to this island-associated population. Title: Site Fidelity, Associations and Long-Term Bonds of Short-Finned Pilot Whales off the Island of Hawai`i Author: Mahaffy, Sabre D. Year: 2012 Short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) are the most frequently sighted odontocete in a long-term study in Hawaiʹi (representing 23.8% of all odontocete sightings from directed research efforts), yet little has been published on this species in Hawaiian waters. Studies elsewhere have suggested that short-finned pilot whales travel in stable mixed-sex groups composed of strongly associated individuals; however temporal analyses of social structure are lacking. To examine site fidelity, association patterns and temporal relationships, I analyzed data from 267 directed research and opportunistic encounters of short-finned pilot whales off the island of Hawai`i from 2003 through 2007. Sightings occurred year-round. Analysis of sighting depths in relation to effort indicated short-finned pilot whales are strongly associated with the island slope, with no sightings in water >2,700m deep despite effort to ~5,000m. Using only good quality photos, I identified 448 distinctive individuals; of these, 305 (68.1%) were seen more than once and 250 (55.8%) were seen in >1 year. Sighting histories varied from 1-29 sightings per individual (median=3) over the course of the study, suggesting only some individuals exhibit high site-fidelity. Degree of residency was assessed using multi-year site fidelity to the study area; individuals seen ≥5 times in ≥3 years were considered core residents (154 individuals) while individuals who fell below these criteria but that were seen more than once were termed residents (150 individuals) and those seen on a single occasion were termed visitors (142 individuals). Only 71.9% of the whales were linked by association into a single social network, suggesting the possibility of multiple populations using the study area. Individuals demonstrated preferential associations and community division was strongly supported by average-linkage hierarchical cluster analysis of the association data. Nine longitudinally-stable social units composed of key individuals (seen together ≥8 times in ≥4 years) and their constant companions (seen together ≥5 times in ≥3 years) were identified (unit membership 5-16, median=10.5; mean unit association index: 0.62-0.90). Qualitative assignment of age and sex classes to unit members indicated some segregation between adult males and female/calf pairs may occur. Temporal analysis using standardized lagged association rates of individuals grouped in the same encounter produced a best-fit model where dyads gradually disassociated over time while individuals grouped in the same day produced a model where dyads remained in association, suggesting companions not documented during an encounter are likely still present in the study area. Differential patterns of residency and site fidelity were unexpected and may be indicative of multiple populations around the main Hawaiian Islands. Additionally, the presence of a core resident population demonstrating strong, long-term site-fidelity and associations off the island of Hawaiʹi may warrant special management considerations. Evidence of fisheries-related injuries in addition to anthropogenic threats such as high levels of commercial and recreational vessel traffic, targeted tourist activities, and commercial and sports troll fisheries indicate that additional research is needed to evaluate potential threats to this island-associated population. Close

• 2411. [Article] Disengagement of older people in an urban setting

  This dissertation reevaluates the controversial Disengagement Theory of aging introduced by Elaine Cumming and William E. Henry in their book, Growing Old (1961), with particular emphasis on aging in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disengagement of older people in an urban setting Author: Somers, Melvina Year: 1977 This dissertation reevaluates the controversial Disengagement Theory of aging introduced by Elaine Cumming and William E. Henry in their book, Growing Old (1961), with particular emphasis on aging in the city. Disengagement theory embodies the antithesis to the traditional activity theory of aging based on a work ethic. Disengagement theory holds that normal aging is an inevitable mutual withdrawal or disengagement between the aging person and others in the social system, that it is universal, and that, by impl ication,it is a mutually satisfying condition since it results in a new equilibrium between society and the aging individual. The theory proposes that withdrawal happens automatically in the aging person because of ego changes which are "programmed" into the human organism. Activity theory, on the contrary, claims that maintaining physical, mental, or social activity is a prerequisite to successful aging. It implies that a meaningful social role is necessary to selfesteem, and that, allowing for biological impairments, the psychological needs of older people are not much different from those of middle-aged persons. Since the United States population aged 65 and over has a net annual increase of over 300,000 people, the questions as to whether they tend to be engaged or disengaged, and whether they should be integrated in or separated from the rest of society, become very important. According to the 1970 Census, over sixty percent of persons sixty-five and over live in metropolitan areas. Therefore their housing, transportation, medical care, and other needs have to be considered in urban policies. In planning services for older people it is imperative to know what kind of services are needed, and hence engagement or disengagement becomes a crucial question. It is the assumption in this research that the city and its older population have an investment in one another, and that the city is interested in the welfare of its older citizens. Theoretically, the study was guided by the principles of symbolic interactionism. Several methods were used in the approach to the research problem because it is believed that what is known as a "triangulated" perspective can come closest to revealing the various aspects of empirical reality. Specifically, the methods employed were the social survey, the depth interview, participant observation, unobtrusive observation, and the case study and life history technique. This research has used especially Weber's method of Verstehen or empathic unders tandi rig. Three hypotheses guided the research: Hypothesis One: Disengagement is not an intrinsic or inevitable phenomenon. If it occurs, it can be traced to various causes other than aging per se, such as ill health, personal misfortunes (such as widowhood), or social pressures (such as forced retirement). Hypthesis Two: Older people do not enjoy a disengaged state. There is continuity in personality and life style, and if older people choose nonengagement, it is a continuation of former habits. Hypothesis Three: A livable urban environment is a determinant in the life satisfaction of the aged. These hypotheses were tested empirically, using both qualitative and quantitative data; and our hypotheses have been confirmed by prevalence and recurrence of expected patterns in the behavior of our samples. The use of the inductive method has given consistent results in that no instances of intrinsic disengagement were discovered. We have been able to show that other causal factors were responsible for relative nonengagement if it occurred. The dissertation also reports many suggestions which were received on how the urban environment could be improved and how the city could help older people lead better lives. Title: Disengagement of older people in an urban setting Author: Somers, Melvina Year: 1977 This dissertation reevaluates the controversial Disengagement Theory of aging introduced by Elaine Cumming and William E. Henry in their book, Growing Old (1961), with particular emphasis on aging in the city. Disengagement theory embodies the antithesis to the traditional activity theory of aging based on a work ethic. Disengagement theory holds that normal aging is an inevitable mutual withdrawal or disengagement between the aging person and others in the social system, that it is universal, and that, by impl ication,it is a mutually satisfying condition since it results in a new equilibrium between society and the aging individual. The theory proposes that withdrawal happens automatically in the aging person because of ego changes which are "programmed" into the human organism. Activity theory, on the contrary, claims that maintaining physical, mental, or social activity is a prerequisite to successful aging. It implies that a meaningful social role is necessary to selfesteem, and that, allowing for biological impairments, the psychological needs of older people are not much different from those of middle-aged persons. Since the United States population aged 65 and over has a net annual increase of over 300,000 people, the questions as to whether they tend to be engaged or disengaged, and whether they should be integrated in or separated from the rest of society, become very important. According to the 1970 Census, over sixty percent of persons sixty-five and over live in metropolitan areas. Therefore their housing, transportation, medical care, and other needs have to be considered in urban policies. In planning services for older people it is imperative to know what kind of services are needed, and hence engagement or disengagement becomes a crucial question. It is the assumption in this research that the city and its older population have an investment in one another, and that the city is interested in the welfare of its older citizens. Theoretically, the study was guided by the principles of symbolic interactionism. Several methods were used in the approach to the research problem because it is believed that what is known as a "triangulated" perspective can come closest to revealing the various aspects of empirical reality. Specifically, the methods employed were the social survey, the depth interview, participant observation, unobtrusive observation, and the case study and life history technique. This research has used especially Weber's method of Verstehen or empathic unders tandi rig. Three hypotheses guided the research: Hypothesis One: Disengagement is not an intrinsic or inevitable phenomenon. If it occurs, it can be traced to various causes other than aging per se, such as ill health, personal misfortunes (such as widowhood), or social pressures (such as forced retirement). Hypthesis Two: Older people do not enjoy a disengaged state. There is continuity in personality and life style, and if older people choose nonengagement, it is a continuation of former habits. Hypothesis Three: A livable urban environment is a determinant in the life satisfaction of the aged. These hypotheses were tested empirically, using both qualitative and quantitative data; and our hypotheses have been confirmed by prevalence and recurrence of expected patterns in the behavior of our samples. The use of the inductive method has given consistent results in that no instances of intrinsic disengagement were discovered. We have been able to show that other causal factors were responsible for relative nonengagement if it occurred. The dissertation also reports many suggestions which were received on how the urban environment could be improved and how the city could help older people lead better lives. Close

• 2412. [Article] Siltcoos Lake Nonpoint Source Implementation Grant: Water Quality Conditions and Nutrient Sources

  Siltcoos Lake is a large (1280 hectares), shallow (mean depth 3.3 m; maximum depth 6.7 m) lake located on the Central Oregon Coast, just south of Florence and bordered by Dunes City, Oregon. The outflow ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Siltcoos Lake Nonpoint Source Implementation Grant: Water Quality Conditions and Nutrient Sources Author: Sytsma, Mark D., Miller, Rich Year: 2010 Siltcoos Lake is a large (1280 hectares), shallow (mean depth 3.3 m; maximum depth 6.7 m) lake located on the Central Oregon Coast, just south of Florence and bordered by Dunes City, Oregon. The outflow and water level of Siltcoos Lake is regulated by a dam on the Siltcoos River 4 km upstream from the Pacific. Several permanent streams feed the lake from its 176 square kilometer watershed including Fiddle Creek, Maple Creek, and Woahink Creek, the outflow from Woahink Lake. Much of the watershed is forested and used for timber harvest, residential development, and limited agricultural production. The lake is popular for recreational activities, particularly fishing for wild coastal Coho salmon, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, largemouth bass, bluegill, crappie, and yellow perch (Buckman 2004). The lake is also the domestic drinking water source for approximately 125 of the 1330 residents of Dunes City and numerous residents outside the city limits within Lane and Douglas Counties (LCOG 2002). During the fall of 2007 a dense bloom of the potentially toxigenic blue-green algal species Anabaena planktonica prompted Dunes City, the South Coast Water District, the Lane County Health Department, and the Oregon Department of Human Services to issue an advisory against usage of Siltcoos Lake water for drinking and other domestic use (DHS 2007). Residents dependent upon Siltcoos Lake were forced to find alternate domestic water sources for a total of 52 days. This incident was part of a long history of water quality problems including dense algal growth and excessive growth of the non-native aquatic macrophytes Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa), parrotsfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), and two-leaf water milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) (Pfauth and Sytsma 2005; Johnson et al. 1985; McHugh 1979). Because of the water quality problems, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) placed the lake the 303(d) list of impaired water bodies; specifically due to violations of the “aquatic weeds and algae” water quality criterion (DEQ 1998; DEQ 2006). Dunes City has acted on water quality concerns for both Siltcoos and Woahink Lakes by issuing a temporary building moratorium (Dunes City 2006a), a septic tank maintenance ordinance (Dunes City 2006b), and an ordinance limiting phosphorus use (Dunes City 2007). Preliminary assessments (Johnson, et al. 1985, LCOG 2002) indicate multiple sources of water quality problems including excess nutrient and/or sediment loading from residential development, poorly functioning on-site septic systems, private forestry and agricultural practices and introductions of non-native aquatic plant species. This report summarizes data collected by Portland State University and project partners between June 2008 and May 2009 to better define water quality conditions within the lake as well as potential nutrient sources. Physical, chemical, and biological data were collected at lake and tributary sites over the one year period. Data were evaluated across sites, depth and the season. The information collected will contribute to total maximum daily load (TMDL) development for the Midcoast Lakes and can be used to identify and prioritize restoration activities in the Siltcoos Lake watershed. Title: Siltcoos Lake Nonpoint Source Implementation Grant: Water Quality Conditions and Nutrient Sources Author: Sytsma, Mark D., Miller, Rich Year: 2010 Siltcoos Lake is a large (1280 hectares), shallow (mean depth 3.3 m; maximum depth 6.7 m) lake located on the Central Oregon Coast, just south of Florence and bordered by Dunes City, Oregon. The outflow and water level of Siltcoos Lake is regulated by a dam on the Siltcoos River 4 km upstream from the Pacific. Several permanent streams feed the lake from its 176 square kilometer watershed including Fiddle Creek, Maple Creek, and Woahink Creek, the outflow from Woahink Lake. Much of the watershed is forested and used for timber harvest, residential development, and limited agricultural production. The lake is popular for recreational activities, particularly fishing for wild coastal Coho salmon, rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, largemouth bass, bluegill, crappie, and yellow perch (Buckman 2004). The lake is also the domestic drinking water source for approximately 125 of the 1330 residents of Dunes City and numerous residents outside the city limits within Lane and Douglas Counties (LCOG 2002). During the fall of 2007 a dense bloom of the potentially toxigenic blue-green algal species Anabaena planktonica prompted Dunes City, the South Coast Water District, the Lane County Health Department, and the Oregon Department of Human Services to issue an advisory against usage of Siltcoos Lake water for drinking and other domestic use (DHS 2007). Residents dependent upon Siltcoos Lake were forced to find alternate domestic water sources for a total of 52 days. This incident was part of a long history of water quality problems including dense algal growth and excessive growth of the non-native aquatic macrophytes Brazilian elodea (Egeria densa), parrotsfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), and two-leaf water milfoil (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) (Pfauth and Sytsma 2005; Johnson et al. 1985; McHugh 1979). Because of the water quality problems, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) placed the lake the 303(d) list of impaired water bodies; specifically due to violations of the “aquatic weeds and algae” water quality criterion (DEQ 1998; DEQ 2006). Dunes City has acted on water quality concerns for both Siltcoos and Woahink Lakes by issuing a temporary building moratorium (Dunes City 2006a), a septic tank maintenance ordinance (Dunes City 2006b), and an ordinance limiting phosphorus use (Dunes City 2007). Preliminary assessments (Johnson, et al. 1985, LCOG 2002) indicate multiple sources of water quality problems including excess nutrient and/or sediment loading from residential development, poorly functioning on-site septic systems, private forestry and agricultural practices and introductions of non-native aquatic plant species. This report summarizes data collected by Portland State University and project partners between June 2008 and May 2009 to better define water quality conditions within the lake as well as potential nutrient sources. Physical, chemical, and biological data were collected at lake and tributary sites over the one year period. Data were evaluated across sites, depth and the season. The information collected will contribute to total maximum daily load (TMDL) development for the Midcoast Lakes and can be used to identify and prioritize restoration activities in the Siltcoos Lake watershed. Close

• 2413. [Article] A series of paintings, both Oriental and Western, oriented toward a combination of the Western and Oriental styles in the use of mixed media

  After studying both Oriental and Western paintings, I became interested in many different approaches involving composition, color harmony, design, texture, and form. It was my main purpose to explore various ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A series of paintings, both Oriental and Western, oriented toward a combination of the Western and Oriental styles in the use of mixed media Author: Shin, Young Hie Year: 1968 After studying both Oriental and Western paintings, I became interested in many different approaches involving composition, color harmony, design, texture, and form. It was my main purpose to explore various painting media by means of combining materials, techniques, and processes used in the Western and Oriental paintings. The source of my paintings is the sum total of my experience in both Oriental and Western paintings. Most of the Oriental paintings were either sketched or painted out of my imagination. They are clear realism in the Oriental sense of the work. Most of my Western paintings are either abstract or semi-abstract. Some of them were sketched in the Portland area; especially the diptychs and triptychs of my work reflect my feelings of nature: the cycles of the season, the rich autumn colors in the fall, and the times of the day. It is not a record of my feelings about a particular place or moment. Rather it is an accumulation of all the things I have seen, abstracted and organized to express all I have ever felt and learned about nature. History shows that new forms of art have always been found absurd at first and then condemned out of hand by the public at large. Hence, I do not feed on a single dish, do not limit myself to a single cuisine; I am on no diet. I merely like it all. Therefore, as an art teacher with a combination of Western and Oriental art backgrounds. I hope I can teach Korean high school students by means of mixed media in expressing their own ideas for their creative work. Here, I would like to define what my mixed media mean. By it I mean techniques, materials, and processes used both in Western and Oriental paintings. In the mixed media I used masonite board, rice paper, canvas; oil, ink, tempera, pastel; sharp pointed Oriental and wide Western bristle brushes. I tried to figure out the most economical materials for the Korean student, but it was almost next to impossible to do so. It was simply because some materials easily attainable in my country may not be available in this country and vice versa. They, if any, may be more costly. For instance, rice paper is much more expensive in this country than in Korea; masonite board is more expensive in Korea than in the United States of America. Therefore, I decided to leave it to my future planning. Also contained within my thesis are my education objectives for Korean high school students. In Korea the art education in high school is still tradition-bound, although the trend is changing gradually toward an improvement in thinking and imagination concerning art. In this sense I would like to emphasize creativity which comes whenever the individual searches for a new solution which is novel, and unique, representing the culmination of a creative act. Title: A series of paintings, both Oriental and Western, oriented toward a combination of the Western and Oriental styles in the use of mixed media Author: Shin, Young Hie Year: 1968 After studying both Oriental and Western paintings, I became interested in many different approaches involving composition, color harmony, design, texture, and form. It was my main purpose to explore various painting media by means of combining materials, techniques, and processes used in the Western and Oriental paintings. The source of my paintings is the sum total of my experience in both Oriental and Western paintings. Most of the Oriental paintings were either sketched or painted out of my imagination. They are clear realism in the Oriental sense of the work. Most of my Western paintings are either abstract or semi-abstract. Some of them were sketched in the Portland area; especially the diptychs and triptychs of my work reflect my feelings of nature: the cycles of the season, the rich autumn colors in the fall, and the times of the day. It is not a record of my feelings about a particular place or moment. Rather it is an accumulation of all the things I have seen, abstracted and organized to express all I have ever felt and learned about nature. History shows that new forms of art have always been found absurd at first and then condemned out of hand by the public at large. Hence, I do not feed on a single dish, do not limit myself to a single cuisine; I am on no diet. I merely like it all. Therefore, as an art teacher with a combination of Western and Oriental art backgrounds. I hope I can teach Korean high school students by means of mixed media in expressing their own ideas for their creative work. Here, I would like to define what my mixed media mean. By it I mean techniques, materials, and processes used both in Western and Oriental paintings. In the mixed media I used masonite board, rice paper, canvas; oil, ink, tempera, pastel; sharp pointed Oriental and wide Western bristle brushes. I tried to figure out the most economical materials for the Korean student, but it was almost next to impossible to do so. It was simply because some materials easily attainable in my country may not be available in this country and vice versa. They, if any, may be more costly. For instance, rice paper is much more expensive in this country than in Korea; masonite board is more expensive in Korea than in the United States of America. Therefore, I decided to leave it to my future planning. Also contained within my thesis are my education objectives for Korean high school students. In Korea the art education in high school is still tradition-bound, although the trend is changing gradually toward an improvement in thinking and imagination concerning art. In this sense I would like to emphasize creativity which comes whenever the individual searches for a new solution which is novel, and unique, representing the culmination of a creative act. Close

• 2414. [Article] Stewarding Our Mountains: A Program Evaluation of Place-Based Service Learning on the Appalachian Trail

  Appalachians’ relationships with the environment alter over time due to political, economic, and ecological factors. These changing relationships, for instance rural agrarian livelihoods shifting to urban ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stewarding Our Mountains: A Program Evaluation of Place-Based Service Learning on the Appalachian Trail Author: Harvey, Bonnie Jean Year: 2016 Appalachians’ relationships with the environment alter over time due to political, economic, and ecological factors. These changing relationships, for instance rural agrarian livelihoods shifting to urban contexts, can influence how an individual perceives personal responsibility in regional environmental stewardship, such as caring for and preserving local ecology. Observing that recent shifts resulted in less perceived youth stewardship for the Appalachian Trail (AT), the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC) created the Trail to Every Classroom (TTEC) program in 2006. The TTEC program attempts to foster stewardship through the practice of place-based service learning - a diversification of education where youth learn through community integrated lessons and local service projects. To date, the ATC had not completed an evaluation of their ability to engender stewardship in its participants. I interned with the ATC for ten weeks and conducted a utilization-focused program evaluation, framing my research questions within the ATC’s Theory of Change model and their organizational goal of creating AT stewardship in TTEC teachers, students, and trail partners. For my analysis I utilized a political ecology theoretical lens to place individuals within their political, economic, and ecological contexts which influence human-environment relationships and potentially individual levels of stewardship. My fieldwork utilized the following techniques: participant observation in TTEC communities (11 total); focus groups with TTEC teachers trained in 2015 (n=16), ATC staff (n=2), TTEC teacher alumni (n=3), and TTEC trail partners from local trail clubs (n=3); surveys from TTEC teachers trained in 2015 (n= 38); semi-structured/structured interviews with alumni TTEC teachers (n=28) and TTEC students (n=124); and TTEC trail partner surveys with local trail clubs and park employees (n=11). Based on the results, I argue that AT stewardship has yet to occur in research participants for three primary reasons: (1) TTEC participants face political, economic, and ecological barriers against accessing public lands and engaging in active, physical outdoor recreation; (2) TTEC participant communities are experiencing socio-economic transitions due to changing industries and migration patterns altering regional land values and human-environment relationships; and (3) the ATC employs an ecocentric (environmental sustainability) model for change while the communities operate within an anthrocentric (human development) model. This project serves as a program evaluation for TTEC’s ongoing organizational development and as a case study example of place-based service learning and environmental stewardship within changing Appalachian communities. Title: Stewarding Our Mountains: A Program Evaluation of Place-Based Service Learning on the Appalachian Trail Author: Harvey, Bonnie Jean Year: 2016 Appalachians’ relationships with the environment alter over time due to political, economic, and ecological factors. These changing relationships, for instance rural agrarian livelihoods shifting to urban contexts, can influence how an individual perceives personal responsibility in regional environmental stewardship, such as caring for and preserving local ecology. Observing that recent shifts resulted in less perceived youth stewardship for the Appalachian Trail (AT), the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC) created the Trail to Every Classroom (TTEC) program in 2006. The TTEC program attempts to foster stewardship through the practice of place-based service learning - a diversification of education where youth learn through community integrated lessons and local service projects. To date, the ATC had not completed an evaluation of their ability to engender stewardship in its participants. I interned with the ATC for ten weeks and conducted a utilization-focused program evaluation, framing my research questions within the ATC’s Theory of Change model and their organizational goal of creating AT stewardship in TTEC teachers, students, and trail partners. For my analysis I utilized a political ecology theoretical lens to place individuals within their political, economic, and ecological contexts which influence human-environment relationships and potentially individual levels of stewardship. My fieldwork utilized the following techniques: participant observation in TTEC communities (11 total); focus groups with TTEC teachers trained in 2015 (n=16), ATC staff (n=2), TTEC teacher alumni (n=3), and TTEC trail partners from local trail clubs (n=3); surveys from TTEC teachers trained in 2015 (n= 38); semi-structured/structured interviews with alumni TTEC teachers (n=28) and TTEC students (n=124); and TTEC trail partner surveys with local trail clubs and park employees (n=11). Based on the results, I argue that AT stewardship has yet to occur in research participants for three primary reasons: (1) TTEC participants face political, economic, and ecological barriers against accessing public lands and engaging in active, physical outdoor recreation; (2) TTEC participant communities are experiencing socio-economic transitions due to changing industries and migration patterns altering regional land values and human-environment relationships; and (3) the ATC employs an ecocentric (environmental sustainability) model for change while the communities operate within an anthrocentric (human development) model. This project serves as a program evaluation for TTEC’s ongoing organizational development and as a case study example of place-based service learning and environmental stewardship within changing Appalachian communities. Close

• 2415. [Article] Maintaining Safe, Efficient and Sustainable Intermodal Transport Through the Port of Portland

  About $15 billion of freight passes annually through the Lower Columbia River (LCR) navigation channel to reach Portland and Vancouver, where most of it connects with land transport. This commerce plays ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Maintaining Safe, Efficient and Sustainable Intermodal Transport Through the Port of Portland Author: Jay, David A., Pan, Jiayi Year: 2011 About $15 billion of freight passes annually through the Lower Columbia River (LCR) navigation channel to reach Portland and Vancouver, where most of it connects with land transport. This commerce plays a vital role in sustaining the regional economy and connecting Oregon to the global economy. The timely connection of truck and rail transport with vessels is vital, especially for export traffic. This link is susceptible to disruption if water depths in the navigation channel are shallower than expected, leading to delays and/or draft limitations. Moreover, ship drafts have increased in recent decades, 25% of the vessels calling in the river sail with a draft close to the channel depth at low water, and these carry roughly 70% of the cargo. A large vessel may have as little as 0.6 m bed clearance when it passes through a low-tide point in the river, which each vessel in transit must do. Thus, prediction and real-time communication of water level to vessels is vital to safety as well as efficiency. This has been implemented through the LOADMAX system, consisting of telemetered water-level gauges and a forecast model. Moreover, the dilemma has been made more critical by changes in the river – low water levels in the river channel between Wauna and Vancouver have decreased 0.3-1.2 m since 1940. The rate of decrease depends on location and riverflow, but appears to have accelerated in the last decade. The reasons for this decrease are not understood. For perspective, an ongoing 0.9 m channel deepening will cost about $150 million when completed, so unintended decreases in water depths are expensive as well as potentially dangerous. Lower water levels in the river also increase carbon emissions, because smaller loads mean more land and vessel transport trips. Further, navigation and salmon habitat restoration are closely connected. Dredging is used to maintain the channel, and habitat restoration is an integral part of the channel deepening. New dredging strategies are needed to maintain the newly deepened channel, but dredging that removes material permanently from the river may, further lower water levels, limiting possibilities for habitat restoration and reducing bed clearance for large ships. These problems will be exacerbated by future decreases in summer river flows due to climate change. Title: Maintaining Safe, Efficient and Sustainable Intermodal Transport Through the Port of Portland Author: Jay, David A., Pan, Jiayi Year: 2011 About $15 billion of freight passes annually through the Lower Columbia River (LCR) navigation channel to reach Portland and Vancouver, where most of it connects with land transport. This commerce plays a vital role in sustaining the regional economy and connecting Oregon to the global economy. The timely connection of truck and rail transport with vessels is vital, especially for export traffic. This link is susceptible to disruption if water depths in the navigation channel are shallower than expected, leading to delays and/or draft limitations. Moreover, ship drafts have increased in recent decades, 25% of the vessels calling in the river sail with a draft close to the channel depth at low water, and these carry roughly 70% of the cargo. A large vessel may have as little as 0.6 m bed clearance when it passes through a low-tide point in the river, which each vessel in transit must do. Thus, prediction and real-time communication of water level to vessels is vital to safety as well as efficiency. This has been implemented through the LOADMAX system, consisting of telemetered water-level gauges and a forecast model. Moreover, the dilemma has been made more critical by changes in the river – low water levels in the river channel between Wauna and Vancouver have decreased 0.3-1.2 m since 1940. The rate of decrease depends on location and riverflow, but appears to have accelerated in the last decade. The reasons for this decrease are not understood. For perspective, an ongoing 0.9 m channel deepening will cost about $150 million when completed, so unintended decreases in water depths are expensive as well as potentially dangerous. Lower water levels in the river also increase carbon emissions, because smaller loads mean more land and vessel transport trips. Further, navigation and salmon habitat restoration are closely connected. Dredging is used to maintain the channel, and habitat restoration is an integral part of the channel deepening. New dredging strategies are needed to maintain the newly deepened channel, but dredging that removes material permanently from the river may, further lower water levels, limiting possibilities for habitat restoration and reducing bed clearance for large ships. These problems will be exacerbated by future decreases in summer river flows due to climate change. Close

• 2416. [Article] Climate Change and Land Management Impact Rangeland Condition and Sage-Grouse Habitat in Southeastern Oregon

  Contemporary pressures on sagebrush steppe from climate change, exotic species, wildfire, and land use change threaten rangeland species such as the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). To ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Climate Change and Land Management Impact Rangeland Condition and Sage-Grouse Habitat in Southeastern Oregon Author: Creutzburg, Megan K., Henderson, Emilie B., Conklin, David R. Year: 2015 Contemporary pressures on sagebrush steppe from climate change, exotic species, wildfire, and land use change threaten rangeland species such as the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). To effectively manage sagebrush steppe landscapes for long-term goals, managers need information about the potential impacts of climate change, disturbances, and management activities. We integrated information from a dynamic global vegetation model, a sage-grouse habitat climate envelope model, and a state-and-transition simulation model to project broad-scale vegetation dynamics and potential sage-grouse habitat across 23.5 million acres in southeastern Oregon. We evaluated four climate scenarios, including continuing current climate and three scenarios of global climate change, and three management scenarios, including no management, current management and a sage-grouse habitat restoration scenario. All climate change scenarios projected expansion of moist shrub steppe and contraction of dry shrub steppe, but climate scenarios varied widely in the projected extent of xeric shrub steppe, where hot, dry summer conditions are unfavorable for sage-grouse. Wildfire increased by 26% over the century under current climate due to exotic grass encroachment, and by two- to four-fold across all climate change scenarios as extreme fire years became more frequent. Exotic grasses rapidly expanded in all scenarios as large areas of the landscape initially in semi-degraded condition converted to exotic-dominated systems. Due to the combination of exotic grass invasion, juniper encroachment, and climatic unsuitability for sage-grouse, projected sage-grouse habitat declined in the first several decades, but increased in area under the three climate change scenarios later in the century, as moist shrub steppe increased and rangeland condition improved. Management activities in the model were generally unsuccessful in controlling exotic grass invasion but were effective in slowing woodland expansion. Current levels of restoration treatments were insufficient to prevent some juniper expansion, but increased treatment rates under the restoration scenario maintained juniper near initial levels in priority treatment areas. Our simulations indicate that climate change may have both positive and negative implications for maintaining sage-grouse habitat. Title: Climate Change and Land Management Impact Rangeland Condition and Sage-Grouse Habitat in Southeastern Oregon Author: Creutzburg, Megan K., Henderson, Emilie B., Conklin, David R. Year: 2015 Contemporary pressures on sagebrush steppe from climate change, exotic species, wildfire, and land use change threaten rangeland species such as the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). To effectively manage sagebrush steppe landscapes for long-term goals, managers need information about the potential impacts of climate change, disturbances, and management activities. We integrated information from a dynamic global vegetation model, a sage-grouse habitat climate envelope model, and a state-and-transition simulation model to project broad-scale vegetation dynamics and potential sage-grouse habitat across 23.5 million acres in southeastern Oregon. We evaluated four climate scenarios, including continuing current climate and three scenarios of global climate change, and three management scenarios, including no management, current management and a sage-grouse habitat restoration scenario. All climate change scenarios projected expansion of moist shrub steppe and contraction of dry shrub steppe, but climate scenarios varied widely in the projected extent of xeric shrub steppe, where hot, dry summer conditions are unfavorable for sage-grouse. Wildfire increased by 26% over the century under current climate due to exotic grass encroachment, and by two- to four-fold across all climate change scenarios as extreme fire years became more frequent. Exotic grasses rapidly expanded in all scenarios as large areas of the landscape initially in semi-degraded condition converted to exotic-dominated systems. Due to the combination of exotic grass invasion, juniper encroachment, and climatic unsuitability for sage-grouse, projected sage-grouse habitat declined in the first several decades, but increased in area under the three climate change scenarios later in the century, as moist shrub steppe increased and rangeland condition improved. Management activities in the model were generally unsuccessful in controlling exotic grass invasion but were effective in slowing woodland expansion. Current levels of restoration treatments were insufficient to prevent some juniper expansion, but increased treatment rates under the restoration scenario maintained juniper near initial levels in priority treatment areas. Our simulations indicate that climate change may have both positive and negative implications for maintaining sage-grouse habitat. Close

• 2417. [Article] The Holocene History of Bison in the Intermountain West: A Synthesis of Archaeological and Paleontological Records from Eastern Oregon

  Intermountain West bison abundance and chronology is much debated, but little work addressing these debates has occurred in eastern Oregon. Historic records indicate bison were absent from eastern Oregon ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Holocene History of Bison in the Intermountain West: A Synthesis of Archaeological and Paleontological Records from Eastern Oregon Author: Stutte, Nicole Anne Year: 2004 Intermountain West bison abundance and chronology is much debated, but little work addressing these debates has occurred in eastern Oregon. Historic records indicate bison were absent from eastern Oregon at Euro-American contact. However, during explorations in eastern Oregon in 1826 Ogden reported bison skeletons in a dry lake bed, suggesting bison once lived in the area. This study reviews archaeological and paleontological records, and ethnohistoric accounts of early 19th century explorers, to synthesize the Holocene history of bison eastern Oregon. Bison NISP (number of identified specimens) was documented from site reports when available, and overall abundance was measured by number of sites and number of dated components containing bison. Optimal foraging theory suggests archaeofaunal assemblages can be used to determine abundance of high-ranked prey such as bison in the paleoenvironment. To determine bison chronology for undated archaeological and paleontological contexts, 15 bison bone samples were selected for AMS dating. In total, 136 archaeological site reports were reviewed, 102 include discussions of faunal analysis, and 20 provide evidence of bison. Two paleontological records provided sufficient data to include in this study. Bison NISP values were relatively small and in reports offering quantitative faunal data, bison represented a minimal percentage of the total mammalian assemblage. Of the AMS results, five were problematic and excluded from the study, and ten provided unambiguous ages ranging from 800-160 BP. Previously published dates in conjunction with new AMS dates support a late Holocene presence of bison in eastern Oregon. Bison are present, yet scarce, in the early Holocene and altogether absent between 7,000-3,000 BP. Research results for this study are similar to those from other Intermountain West regions. Research suggests large ungulates such as bison were never abundant in the Intermountain West due to environmental constraints. Grassland degradation caused by the introduction of cattle provides proof that the region is inappropriate for large grazing herds. Understanding the prehistory of bison in the region has implications for management of modern herds as well as grassland conservation issues. Title: The Holocene History of Bison in the Intermountain West: A Synthesis of Archaeological and Paleontological Records from Eastern Oregon Author: Stutte, Nicole Anne Year: 2004 Intermountain West bison abundance and chronology is much debated, but little work addressing these debates has occurred in eastern Oregon. Historic records indicate bison were absent from eastern Oregon at Euro-American contact. However, during explorations in eastern Oregon in 1826 Ogden reported bison skeletons in a dry lake bed, suggesting bison once lived in the area. This study reviews archaeological and paleontological records, and ethnohistoric accounts of early 19th century explorers, to synthesize the Holocene history of bison eastern Oregon. Bison NISP (number of identified specimens) was documented from site reports when available, and overall abundance was measured by number of sites and number of dated components containing bison. Optimal foraging theory suggests archaeofaunal assemblages can be used to determine abundance of high-ranked prey such as bison in the paleoenvironment. To determine bison chronology for undated archaeological and paleontological contexts, 15 bison bone samples were selected for AMS dating. In total, 136 archaeological site reports were reviewed, 102 include discussions of faunal analysis, and 20 provide evidence of bison. Two paleontological records provided sufficient data to include in this study. Bison NISP values were relatively small and in reports offering quantitative faunal data, bison represented a minimal percentage of the total mammalian assemblage. Of the AMS results, five were problematic and excluded from the study, and ten provided unambiguous ages ranging from 800-160 BP. Previously published dates in conjunction with new AMS dates support a late Holocene presence of bison in eastern Oregon. Bison are present, yet scarce, in the early Holocene and altogether absent between 7,000-3,000 BP. Research results for this study are similar to those from other Intermountain West regions. Research suggests large ungulates such as bison were never abundant in the Intermountain West due to environmental constraints. Grassland degradation caused by the introduction of cattle provides proof that the region is inappropriate for large grazing herds. Understanding the prehistory of bison in the region has implications for management of modern herds as well as grassland conservation issues. Close

• 2418. [Article] Tokuya Higashigawa's After-Dinner Mysteries: Unusual Detectives in Contemporary Japanese Mystery Fiction

  The detective fiction (tantei shōsetsu) genre is one that came into Japan from the West around the time of the Meiji Restoration (1868), and soon became wildly popular. Again in recent years, detective ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tokuya Higashigawa's After-Dinner Mysteries: Unusual Detectives in Contemporary Japanese Mystery Fiction Author: Kindler, Jessica Claire Year: 2013 The detective fiction (tantei shōsetsu) genre is one that came into Japan from the West around the time of the Meiji Restoration (1868), and soon became wildly popular. Again in recent years, detective fiction has experienced a popularity boom in Japan, and there has been an outpouring of new detective fiction books as well as various television and movie adaptations. It is not a revelation that the Japanese detective fiction genre, while rife with imitation and homage to Western works, took a dramatic turn somewhere along the line, away from celebrated models like Poe, Doyle, and Christie, and developed into a unique subgenre of Japanese prose. However, despite its popularity and innovation, Japanese detective fiction has often been categorized as popular literature (taishū bungaku), which is historically disregarded as vulgar and common. My thesis first consists of a brief introductory history oftantei shōsetsugenre in Japan. This includes a discussion of Japanese writers' anxiety concerning imitation of Western forms and their perception of themselves as imposters and imitators. Following this, I examine the ways in whichtantei shōsetsuwriters--particularly Edogawa Ranpo (1894 - 1965), the grandfather of the genre in Japan--began to deviate from the Western model in the 1920's. At the same time, I investigate the bias againsttantei shōsetsuas a vulgar or even pornographic genre. Through a discussion of literary critic Karatani Kōjin's ideas on the construction of depth in literature, I will demonstrate how Edogawa created, through his deviance from the West, a new kind of construction in detective fiction to bring a different sort of depth to what was generally considered merely a popular and shallow genre. This discussion includes a look at the ideas of Tsubouchi Shōyō on writing modern novels, and Japanese conceptions of "pure" (junsui) and "popular" (taishū) literature. Through an examination of several of Edogawa's works and his use of psychology in creating interiority in his characters, I propose that the depth configuration, put forth by Karatani in his critique of canonical modern Japanese literature, is also present in popular fiction, like Edogawa'stantei shōsetsu. When viewed through the lens of Karatani's depth paradigm, we discover how detective fiction and the vulgarity therein may actually have more in common with "pure" fiction created by those writers who followed Shōyō's prescriptions. In the final section of the introduction, I propose a definition of Japanese detective fiction that links Edogawa's works from the 1920's to the contemporary Japanese detective novel After-Dinner Mysteries (Nazotoki wa dinaa no ato de, 2010), by Higashigawa Tokuya. Thus we see that many of the themes and conventions present in Edogawa remain prevalent in contemporary writing. Finally, I present my translation of the first two chapters of After-Dinner Mysteries. Title: Tokuya Higashigawa's After-Dinner Mysteries: Unusual Detectives in Contemporary Japanese Mystery Fiction Author: Kindler, Jessica Claire Year: 2013 The detective fiction (tantei shōsetsu) genre is one that came into Japan from the West around the time of the Meiji Restoration (1868), and soon became wildly popular. Again in recent years, detective fiction has experienced a popularity boom in Japan, and there has been an outpouring of new detective fiction books as well as various television and movie adaptations. It is not a revelation that the Japanese detective fiction genre, while rife with imitation and homage to Western works, took a dramatic turn somewhere along the line, away from celebrated models like Poe, Doyle, and Christie, and developed into a unique subgenre of Japanese prose. However, despite its popularity and innovation, Japanese detective fiction has often been categorized as popular literature (taishū bungaku), which is historically disregarded as vulgar and common. My thesis first consists of a brief introductory history oftantei shōsetsugenre in Japan. This includes a discussion of Japanese writers' anxiety concerning imitation of Western forms and their perception of themselves as imposters and imitators. Following this, I examine the ways in whichtantei shōsetsuwriters--particularly Edogawa Ranpo (1894 - 1965), the grandfather of the genre in Japan--began to deviate from the Western model in the 1920's. At the same time, I investigate the bias againsttantei shōsetsuas a vulgar or even pornographic genre. Through a discussion of literary critic Karatani Kōjin's ideas on the construction of depth in literature, I will demonstrate how Edogawa created, through his deviance from the West, a new kind of construction in detective fiction to bring a different sort of depth to what was generally considered merely a popular and shallow genre. This discussion includes a look at the ideas of Tsubouchi Shōyō on writing modern novels, and Japanese conceptions of "pure" (junsui) and "popular" (taishū) literature. Through an examination of several of Edogawa's works and his use of psychology in creating interiority in his characters, I propose that the depth configuration, put forth by Karatani in his critique of canonical modern Japanese literature, is also present in popular fiction, like Edogawa'stantei shōsetsu. When viewed through the lens of Karatani's depth paradigm, we discover how detective fiction and the vulgarity therein may actually have more in common with "pure" fiction created by those writers who followed Shōyō's prescriptions. In the final section of the introduction, I propose a definition of Japanese detective fiction that links Edogawa's works from the 1920's to the contemporary Japanese detective novel After-Dinner Mysteries (Nazotoki wa dinaa no ato de, 2010), by Higashigawa Tokuya. Thus we see that many of the themes and conventions present in Edogawa remain prevalent in contemporary writing. Finally, I present my translation of the first two chapters of After-Dinner Mysteries. Close

• 2419. [Article] A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment

  The marine environment is comprised of numerous divergent organisms living under similar selective pressures, often resulting in the evolution of convergent structures such as the fusiform body shape of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment Author: Lindgren, Annie R., Pankey, Molly S., Hochberg, Frederick G., Oakley, Todd H. Year: 2012 The marine environment is comprised of numerous divergent organisms living under similar selective pressures, often resulting in the evolution of convergent structures such as the fusiform body shape of pelagic squids, fishes, and some marine mammals. However, little is known about the frequency of, and circumstances leading to, convergent evolution in the open ocean. Here, we present a comparative study of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, a marine group known to occupy habitats from the intertidal to the deep sea. Several lineages bear features that may coincide with a benthic or pelagic existence, making this a valuable group for testing hypotheses of correlated evolution. To test for convergence and correlation, we generate the most taxonomically comprehensive multi-gene phylogeny of cephalopods to date. We then create a character matrix of habitat type and morphological characters, which we use to infer ancestral character states and test for correlation between habitat and morphology. Our study utilizes a taxonomically well-sampled phylogeny to show convergent evolution in all six morphological characters we analyzed. Three of these characters also correlate with habitat. The presence of an autogenic photophore (those relying upon autonomous enzymatic light reactions) is correlated with a pelagic habitat, while the cornea and accessory nidamental gland correlate with a benthic lifestyle. Here, we present the first statistical tests for correlation between convergent traits and habitat in cephalopods to better understand the evolutionary history of characters that are adaptive in benthic or pelagic environments, respectively. Our study supports the hypothesis that habitat has influenced convergent evolution in the marine environment: benthic organisms tend to exhibit similar characteristics that confer protection from invasion by other benthic taxa, while pelagic organisms possess features that facilitate crypsis and communication in an environment lacking physical refuges. Features that have originated multiple times in distantly related lineages are likely adaptive for the organisms inhabiting a particular environment: studying the frequency and evolutionary history of such convergent characters can increase understanding of the underlying forces driving ecological and evolutionary transitions in the marine environment. Title: A multi-gene phylogeny of Cephalopoda supports convergent morphological evolution in association with multiple habitat shifts in the marine environment Author: Lindgren, Annie R., Pankey, Molly S., Hochberg, Frederick G., Oakley, Todd H. Year: 2012 The marine environment is comprised of numerous divergent organisms living under similar selective pressures, often resulting in the evolution of convergent structures such as the fusiform body shape of pelagic squids, fishes, and some marine mammals. However, little is known about the frequency of, and circumstances leading to, convergent evolution in the open ocean. Here, we present a comparative study of the molluscan class Cephalopoda, a marine group known to occupy habitats from the intertidal to the deep sea. Several lineages bear features that may coincide with a benthic or pelagic existence, making this a valuable group for testing hypotheses of correlated evolution. To test for convergence and correlation, we generate the most taxonomically comprehensive multi-gene phylogeny of cephalopods to date. We then create a character matrix of habitat type and morphological characters, which we use to infer ancestral character states and test for correlation between habitat and morphology. Our study utilizes a taxonomically well-sampled phylogeny to show convergent evolution in all six morphological characters we analyzed. Three of these characters also correlate with habitat. The presence of an autogenic photophore (those relying upon autonomous enzymatic light reactions) is correlated with a pelagic habitat, while the cornea and accessory nidamental gland correlate with a benthic lifestyle. Here, we present the first statistical tests for correlation between convergent traits and habitat in cephalopods to better understand the evolutionary history of characters that are adaptive in benthic or pelagic environments, respectively. Our study supports the hypothesis that habitat has influenced convergent evolution in the marine environment: benthic organisms tend to exhibit similar characteristics that confer protection from invasion by other benthic taxa, while pelagic organisms possess features that facilitate crypsis and communication in an environment lacking physical refuges. Features that have originated multiple times in distantly related lineages are likely adaptive for the organisms inhabiting a particular environment: studying the frequency and evolutionary history of such convergent characters can increase understanding of the underlying forces driving ecological and evolutionary transitions in the marine environment. Close

• 2420. [Article] Natural Variation in Life History and Aging Phenotypes is Associated with Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Frequency in Caenorhabditis Briggsae

  Background: Mutations that impair mitochondrial functioning are associated with a variety of metabolic and age-related disorders. A barrier to rigorous tests of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural Variation in Life History and Aging Phenotypes is Associated with Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Frequency in Caenorhabditis Briggsae Author: Estes, Suzanne, Coleman-Hulbert, Anna Luella, Hicks, Kiley Ann, de Haan, Gene, Martha, Sarah R., Knapp, Jeremiah B., Smith, Samson William, Stein, Kevin C., Denver, Dee R. Year: 2011 Background: Mutations that impair mitochondrial functioning are associated with a variety of metabolic and age-related disorders. A barrier to rigorous tests of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging processes has been the lack of model systems with relevant, naturally occurring mitochondrial genetic variation. Toward the goal of developing such a model system, we studied natural variation in life history, metabolic, and aging phenotypes as it relates to levels of a naturally-occurring heteroplasmic mitochondrial ND5 deletion recently discovered to segregate among wild populations of the soil nematode, Caenorhabditis briggsae. The normal product of ND5 is a central component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and integral to cellular energy metabolism. Results: We quantified significant variation among C. briggsae isolates for all phenotypes measured, only some of which was statistically associated with isolate-specific ND5 deletion frequency. We found that fecundity-related traits and pharyngeal pumping rate were strongly inversely related to ND5 deletion level and that C. briggsae isolates with high ND5 deletion levels experienced a tradeoff between early fecundity and lifespan. Conversely, oxidative stress resistance was only weakly associated with ND5 deletion level while ATP content was unrelated to deletion level. Finally, mean levels of reactive oxygen species measured in vivo showed a significant non-linear relationship with ND5 deletion level, a pattern that may be driven by among-isolate variation in antioxidant or other compensatory mechanisms. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the ND5 deletion may adversely affect fitness and mitochondrial functioning while promoting aging in natural populations, and help to further establish this species as a useful model for explicit tests of hypotheses in aging biology and mitochondrial genetics. Title: Natural Variation in Life History and Aging Phenotypes is Associated with Mitochondrial DNA Deletion Frequency in Caenorhabditis Briggsae Author: Estes, Suzanne, Coleman-Hulbert, Anna Luella, Hicks, Kiley Ann, de Haan, Gene, Martha, Sarah R., Knapp, Jeremiah B., Smith, Samson William, Stein, Kevin C., Denver, Dee R. Year: 2011 Background: Mutations that impair mitochondrial functioning are associated with a variety of metabolic and age-related disorders. A barrier to rigorous tests of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging processes has been the lack of model systems with relevant, naturally occurring mitochondrial genetic variation. Toward the goal of developing such a model system, we studied natural variation in life history, metabolic, and aging phenotypes as it relates to levels of a naturally-occurring heteroplasmic mitochondrial ND5 deletion recently discovered to segregate among wild populations of the soil nematode, Caenorhabditis briggsae. The normal product of ND5 is a central component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and integral to cellular energy metabolism. Results: We quantified significant variation among C. briggsae isolates for all phenotypes measured, only some of which was statistically associated with isolate-specific ND5 deletion frequency. We found that fecundity-related traits and pharyngeal pumping rate were strongly inversely related to ND5 deletion level and that C. briggsae isolates with high ND5 deletion levels experienced a tradeoff between early fecundity and lifespan. Conversely, oxidative stress resistance was only weakly associated with ND5 deletion level while ATP content was unrelated to deletion level. Finally, mean levels of reactive oxygen species measured in vivo showed a significant non-linear relationship with ND5 deletion level, a pattern that may be driven by among-isolate variation in antioxidant or other compensatory mechanisms. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the ND5 deletion may adversely affect fitness and mitochondrial functioning while promoting aging in natural populations, and help to further establish this species as a useful model for explicit tests of hypotheses in aging biology and mitochondrial genetics. Close

• 2421. [Article] "But There's a Black History Month": A Content Analysis of Ideological Framing and Presentation in White Nationalist Publications

  The political climate in America continues to become more polarized each year. The "left" and "right" political parties are locked in near-constant struggle and it is often the people whom they are meant ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "But There's a Black History Month": A Content Analysis of Ideological Framing and Presentation in White Nationalist Publications Author: Waite, Dylan Tomas Year: 2014 The political climate in America continues to become more polarized each year. The "left" and "right" political parties are locked in near-constant struggle and it is often the people whom they are meant to serve that suffer the harshest effects of this struggle. This mainstream political posturing and hostile behavior has allowed for the continued presence, and some say resurgence, of racially motivated right-wing nationalist groups. Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, the Aryan Nations and racist Skinheads have seen periods of strength and decline throughout American history. In the late 20th and early 21st Centuries they have begun to adapt their message to find acceptance in groups outside their own and plant the seeds of racial and ethnic bias and supremacy in minds not yet stricken with the illnesses of hate and bigotry. This research examines the ideological framing of far-right White Supremacist groups in the United States. Discussion of political, nationalist and economic ideologies and the ways these ideologies are framed and presented to wider audiences are described. Using content analysis, more than 50 editorials, articles and other writings from six of the most circulated newsletters produced by American based White Supremacist groups were examined. Thematic analysis and line-by-line coding allowed for the development of various codes related to nationalism, immigration, traditional supremacy and perceived political failure, as well as many others. Findings suggest that many White Supremacist groups and individuals are shifting away from the biological or genetic supremacist beliefs of a previous era. Instead adopting a racially motivated nationalist identity and positioning themselves as being engaged in a struggle for "white civil rights." While still vehemently racist and racially/ethnically biased they seem to have taken up this new position in order to thinly veil their racism behind a guise of nationalist pride and altruism. This is especially troubling when one considers that many hate crimes are committed by individuals with no formal affiliation to organized hate groups. These individuals are often racially radicalized in a slow process that starts with mainstream political beliefs and slowly progresses to more radical beliefs as they struggle to understand the world in which they live. Title: "But There's a Black History Month": A Content Analysis of Ideological Framing and Presentation in White Nationalist Publications Author: Waite, Dylan Tomas Year: 2014 The political climate in America continues to become more polarized each year. The "left" and "right" political parties are locked in near-constant struggle and it is often the people whom they are meant to serve that suffer the harshest effects of this struggle. This mainstream political posturing and hostile behavior has allowed for the continued presence, and some say resurgence, of racially motivated right-wing nationalist groups. Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, the Aryan Nations and racist Skinheads have seen periods of strength and decline throughout American history. In the late 20th and early 21st Centuries they have begun to adapt their message to find acceptance in groups outside their own and plant the seeds of racial and ethnic bias and supremacy in minds not yet stricken with the illnesses of hate and bigotry. This research examines the ideological framing of far-right White Supremacist groups in the United States. Discussion of political, nationalist and economic ideologies and the ways these ideologies are framed and presented to wider audiences are described. Using content analysis, more than 50 editorials, articles and other writings from six of the most circulated newsletters produced by American based White Supremacist groups were examined. Thematic analysis and line-by-line coding allowed for the development of various codes related to nationalism, immigration, traditional supremacy and perceived political failure, as well as many others. Findings suggest that many White Supremacist groups and individuals are shifting away from the biological or genetic supremacist beliefs of a previous era. Instead adopting a racially motivated nationalist identity and positioning themselves as being engaged in a struggle for "white civil rights." While still vehemently racist and racially/ethnically biased they seem to have taken up this new position in order to thinly veil their racism behind a guise of nationalist pride and altruism. This is especially troubling when one considers that many hate crimes are committed by individuals with no formal affiliation to organized hate groups. These individuals are often racially radicalized in a slow process that starts with mainstream political beliefs and slowly progresses to more radical beliefs as they struggle to understand the world in which they live. Close

• 2422. [Article] Peripheries of Belonging: Military Recruitment and the Making of a ‘Minority’ in Wartime Iraq

  In the hinterlands of Mesopotamia in 1915, facing the daunting task of securing the province of Basra and advancing towards Baghdad, British officials charged with the success of the Mesopotamian campaign ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Peripheries of Belonging: Military Recruitment and the Making of a ‘Minority’ in Wartime Iraq Author: Robson, Laura Year: 2016 In the hinterlands of Mesopotamia in 1915, facing the daunting task of securing the province of Basra and advancing towards Baghdad, British officials charged with the success of the Mesopotamian campaign began to cast around for ways to strengthen their position colonial apparatus there. This tactic permanently stamped Assyrian refugees as protégées of the colonial state and created increasingly hostile feeling between them and the mainly Arab Iraqi government and army. Ethnically based military recruitment of refugees during the war thus contributed substantially to the international legitimization of British and League control over post-war Iraq as well as shaping a deleterious relationship between Assyrian communities and the emerging Iraqi state. against the Ottoman army. A British Indian army officer stationed in Nasiriyya hit upon the idea of recruiting local tribesmen for the purposes of ‘reconnoitering’. Falling somewhere between a military and a police force, these ‘Levies’ quickly expanded into an important arm of the British military operation in Mesopotamia, encompassing thousands of men by 1919. In the immediate post-war era, following a major anti-colonial revolt, the British saw an opportunity to remake the Levies as a force separate from the emerging Iraqi Arab army whose primary task would be to protect British interests in the new mandate state. They began to incorporate Assyrian refugees from the Turkish and Iranian borderlands into these previously mostly Arab informal forces and use them to put down Kurdish and Arab resistance to British rule, particularly in the northern reaches of the country. By the late 1920s the Levies were entirely Assyrian, and Assyrians had become a target of anti-imperial invective among Arab and Kurdish activists agitating against the imposition of a British mandate state. This wartime and post-war recruitment of Assyrians in the eastern reaches of the Ottoman Empire created the conditions for a long-term military partnership between the Assyrians and the British, and the consequent re-invention of the Assyrian community as a beleaguered ethnic ‘minority’ in a majority Arab Iraqi state. The British had already tried out the idea of minority military recruitment in other imperial contexts, deliberately isolating ethno-religious communities in order to produce dependencies, create reliable sources of manpower and fracture emerging anti-colonial nationalisms. In Iraq, military recruitment of Assyrians did all these things and something more important as well: it helped to create and sustain a concept of a threatened ethnic ‘minority’ whose existence and needs could be invoked to legitimize an ongoing British presence in Iraq. During a territorial dispute with Turkey over Mosul in 1924, British officials sought to convince the League to attach Mosul to mandatory Iraq partly by painting the Assyrians as a ‘minority’ in need of protection in the region, while simultaneously assigning the Levies responsibility for the security of the Title: Peripheries of Belonging: Military Recruitment and the Making of a ‘Minority’ in Wartime Iraq Author: Robson, Laura Year: 2016 In the hinterlands of Mesopotamia in 1915, facing the daunting task of securing the province of Basra and advancing towards Baghdad, British officials charged with the success of the Mesopotamian campaign began to cast around for ways to strengthen their position colonial apparatus there. This tactic permanently stamped Assyrian refugees as protégées of the colonial state and created increasingly hostile feeling between them and the mainly Arab Iraqi government and army. Ethnically based military recruitment of refugees during the war thus contributed substantially to the international legitimization of British and League control over post-war Iraq as well as shaping a deleterious relationship between Assyrian communities and the emerging Iraqi state. against the Ottoman army. A British Indian army officer stationed in Nasiriyya hit upon the idea of recruiting local tribesmen for the purposes of ‘reconnoitering’. Falling somewhere between a military and a police force, these ‘Levies’ quickly expanded into an important arm of the British military operation in Mesopotamia, encompassing thousands of men by 1919. In the immediate post-war era, following a major anti-colonial revolt, the British saw an opportunity to remake the Levies as a force separate from the emerging Iraqi Arab army whose primary task would be to protect British interests in the new mandate state. They began to incorporate Assyrian refugees from the Turkish and Iranian borderlands into these previously mostly Arab informal forces and use them to put down Kurdish and Arab resistance to British rule, particularly in the northern reaches of the country. By the late 1920s the Levies were entirely Assyrian, and Assyrians had become a target of anti-imperial invective among Arab and Kurdish activists agitating against the imposition of a British mandate state. This wartime and post-war recruitment of Assyrians in the eastern reaches of the Ottoman Empire created the conditions for a long-term military partnership between the Assyrians and the British, and the consequent re-invention of the Assyrian community as a beleaguered ethnic ‘minority’ in a majority Arab Iraqi state. The British had already tried out the idea of minority military recruitment in other imperial contexts, deliberately isolating ethno-religious communities in order to produce dependencies, create reliable sources of manpower and fracture emerging anti-colonial nationalisms. In Iraq, military recruitment of Assyrians did all these things and something more important as well: it helped to create and sustain a concept of a threatened ethnic ‘minority’ whose existence and needs could be invoked to legitimize an ongoing British presence in Iraq. During a territorial dispute with Turkey over Mosul in 1924, British officials sought to convince the League to attach Mosul to mandatory Iraq partly by painting the Assyrians as a ‘minority’ in need of protection in the region, while simultaneously assigning the Levies responsibility for the security of the Close

• 2423. [Article] "As Long as the Mighty Columbia River Flows": The Leadership and Legacy of Wilson Charley, a Yakama Indian Fisherman

  On March 10, 1957, the United States Army Corps of Engineers completed The Dalles Dam and inundated Celilo Falls, the oldest continuously inhabited site in North America and a cultural and economic hub ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "As Long as the Mighty Columbia River Flows": The Leadership and Legacy of Wilson Charley, a Yakama Indian Fisherman Author: Hedberg, David-Paul Brewster Year: 2017 On March 10, 1957, the United States Army Corps of Engineers completed The Dalles Dam and inundated Celilo Falls, the oldest continuously inhabited site in North America and a cultural and economic hub for Indigenous people. In the negotiation of treaties between the United States, nearly one hundred years earlier, Indigenous leaders reserved access to Columbia River fishing sites as they ceded territory and retained smaller reservations. In the years before the dam's completion, leaders, many of who were the descendants of earlier treaty signatories, attempted to stop the dam and protect both fishing sites from the encroachment of state and federal regulations and archaeological sites from destruction. This study traces the work of Wilson Charley, a Native fisherman, a member of the Yakama Nation's Tribal Council, and great-grandson of one of the 1855 treaty signatories. More broadly, this study places Indigenous actors on a twentieth-century Columbia River while demonstrating that they played active roles in the protest and management of areas affected by The Dalles Dam. Using previously untapped archival sources--a substantial cache of letters--my analysis illustrates that Charley articulated multiple strategies to fight The Dalles Dam and regulations to curtail Native's treaty fishing rights. Aiming to protect the 1855 treaty and stop The Dalles Dam, Charley created Native-centered regulatory agencies. He worked directly with politicians and supported political candidates, like Richard Neuberger, that favored Native concerns. He attempted to build partnerships with archaeologists and landscape preservationists concerned about losing the area's rich cultural sites. Even after the dam's completion, he conceptualized multiple tribal economic development plans that would allow for Natives' cultural and economic survival. Given the national rise of technological optimism and the willingness for the federal government to terminate its relationship with federally recognized tribes, Charley realized that taking the 1855 treaty to court was too risky for the political climate of the 1950s. Instead, he framed his strategies in the language of twentieth-century conservation, specifically to garner support from a national audience of non-natives interested in protecting landscapes from industrial development. While many of these non-native partners ultimately failed him, his strategies are noteworthy for three reasons. First, he cast the fight to uphold Native treaty rights in terms that were relevant to non-natives, demonstrating his complex understanding of the times in which he lived. Second, his strategies continued an ongoing struggle for Natives to fish at their treaty-protected sites, thereby documenting an overlooked period between the fishing rights cases of the turn of the twentieth century and the 1960s and 1970s. Charley left a lasting legacy that scholars have not recognized because many of his visionary ideas came to fruition decades later. Finally, my analysis of Charley's letters also documents personal details that afford readers the unique perspective of one Indigenous person navigated through a tumultuous period in the Pacific Northwest and Native American history. Title: "As Long as the Mighty Columbia River Flows": The Leadership and Legacy of Wilson Charley, a Yakama Indian Fisherman Author: Hedberg, David-Paul Brewster Year: 2017 On March 10, 1957, the United States Army Corps of Engineers completed The Dalles Dam and inundated Celilo Falls, the oldest continuously inhabited site in North America and a cultural and economic hub for Indigenous people. In the negotiation of treaties between the United States, nearly one hundred years earlier, Indigenous leaders reserved access to Columbia River fishing sites as they ceded territory and retained smaller reservations. In the years before the dam's completion, leaders, many of who were the descendants of earlier treaty signatories, attempted to stop the dam and protect both fishing sites from the encroachment of state and federal regulations and archaeological sites from destruction. This study traces the work of Wilson Charley, a Native fisherman, a member of the Yakama Nation's Tribal Council, and great-grandson of one of the 1855 treaty signatories. More broadly, this study places Indigenous actors on a twentieth-century Columbia River while demonstrating that they played active roles in the protest and management of areas affected by The Dalles Dam. Using previously untapped archival sources--a substantial cache of letters--my analysis illustrates that Charley articulated multiple strategies to fight The Dalles Dam and regulations to curtail Native's treaty fishing rights. Aiming to protect the 1855 treaty and stop The Dalles Dam, Charley created Native-centered regulatory agencies. He worked directly with politicians and supported political candidates, like Richard Neuberger, that favored Native concerns. He attempted to build partnerships with archaeologists and landscape preservationists concerned about losing the area's rich cultural sites. Even after the dam's completion, he conceptualized multiple tribal economic development plans that would allow for Natives' cultural and economic survival. Given the national rise of technological optimism and the willingness for the federal government to terminate its relationship with federally recognized tribes, Charley realized that taking the 1855 treaty to court was too risky for the political climate of the 1950s. Instead, he framed his strategies in the language of twentieth-century conservation, specifically to garner support from a national audience of non-natives interested in protecting landscapes from industrial development. While many of these non-native partners ultimately failed him, his strategies are noteworthy for three reasons. First, he cast the fight to uphold Native treaty rights in terms that were relevant to non-natives, demonstrating his complex understanding of the times in which he lived. Second, his strategies continued an ongoing struggle for Natives to fish at their treaty-protected sites, thereby documenting an overlooked period between the fishing rights cases of the turn of the twentieth century and the 1960s and 1970s. Charley left a lasting legacy that scholars have not recognized because many of his visionary ideas came to fruition decades later. Finally, my analysis of Charley's letters also documents personal details that afford readers the unique perspective of one Indigenous person navigated through a tumultuous period in the Pacific Northwest and Native American history. Close

• 2424. [Article] An Excerpt from al-Sayyid Asghar Akbar by Murtedha Gzar

  The following is a translation of an excerpt from the novel Al-Sayyid Asghar Ak bar (Dar al-Tanwir, 2012) by Iraqi author Murtedha Gzar. This recent work by a young engineer from the southern city of Basra ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Excerpt from al-Sayyid Asghar Akbar by Murtedha Gzar Author: Hanoosh, Yasmeen S. Year: 2013 The following is a translation of an excerpt from the novel Al-Sayyid Asghar Ak bar (Dar al-Tanwir, 2012) by Iraqi author Murtedha Gzar. This recent work by a young engineer from the southern city of Basra has received considerable attention in literary circles at home and abroad, significantly for the ways in which it departs from the mimetic norms of social realism that were found in the established narratological models of the pre-2003 U.S. occupation era, such as the varieties cultivated in the 1960s and 1970s in Iraq by seminal authors lik e Gha’ib Ṭu`mah Farman, Mahdi Isa al-Saqr, and Fu’ad al-Takarli. Al-Sayyid Asghar Akbar has been hailed as “unique in its magical realist narration,” and a “harbinger of a new style of narration that departs completely from the literary output of multiple generations of Iraqi narrators.” Part of this uniqueness comes from the ways in which the novel restructures iconic Iraqi places, mainly the Shrine city of Najaf, transgresses intradiegetic time, and reconstructs historical discourses. By so doing it defies our expectations and media- and government-cast collective images of twentieth-century Iraq. Instead, it negotiates a discursive space that lies on the peripheries of two hegemonic, official narratives of Iraqi culture: the national narrative of the Ba`th regime and the religious counter-narrative of the traditional Shi`i opposition. It exposes a discrepancy between two authoritative, normative processes of historicizing; the ‘Rewriting of Iraqi History Project’ and the Najafi ijtihad and taqlid traditions. Ultimately, in this complex work Gzar accomplishes a skeptical deconstruction of Iraq’s cultural formations and a new, post-Ba`thist reading of Shi`ism, Najaf, and Iraqi identity by telling the story of three generations of family genealogists from the Shi’i shrine city of Najaf. The narrative time spans the period between 1871, the year the grandfather Asghar Akbar arrived to Najaf aboard a ship that was transporting corpses from India to be buried in the holy grounds of Najaf’s cemetery; and 2005, the year his three childless granddaughters, Nadhmah, Mu`inah, and Wahidiyyah, conclude his lineage and are found buried in the vault of their grandfather’s house. These sisters jointly narrate the bulk of the novel’s events. Sometimes alternating and sometimes in unison, the unique narrative voice of these sisters tells the story of their grandfather by rearranging the letters on the lead sorts (pieces of type) that make up the remains of a decayed printing press that used to belong to the grandfather Asghar Akbar. Worried that they would run out of letter sorts before finishing their account, they feverishly type-narrate the story of their grandfather, an eccentric horse genealogist who arrived to Najaf on a dubious sea journey. They narrate, with countless digressions into their personal stories and the present, how the controversial Asghar Ak bar was to become the city’s most acclaimed family genealogist despite the suspicion of the city’s legal and political establishment. As they synchronously type-narrate the novel’s events, the sisters commit typos that affect the development of the plot and wreak havoc on the city. As they distort and deconstruct the established accounts of k ey political events such as the Najaf Revolt of 1916, the 1918 British siege of the city, the popular uprising against Saddam Hussein’s regime in 1991, and the U.S. occupation of Iraq in 2003, the sisters rewrite the modern social history of Najaf and reveal striking parallels between the political events of the turn of the previous century and the turn of the current century. Title: An Excerpt from al-Sayyid Asghar Akbar by Murtedha Gzar Author: Hanoosh, Yasmeen S. Year: 2013 The following is a translation of an excerpt from the novel Al-Sayyid Asghar Ak bar (Dar al-Tanwir, 2012) by Iraqi author Murtedha Gzar. This recent work by a young engineer from the southern city of Basra has received considerable attention in literary circles at home and abroad, significantly for the ways in which it departs from the mimetic norms of social realism that were found in the established narratological models of the pre-2003 U.S. occupation era, such as the varieties cultivated in the 1960s and 1970s in Iraq by seminal authors lik e Gha’ib Ṭu`mah Farman, Mahdi Isa al-Saqr, and Fu’ad al-Takarli. Al-Sayyid Asghar Akbar has been hailed as “unique in its magical realist narration,” and a “harbinger of a new style of narration that departs completely from the literary output of multiple generations of Iraqi narrators.” Part of this uniqueness comes from the ways in which the novel restructures iconic Iraqi places, mainly the Shrine city of Najaf, transgresses intradiegetic time, and reconstructs historical discourses. By so doing it defies our expectations and media- and government-cast collective images of twentieth-century Iraq. Instead, it negotiates a discursive space that lies on the peripheries of two hegemonic, official narratives of Iraqi culture: the national narrative of the Ba`th regime and the religious counter-narrative of the traditional Shi`i opposition. It exposes a discrepancy between two authoritative, normative processes of historicizing; the ‘Rewriting of Iraqi History Project’ and the Najafi ijtihad and taqlid traditions. Ultimately, in this complex work Gzar accomplishes a skeptical deconstruction of Iraq’s cultural formations and a new, post-Ba`thist reading of Shi`ism, Najaf, and Iraqi identity by telling the story of three generations of family genealogists from the Shi’i shrine city of Najaf. The narrative time spans the period between 1871, the year the grandfather Asghar Akbar arrived to Najaf aboard a ship that was transporting corpses from India to be buried in the holy grounds of Najaf’s cemetery; and 2005, the year his three childless granddaughters, Nadhmah, Mu`inah, and Wahidiyyah, conclude his lineage and are found buried in the vault of their grandfather’s house. These sisters jointly narrate the bulk of the novel’s events. Sometimes alternating and sometimes in unison, the unique narrative voice of these sisters tells the story of their grandfather by rearranging the letters on the lead sorts (pieces of type) that make up the remains of a decayed printing press that used to belong to the grandfather Asghar Akbar. Worried that they would run out of letter sorts before finishing their account, they feverishly type-narrate the story of their grandfather, an eccentric horse genealogist who arrived to Najaf on a dubious sea journey. They narrate, with countless digressions into their personal stories and the present, how the controversial Asghar Ak bar was to become the city’s most acclaimed family genealogist despite the suspicion of the city’s legal and political establishment. As they synchronously type-narrate the novel’s events, the sisters commit typos that affect the development of the plot and wreak havoc on the city. As they distort and deconstruct the established accounts of k ey political events such as the Najaf Revolt of 1916, the 1918 British siege of the city, the popular uprising against Saddam Hussein’s regime in 1991, and the U.S. occupation of Iraq in 2003, the sisters rewrite the modern social history of Najaf and reveal striking parallels between the political events of the turn of the previous century and the turn of the current century. Close

• 2425. [Article] Prospectus for Future Research: Temperature Effects on Green Macroalgae

  Research on temperature change has received attention from scientists. Not only has temperature change attracted scientists who study the Earth’s weather and climate, but also those who study plants and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prospectus for Future Research: Temperature Effects on Green Macroalgae Author: Gonzalez Pelayo, Ana Year: 2016 Research on temperature change has received attention from scientists. Not only has temperature change attracted scientists who study the Earth’s weather and climate, but also those who study plants and animals on land and in oceans. The research being conducted looks at how these temperature changes affect the anatomy and physiology of organisms, but other research also studies how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have changed and the types of responses that have occurred as a result. For many years, research in terrestrial ecosystems has dominated research in aquatic ecosystems. Limited research has been conducted in aquatic ecosystems involving green macroalgae, which are primary producers and an essential part of these ecosystems. Within the last fifteen years, research regarding the effects of temperature change on green macroalgae has shown that temperature affects photosynthesis and biochemistry. Overall, photosynthesis is almost completely inhibited after sufficient exposure due to damage in Photosystem II. There is also a substantial change in the production of chemical molecules known as reactive oxygen species that caused physical damage to the algal cells as well as a change in structure for proteins that is essential for function. I reviewed the literature within the past fifteen years, regarding the effects of temperature on a variety of green macroalgae species. The results indicated that after sufficient exposure, the photosynthetic rate of macroalgae is reduced significantly and that the change in chemistry lead to alterations in the physiology of green macroalgae. In this thesis, I propose two possible directions for algae research that involves genetic sequencing of a model species to identify a possible temperature tolerance gene, as well as the potential use of green macroalgae in photobioreactors as a source of renewable energy. Title: Prospectus for Future Research: Temperature Effects on Green Macroalgae Author: Gonzalez Pelayo, Ana Year: 2016 Research on temperature change has received attention from scientists. Not only has temperature change attracted scientists who study the Earth’s weather and climate, but also those who study plants and animals on land and in oceans. The research being conducted looks at how these temperature changes affect the anatomy and physiology of organisms, but other research also studies how terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have changed and the types of responses that have occurred as a result. For many years, research in terrestrial ecosystems has dominated research in aquatic ecosystems. Limited research has been conducted in aquatic ecosystems involving green macroalgae, which are primary producers and an essential part of these ecosystems. Within the last fifteen years, research regarding the effects of temperature change on green macroalgae has shown that temperature affects photosynthesis and biochemistry. Overall, photosynthesis is almost completely inhibited after sufficient exposure due to damage in Photosystem II. There is also a substantial change in the production of chemical molecules known as reactive oxygen species that caused physical damage to the algal cells as well as a change in structure for proteins that is essential for function. I reviewed the literature within the past fifteen years, regarding the effects of temperature on a variety of green macroalgae species. The results indicated that after sufficient exposure, the photosynthetic rate of macroalgae is reduced significantly and that the change in chemistry lead to alterations in the physiology of green macroalgae. In this thesis, I propose two possible directions for algae research that involves genetic sequencing of a model species to identify a possible temperature tolerance gene, as well as the potential use of green macroalgae in photobioreactors as a source of renewable energy. Close

• 2426. [Article] Being An Effective Communicator In A Team

  When it came to pick a subject for our research report, we all sat down, collaborated, and shared ideas. As we were discussing which idea was best, it was clear that there was one reoccurring theme throughout ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Being An Effective Communicator In A Team Author: Mishra, Ashish, Omulindi, Jared, Jaffe, Philip, Xu, Wenwei Year: 2013 When it came to pick a subject for our research report, we all sat down, collaborated, and shared ideas. As we were discussing which idea was best, it was clear that there was one reoccurring theme throughout our ideas: how communication affects the quality of teams. This is not an unexpected coincidence. After all, good communication is crucial to a team’s success. An excellent example of team success dependent on superb communication was relayed by McKinney, Barker, Davis, and Smith (2005). On the afternoon of July 19th, 1989, the flight crew of United 232 faced an extreme emergency. One of the plane’s engines had exploded. The shrapnel had severed the hydraulic controls, leaving the plane in a state where it could not be steered by conventional means. This plane would normally be considered un-flyable, but the three members of the flight crew were able to work together with an off-duty United instructor (who happened to be on the flight) to steer the plane towards a nearby airport using only the remaining engines as their flight controls. The plane crash landed, but thanks to the communication of the pilots, they were able to save the lives of 184 people from a situation nobody would have been able to survive. Thankfully, most teams do not have to face a situation as dire as the one the crew of United 232 had to face. Still, having good communication in a team is essential for success. In order to contribute to the good communication of a team, a person needs to be an effective communicator and we wanted explore what is communication, what are the qualities that are essential for communication, and how does communication affect teams in different stages. Title: Being An Effective Communicator In A Team Author: Mishra, Ashish, Omulindi, Jared, Jaffe, Philip, Xu, Wenwei Year: 2013 When it came to pick a subject for our research report, we all sat down, collaborated, and shared ideas. As we were discussing which idea was best, it was clear that there was one reoccurring theme throughout our ideas: how communication affects the quality of teams. This is not an unexpected coincidence. After all, good communication is crucial to a team’s success. An excellent example of team success dependent on superb communication was relayed by McKinney, Barker, Davis, and Smith (2005). On the afternoon of July 19th, 1989, the flight crew of United 232 faced an extreme emergency. One of the plane’s engines had exploded. The shrapnel had severed the hydraulic controls, leaving the plane in a state where it could not be steered by conventional means. This plane would normally be considered un-flyable, but the three members of the flight crew were able to work together with an off-duty United instructor (who happened to be on the flight) to steer the plane towards a nearby airport using only the remaining engines as their flight controls. The plane crash landed, but thanks to the communication of the pilots, they were able to save the lives of 184 people from a situation nobody would have been able to survive. Thankfully, most teams do not have to face a situation as dire as the one the crew of United 232 had to face. Still, having good communication in a team is essential for success. In order to contribute to the good communication of a team, a person needs to be an effective communicator and we wanted explore what is communication, what are the qualities that are essential for communication, and how does communication affect teams in different stages. Close

• 2427. [Article] The Effects of Urban Containment Policies on Commuting Patterns

  During the past several decades, most U.S. metropolitan areas have experienced strong suburbanization of housing and jobs (i.e., urban sprawl). The sprawl that arises from urban growth has become a big ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Effects of Urban Containment Policies on Commuting Patterns Author: Kwon, Sung Moon Year: 2015 During the past several decades, most U.S. metropolitan areas have experienced strong suburbanization of housing and jobs (i.e., urban sprawl). The sprawl that arises from urban growth has become a big issue in many metropolitan areas in the U.S. In response, there has been increased interest in urban containment policies. There are contrasting views (planning-oriented vs. market-oriented) of urban sprawl and urban containment policies. Planning-oriented scholars asserted the problems of 'geographic sprawl (GS)' and the positive effects of urban containment polices, while market-oriented scholars asserted the problems of 'economic sprawl (ES)' and the negative or negligible effects of urban containment policies. Therefore, this dissertation analyzed whether urban containment policies affect urban sprawl, employment center formation, and urban commuting. The results of this dissertation indicate that urban containment policies play an important role in affecting urban sprawl, employment center formation, and urban commuting, as well as explaining the contrasting views (planning-oriented vs. market-oriented) of urban containment policies. Implementing urban containment policies can produce positive effects such as compact development, which can promote J-H balance. However, as seen in the relationship between urban containment policies, urban sprawl and housing values, stronger urban containment policies can produce negative effects, such as traffic congestion and an increase in housing prices. Title: The Effects of Urban Containment Policies on Commuting Patterns Author: Kwon, Sung Moon Year: 2015 During the past several decades, most U.S. metropolitan areas have experienced strong suburbanization of housing and jobs (i.e., urban sprawl). The sprawl that arises from urban growth has become a big issue in many metropolitan areas in the U.S. In response, there has been increased interest in urban containment policies. There are contrasting views (planning-oriented vs. market-oriented) of urban sprawl and urban containment policies. Planning-oriented scholars asserted the problems of 'geographic sprawl (GS)' and the positive effects of urban containment polices, while market-oriented scholars asserted the problems of 'economic sprawl (ES)' and the negative or negligible effects of urban containment policies. Therefore, this dissertation analyzed whether urban containment policies affect urban sprawl, employment center formation, and urban commuting. The results of this dissertation indicate that urban containment policies play an important role in affecting urban sprawl, employment center formation, and urban commuting, as well as explaining the contrasting views (planning-oriented vs. market-oriented) of urban containment policies. Implementing urban containment policies can produce positive effects such as compact development, which can promote J-H balance. However, as seen in the relationship between urban containment policies, urban sprawl and housing values, stronger urban containment policies can produce negative effects, such as traffic congestion and an increase in housing prices. Close

• 2428. [Article] An Evaluation of the Oregon Department of Transportation’s (ODOT) Environmental Streamlining Efforts: A Focus on CETAS

  The Oregon Department of Transportation responded to the federal call in the late 1990s to streamline the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) by (1) implementing organizational and procedural changes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Evaluation of the Oregon Department of Transportation’s (ODOT) Environmental Streamlining Efforts: A Focus on CETAS Author: Ozawa, Connie P., Dill, Jennifer Year: 2005 The Oregon Department of Transportation responded to the federal call in the late 1990s to streamline the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) by (1) implementing organizational and procedural changes internal to the agency, (2) funding ODOT-dedicated staff positions in state and federal resource agencies, and (3) convening regular meetings with state and federal agencies with NEPA-related regulatory responsibilities. This latter effort evolved into the CETAS (Collaborative Environmental and Transportation Agreement for Streamlining) process that includes a management and a technical team element. This document reports an assessment of the effectiveness of these efforts. Phase I of the study was designed to document the perceptions and behaviors in ODOT employees at the onset of ODOT organizational and procedural changes and to compare the responses to ones obtained from ODOT employees after some passage of time. The time period covered in this section is roughly Fall 2001 to Fall 2003. Phase II of the study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the CETAS process and documents factors that affect project timelines in Oregon state highway projects for pre-CETAS projects. The third section of this document includes an analysis of the CETAS process based on interviews conducted in the spring and summer of 2004. Title: An Evaluation of the Oregon Department of Transportation’s (ODOT) Environmental Streamlining Efforts: A Focus on CETAS Author: Ozawa, Connie P., Dill, Jennifer Year: 2005 The Oregon Department of Transportation responded to the federal call in the late 1990s to streamline the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) by (1) implementing organizational and procedural changes internal to the agency, (2) funding ODOT-dedicated staff positions in state and federal resource agencies, and (3) convening regular meetings with state and federal agencies with NEPA-related regulatory responsibilities. This latter effort evolved into the CETAS (Collaborative Environmental and Transportation Agreement for Streamlining) process that includes a management and a technical team element. This document reports an assessment of the effectiveness of these efforts. Phase I of the study was designed to document the perceptions and behaviors in ODOT employees at the onset of ODOT organizational and procedural changes and to compare the responses to ones obtained from ODOT employees after some passage of time. The time period covered in this section is roughly Fall 2001 to Fall 2003. Phase II of the study was designed to assess the effectiveness of the CETAS process and documents factors that affect project timelines in Oregon state highway projects for pre-CETAS projects. The third section of this document includes an analysis of the CETAS process based on interviews conducted in the spring and summer of 2004. Close

• 2429. [Article] The Impact of Enterprise Zones on Employment

  The objectives of this study are to investigate the impact of Enterprise Zones (EZs) on the employment of zone residents in 14 states and 60 communities. The author's investigation constitutes the "first" ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Impact of Enterprise Zones on Employment Author: Van Allen, Terry William Year: 1994 The objectives of this study are to investigate the impact of Enterprise Zones (EZs) on the employment of zone residents in 14 states and 60 communities. The author's investigation constitutes the "first" national study to evaluate the employment impacts on zone residents. (A comparative, supplemental, single case study on new jobs for zone residents in Portland, Oregon has been added in Appendix B.) The results show that the impact of EZs on decreasing the unemployment rates of zone residents is significant. Also, the interventionist factors of length of time since designation, type of incentives, and number of incentives are all significant indicators of different performances between zones. The employer-based incentives of property tax abatements and income tax credits are the types of incentives that are significant. However, the descriptive factors of land use, population, and geographic size are not significantly influential. On average, the predictive model shows that a full-incentives package would result in an EZ decreasing unemployment to the level of its surrounding community in just over ten years. (The supplemental single case study also shows that the majority of new hires are zone residents.) The major policy implications and recommendations from this study are: (1) That a full-scale incentives package with employer-based property tax abatements and income tax credits, along with other incentives, should be implemented by all state EZ programs; (2) That more economic incentives should be developed at the federal level to enhance state EZ programs; (3) That more targeted areas should be designated as EZs by the federal program, and that all states should enact targeted EZ programs; (4) That annual unemployment data reports on EZs and their surrounding communities should be mandated by the federal and state governments. (The major recommendations from the supplemental single case study are that specific data should be mandated and derived on new hires and zone residents for all EZ programs, and that a formal job referral and training provider network should be provided for all EZ programs.) Title: The Impact of Enterprise Zones on Employment Author: Van Allen, Terry William Year: 1994 The objectives of this study are to investigate the impact of Enterprise Zones (EZs) on the employment of zone residents in 14 states and 60 communities. The author's investigation constitutes the "first" national study to evaluate the employment impacts on zone residents. (A comparative, supplemental, single case study on new jobs for zone residents in Portland, Oregon has been added in Appendix B.) The results show that the impact of EZs on decreasing the unemployment rates of zone residents is significant. Also, the interventionist factors of length of time since designation, type of incentives, and number of incentives are all significant indicators of different performances between zones. The employer-based incentives of property tax abatements and income tax credits are the types of incentives that are significant. However, the descriptive factors of land use, population, and geographic size are not significantly influential. On average, the predictive model shows that a full-incentives package would result in an EZ decreasing unemployment to the level of its surrounding community in just over ten years. (The supplemental single case study also shows that the majority of new hires are zone residents.) The major policy implications and recommendations from this study are: (1) That a full-scale incentives package with employer-based property tax abatements and income tax credits, along with other incentives, should be implemented by all state EZ programs; (2) That more economic incentives should be developed at the federal level to enhance state EZ programs; (3) That more targeted areas should be designated as EZs by the federal program, and that all states should enact targeted EZ programs; (4) That annual unemployment data reports on EZs and their surrounding communities should be mandated by the federal and state governments. (The major recommendations from the supplemental single case study are that specific data should be mandated and derived on new hires and zone residents for all EZ programs, and that a formal job referral and training provider network should be provided for all EZ programs.) Close

• 2430. [Article] Relative Heart Ventricle Mass and Cardiac Performance in Amphibians

  This study used an in situ heart preparation to analyze the power and work of spontaneously beating hearts of four anurans (R. marina, L. catesbeianus, X. laevis, P. edulis) and three urodeles (N. maculosus, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relative Heart Ventricle Mass and Cardiac Performance in Amphibians Author: Kluthe, Gregory Joseph Year: 2012 This study used an in situ heart preparation to analyze the power and work of spontaneously beating hearts of four anurans (R. marina, L. catesbeianus, X. laevis, P. edulis) and three urodeles (N. maculosus, A. tigrinum, A. tridactylum) in order to elucidate the meaning of relative ventricle mass (RVM) in terms of specific cardiac performance variables. This study also tests two hypotheses: 1) the ventricles of terrestrial species (R. marina, P. edulis, A. tigrinum) of amphibians are capable of greater maximum power outputs (Pmax) compared to aquatic species (X. laevis, A. tridactylum, N. maculosus, L. catesbeianus) and, 2) the ventricles of Anuran species (R. marina, P. edulis, L. catesbeianus, X. laevis) are capable of greater maximum power output compared to aquatic species (A. tigrinum, A. tridactylum, N. maculosus). The data supported both hypotheses. RVM was significantly correlated with Pmax, stroke volume, cardiac output, afterload at Pmax, and preload at Pmax. Preload at Pmax and afterload at Pmax also correlated very closely with each other, suggesting that an increase blood volume and/or increased modulation of sympathetic tone may influence interspecific variation RVM and may have played a role in supporting higher rates of metabolism, as well as dealing with hypovolemic stresses of life on land. Title: Relative Heart Ventricle Mass and Cardiac Performance in Amphibians Author: Kluthe, Gregory Joseph Year: 2012 This study used an in situ heart preparation to analyze the power and work of spontaneously beating hearts of four anurans (R. marina, L. catesbeianus, X. laevis, P. edulis) and three urodeles (N. maculosus, A. tigrinum, A. tridactylum) in order to elucidate the meaning of relative ventricle mass (RVM) in terms of specific cardiac performance variables. This study also tests two hypotheses: 1) the ventricles of terrestrial species (R. marina, P. edulis, A. tigrinum) of amphibians are capable of greater maximum power outputs (Pmax) compared to aquatic species (X. laevis, A. tridactylum, N. maculosus, L. catesbeianus) and, 2) the ventricles of Anuran species (R. marina, P. edulis, L. catesbeianus, X. laevis) are capable of greater maximum power output compared to aquatic species (A. tigrinum, A. tridactylum, N. maculosus). The data supported both hypotheses. RVM was significantly correlated with Pmax, stroke volume, cardiac output, afterload at Pmax, and preload at Pmax. Preload at Pmax and afterload at Pmax also correlated very closely with each other, suggesting that an increase blood volume and/or increased modulation of sympathetic tone may influence interspecific variation RVM and may have played a role in supporting higher rates of metabolism, as well as dealing with hypovolemic stresses of life on land. Close

• 2431. [Article] Peak of the Day or the Daily Grind: Commuting and Subjective Well-Being

  To understand the impact of daily travel on personal and societal well-being, researchers are developing measurement techniques that go beyond satisfaction-based measures of travel. Metrics related Subjective ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Peak of the Day or the Daily Grind: Commuting and Subjective Well-Being Author: Smith, Oliver Blair Year: 2013 To understand the impact of daily travel on personal and societal well-being, researchers are developing measurement techniques that go beyond satisfaction-based measures of travel. Metrics related Subjective Well-Being (SWB), defined as an evaluation of one's happiness or life satisfaction, are increasingly important for evaluating transportation and land-use policies. This dissertation examines commute well-being, a multi-item measure of how one feels about the commute to work, and how it is shaped. Data are from a web-based survey of workers (n=828) in Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., with three roughly equally sized groups based on mode: bike, transit and car users. Descriptive analysis shows that commute well-being varies widely across the sample. Those who bike and walk to work have significantly higher commute well-being than transit and car commuters. A multiple linear regression model shows that along with travel mode, traffic congestion, travel time, income, health, attitudes about travel, job satisfaction and residential satisfaction also play important individual roles in shaping commute well-being. A structural equation model reveals a significant correlation between commute well-being and overall happiness, controlling for other key happiness indicators. This research helps expand existing theory by demonstrating (1) how commute well-being can be measured and modeled; (2) how accessibility, distance and travel time impact commute well-being; (3) how individual mode choices interact with attitudes to impact commute satisfaction and (4) commuting's relationship to overall well being. Title: Peak of the Day or the Daily Grind: Commuting and Subjective Well-Being Author: Smith, Oliver Blair Year: 2013 To understand the impact of daily travel on personal and societal well-being, researchers are developing measurement techniques that go beyond satisfaction-based measures of travel. Metrics related Subjective Well-Being (SWB), defined as an evaluation of one's happiness or life satisfaction, are increasingly important for evaluating transportation and land-use policies. This dissertation examines commute well-being, a multi-item measure of how one feels about the commute to work, and how it is shaped. Data are from a web-based survey of workers (n=828) in Portland, Oregon, U.S.A., with three roughly equally sized groups based on mode: bike, transit and car users. Descriptive analysis shows that commute well-being varies widely across the sample. Those who bike and walk to work have significantly higher commute well-being than transit and car commuters. A multiple linear regression model shows that along with travel mode, traffic congestion, travel time, income, health, attitudes about travel, job satisfaction and residential satisfaction also play important individual roles in shaping commute well-being. A structural equation model reveals a significant correlation between commute well-being and overall happiness, controlling for other key happiness indicators. This research helps expand existing theory by demonstrating (1) how commute well-being can be measured and modeled; (2) how accessibility, distance and travel time impact commute well-being; (3) how individual mode choices interact with attitudes to impact commute satisfaction and (4) commuting's relationship to overall well being. Close

• 2432. [Article] Towards the integration of the historical and structural theories of urban form

  In this thesis we examine the effect which the obsolescence of central city housing exerts on the decentralization within urban areas of high status residents. In particular, we investigate whether housing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Towards the integration of the historical and structural theories of urban form Author: Martin, David Tilford Year: 1975 In this thesis we examine the effect which the obsolescence of central city housing exerts on the decentralization within urban areas of high status residents. In particular, we investigate whether housing obsolescence is a useful addition to a model which explains the decentralization of high status residents in terms of the intensity of competition for central city land. All of our data are official Census figures for 1970. The subjects of our study are Standard Metropolitan Statistical Are.as (SMSA.'s) whose central city had a population of 100,000 or more. From this group we delete the New York and Chicago Consolidated Areas because of their great size and the number of municipalities included within their borders. For each SMSA we compute the percentage of its families and unrelated individuals who had an income of greater than $25,000 and who lived in the central city. We then statistically control for variation across SMSA.'s in the decentralization of population and employment. The decentralization of population is measured by the percentage of the SMSA population which resided within the central city. The decentralization of employment is measured by the percentage of SMSA jobs which were located within the central city. Once we have controlled the decentralization of the well-to-do for the decentralization of population and the decentralization of employment, we regress it on population density, housing obsolescence, and city age. Population density is persons per square mile in the central city. Housing obsolescence is the percentage of the central city housing structures which were twenty years old or older. City age is the number of decades since the central city attained a population of 50,000. In our study we demonstrate that population density exerts a considerably stronger effect on the decentralization of the well-to-do than is exerted by housing obsolescence. We also demonstrate that most of city age's effect on the decentralization of the well-to-do can be explained by city age's effect on population density and housing obsolescence. Title: Towards the integration of the historical and structural theories of urban form Author: Martin, David Tilford Year: 1975 In this thesis we examine the effect which the obsolescence of central city housing exerts on the decentralization within urban areas of high status residents. In particular, we investigate whether housing obsolescence is a useful addition to a model which explains the decentralization of high status residents in terms of the intensity of competition for central city land. All of our data are official Census figures for 1970. The subjects of our study are Standard Metropolitan Statistical Are.as (SMSA.'s) whose central city had a population of 100,000 or more. From this group we delete the New York and Chicago Consolidated Areas because of their great size and the number of municipalities included within their borders. For each SMSA we compute the percentage of its families and unrelated individuals who had an income of greater than $25,000 and who lived in the central city. We then statistically control for variation across SMSA.'s in the decentralization of population and employment. The decentralization of population is measured by the percentage of the SMSA population which resided within the central city. The decentralization of employment is measured by the percentage of SMSA jobs which were located within the central city. Once we have controlled the decentralization of the well-to-do for the decentralization of population and the decentralization of employment, we regress it on population density, housing obsolescence, and city age. Population density is persons per square mile in the central city. Housing obsolescence is the percentage of the central city housing structures which were twenty years old or older. City age is the number of decades since the central city attained a population of 50,000. In our study we demonstrate that population density exerts a considerably stronger effect on the decentralization of the well-to-do than is exerted by housing obsolescence. We also demonstrate that most of city age's effect on the decentralization of the well-to-do can be explained by city age's effect on population density and housing obsolescence. Close

• 2433. [Article] Ecosystem Services in Managing Residential Landscapes: Priorities, Value Dimensions, and Cross-Regional Patterns

  Although ecosystem services have been intensively examined in certain domains (e.g., forests and wetlands), little research has assessed ecosystem services for the most dominant landscape type in urban ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecosystem Services in Managing Residential Landscapes: Priorities, Value Dimensions, and Cross-Regional Patterns Author: Larson, Kelli L., Morse, Jennifer L., Groffman, Peter M., Bettez, Neil D., Trammell, Tara Year: 2016 Although ecosystem services have been intensively examined in certain domains (e.g., forests and wetlands), little research has assessed ecosystem services for the most dominant landscape type in urban ecosystems—namely, residential yards. In this paper, we report findings of a cross-site survey of homeowners in six U.S. cities to 1) examine how residents subjectively value various ecosystem services, 2) explore distinctive dimensions of those values, and 3) test the urban homogenization hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that urbanization leads to similarities in the social-ecological dynamics across cities in diverse biomes. By extension, the thesis suggests that residents’ ecosystem service priorities for residential landscapes will be similar regardless of whether residents live in the humid East or the arid West, or the warm South or the cold North. Results underscored that cultural services were of utmost importance, particularly anthropocentric values including aesthetics, low-maintenance, and personal enjoyment. Using factor analyses, distinctive dimensions of residents’ values were found to partially align with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment’s categories (provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural). Finally, residents’ ecosystem service priorities exhibited significant homogenization across regions. In particular, the traditional lawn aesthetic (neat, green, weed-free yards) was similarly important across residents of diverse U.S. cities. Only a few exceptions were found across different environmental and social contexts; for example, cooling effects were more important in the warm South, where residents also valued aesthetics more than those in the North, where low-maintenance yards were a greater priority. Title: Ecosystem Services in Managing Residential Landscapes: Priorities, Value Dimensions, and Cross-Regional Patterns Author: Larson, Kelli L., Morse, Jennifer L., Groffman, Peter M., Bettez, Neil D., Trammell, Tara Year: 2016 Although ecosystem services have been intensively examined in certain domains (e.g., forests and wetlands), little research has assessed ecosystem services for the most dominant landscape type in urban ecosystems—namely, residential yards. In this paper, we report findings of a cross-site survey of homeowners in six U.S. cities to 1) examine how residents subjectively value various ecosystem services, 2) explore distinctive dimensions of those values, and 3) test the urban homogenization hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that urbanization leads to similarities in the social-ecological dynamics across cities in diverse biomes. By extension, the thesis suggests that residents’ ecosystem service priorities for residential landscapes will be similar regardless of whether residents live in the humid East or the arid West, or the warm South or the cold North. Results underscored that cultural services were of utmost importance, particularly anthropocentric values including aesthetics, low-maintenance, and personal enjoyment. Using factor analyses, distinctive dimensions of residents’ values were found to partially align with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment’s categories (provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural). Finally, residents’ ecosystem service priorities exhibited significant homogenization across regions. In particular, the traditional lawn aesthetic (neat, green, weed-free yards) was similarly important across residents of diverse U.S. cities. Only a few exceptions were found across different environmental and social contexts; for example, cooling effects were more important in the warm South, where residents also valued aesthetics more than those in the North, where low-maintenance yards were a greater priority. Close

• 2434. [Article] The Landscape of Food Production

  The celebration of the 40th anniversary of Senate Bill 100 provides us with an excellent opportunity to reflect on metropolitan Portland’s agricultural landscape. The landmark legislation passed in 1973 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Landscape of Food Production Author: McClintock, Nathan, Young, Jeremy R., Evans, Taren, Simpson, Mike, Santos, Jacinto Year: 2013 The celebration of the 40th anniversary of Senate Bill 100 provides us with an excellent opportunity to reflect on metropolitan Portland’s agricultural landscape. The landmark legislation passed in 1973 has helped to protect countless acres of the region’s precious agricultural soils—some of the richest known in the world—from development. Perhaps most importantly, however, the legislation has helped to preserve the important bond between the region’s urban areas and their hinterland, and to secure the region’s local food system. A renewed interest in growing food in one’s own backyard, however, has shown in recent years that urban dwellers need not rely only on the surrounding countryside for locally grown produce. As this edition of the Periodic Atlas will show, food production today occurs not only outside the urban growth boundary, as it has for the last few decades, but within it as well—and in some cases, in the very heart of the city. Through this series of maps, we attempt to paint a picture of food production in Portland and the surrounding region in broad brushstrokes. The maps are by no means exhaustive, but rather hint at the variety of food production taking place. Title: The Landscape of Food Production Author: McClintock, Nathan, Young, Jeremy R., Evans, Taren, Simpson, Mike, Santos, Jacinto Year: 2013 The celebration of the 40th anniversary of Senate Bill 100 provides us with an excellent opportunity to reflect on metropolitan Portland’s agricultural landscape. The landmark legislation passed in 1973 has helped to protect countless acres of the region’s precious agricultural soils—some of the richest known in the world—from development. Perhaps most importantly, however, the legislation has helped to preserve the important bond between the region’s urban areas and their hinterland, and to secure the region’s local food system. A renewed interest in growing food in one’s own backyard, however, has shown in recent years that urban dwellers need not rely only on the surrounding countryside for locally grown produce. As this edition of the Periodic Atlas will show, food production today occurs not only outside the urban growth boundary, as it has for the last few decades, but within it as well—and in some cases, in the very heart of the city. Through this series of maps, we attempt to paint a picture of food production in Portland and the surrounding region in broad brushstrokes. The maps are by no means exhaustive, but rather hint at the variety of food production taking place. Close

• 2435. [Article] Do TODs Make a Difference? NS Streetcar Line Portland, Oregon

  This analysis was intended to help answer the following policy questions: Q1: Are TODs attractive to certain NAICS sectors? Q2: Do TODs generate more jobs in certain NAICS sectors? Q3: Are firms in TODs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Do TODs Make a Difference? NS Streetcar Line Portland, Oregon Author: Liu, Jenny H., Mumuni, Zakari, Berggren, Matt, Miller, Matt, Nelson, Arthur C., Ewing, Reid Year: 2014 This analysis was intended to help answer the following policy questions: Q1: Are TODs attractive to certain NAICS sectors? Q2: Do TODs generate more jobs in certain NAICS sectors? Q3: Are firms in TODs more resilient to economic downturns? Q4: Do TODs create more affordable housing measured as H+T? Q5: Do TODs improve job accessibility for those living in or near them? The first question investigates which types of industries are actually transit oriented. Best planning practices call for a mix of uses focused around housing and retail, but analysis provides some surprises. The second question tests the economic development effects of transit—do locations provided with transit actually experience employment growth? The third question is intended to determine the ability of employers near transit to resist losing jobs; or having lost jobs, to rapidly regain them. The fourth research question confronts the issue of affordable housing and transit. Transit is often billed as a way to provide affordable housing by matching low-cost housing with employment. Yet proximity to transit stations is also expected to raise land values. Proximity to transit, however, may increase actual affordability, regardless of increases in housing costs, because of the reduction in transportation costs. The final research question considers the relationship between workplace and residence locations. To be able to commute by transit, both the workplace and home must be near transit. Effective transit should increase both the number and share of workers who work and live along the transit corridor. Title: Do TODs Make a Difference? NS Streetcar Line Portland, Oregon Author: Liu, Jenny H., Mumuni, Zakari, Berggren, Matt, Miller, Matt, Nelson, Arthur C., Ewing, Reid Year: 2014 This analysis was intended to help answer the following policy questions: Q1: Are TODs attractive to certain NAICS sectors? Q2: Do TODs generate more jobs in certain NAICS sectors? Q3: Are firms in TODs more resilient to economic downturns? Q4: Do TODs create more affordable housing measured as H+T? Q5: Do TODs improve job accessibility for those living in or near them? The first question investigates which types of industries are actually transit oriented. Best planning practices call for a mix of uses focused around housing and retail, but analysis provides some surprises. The second question tests the economic development effects of transit—do locations provided with transit actually experience employment growth? The third question is intended to determine the ability of employers near transit to resist losing jobs; or having lost jobs, to rapidly regain them. The fourth research question confronts the issue of affordable housing and transit. Transit is often billed as a way to provide affordable housing by matching low-cost housing with employment. Yet proximity to transit stations is also expected to raise land values. Proximity to transit, however, may increase actual affordability, regardless of increases in housing costs, because of the reduction in transportation costs. The final research question considers the relationship between workplace and residence locations. To be able to commute by transit, both the workplace and home must be near transit. Effective transit should increase both the number and share of workers who work and live along the transit corridor. Close

• 2436. [Article] National Urban Database and Access Portal Tool, NUDAPT

  Based on the need for advanced treatments of high resolution urban morphological features (e.g., buildings, trees) in meteorological, dispersion, air quality and human exposure modeling systems for future ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: National Urban Database and Access Portal Tool, NUDAPT Author: Ching, Jason, Brown, Michael, Burian, Steven, Chen, Fei, Cionco, Ron, Hanna, Adel, Hultgren, Torrin, McPherson, Timothy, Sailor, David J., Taha, Haider, Williams, David Year: 2009 Based on the need for advanced treatments of high resolution urban morphological features (e.g., buildings, trees) in meteorological, dispersion, air quality and human exposure modeling systems for future urban applications, a new project was launched called the National Urban Database and Access Portal Tool (NUDAPT). NUDAPT is sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and involves collaborations and contributions from many groups including federal and state agencies and from private and academic institutions here and in other countries. It is designed to produce and provide gridded fields of urban canopy parameters for various new and advanced descriptions of model physics to improve urban simulations given the availability of new high-resolution data of buildings, vegetation, and land use. Additional information include gridded anthropogenic heating and population data is incorporated to further improve urban simulations and to encourage and facilitate decision support and application linkages to human exposure models. An important core-design feature is the utilization of web portal technology to enable NUDAPT to be a "Community" based system. This web-based portal technology will facilitate customizing of data handling and retrievals (http://www.nudapt.org). This article provides an overview of NUDAPT and several example applications. Title: National Urban Database and Access Portal Tool, NUDAPT Author: Ching, Jason, Brown, Michael, Burian, Steven, Chen, Fei, Cionco, Ron, Hanna, Adel, Hultgren, Torrin, McPherson, Timothy, Sailor, David J., Taha, Haider, Williams, David Year: 2009 Based on the need for advanced treatments of high resolution urban morphological features (e.g., buildings, trees) in meteorological, dispersion, air quality and human exposure modeling systems for future urban applications, a new project was launched called the National Urban Database and Access Portal Tool (NUDAPT). NUDAPT is sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and involves collaborations and contributions from many groups including federal and state agencies and from private and academic institutions here and in other countries. It is designed to produce and provide gridded fields of urban canopy parameters for various new and advanced descriptions of model physics to improve urban simulations given the availability of new high-resolution data of buildings, vegetation, and land use. Additional information include gridded anthropogenic heating and population data is incorporated to further improve urban simulations and to encourage and facilitate decision support and application linkages to human exposure models. An important core-design feature is the utilization of web portal technology to enable NUDAPT to be a "Community" based system. This web-based portal technology will facilitate customizing of data handling and retrievals (http://www.nudapt.org). This article provides an overview of NUDAPT and several example applications. Close

• 2437. [Article] Lake Macroinvertebrate Assemblages and Relationship With Natural Environment and Tourism Stress in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve, China

  With increasing human population and urbanization, tourism in natural reserves and other protected lands is growing. It is critical to monitor and assess the impacts of tourism on ecosystem health. However, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lake Macroinvertebrate Assemblages and Relationship With Natural Environment and Tourism Stress in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve, China Author: Cao, Yong, Wang, Beixin, Zhang, Jie, Wang, Lizhu, Pan, Yangdong, Wang, Quanxi, Jian, Daijun, Deng, Guiping Year: 2016 With increasing human population and urbanization, tourism in natural reserves and other protected lands is growing. It is critical to monitor and assess the impacts of tourism on ecosystem health. However, there is a general lack of information on biological communities in natural reserves of developing countries and of tools for assessing human impacts. In the present study, we investigated macroinvertebrate assemblages in nine lakes in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve of China. Both benthic (20 dips of D-net) and light-trap samples (2 h) were collected at each lake and all benthic specimens and adults of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) were identified and counted. Water temperature and water quality variables were measured on site or in the Lab. Seventy taxa were recorded and dominated by dipterans and caddisflies. Light traps contributed 47% of taxa richness and 66% of EPT richness at the lakes. Detrended Correspondence Analysis showed that water temperature and tourism index were strongly associated with the changes of assemblage composition. Taxa richness and EPT richness calculated for the composite samples (benthic + light trap) were well fit with Poisson generalized linear model (adjusted R2 = 0.83 and 0.85, respectively), generally decreasing with increasing elevation, tourism index, and total-N. Tourism index was ranked as the top predictor for EPT richness based on multiple model weights, and elevation for taxa richness. In comparison, when based on benthic samples, neither of the metrics could be fitted with the seven environmental variables selected. These findings highlight the benefit of combined use of the sampling methods for lake monitoring and offered an analytical guide to developing biological indicators of lake ecosystem health in protected areas. Title: Lake Macroinvertebrate Assemblages and Relationship With Natural Environment and Tourism Stress in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve, China Author: Cao, Yong, Wang, Beixin, Zhang, Jie, Wang, Lizhu, Pan, Yangdong, Wang, Quanxi, Jian, Daijun, Deng, Guiping Year: 2016 With increasing human population and urbanization, tourism in natural reserves and other protected lands is growing. It is critical to monitor and assess the impacts of tourism on ecosystem health. However, there is a general lack of information on biological communities in natural reserves of developing countries and of tools for assessing human impacts. In the present study, we investigated macroinvertebrate assemblages in nine lakes in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve of China. Both benthic (20 dips of D-net) and light-trap samples (2 h) were collected at each lake and all benthic specimens and adults of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) were identified and counted. Water temperature and water quality variables were measured on site or in the Lab. Seventy taxa were recorded and dominated by dipterans and caddisflies. Light traps contributed 47% of taxa richness and 66% of EPT richness at the lakes. Detrended Correspondence Analysis showed that water temperature and tourism index were strongly associated with the changes of assemblage composition. Taxa richness and EPT richness calculated for the composite samples (benthic + light trap) were well fit with Poisson generalized linear model (adjusted R2 = 0.83 and 0.85, respectively), generally decreasing with increasing elevation, tourism index, and total-N. Tourism index was ranked as the top predictor for EPT richness based on multiple model weights, and elevation for taxa richness. In comparison, when based on benthic samples, neither of the metrics could be fitted with the seven environmental variables selected. These findings highlight the benefit of combined use of the sampling methods for lake monitoring and offered an analytical guide to developing biological indicators of lake ecosystem health in protected areas. Close

• 2438. [Article] Application of Density Estimation Methods to Datasets Collected from a Glider

  Ocean gliders can provide an inexpensive alternative for marine mammal population density studies. Gliders can monitor bigger spatial areas than fixed passive acoustic recorders. It is a low-noise, low-speed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Application of Density Estimation Methods to Datasets Collected from a Glider Author: Küsel, Elizabeth T., Siderius, Martin, Mellinger, David K., Heimlich, Sara L. Year: 2015 Ocean gliders can provide an inexpensive alternative for marine mammal population density studies. Gliders can monitor bigger spatial areas than fixed passive acoustic recorders. It is a low-noise, low-speed platform, easy to set up, maneuver, and transport on land, deploy, and recover. They can be deployed for long periods and report near real-time results through Iridium modem. Furthermore, gliders can sense the environmental conditions of the survey area, which are important for estimating detection distances. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the use of ocean gliders for population density estimation. Current methodologies developed for fixed sensors will be extended to these platforms by employing both simulations and real experimental data. An opportunistic preliminary sea trial conducted in June 2014 allowed for testing of a Slocum glider fitted with an inexpensive acoustic recording system comprising of two hydrophones connected to an off-the-shelf voice recorder installed inside the glider. Acoustic data recorded in deep waters (>1500 m) off the western coast of Sardinia, Mediterranean Sea, showed the presence of sperm whale echolocation clicks. An improved experiment is planned for the summer 2015. Preliminary results of both campaigns will be presented with an emphasis on population density estimation. Title: Application of Density Estimation Methods to Datasets Collected from a Glider Author: Küsel, Elizabeth T., Siderius, Martin, Mellinger, David K., Heimlich, Sara L. Year: 2015 Ocean gliders can provide an inexpensive alternative for marine mammal population density studies. Gliders can monitor bigger spatial areas than fixed passive acoustic recorders. It is a low-noise, low-speed platform, easy to set up, maneuver, and transport on land, deploy, and recover. They can be deployed for long periods and report near real-time results through Iridium modem. Furthermore, gliders can sense the environmental conditions of the survey area, which are important for estimating detection distances. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the use of ocean gliders for population density estimation. Current methodologies developed for fixed sensors will be extended to these platforms by employing both simulations and real experimental data. An opportunistic preliminary sea trial conducted in June 2014 allowed for testing of a Slocum glider fitted with an inexpensive acoustic recording system comprising of two hydrophones connected to an off-the-shelf voice recorder installed inside the glider. Acoustic data recorded in deep waters (>1500 m) off the western coast of Sardinia, Mediterranean Sea, showed the presence of sperm whale echolocation clicks. An improved experiment is planned for the summer 2015. Preliminary results of both campaigns will be presented with an emphasis on population density estimation. Close

• 2439. [Article] Spatial Resilience of Forested Landscapes Under Climate Change and Management

  Context: Resilience, the ability to recover from disturbance, has risen to the forefront of scientific policy, but is difficult to quantify, particularly in large, forested landscapes subject to disturbances, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spatial Resilience of Forested Landscapes Under Climate Change and Management Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Scheller, Robert M., Gustafson, Eric J., Sturtevant, Brian R. Year: 2017 Context: Resilience, the ability to recover from disturbance, has risen to the forefront of scientific policy, but is difficult to quantify, particularly in large, forested landscapes subject to disturbances, management, and climate change. Objectives: Our objective was to determine which spatial drivers will control landscape resilience over the next century, given a range of plausible climate projections across north-central Minnesota. Methods: Using a simulation modelling approach, we simulated wind disturbance in a 4.3 million ha forested landscape in north-central Minnesota for 100 years under historic climate and five climate change scenarios, combined with four management scenarios: business as usual (BAU), maximizing economic returns (‘EcoGoods’), maximizing carbon storage (‘EcoServices’), and climate change adaption (‘CCAdapt’). To estimate resilience, we examined sites where simulated windstorms removed >70% of the biomass and measured the difference in biomass and species composition after 50 years. Results: Climate change lowered resilience, though there was wide variation among climate change scenarios. Resilience was explained more by spatial variation in soils than climate. We found that BAU, EcoGoods and EcoServices harvest scenarios were very similar; CCAdapt was the only scenario that demonstrated consistently higher resilience under climate change. Although we expected spatial patterns of resilience to follow ownership patterns, it was contingent upon whether lands were actively managed. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that resilience may be lower under climate change and that the effects of climate change could overwhelm current management practices. Only a substantial shift in simulated forest practices was successful in promoting resilience. Title: Spatial Resilience of Forested Landscapes Under Climate Change and Management Author: Lucash, Melissa S., Scheller, Robert M., Gustafson, Eric J., Sturtevant, Brian R. Year: 2017 Context: Resilience, the ability to recover from disturbance, has risen to the forefront of scientific policy, but is difficult to quantify, particularly in large, forested landscapes subject to disturbances, management, and climate change. Objectives: Our objective was to determine which spatial drivers will control landscape resilience over the next century, given a range of plausible climate projections across north-central Minnesota. Methods: Using a simulation modelling approach, we simulated wind disturbance in a 4.3 million ha forested landscape in north-central Minnesota for 100 years under historic climate and five climate change scenarios, combined with four management scenarios: business as usual (BAU), maximizing economic returns (‘EcoGoods’), maximizing carbon storage (‘EcoServices’), and climate change adaption (‘CCAdapt’). To estimate resilience, we examined sites where simulated windstorms removed >70% of the biomass and measured the difference in biomass and species composition after 50 years. Results: Climate change lowered resilience, though there was wide variation among climate change scenarios. Resilience was explained more by spatial variation in soils than climate. We found that BAU, EcoGoods and EcoServices harvest scenarios were very similar; CCAdapt was the only scenario that demonstrated consistently higher resilience under climate change. Although we expected spatial patterns of resilience to follow ownership patterns, it was contingent upon whether lands were actively managed. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that resilience may be lower under climate change and that the effects of climate change could overwhelm current management practices. Only a substantial shift in simulated forest practices was successful in promoting resilience. Close

• 2440. [Article] Do TODs Make a Difference? MAX Yellow Line Portland, Oregon

  This analysis was intended to help answer the following policy questions: Q1: Are TODs attractive to certain NAICS sectors? Q2: Do TODs generate more jobs in certain NAICS sectors? Q3: Are firms in TODs ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Do TODs Make a Difference? MAX Yellow Line Portland, Oregon Author: Liu, Jenny H., Mumuni, Zakari, Berggren, Matt, Miller, Matt, Miller, Arthur C., Ewing, Reid Year: 2014 This analysis was intended to help answer the following policy questions: Q1: Are TODs attractive to certain NAICS sectors? Q2: Do TODs generate more jobs in certain NAICS sectors? Q3: Are firms in TODs more resilient to economic downturns? Q4: Do TODs create more affordable housing measured as H+T? Q5: Do TODs improve job accessibility for those living in or near them? The first question investigates which types of industries are actually transit oriented. Best planning practices call for a mix of uses focused around housing and retail, but analysis provides some surprises. The second question tests the economic development effects of transit—do locations provided with transit actually experience employment growth? The third question is intended to determine the ability of employers near transit to resist losing jobs; or having lost jobs, to rapidly regain them. The fourth research question confronts the issue of affordable housing and transit. Transit is often billed as a way to provide affordable housing by matching low-cost housing with employment. Yet proximity to transit stations is also expected to raise land values. Proximity to transit, however, may increase actual affordability, regardless of increases in housing costs, because of the reduction in transportation costs. The final research question considers the relationship between workplace and residence locations. To be able to commute by transit, both the workplace and home must be near transit. Effective transit should increase both the number and share of workers who work and live along the transit corridor. Title: Do TODs Make a Difference? MAX Yellow Line Portland, Oregon Author: Liu, Jenny H., Mumuni, Zakari, Berggren, Matt, Miller, Matt, Miller, Arthur C., Ewing, Reid Year: 2014 This analysis was intended to help answer the following policy questions: Q1: Are TODs attractive to certain NAICS sectors? Q2: Do TODs generate more jobs in certain NAICS sectors? Q3: Are firms in TODs more resilient to economic downturns? Q4: Do TODs create more affordable housing measured as H+T? Q5: Do TODs improve job accessibility for those living in or near them? The first question investigates which types of industries are actually transit oriented. Best planning practices call for a mix of uses focused around housing and retail, but analysis provides some surprises. The second question tests the economic development effects of transit—do locations provided with transit actually experience employment growth? The third question is intended to determine the ability of employers near transit to resist losing jobs; or having lost jobs, to rapidly regain them. The fourth research question confronts the issue of affordable housing and transit. Transit is often billed as a way to provide affordable housing by matching low-cost housing with employment. Yet proximity to transit stations is also expected to raise land values. Proximity to transit, however, may increase actual affordability, regardless of increases in housing costs, because of the reduction in transportation costs. The final research question considers the relationship between workplace and residence locations. To be able to commute by transit, both the workplace and home must be near transit. Effective transit should increase both the number and share of workers who work and live along the transit corridor. Close

• 2441. [Article] Surface Energy Balance and Melt Thresholds over 11 years at Taylor Glacier, Antarctica

  In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Victoria Land, Antarctica, melting of glacial ice is the primary source of water to streams, lakes, and associated ecosystems. To understand geochemical fluxes and ecological ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Surface Energy Balance and Melt Thresholds over 11 years at Taylor Glacier, Antarctica Author: Hoffman, Matthew James, Fountain, Andrew G., Liston, Glen E. Year: 2008 In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Victoria Land, Antarctica, melting of glacial ice is the primary source of water to streams, lakes, and associated ecosystems. To understand geochemical fluxes and ecological responses to past and future climates requires a physically based energy balance model. We applied a one-dimensional model to one site on Taylor Glacier using 11 years of daily meteorological data and seasonal ablation measurements. Inclusion of transmission of solar radiation into the ice was necessary to accurately model summer ablation and ice temperatures. Results showed good correspondence between calculated and measured ablation and ice temperatures over the 11 years. Ablation (18 cm a??) was dominated by sublimation with very few occurrences of melt (42 days during 11 years). Results also indicated that above freezing air temperatures did not necessarily result in melt and, in turn, melt occurred during subfreezing air temperatures under some conditions. For air temperatures near freezing, low wind speed was critically important for melt initiation. According to the model, subsurface melt, away from rocks and sediment in the ice, occurred three times more frequently than surface melt; occurs no deeper than 50 cm below the glacier surface; and was small, never exceeding 8% by mass. The magnitude of subsurface melting and the energy balance indicate that Taylor Title: Surface Energy Balance and Melt Thresholds over 11 years at Taylor Glacier, Antarctica Author: Hoffman, Matthew James, Fountain, Andrew G., Liston, Glen E. Year: 2008 In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Victoria Land, Antarctica, melting of glacial ice is the primary source of water to streams, lakes, and associated ecosystems. To understand geochemical fluxes and ecological responses to past and future climates requires a physically based energy balance model. We applied a one-dimensional model to one site on Taylor Glacier using 11 years of daily meteorological data and seasonal ablation measurements. Inclusion of transmission of solar radiation into the ice was necessary to accurately model summer ablation and ice temperatures. Results showed good correspondence between calculated and measured ablation and ice temperatures over the 11 years. Ablation (18 cm a??) was dominated by sublimation with very few occurrences of melt (42 days during 11 years). Results also indicated that above freezing air temperatures did not necessarily result in melt and, in turn, melt occurred during subfreezing air temperatures under some conditions. For air temperatures near freezing, low wind speed was critically important for melt initiation. According to the model, subsurface melt, away from rocks and sediment in the ice, occurred three times more frequently than surface melt; occurs no deeper than 50 cm below the glacier surface; and was small, never exceeding 8% by mass. The magnitude of subsurface melting and the energy balance indicate that Taylor Close

• 2442. [Article] Utilizing Humidity and Temperature Data to Advance Monitoring and Prediction of Meteorological Drought

  The fraction of land area over the Continental United States experiencing extreme hot and dry conditions has been increasing over the past several decades, consistent with expectation from anthropogenic ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utilizing Humidity and Temperature Data to Advance Monitoring and Prediction of Meteorological Drought Author: Behrangi, Ali, Loikith, Paul C., Fetzer, Eric J., Nguyen, Hai M., Granger, Stephanie L. Year: 2015 The fraction of land area over the Continental United States experiencing extreme hot and dry conditions has been increasing over the past several decades, consistent with expectation from anthropogenic climate change. A clear concurrent change in precipitation, however, has not been confirmed. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD), combining temperature and humidity, is utilized here as an indicator of the background atmospheric conditions associated with meteorological drought. Furthermore, atmospheric conditions associated with warm season drought events are assessed by partitioning associated VPD anomalies into the temperature and humidity components. This approach suggests that the concurrence of anomalously high temperature and low humidity was an important driver of the rapid development and evolution of the exceptionally severe 2011 Texas and the 2012 Great Plains droughts. By classification of a decade of extreme drought events and tracking them back in time, it was found that near surface atmospheric temperature and humidity add essential information to the commonly used precipitation-based drought indicators and can advance efforts to determine the timing of drought onset and its severity. Title: Utilizing Humidity and Temperature Data to Advance Monitoring and Prediction of Meteorological Drought Author: Behrangi, Ali, Loikith, Paul C., Fetzer, Eric J., Nguyen, Hai M., Granger, Stephanie L. Year: 2015 The fraction of land area over the Continental United States experiencing extreme hot and dry conditions has been increasing over the past several decades, consistent with expectation from anthropogenic climate change. A clear concurrent change in precipitation, however, has not been confirmed. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD), combining temperature and humidity, is utilized here as an indicator of the background atmospheric conditions associated with meteorological drought. Furthermore, atmospheric conditions associated with warm season drought events are assessed by partitioning associated VPD anomalies into the temperature and humidity components. This approach suggests that the concurrence of anomalously high temperature and low humidity was an important driver of the rapid development and evolution of the exceptionally severe 2011 Texas and the 2012 Great Plains droughts. By classification of a decade of extreme drought events and tracking them back in time, it was found that near surface atmospheric temperature and humidity add essential information to the commonly used precipitation-based drought indicators and can advance efforts to determine the timing of drought onset and its severity. Close

• 2443. [Article] Near-Surface Internal Melting: a Substantial Mass Loss on Antarctic Dry Valley Glaciers

  The McMurdo Dry Valleys, southern Victoria Land, East Antarctica, are a polar desert, and melt from glacial ice is the primary source of water to streams, lakes and associated ecosystems. Previous work ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Near-Surface Internal Melting: a Substantial Mass Loss on Antarctic Dry Valley Glaciers Author: Hoffman, Matthew J., Fountain, Andrew G., Liston, Glen E. Year: 2014 The McMurdo Dry Valleys, southern Victoria Land, East Antarctica, are a polar desert, and melt from glacial ice is the primary source of water to streams, lakes and associated ecosystems. Previous work found that to adequately model glacier ablation and subsurface ice temperatures with a surface energy-balance model required including the transmission of solar radiation into the ice. Here we investigate the contribution of subsurface melt to the mass balance of (and runoff from) Dry Valley glaciers by including a drainage process in the model and applying the model to three glacier sites using 13years of hourly meteorological data. Model results for the smooth glacier surfaces common to many glaciers in the Dry Valleys showed that sublimation was typically the largest component of surface lowering, with rare episodes of surface melting, consistent with anecdotal field observations. Results also showed extensive internal melting 5-15 cm below the ice surface, the drainage of which accounted for 50% of summer ablation. This is consistent with field observations of subsurface streams and formation of a weathering crust. We identify an annual cycle of weathering crust formation in summer and its removal during the 10 months of winter sublimation. Title: Near-Surface Internal Melting: a Substantial Mass Loss on Antarctic Dry Valley Glaciers Author: Hoffman, Matthew J., Fountain, Andrew G., Liston, Glen E. Year: 2014 The McMurdo Dry Valleys, southern Victoria Land, East Antarctica, are a polar desert, and melt from glacial ice is the primary source of water to streams, lakes and associated ecosystems. Previous work found that to adequately model glacier ablation and subsurface ice temperatures with a surface energy-balance model required including the transmission of solar radiation into the ice. Here we investigate the contribution of subsurface melt to the mass balance of (and runoff from) Dry Valley glaciers by including a drainage process in the model and applying the model to three glacier sites using 13years of hourly meteorological data. Model results for the smooth glacier surfaces common to many glaciers in the Dry Valleys showed that sublimation was typically the largest component of surface lowering, with rare episodes of surface melting, consistent with anecdotal field observations. Results also showed extensive internal melting 5-15 cm below the ice surface, the drainage of which accounted for 50% of summer ablation. This is consistent with field observations of subsurface streams and formation of a weathering crust. We identify an annual cycle of weathering crust formation in summer and its removal during the 10 months of winter sublimation. Close

• 2444. [Article] Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Wetlands Under Contrasting Land Uses

  Whether through sea level rise or wetland restoration, agricultural soils in coastal areas will be inundated at increasing rates, renewing connections to sensitive surface waters and raising critical questions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Wetlands Under Contrasting Land Uses Author: Morse, Jennifer L., Ardón, Marcelo, Bernhardt, Emily S. Year: 2012 Whether through sea level rise or wetland restoration, agricultural soils in coastal areas will be inundated at increasing rates, renewing connections to sensitive surface waters and raising critical questions about environmental trade-offs. Wetland restoration is often implemented in agricultural catchments to improve water quality through nutrient removal. Yet flooding of soils can also increase production of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane, representing a potential environmental trade-off. Our study aimed to quantify and compare greenhouse gas emissions from unmanaged and restored forested wetlands, as well as actively managed agricultural fields within the North Carolina coastal plain, USA. In sampling conducted once every two months over a two-year comparative study, we found that soil carbon dioxide flux (range: 8000–64 800 kg CO2·ha-1· yr-1) comprised 66–100% of total greenhouse gas emissions from all sites and that methane emissions (range: -6.87 to 197 kg CH4·ha-1·yr-1) were highest from permanently inundated sites, while nitrous oxide fluxes (range: -1.07 to 139 kg N2O·ha-1·yr-1) were highest in sites with lower water tables. Contrary to predictions, greenhouse gas fluxes (as CO2 equivalents) from the restored wetland were lower than from either agricultural fields or unmanaged forested wetlands. In these acidic coastal freshwater ecosystems, the conversion of agricultural fields to flooded young forested wetlands did not result in increases in greenhouse gas emissions. Title: Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Wetlands Under Contrasting Land Uses Author: Morse, Jennifer L., Ardón, Marcelo, Bernhardt, Emily S. Year: 2012 Whether through sea level rise or wetland restoration, agricultural soils in coastal areas will be inundated at increasing rates, renewing connections to sensitive surface waters and raising critical questions about environmental trade-offs. Wetland restoration is often implemented in agricultural catchments to improve water quality through nutrient removal. Yet flooding of soils can also increase production of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane, representing a potential environmental trade-off. Our study aimed to quantify and compare greenhouse gas emissions from unmanaged and restored forested wetlands, as well as actively managed agricultural fields within the North Carolina coastal plain, USA. In sampling conducted once every two months over a two-year comparative study, we found that soil carbon dioxide flux (range: 8000–64 800 kg CO2·ha-1· yr-1) comprised 66–100% of total greenhouse gas emissions from all sites and that methane emissions (range: -6.87 to 197 kg CH4·ha-1·yr-1) were highest from permanently inundated sites, while nitrous oxide fluxes (range: -1.07 to 139 kg N2O·ha-1·yr-1) were highest in sites with lower water tables. Contrary to predictions, greenhouse gas fluxes (as CO2 equivalents) from the restored wetland were lower than from either agricultural fields or unmanaged forested wetlands. In these acidic coastal freshwater ecosystems, the conversion of agricultural fields to flooded young forested wetlands did not result in increases in greenhouse gas emissions. Close

• 2445. [Article] Living Soil and Composting: Life’s Lessons in the Learning Gardens

  After we spread the chicken poop, we covered it with hay... the poop was the fertilizer and the hay was the stuff that kept the plaHts warm. After school l checked the garden. Empty. Nobody. I climbed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Living Soil and Composting: Life’s Lessons in the Learning Gardens Author: Williams, Dilafruz R., Brown, Jonathan Year: 2010 After we spread the chicken poop, we covered it with hay... the poop was the fertilizer and the hay was the stuff that kept the plaHts warm. After school l checked the garden. Empty. Nobody. I climbed the fence to check the radishes I had planted. I dug around the radishes. They seemed dead. I grabbed a magnifying glass and looked closely at the leaves. Aphids were chewing all the leaves, like ants or other bugs. I went home worried. Next day I went to check the garden. Something red flashed in my eye. I panicked. "Yhaaaa!" I screamed with terror. 1 looked down expecting to see some poisonous bug. It was a pair of ladybugs, maybe mating. The answer to the radish problem right in front of my face! This journal entry conveys an eight year old student's understanding of the web of life: how to use natural fertilizer, ways to warm the soil to create favorable conditions for plant growth, and the role of beneficial insects in a school garden. Beyond distant field trips, learning gardens provide a locally relevant context for such multi-faceted environmental discovery right on the school grounds where learning is housed; they bring children into contact with a vast biological and culhlral web of relations embodied in the living soil of compost. We celebrate learning gardens as sites for integrated learning that can help students develop an intimate connection with land, insects, plants, and soil through awakening their curiosity, wonder, and critical thinking skills. Life is about more than head and gut; our fingernails, skins, palates, nostrils, and tongues are also important in nurturing deep and long lasting bonds of environmental kinship. In this essay we highlight compost-making as a practical school garden activity that builds living soil. Title: Living Soil and Composting: Life’s Lessons in the Learning Gardens Author: Williams, Dilafruz R., Brown, Jonathan Year: 2010 After we spread the chicken poop, we covered it with hay... the poop was the fertilizer and the hay was the stuff that kept the plaHts warm. After school l checked the garden. Empty. Nobody. I climbed the fence to check the radishes I had planted. I dug around the radishes. They seemed dead. I grabbed a magnifying glass and looked closely at the leaves. Aphids were chewing all the leaves, like ants or other bugs. I went home worried. Next day I went to check the garden. Something red flashed in my eye. I panicked. "Yhaaaa!" I screamed with terror. 1 looked down expecting to see some poisonous bug. It was a pair of ladybugs, maybe mating. The answer to the radish problem right in front of my face! This journal entry conveys an eight year old student's understanding of the web of life: how to use natural fertilizer, ways to warm the soil to create favorable conditions for plant growth, and the role of beneficial insects in a school garden. Beyond distant field trips, learning gardens provide a locally relevant context for such multi-faceted environmental discovery right on the school grounds where learning is housed; they bring children into contact with a vast biological and culhlral web of relations embodied in the living soil of compost. We celebrate learning gardens as sites for integrated learning that can help students develop an intimate connection with land, insects, plants, and soil through awakening their curiosity, wonder, and critical thinking skills. Life is about more than head and gut; our fingernails, skins, palates, nostrils, and tongues are also important in nurturing deep and long lasting bonds of environmental kinship. In this essay we highlight compost-making as a practical school garden activity that builds living soil. Close

• 2446. [Article] Divergent trends in ecosystem services under different climate-management futures in a fire-prone forest landscape

  While ecosystem services and climate change are often examined independently, quantitative assessments integrating these fields are needed to inform future land management decisions. Using climate-informed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Divergent trends in ecosystem services under different climate-management futures in a fire-prone forest landscape Author: Halofsky, Joshua S., Halofsky, Jessica E., Hemstrom, Miles A., Morzillo, Anita T., Zhou, Xiaoping, Donato, Daniel C. Year: 2017 While ecosystem services and climate change are often examined independently, quantitative assessments integrating these fields are needed to inform future land management decisions. Using climate-informed state-and-transition simulations, we examined projected trends and trade-offs for a suite of ecosystem services under four climate change scenarios and two management scenarios (active management emphasizing fuel treatments and no management other than fire suppression) in a fire-prone landscape of dry and moist mixed-conifer forests in central Oregon, USA. Focal ecosystem services included fire potential (regulating service), timber volume (provisioning service), and potential wildlife habitat (supporting service). Projections without climate change suggested active management in dry mixed-conifer forests would create more open forest structures, reduce crown fire potential, and maintain timber stocks, while in moist mixed-conifer forests, active management would reduce crown fire potential but at the expense of timber stocks. When climate change was considered, however, trends in most ecosystem services changed substantially, with large increases in wildfire area predominating broad-scale trends in outputs, regardless of management approach (e.g., strong declines in timber stocks and habitat for closed-forest wildlife species). Active management still had an influence under a changing climate, but as a moderator of the strong climate-driven trends rather than being a principal driver of ecosystem service outputs. These results suggest projections of future ecosystem services that do not consider climate change may result in unrealistic expectations of benefits. Title: Divergent trends in ecosystem services under different climate-management futures in a fire-prone forest landscape Author: Halofsky, Joshua S., Halofsky, Jessica E., Hemstrom, Miles A., Morzillo, Anita T., Zhou, Xiaoping, Donato, Daniel C. Year: 2017 While ecosystem services and climate change are often examined independently, quantitative assessments integrating these fields are needed to inform future land management decisions. Using climate-informed state-and-transition simulations, we examined projected trends and trade-offs for a suite of ecosystem services under four climate change scenarios and two management scenarios (active management emphasizing fuel treatments and no management other than fire suppression) in a fire-prone landscape of dry and moist mixed-conifer forests in central Oregon, USA. Focal ecosystem services included fire potential (regulating service), timber volume (provisioning service), and potential wildlife habitat (supporting service). Projections without climate change suggested active management in dry mixed-conifer forests would create more open forest structures, reduce crown fire potential, and maintain timber stocks, while in moist mixed-conifer forests, active management would reduce crown fire potential but at the expense of timber stocks. When climate change was considered, however, trends in most ecosystem services changed substantially, with large increases in wildfire area predominating broad-scale trends in outputs, regardless of management approach (e.g., strong declines in timber stocks and habitat for closed-forest wildlife species). Active management still had an influence under a changing climate, but as a moderator of the strong climate-driven trends rather than being a principal driver of ecosystem service outputs. These results suggest projections of future ecosystem services that do not consider climate change may result in unrealistic expectations of benefits. Close

• 2447. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2016

  We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 5 April – 31 August 2016. From north ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2016 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen A., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Krygsman, Erica, Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2016 We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 5 April – 31 August 2016. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives in 2016 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) implement nest protection as appropriate (e.g. ropes, signs, exclosures), 5) develop and test a sampling technique to determine plover productivity, 6) monitor brood outcomes, and 7) collect general observational data about predators and use cameras to document predator activity at nests. We estimated the resident number of Snowy Plovers in Oregon at 518 individuals. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 694 nests in 2016. Overall apparent nest success was 25%. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, harrier depredation, corvid depredation, mammalian depredation, gull depredation, one-egg nest, wind/weather, abandonment, overwashing and infertility. We monitored a sample of 150 of 192 known broods, and documented a minimum of 197 fledglings. Overall brood success was 71%, fledging success was 43%, but only 0.60 +/- 0.09 fledglings per male were produced. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2016 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen A., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Krygsman, Erica, Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2016 We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 5 April – 31 August 2016. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives in 2016 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) implement nest protection as appropriate (e.g. ropes, signs, exclosures), 5) develop and test a sampling technique to determine plover productivity, 6) monitor brood outcomes, and 7) collect general observational data about predators and use cameras to document predator activity at nests. We estimated the resident number of Snowy Plovers in Oregon at 518 individuals. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 694 nests in 2016. Overall apparent nest success was 25%. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, harrier depredation, corvid depredation, mammalian depredation, gull depredation, one-egg nest, wind/weather, abandonment, overwashing and infertility. We monitored a sample of 150 of 192 known broods, and documented a minimum of 197 fledglings. Overall brood success was 71%, fledging success was 43%, but only 0.60 +/- 0.09 fledglings per male were produced. Close

• 2448. [Article] Biogeography Field Guide to Cascade Mountains : Transect along U.S. Highway 26 in Oregon

  Occasional Papers in Geography Publication No. 1 This guide is an outgrowth of field trips I have made with students in biogeography classes at Portland State University. When I first began these field ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biogeography Field Guide to Cascade Mountains : Transect along U.S. Highway 26 in Oregon Author: Price, Larry W. Year: 1971 Occasional Papers in Geography Publication No. 1 This guide is an outgrowth of field trips I have made with students in biogeography classes at Portland State University. When I first began these field trips I was surprised that such a guide was not available. It seemed such a natural thing to have, given the spectacular laboratory of the Cascades where is displayed one of the most dramatic sequences of contrasting environments on earth. Within less than 100 miles you pass from a cloudy marine climate to a semi-arid continental climate, from a lush green land with towering trees to desert shrub. The field trip is essentially from Portland to Maupin. Specifically it follows U.S. Highway 26 from Gresham to Government Camp, where it takes the loop road up to Timberline Lodge and back, then continues on U.S. 26 to the junction with State Highway 216 which cuts directly east to Maupin (Centerplate). This route is ideal for such a trip in that most of the major vegetation types of the Cascades are displayed along the way. In addition, the highway passes very near Mount Hood and affords an opportunity to observe the ecotone between treeline and a tundra-like environment. The major weakness of the route is that it does not run directly east-west so the rapidity of changing environments is reduced. Nevertheless, next to the Columbia River Gorge, this is the most heavily used pass in the Oregon Cascades, and it is hoped that more people will take advantage of the field trip as a result. Title: Biogeography Field Guide to Cascade Mountains : Transect along U.S. Highway 26 in Oregon Author: Price, Larry W. Year: 1971 Occasional Papers in Geography Publication No. 1 This guide is an outgrowth of field trips I have made with students in biogeography classes at Portland State University. When I first began these field trips I was surprised that such a guide was not available. It seemed such a natural thing to have, given the spectacular laboratory of the Cascades where is displayed one of the most dramatic sequences of contrasting environments on earth. Within less than 100 miles you pass from a cloudy marine climate to a semi-arid continental climate, from a lush green land with towering trees to desert shrub. The field trip is essentially from Portland to Maupin. Specifically it follows U.S. Highway 26 from Gresham to Government Camp, where it takes the loop road up to Timberline Lodge and back, then continues on U.S. 26 to the junction with State Highway 216 which cuts directly east to Maupin (Centerplate). This route is ideal for such a trip in that most of the major vegetation types of the Cascades are displayed along the way. In addition, the highway passes very near Mount Hood and affords an opportunity to observe the ecotone between treeline and a tundra-like environment. The major weakness of the route is that it does not run directly east-west so the rapidity of changing environments is reduced. Nevertheless, next to the Columbia River Gorge, this is the most heavily used pass in the Oregon Cascades, and it is hoped that more people will take advantage of the field trip as a result. Close

• 2449. [Article] Ecolopolis 5.0: High Speed Rail in Cascadia

  This is a working document and is the fifth report in this series. This report is the product of term-long projects conducted by graduate students from the two universities, and taught by Professor Daniel ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ecolopolis 5.0: High Speed Rail in Cascadia Author: Portland State University Year: 2011 This is a working document and is the fifth report in this series. This report is the product of term-long projects conducted by graduate students from the two universities, and taught by Professor Daniel Carlson and Professor Ethan Seltzer. The courses engaged the questions of identifying the impacts, maximizing the benefits, and exploring implementation options for high speed rail development in the Cascadia corridor. Though passenger rail has long been a shared interest in the corridor, the recent U.S. initiative proposed by the Obama administration have accelerated high speed rail activity and discussions in Cascadia. The seven papers developed by students in these two courses are presented in this document. The first paper identifies key principles for high speed rail development gleaned from the literature and from the experience in other countries. The second chapter looks specifically at alignment and operations issues. The next two chapters consider community-level impacts in both Oregon and Washington. The last three chapters present scenarios for high speed rail development-- rationales for a range of service options and analyses of their impacts governance, funding, economic development, land use and the environment-- starting with the existing system ("sensible rail") and proceeding to true, 150 mph+ service in the corridor. This technical report is edited by Dr. Ethan Seltzer Title: Ecolopolis 5.0: High Speed Rail in Cascadia Author: Portland State University Year: 2011 This is a working document and is the fifth report in this series. This report is the product of term-long projects conducted by graduate students from the two universities, and taught by Professor Daniel Carlson and Professor Ethan Seltzer. The courses engaged the questions of identifying the impacts, maximizing the benefits, and exploring implementation options for high speed rail development in the Cascadia corridor. Though passenger rail has long been a shared interest in the corridor, the recent U.S. initiative proposed by the Obama administration have accelerated high speed rail activity and discussions in Cascadia. The seven papers developed by students in these two courses are presented in this document. The first paper identifies key principles for high speed rail development gleaned from the literature and from the experience in other countries. The second chapter looks specifically at alignment and operations issues. The next two chapters consider community-level impacts in both Oregon and Washington. The last three chapters present scenarios for high speed rail development-- rationales for a range of service options and analyses of their impacts governance, funding, economic development, land use and the environment-- starting with the existing system ("sensible rail") and proceeding to true, 150 mph+ service in the corridor. This technical report is edited by Dr. Ethan Seltzer Close

• 2450. [Article] The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2014

  We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 1 April – 15 September 2014. From north ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2014 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2014 We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 1 April – 15 September 2014. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives in 2014 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population along the Oregon coast, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) use mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators as needed, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, and 7) collect general observational data about predators. We observed an estimated 338 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 280 individuals were known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 346 nests in 2014. Overall apparent nest success was 60%. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, mammalian depredation, abandonment, wind/weather, one-egg nests, avian depredation, overwashed, infertility, and corvid depredation. We monitored 221 broods, including 12 from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 272 fledglings. Overall brood success was 77%, fledging success was 48%, and 1.68 fledglings per male were produced. Title: The Distribution and Reproductive Success of the Western Snowy Plover along the Oregon Coast - 2014 Author: Lauten, David J., Castelein, Kathleen J., Farrar, J. Daniel, Kotaich, Adam A., Gaines, Eleanor P. Year: 2014 We monitored the distribution, abundance and productivity of the federally threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) along the Oregon coast from 1 April – 15 September 2014. From north to south, we surveyed and monitored plover activity at Sutton Beach, Siltcoos River estuary, the Dunes Overlook, North and South Tahkenitch Creek, Tenmile Creek, Coos Bay North Spit, Bandon Snowy Plover Management Area, New River HRA and adjacent lands, and Floras Lake. Our objectives in 2014 were to: 1) estimate the size of the adult Snowy Plover population along the Oregon coast, 2) locate plover nests, 3) determine nest success, 4) use mini-exclosures (MEs) to protect nests from predators as needed, 5) determine fledging success, 6) monitor brood movements, and 7) collect general observational data about predators. We observed an estimated 338 adult Snowy Plovers; a minimum of 280 individuals were known to have nested. The adult plover population was the highest estimate recorded since monitoring began in 1990. We monitored 346 nests in 2014. Overall apparent nest success was 60%. Nest failures were attributed to unknown depredation, unknown cause, mammalian depredation, abandonment, wind/weather, one-egg nests, avian depredation, overwashed, infertility, and corvid depredation. We monitored 221 broods, including 12 from unknown nests, and documented a minimum of 272 fledglings. Overall brood success was 77%, fledging success was 48%, and 1.68 fledglings per male were produced. Close

• 2451. [Article] Aquatic Invasive Plant Surveys in the BLM Medford District During 2012

  Aquatic plant surveys were conducted at 22 waterbodies located within the Bureau of Land Management’s Medford District during the summer of 2012. Sites included eleven lakes, ponds or reservoirs and six ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aquatic Invasive Plant Surveys in the BLM Medford District During 2012 Author: Miller, Rich, Morgan, Vanessa, Sytsma, Mark D. Year: 2013 Aquatic plant surveys were conducted at 22 waterbodies located within the Bureau of Land Management’s Medford District during the summer of 2012. Sites included eleven lakes, ponds or reservoirs and six reaches along the Rogue and Applegate Rivers. Five sampling areas surveyed during 2010 and 2011 were revisited to determine the extent of known non-native species infestations, positively identify rare species, or verify the absence of an expected non-native species. Plant specimens were collected at up to 50 sites at each waterbody using plant rakes or by observation. The non-native submersed species curly leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) and Eurasian x northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum x spicatum) were widespread throughout the District. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) was present at two sites. Emergent non-native aquatic species included parrotsfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinaceae), floating primrose-willow (Ludwigia peploides) and slender waternymph (Najas gracillima). Title: Aquatic Invasive Plant Surveys in the BLM Medford District During 2012 Author: Miller, Rich, Morgan, Vanessa, Sytsma, Mark D. Year: 2013 Aquatic plant surveys were conducted at 22 waterbodies located within the Bureau of Land Management’s Medford District during the summer of 2012. Sites included eleven lakes, ponds or reservoirs and six reaches along the Rogue and Applegate Rivers. Five sampling areas surveyed during 2010 and 2011 were revisited to determine the extent of known non-native species infestations, positively identify rare species, or verify the absence of an expected non-native species. Plant specimens were collected at up to 50 sites at each waterbody using plant rakes or by observation. The non-native submersed species curly leaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) and Eurasian x northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum x spicatum) were widespread throughout the District. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) was present at two sites. Emergent non-native aquatic species included parrotsfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinaceae), floating primrose-willow (Ludwigia peploides) and slender waternymph (Najas gracillima). Close

• 2452. [Article] Who is at the Forest Restoration Table? Final report on the Blue Mountains Forest Stewardship Network, Phase 1

  Forest collaboratives have emerged throughout the western U.S. as a governance model to address complex ecological challenges that occur at the landscape scale across multiple landownerships and jurisdictional ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Who is at the Forest Restoration Table? Final report on the Blue Mountains Forest Stewardship Network, Phase 1 Author: McLain, Rebecca J., Wright, Kristen, Cerveny, Lee Year: 2015 Forest collaboratives have emerged throughout the western U.S. as a governance model to address complex ecological challenges that occur at the landscape scale across multiple landownerships and jurisdictional boundaries. Collaborative groups typically involve multiple parties with diverse interests working together to address complex management challenges. Collaboratives often provide input on or make recommendations about public lands actions and decisions. The Blues Stewardship Project was developed to better understand the size, composition, participation, and diversity of forest collaboratives and to identify organizations that may not currently be represented at the collaborative ‘table.’ The study focuses on five collaborative groups in the Blue Mountains region of eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington, an area that includes four national forests as well as other federal, state, tribal and private forests and rangelands. By understanding the depth and diversity of Blue Mountains collaboratives, we can evaluate their capability to engage a broad range of public interests. The report uses social network diagrams to show the composition of each forest collaborative and then examines the aggregate social network of all five collaboratives. Social network diagrams were developed based on analysis of meeting minutes and attendance records for each collaborative. We show variation among collaboratives by size, participation levels, and group composition. Title: Who is at the Forest Restoration Table? Final report on the Blue Mountains Forest Stewardship Network, Phase 1 Author: McLain, Rebecca J., Wright, Kristen, Cerveny, Lee Year: 2015 Forest collaboratives have emerged throughout the western U.S. as a governance model to address complex ecological challenges that occur at the landscape scale across multiple landownerships and jurisdictional boundaries. Collaborative groups typically involve multiple parties with diverse interests working together to address complex management challenges. Collaboratives often provide input on or make recommendations about public lands actions and decisions. The Blues Stewardship Project was developed to better understand the size, composition, participation, and diversity of forest collaboratives and to identify organizations that may not currently be represented at the collaborative ‘table.’ The study focuses on five collaborative groups in the Blue Mountains region of eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington, an area that includes four national forests as well as other federal, state, tribal and private forests and rangelands. By understanding the depth and diversity of Blue Mountains collaboratives, we can evaluate their capability to engage a broad range of public interests. The report uses social network diagrams to show the composition of each forest collaborative and then examines the aggregate social network of all five collaboratives. Social network diagrams were developed based on analysis of meeting minutes and attendance records for each collaborative. We show variation among collaboratives by size, participation levels, and group composition. Close

• 2453. [Article] Parking Space Estimation in the City of Portland

  This project is a collaboration with Portland Bureau of Transportation, to study city required parking lots spaces, and allowed on-street parking space in Portland. As the city begins to re-evaluate its ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Parking Space Estimation in the City of Portland Author: Colder, Ashley, Weakley, Madison, Zoeller, J. Robert Year: 2016 This project is a collaboration with Portland Bureau of Transportation, to study city required parking lots spaces, and allowed on-street parking space in Portland. As the city begins to re-evaluate its transportation systems to encourage more travel by buses, trains, and bikes, we want to explore what is the current parking situation by the city of Portland. To understand better about the parking situation in Portland, and how this might affect the parking policies in the future in Portland. The scope of this project is limited to East Portland. The group was assigned to the Far-Southeast (Far-SE) area. The Far-SE TSP is bounded by East Burnside Street on the north, the I-205 freeway on the west, and the city limits on the east and south. The TriMet MAX Blue line runs east-west along the northern boundary and the MAX Green line runs north-south on the west. Major topographic features include Powell and Kelly Buttes as well as Johnson Creek. The predominant land use is low-density, single-family residential on relatively large lots, although there has been a significant amount of infill development through subdivision of large lots. Commercial development stretches along the five main arterials running through the district (Division Street, Powell Boulevard, Foster Road, Stark Street, and 122nd Avenue) and is generally low density. Title: Parking Space Estimation in the City of Portland Author: Colder, Ashley, Weakley, Madison, Zoeller, J. Robert Year: 2016 This project is a collaboration with Portland Bureau of Transportation, to study city required parking lots spaces, and allowed on-street parking space in Portland. As the city begins to re-evaluate its transportation systems to encourage more travel by buses, trains, and bikes, we want to explore what is the current parking situation by the city of Portland. To understand better about the parking situation in Portland, and how this might affect the parking policies in the future in Portland. The scope of this project is limited to East Portland. The group was assigned to the Far-Southeast (Far-SE) area. The Far-SE TSP is bounded by East Burnside Street on the north, the I-205 freeway on the west, and the city limits on the east and south. The TriMet MAX Blue line runs east-west along the northern boundary and the MAX Green line runs north-south on the west. Major topographic features include Powell and Kelly Buttes as well as Johnson Creek. The predominant land use is low-density, single-family residential on relatively large lots, although there has been a significant amount of infill development through subdivision of large lots. Commercial development stretches along the five main arterials running through the district (Division Street, Powell Boulevard, Foster Road, Stark Street, and 122nd Avenue) and is generally low density. Close

• 2454. [Article] Food Sovereignty: An Alternative Paradigm for Poverty Reduction and Biodiversity Conservation in Latin America

  Strong feedback between global biodiversity loss and persistent, extreme rural poverty are major challenges in the face of concurrent food, energy, and environmental crises. This paper examines the role ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food Sovereignty: An Alternative Paradigm for Poverty Reduction and Biodiversity Conservation in Latin America Author: Chappell, M. Jahi, Wittman, Hannah, Bacon, Christopher M., Ferguson, Bruce G., Barrios, Luis Garcia, Barrios, Raúl Garcia, Jaffee, Daniel, Lima, Jefferson, Méndez, V. Ernesto, Morales, Helda, Soto-Pinto, Lorena, Vandermeer, John, Perfecto, Ivette Year: 2013 Strong feedback between global biodiversity loss and persistent, extreme rural poverty are major challenges in the face of concurrent food, energy, and environmental crises. This paper examines the role of industrial agricultural intensification and market integration as exogenous socio-ecological drivers of biodiversity loss and poverty traps in Latin America. We then analyze the potential of a food sovereignty framework, based on protecting the viability of a diverse agroecological matrix while supporting rural livelihoods and global food production. We review several successful examples of this approach, including ecological land reform in Brazil, agroforestry, milpa, and the uses of wild varieties in smallholder systems in Mexico and Central America. We highlight emergent research directions that will be necessary to assess the potential of the food sovereignty model to promote both biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction. Title: Food Sovereignty: An Alternative Paradigm for Poverty Reduction and Biodiversity Conservation in Latin America Author: Chappell, M. Jahi, Wittman, Hannah, Bacon, Christopher M., Ferguson, Bruce G., Barrios, Luis Garcia, Barrios, Raúl Garcia, Jaffee, Daniel, Lima, Jefferson, Méndez, V. Ernesto, Morales, Helda, Soto-Pinto, Lorena, Vandermeer, John, Perfecto, Ivette Year: 2013 Strong feedback between global biodiversity loss and persistent, extreme rural poverty are major challenges in the face of concurrent food, energy, and environmental crises. This paper examines the role of industrial agricultural intensification and market integration as exogenous socio-ecological drivers of biodiversity loss and poverty traps in Latin America. We then analyze the potential of a food sovereignty framework, based on protecting the viability of a diverse agroecological matrix while supporting rural livelihoods and global food production. We review several successful examples of this approach, including ecological land reform in Brazil, agroforestry, milpa, and the uses of wild varieties in smallholder systems in Mexico and Central America. We highlight emergent research directions that will be necessary to assess the potential of the food sovereignty model to promote both biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction. Close

• 2455. [Article] People in Action for Change: Photovoice Project

  This project was undertaken by Portland State University Senior Capstone Students in cooperation with the Rose Community Development Corporation and Leander Court. The Rose Community Development Corporation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: People in Action for Change: Photovoice Project Author: Anderson, Will, Bonham, Ian, Christensen, Jason, Davis, Robin Year: 2011 This project was undertaken by Portland State University Senior Capstone Students in cooperation with the Rose Community Development Corporation and Leander Court. The Rose Community Development Corporation sponsored a group of Leander Court residents and youth in a photovoice project that sought to empower community members to take action to improve their individual, family and community health. The Portland State University Capstone project partnered with Rose CDC in order to provide a relevant and measurable spatial context for the photovoice project using the San Francisco Department of Public Health’s Healthy Development Measurement Tool and the Pedestrian Environmental Quality Survey. The capstone project targeted a 1-mile area surrounding Leander Court (at SE Holgate and 122nd Avenue). The data collected included business information, targeting food providers and business with liquor licenses, location of vacant land and buildings, information on school enrollment and school bus stops, crime statistics, and community assets, including the neighborhood association and other organizations working in the area. Teams also conducted a comprehensive pedestrian quality survey in an area about 1/2-mile in radius from Leander Court. Approximately 21 miles of street segments were included in the survey. Information collected included intersection safety features (traffic lights and crosswalks), sidewalk conditions, street lighting, presence of graffiti and litter, and speed limits. "Taking action to improve individual, family and community health". Title: People in Action for Change: Photovoice Project Author: Anderson, Will, Bonham, Ian, Christensen, Jason, Davis, Robin Year: 2011 This project was undertaken by Portland State University Senior Capstone Students in cooperation with the Rose Community Development Corporation and Leander Court. The Rose Community Development Corporation sponsored a group of Leander Court residents and youth in a photovoice project that sought to empower community members to take action to improve their individual, family and community health. The Portland State University Capstone project partnered with Rose CDC in order to provide a relevant and measurable spatial context for the photovoice project using the San Francisco Department of Public Health’s Healthy Development Measurement Tool and the Pedestrian Environmental Quality Survey. The capstone project targeted a 1-mile area surrounding Leander Court (at SE Holgate and 122nd Avenue). The data collected included business information, targeting food providers and business with liquor licenses, location of vacant land and buildings, information on school enrollment and school bus stops, crime statistics, and community assets, including the neighborhood association and other organizations working in the area. Teams also conducted a comprehensive pedestrian quality survey in an area about 1/2-mile in radius from Leander Court. Approximately 21 miles of street segments were included in the survey. Information collected included intersection safety features (traffic lights and crosswalks), sidewalk conditions, street lighting, presence of graffiti and litter, and speed limits. "Taking action to improve individual, family and community health". Close

• 2456. [Article] The Wicked Problem of Chemicals Policy: Opportunities for Innovation

  Many environmental challenges facing society today, such as climate change and integrated water management, have been described as “wicked problems” due to their biological, physical, and social complexity. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Wicked Problem of Chemicals Policy: Opportunities for Innovation Author: Allen, Jennifer H. Year: 2013 Many environmental challenges facing society today, such as climate change and integrated water management, have been described as “wicked problems” due to their biological, physical, and social complexity. Wicked problems extend across media such as air, land, and water; across political jurisdictions and landscape boundaries; and across traditional policy arenas. Traditional policy approaches that are media-specific, rely on single agencies for implementation, and that do not effectively engage stakeholders and partners outside of government are generally ineffective in addressing these issues. The management of toxic chemicals is a classic “wicked problem.” Existing toxics policies often exacerbate the “wicked” nature of this issue by ignoring its inherent complexity and the need to bridge across agencies, jurisdictions, and constituencies to effectively manage these substances. Current US policies make it difficult to gather sufficient information to assess the environmental and health impacts of the thousands of chemicals in use. Lack of incentives for industry to invest in safer alternatives has also created a gap between the need for safer chemical alternatives and development of safer technologies, processes, or products. This article explores how policy strategies that foster cross-agency coordination, engage stakeholders in policy development and implementation, and represent a more systems-oriented, holistic approach may be more effective in addressing such complex wicked problems. While federal action is needed to avoid a regulatory “race to the bottom,” there are also opportunities for states to encourage the development and adoption of safer alternatives to chemicals of concern. Title: The Wicked Problem of Chemicals Policy: Opportunities for Innovation Author: Allen, Jennifer H. Year: 2013 Many environmental challenges facing society today, such as climate change and integrated water management, have been described as “wicked problems” due to their biological, physical, and social complexity. Wicked problems extend across media such as air, land, and water; across political jurisdictions and landscape boundaries; and across traditional policy arenas. Traditional policy approaches that are media-specific, rely on single agencies for implementation, and that do not effectively engage stakeholders and partners outside of government are generally ineffective in addressing these issues. The management of toxic chemicals is a classic “wicked problem.” Existing toxics policies often exacerbate the “wicked” nature of this issue by ignoring its inherent complexity and the need to bridge across agencies, jurisdictions, and constituencies to effectively manage these substances. Current US policies make it difficult to gather sufficient information to assess the environmental and health impacts of the thousands of chemicals in use. Lack of incentives for industry to invest in safer alternatives has also created a gap between the need for safer chemical alternatives and development of safer technologies, processes, or products. This article explores how policy strategies that foster cross-agency coordination, engage stakeholders in policy development and implementation, and represent a more systems-oriented, holistic approach may be more effective in addressing such complex wicked problems. While federal action is needed to avoid a regulatory “race to the bottom,” there are also opportunities for states to encourage the development and adoption of safer alternatives to chemicals of concern. Close

• 2457. [Article] Food Justice and Municipal Government in the USA

  This article examines the potential and limits of municipal food systems planning in advancing food justice in the USA. The alternative food movement is growing in response to the recognized problems of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Food Justice and Municipal Government in the USA Author: Horst, Megan Year: 2017 This article examines the potential and limits of municipal food systems planning in advancing food justice in the USA. The alternative food movement is growing in response to the recognized problems of the dominant food system. Scholars argue that food justice provides an important orientation for alternative food movement efforts (Holt-Giménez & Wang 2011). Food justice contests race and class-based inequalities associated with the production, distribution, and consumption of food, promotes democratic participation in food systems decision-making, and establishes non-capitalist and non-exploitative alternatives (Alkon, Alkon, A. H. (2013). This article examines two cases of municipal food systems planning in western Washington: the PSRFPC and the City of Seattle. Using document analysis, observations and interviews, I assess how these cases have confronted five major aspects of food justice, including trauma/inequity, land, labor, exchange and democratic process. For both cases, I examine where municipal planning has gained some momentum towards fostering food justice, and identify where it is getting stuck and what might enable it to move forward. The findings show that municipal planning in these two cases offers some tentative support for the values of food justice. Other municipalities may learn from these examples. Ultimately, this article argues that municipal government can play an important role in fostering food justice. However, municipal government also faces constraints, which, if not addressed, pose critical limitations to municipal support for food justice. Title: Food Justice and Municipal Government in the USA Author: Horst, Megan Year: 2017 This article examines the potential and limits of municipal food systems planning in advancing food justice in the USA. The alternative food movement is growing in response to the recognized problems of the dominant food system. Scholars argue that food justice provides an important orientation for alternative food movement efforts (Holt-Giménez & Wang 2011). Food justice contests race and class-based inequalities associated with the production, distribution, and consumption of food, promotes democratic participation in food systems decision-making, and establishes non-capitalist and non-exploitative alternatives (Alkon, Alkon, A. H. (2013). This article examines two cases of municipal food systems planning in western Washington: the PSRFPC and the City of Seattle. Using document analysis, observations and interviews, I assess how these cases have confronted five major aspects of food justice, including trauma/inequity, land, labor, exchange and democratic process. For both cases, I examine where municipal planning has gained some momentum towards fostering food justice, and identify where it is getting stuck and what might enable it to move forward. The findings show that municipal planning in these two cases offers some tentative support for the values of food justice. Other municipalities may learn from these examples. Ultimately, this article argues that municipal government can play an important role in fostering food justice. However, municipal government also faces constraints, which, if not addressed, pose critical limitations to municipal support for food justice. Close

• 2458. [Article] Investigating the Sources of Decadal-Scale Property Changes in Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southeast Indian Ocean (80-90°E)

  A recognizable warming and freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) throughout much of the Southern Ocean is one of the major findings of the international long-line hydrographic programs of 1990’s ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Investigating the Sources of Decadal-Scale Property Changes in Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southeast Indian Ocean (80-90°E) Author: Gottschalk, Kimberly Year: 2017 A recognizable warming and freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) throughout much of the Southern Ocean is one of the major findings of the international long-line hydrographic programs of 1990’s and the 2000's. A 2016 GO-SHIP repeat of the I08S line (80-90ºE) in the southeast Indian Ocean found continued, but weaker, AABW warming and significantly stronger freshening in the Antarctic-Australian Basin (A-AB). It has been proposed that the 2010 B9b iceberg calving along the Adélie Land Coast may be linked to this pronounced freshening. The present study seeks to affirm or challenge this hypothesis through a quantitative investigation into the origins of A-AB (i.e. I08S) bottom water. A water mass fraction mixing analysis is used to determine a) the contribution of individual formation regions to the bottom water seen at I08S, and b) how these contributions may have changed since the first occupation of the line. Long-term mean source water properties point to Adélie Bottom Water (ADLBW) as the sole dominant source of A-AB AABW. However, employing source water properties from times preceding each occupation I08S (1994, 2007, 2016), suggests that prior to 2007, Ross Sea Bottom Water (RSBW) was the dominant source (61% and 75%, respectively) and after 2007 there was a shift in composition (ADLBW 44%, RSBW 34%). This result suggests that it is feasible that the B9b calving that impacted ADLBW formation is, at least, partially responsible for changes seen at I08S. Nevertheless, given that there are significant contributions from sources, it seems unlikely that this single event is the sole driver of the observed freshening. A CFC age analysis of both source and I08S bottom waters confirms the estimated timescales to within +/- 5 years. Title: Investigating the Sources of Decadal-Scale Property Changes in Antarctic Bottom Water in the Southeast Indian Ocean (80-90°E) Author: Gottschalk, Kimberly Year: 2017 A recognizable warming and freshening of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) throughout much of the Southern Ocean is one of the major findings of the international long-line hydrographic programs of 1990’s and the 2000's. A 2016 GO-SHIP repeat of the I08S line (80-90ºE) in the southeast Indian Ocean found continued, but weaker, AABW warming and significantly stronger freshening in the Antarctic-Australian Basin (A-AB). It has been proposed that the 2010 B9b iceberg calving along the Adélie Land Coast may be linked to this pronounced freshening. The present study seeks to affirm or challenge this hypothesis through a quantitative investigation into the origins of A-AB (i.e. I08S) bottom water. A water mass fraction mixing analysis is used to determine a) the contribution of individual formation regions to the bottom water seen at I08S, and b) how these contributions may have changed since the first occupation of the line. Long-term mean source water properties point to Adélie Bottom Water (ADLBW) as the sole dominant source of A-AB AABW. However, employing source water properties from times preceding each occupation I08S (1994, 2007, 2016), suggests that prior to 2007, Ross Sea Bottom Water (RSBW) was the dominant source (61% and 75%, respectively) and after 2007 there was a shift in composition (ADLBW 44%, RSBW 34%). This result suggests that it is feasible that the B9b calving that impacted ADLBW formation is, at least, partially responsible for changes seen at I08S. Nevertheless, given that there are significant contributions from sources, it seems unlikely that this single event is the sole driver of the observed freshening. A CFC age analysis of both source and I08S bottom waters confirms the estimated timescales to within +/- 5 years. Close

• 2459. [Article] Pursuing Vision Zero in Seattle – Results of a Systemic Safety Analysis

  Many cities are considering pursuing Vision Zero to eliminate traffic deaths, but may not know how to move beyond addressing past crash locations toward preventing future crashes. Systemic analysis, which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pursuing Vision Zero in Seattle – Results of a Systemic Safety Analysis Author: Sanders, Rebecca Year: 2016 Many cities are considering pursuing Vision Zero to eliminate traffic deaths, but may not know how to move beyond addressing past crash locations toward preventing future crashes. Systemic analysis, which looks at crash patterns to determine common characteristics associated with various types of crashes, shows promise in helping cities to identify problematic locations and treatments in the hopes of preventing future crashes. This presentation will share results from part of Seattle’s Vision Zero effort – a multi-phased analysis of pedestrian and bicycle crash data aiming to help the City understand both where crashes have occurred and where they are most likely to occur in the future. Discussing the work that she conducted with colleagues at Toole Design Group and UNC-Chapel Hill, Dr. Sanders will show how the most common crash types were identified and then analyzed in conjunction with variables accounting for roadway design, land use, population, and exposure to create multivariate models for crash types of particular concern. She will discuss how the results of the various analyses have given the City of Seattle multiple tools to rank crash and future-crash locations according to different metrics. The presentation will conclude with key takeaways for other cities looking to perform systemic analysis in the future. Title: Pursuing Vision Zero in Seattle – Results of a Systemic Safety Analysis Author: Sanders, Rebecca Year: 2016 Many cities are considering pursuing Vision Zero to eliminate traffic deaths, but may not know how to move beyond addressing past crash locations toward preventing future crashes. Systemic analysis, which looks at crash patterns to determine common characteristics associated with various types of crashes, shows promise in helping cities to identify problematic locations and treatments in the hopes of preventing future crashes. This presentation will share results from part of Seattle’s Vision Zero effort – a multi-phased analysis of pedestrian and bicycle crash data aiming to help the City understand both where crashes have occurred and where they are most likely to occur in the future. Discussing the work that she conducted with colleagues at Toole Design Group and UNC-Chapel Hill, Dr. Sanders will show how the most common crash types were identified and then analyzed in conjunction with variables accounting for roadway design, land use, population, and exposure to create multivariate models for crash types of particular concern. She will discuss how the results of the various analyses have given the City of Seattle multiple tools to rank crash and future-crash locations according to different metrics. The presentation will conclude with key takeaways for other cities looking to perform systemic analysis in the future. Close

• 2460. [Article] Promotion of Active Transportation Among State Departments of Transportation in the U.S

  Objectives: This research aimed to assess the level of support for active transportation among state departments of transportation (DOTs) in the U.S. Methods: We conducted an inventory plans adopted by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Promotion of Active Transportation Among State Departments of Transportation in the U.S Author: Dill, Jennifer, Smith, Oliver, Howe, Deborah Year: 2017 Objectives: This research aimed to assess the level of support for active transportation among state departments of transportation (DOTs) in the U.S. Methods: We conducted an inventory plans adopted by 51 state DOTs and a survey of state DOT pedestrian and bicycle coordinators in the U.S. in 2010 (n=39, 72% response rate). Results: Overall, the plans were not very encouraging of planning and design elements that would encourage walking and bicycling. Only two items (Establish pedestrian and bicycle facilities requirements and standards and Safer intersections for pedestrians and bicyclists) were encouraged or required by at least half of the states. States were more supportive of including bicycle and pedestrian facilities (e.g. trails, sidewalks, and bike lanes) and less supportive of policies related to land use and urban design and reallocating road space (e.g. road diets or narrower streets). The overall levels of support were positively correlated to levels of urbanization. According to the state coordinators, support for bicycle and pedestrian projects and policies increased over time, but support is stronger among top management than highway engineering staff. Funding was identified as the major implementation barrier, particularly in more rural states. Conclusions: Change within state DOTs to incorporate bicycle and pedestrian modes is a slow process, influenced by both management and engineering staff. Education at several levels and through different mechanisms could play an important role in changing DOT culture, though funding for projects is also a major barrier. Effective advocacy groups may also play a positive role. Title: Promotion of Active Transportation Among State Departments of Transportation in the U.S Author: Dill, Jennifer, Smith, Oliver, Howe, Deborah Year: 2017 Objectives: This research aimed to assess the level of support for active transportation among state departments of transportation (DOTs) in the U.S. Methods: We conducted an inventory plans adopted by 51 state DOTs and a survey of state DOT pedestrian and bicycle coordinators in the U.S. in 2010 (n=39, 72% response rate). Results: Overall, the plans were not very encouraging of planning and design elements that would encourage walking and bicycling. Only two items (Establish pedestrian and bicycle facilities requirements and standards and Safer intersections for pedestrians and bicyclists) were encouraged or required by at least half of the states. States were more supportive of including bicycle and pedestrian facilities (e.g. trails, sidewalks, and bike lanes) and less supportive of policies related to land use and urban design and reallocating road space (e.g. road diets or narrower streets). The overall levels of support were positively correlated to levels of urbanization. According to the state coordinators, support for bicycle and pedestrian projects and policies increased over time, but support is stronger among top management than highway engineering staff. Funding was identified as the major implementation barrier, particularly in more rural states. Conclusions: Change within state DOTs to incorporate bicycle and pedestrian modes is a slow process, influenced by both management and engineering staff. Education at several levels and through different mechanisms could play an important role in changing DOT culture, though funding for projects is also a major barrier. Effective advocacy groups may also play a positive role. Close

• 2461. [Article] The Nixon "shocks": implications for Japan's foreign policy in the 1970's

  This thesis examines the implications that the Nixon “shocks” may have on Japan’s foreign policy. The data used consisted of books, articles, periodicals, government publications and newspapers. Examined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Nixon "shocks": implications for Japan's foreign policy in the 1970's Author: Partch, Richard Douglas Year: 1972 This thesis examines the implications that the Nixon “shocks” may have on Japan’s foreign policy. The data used consisted of books, articles, periodicals, government publications and newspapers. Examined were such important factors as: the attitudes of the political parties in Japan on foreign policy questions, the rapid rise of the Japanese economy and the implications this has had on Japan's relations with other countries, and the question of Japan's possible remilitarization, both in conventional and nuclear terms. In addition, Japan's relations with the other three Great Powers in Asia, (China, the Soviet Union and the United States), are also studied. From about 1945 until the close of the 1960's, Japan's foreign policy had been based on a close relationship with the United States. From about the end of 1970 to the end of 1971, Japan was stung by a series of “shocks” in the course of American foreign policy. These included tile sudden and last minute announcement of Nixon's visit to China, severe economic measures, the imposition of' textile quotas, and the failure of Japan's co-sponsoring of the United Nations motion allowing Taiwan to keep its membership. The period of 1969 to 1972 is critical to the future alignment of Japan’s foreign policy. One conclusion from this re-alignment is that it is now clear that Japan will no longer serve as the American junior partner in Asia. Japan now shows a new independent attitude in its relations with other countries, quite apart from American desire. Also in 1972 following the Nixon “shocks,” both China and the Soviet Union competed against the other to draw Japan away from its American alliance. It is the shift in Japan's foreign policy that this thesis is concerned with. Title: The Nixon "shocks": implications for Japan's foreign policy in the 1970's Author: Partch, Richard Douglas Year: 1972 This thesis examines the implications that the Nixon “shocks” may have on Japan’s foreign policy. The data used consisted of books, articles, periodicals, government publications and newspapers. Examined were such important factors as: the attitudes of the political parties in Japan on foreign policy questions, the rapid rise of the Japanese economy and the implications this has had on Japan's relations with other countries, and the question of Japan's possible remilitarization, both in conventional and nuclear terms. In addition, Japan's relations with the other three Great Powers in Asia, (China, the Soviet Union and the United States), are also studied. From about 1945 until the close of the 1960's, Japan's foreign policy had been based on a close relationship with the United States. From about the end of 1970 to the end of 1971, Japan was stung by a series of “shocks” in the course of American foreign policy. These included tile sudden and last minute announcement of Nixon's visit to China, severe economic measures, the imposition of' textile quotas, and the failure of Japan's co-sponsoring of the United Nations motion allowing Taiwan to keep its membership. The period of 1969 to 1972 is critical to the future alignment of Japan’s foreign policy. One conclusion from this re-alignment is that it is now clear that Japan will no longer serve as the American junior partner in Asia. Japan now shows a new independent attitude in its relations with other countries, quite apart from American desire. Also in 1972 following the Nixon “shocks,” both China and the Soviet Union competed against the other to draw Japan away from its American alliance. It is the shift in Japan's foreign policy that this thesis is concerned with. Close

• 2462. [Article] Tracking Fish and Human Response to Abrupt Environmental Change at Tse-whit-zen: A Large Native American Village on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State

  Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tracking Fish and Human Response to Abrupt Environmental Change at Tse-whit-zen: A Large Native American Village on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State Author: Mohlenhoff, Kathryn Anne Year: 2013 Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between 1824 and 54 cal B.P. located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of natural and cultural records. Here I report on the >10,000 fish remains from one 2x2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans one earthquake event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate use of a wide range of marine fish taxa including various sculpins (Cottidae), flatfish (Pleuronectiformes), herring (Clupea pallasii) and salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.). This illustrates a highly diverse diet throughout occupation, though relative abundances of more offshore taxa decrease through time in favor of some nearshore taxa, possibly indicating the presence of a coseismic event. This thesis serves as part of a pilot study for a collaborative project that is underway. This larger project addresses human response to both gradual and abrupt environmental change through the analysis of all classes of Tse-whit-zen faunal remains, which provide a link to impacts on animal populations and in turn human subsistence. Title: Tracking Fish and Human Response to Abrupt Environmental Change at Tse-whit-zen: A Large Native American Village on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State Author: Mohlenhoff, Kathryn Anne Year: 2013 Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between 1824 and 54 cal B.P. located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of natural and cultural records. Here I report on the >10,000 fish remains from one 2x2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans one earthquake event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate use of a wide range of marine fish taxa including various sculpins (Cottidae), flatfish (Pleuronectiformes), herring (Clupea pallasii) and salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.). This illustrates a highly diverse diet throughout occupation, though relative abundances of more offshore taxa decrease through time in favor of some nearshore taxa, possibly indicating the presence of a coseismic event. This thesis serves as part of a pilot study for a collaborative project that is underway. This larger project addresses human response to both gradual and abrupt environmental change through the analysis of all classes of Tse-whit-zen faunal remains, which provide a link to impacts on animal populations and in turn human subsistence. Close

• 2463. [Article] Assessing Environmental Inequality in Portland, Oregon: An Exploration of Local Environmental Justice Struggles

  This thesis explores patterns of environmental inequality in Portland, Oregon; both the existence of spatial environmental inequalities and the structural and local forces which contribute to them. Research ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Assessing Environmental Inequality in Portland, Oregon: An Exploration of Local Environmental Justice Struggles Author: Folks, Jordan Douglas Year: 2012 This thesis explores patterns of environmental inequality in Portland, Oregon; both the existence of spatial environmental inequalities and the structural and local forces which contribute to them. Research on environmental inequality, or inequitable exposure to toxins, has shown that minority and low-income populations experience the bulk of the exposure to environmental hazards. Although Portland is often cited as the archetype of a sustainable city, environmental inequality is a pervasive issue. This thesis examines the health inequalities that characterize underserved communities in Portland. Utilizing a mixed methods approach, the researcher uses 1) logistic regression to statistically assess the relationship between race, poverty, and Superfund site locations, and 2) in-depth interviews with members of Oregon's environmental justice movement to help understand the historical, social, political, and economic conditions of Portland and their subsequent influence on environmental inequalities. Quantitative data is pooled from 2000 census and 2011 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sources. The quantitative findings demonstrate that environmental inequality is present in Portland, with African Americans being particularly overrepresented in tracts with Superfund sites. The quantitative analyses ultimately suggest that minimally populated, highly impoverished tracts with approximately 11% African American residents are most likely to house a Superfund site. The qualitative findings show that a variety of structural and local forces play prominent roles in the formation of Portland's environmental inequalities. The qualitative analyses reveal this to be a multifaceted and complex process that is indicative of Portland's history of racial inequality, contemporary free market and business forces, and governmental interests which culminate in trends of inequitable development. Title: Assessing Environmental Inequality in Portland, Oregon: An Exploration of Local Environmental Justice Struggles Author: Folks, Jordan Douglas Year: 2012 This thesis explores patterns of environmental inequality in Portland, Oregon; both the existence of spatial environmental inequalities and the structural and local forces which contribute to them. Research on environmental inequality, or inequitable exposure to toxins, has shown that minority and low-income populations experience the bulk of the exposure to environmental hazards. Although Portland is often cited as the archetype of a sustainable city, environmental inequality is a pervasive issue. This thesis examines the health inequalities that characterize underserved communities in Portland. Utilizing a mixed methods approach, the researcher uses 1) logistic regression to statistically assess the relationship between race, poverty, and Superfund site locations, and 2) in-depth interviews with members of Oregon's environmental justice movement to help understand the historical, social, political, and economic conditions of Portland and their subsequent influence on environmental inequalities. Quantitative data is pooled from 2000 census and 2011 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sources. The quantitative findings demonstrate that environmental inequality is present in Portland, with African Americans being particularly overrepresented in tracts with Superfund sites. The quantitative analyses ultimately suggest that minimally populated, highly impoverished tracts with approximately 11% African American residents are most likely to house a Superfund site. The qualitative findings show that a variety of structural and local forces play prominent roles in the formation of Portland's environmental inequalities. The qualitative analyses reveal this to be a multifaceted and complex process that is indicative of Portland's history of racial inequality, contemporary free market and business forces, and governmental interests which culminate in trends of inequitable development. Close

• 2464. [Article] Portland Youth Advocates' contact center program (1970-79): an idiographic study

  Portland Youth Advocates is a nonprofit organization in Portland, Oregon that since 1969 has supervised nearly a dozen innovative service programs for young people. One of these programs was a counseling ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland Youth Advocates' contact center program (1970-79): an idiographic study Author: Horowitz, Michael Year: 1981 Portland Youth Advocates is a nonprofit organization in Portland, Oregon that since 1969 has supervised nearly a dozen innovative service programs for young people. One of these programs was a counseling and referral program that evolved in August 1970 and closed in September 1979. Although it used different names at various times, it was most often known as the Contact Center. Three of PYA's former programs are operating in 1981, having each incorporated separately since 1979. To address the problem of why the Contact Center was unable to continue as well, an ex post facto case study of the program is undertaken. To facilitate the study, the program's history is divided into five representative time periods. Four categories of sources are then consulted to indicate the program's performance in five fixed factors during each time period. Findings are initially presented for each factor in each time period. They are subsequently comprehensively analyzed from the viewpoint of two factors over time, a collective factor over time, and three special attitudes. A conclusion is then drawn regarding the Contact Center's demise. Data is sufficiently indicative as to suggest a reply to the problem. The Contact Center appears to have been a fairly well organized program that generally provided good service. Its difficulties seemed to derive from its increasingly troubled mediation with the external landscape--government officials, foundation executives, and other private human service agencies. Some of the disturbance the center encountered in this regard was a consequence of its acknowledged preference for clinical as opposed to political activity. But the evidence also implies that distinguishing attitudes assumed by program members may have exacerbated already tenuous relationships between the program and external entities. Because these attitudes roughly identify the Contact Center program with what is often called "alternative human service," the work concludes with a prescriptive essay regarding the perpetuation of such service. In this manner, the particular experience of the Contact Center inspires an informed contribution to the consideration of a national phenomenon in human service. Title: Portland Youth Advocates' contact center program (1970-79): an idiographic study Author: Horowitz, Michael Year: 1981 Portland Youth Advocates is a nonprofit organization in Portland, Oregon that since 1969 has supervised nearly a dozen innovative service programs for young people. One of these programs was a counseling and referral program that evolved in August 1970 and closed in September 1979. Although it used different names at various times, it was most often known as the Contact Center. Three of PYA's former programs are operating in 1981, having each incorporated separately since 1979. To address the problem of why the Contact Center was unable to continue as well, an ex post facto case study of the program is undertaken. To facilitate the study, the program's history is divided into five representative time periods. Four categories of sources are then consulted to indicate the program's performance in five fixed factors during each time period. Findings are initially presented for each factor in each time period. They are subsequently comprehensively analyzed from the viewpoint of two factors over time, a collective factor over time, and three special attitudes. A conclusion is then drawn regarding the Contact Center's demise. Data is sufficiently indicative as to suggest a reply to the problem. The Contact Center appears to have been a fairly well organized program that generally provided good service. Its difficulties seemed to derive from its increasingly troubled mediation with the external landscape--government officials, foundation executives, and other private human service agencies. Some of the disturbance the center encountered in this regard was a consequence of its acknowledged preference for clinical as opposed to political activity. But the evidence also implies that distinguishing attitudes assumed by program members may have exacerbated already tenuous relationships between the program and external entities. Because these attitudes roughly identify the Contact Center program with what is often called "alternative human service," the work concludes with a prescriptive essay regarding the perpetuation of such service. In this manner, the particular experience of the Contact Center inspires an informed contribution to the consideration of a national phenomenon in human service. Close

• 2465. [Article] Variation in Green Roof Storage Capacity, Associated Drivers, and Implications for Stormwater Management in Portland, Oregon

  Greens roofs, also known as ecoroofs or living roofs, provide numerous ecosystem services and are becoming widely integrated into urban stormwater management systems. Despite a long and robust history ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Variation in Green Roof Storage Capacity, Associated Drivers, and Implications for Stormwater Management in Portland, Oregon Author: Estrella, Melecio Year: 2016 Greens roofs, also known as ecoroofs or living roofs, provide numerous ecosystem services and are becoming widely integrated into urban stormwater management systems. Despite a long and robust history of green roof projects in Portland, Oregon, there is a distinct lack of research on in situ performance. This thesis addressed this gap by investigating the hydrologic performance of five green roofs in Portland for a time period spanning November through February. Despite difficulty with the sensor calibrations, our analysis of moisture content data from these roofs revealed variation in: (1) total evapotranspiration, which serves as a proxy for total stormwater retention, and (2) storage capacity, which was defined as the difference between average maximum and minimum substrate volumetric water content measured under field conditions. Evapotranspiration was predicted by storage capacity following first order growth using non-linear regression analysis, suggesting that increasing storage capacity should correspond with increases in evapotranspiration and retention up until an inflection point of possibly 8-9mm beyond which the effect diminishes. Storage capacity was further shown to be correlated with substrate properties such as organic matter content and coefficient of curvature. Finally, retention values of 13.4% - 32.8% for Portland’s rainy season in 2015-2016 were found to be substantially lower than optimal annual values reported in other studies in Portland as well as cities around the world. This suggests that Portland’s green roofs may not perform as well as expected during months of high precipitation, which are the times when hydrologic performance is most critical. Further research should consider seasonal green roof performance in the Pacific Northwest and also revisit storage capacity as a parameter to include in future design standards. Title: Variation in Green Roof Storage Capacity, Associated Drivers, and Implications for Stormwater Management in Portland, Oregon Author: Estrella, Melecio Year: 2016 Greens roofs, also known as ecoroofs or living roofs, provide numerous ecosystem services and are becoming widely integrated into urban stormwater management systems. Despite a long and robust history of green roof projects in Portland, Oregon, there is a distinct lack of research on in situ performance. This thesis addressed this gap by investigating the hydrologic performance of five green roofs in Portland for a time period spanning November through February. Despite difficulty with the sensor calibrations, our analysis of moisture content data from these roofs revealed variation in: (1) total evapotranspiration, which serves as a proxy for total stormwater retention, and (2) storage capacity, which was defined as the difference between average maximum and minimum substrate volumetric water content measured under field conditions. Evapotranspiration was predicted by storage capacity following first order growth using non-linear regression analysis, suggesting that increasing storage capacity should correspond with increases in evapotranspiration and retention up until an inflection point of possibly 8-9mm beyond which the effect diminishes. Storage capacity was further shown to be correlated with substrate properties such as organic matter content and coefficient of curvature. Finally, retention values of 13.4% - 32.8% for Portland’s rainy season in 2015-2016 were found to be substantially lower than optimal annual values reported in other studies in Portland as well as cities around the world. This suggests that Portland’s green roofs may not perform as well as expected during months of high precipitation, which are the times when hydrologic performance is most critical. Further research should consider seasonal green roof performance in the Pacific Northwest and also revisit storage capacity as a parameter to include in future design standards. Close

• 2466. [Article] Pig (Sus scrofa) Exploitation at Hallan Çemi, Southeastern Anatolia: Proposing an Alternative Model

  Hallan Çemi presents itself as a unique site to study the transitional period before the onset of agriculture in the Near East. The site fails to fit nicely into demographic or environmental models that ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pig (Sus scrofa) Exploitation at Hallan Çemi, Southeastern Anatolia: Proposing an Alternative Model Author: Lemoine, Ximena Year: 2012 Hallan Çemi presents itself as a unique site to study the transitional period before the onset of agriculture in the Near East. The site fails to fit nicely into demographic or environmental models that have widely been accepted for the region. Hallan Çemi thus represents the potential to study innovative human strategies for subsistence, and to provide insight into the processes that led to the eventual adoption of agriculture only a few millennia later. Richard Redding and Michael Rosenberg presented one such innovative strategy for pig exploitation at this site with their New Guinean model (Redding and Rosenberg 1998; Rosenberg et. al. 1998; Rosenberg and Redding 1998, 2000). My study utilizes a sample from a distinct, more quotidian context, as well as previously unstudied fetal/neonatal remains, to re-­‐evaluate Redding and Rosenberg’s claims of pig husbandry at this site. Additionally, I propose and test an alternative model, the Cradle Robbing model, which proposes a novel hunting strategy focusing on farrowing females. In order to do so I introduce a new method, synthesizing previous work, to reconstruct age demographics using pig tooth eruption and wear. My results, as well an evaluation of the likely environmental situation and wild boar ecology, indicate that a New Guinean model for husbandry is unlikely, and support the Cradle Robbing model as more parsimonious. Finally, the Cradle Robbing model represents a departure from the tendency to create domestication practices where none may have existed, and examines the possibilities of diverse and novel hunting strategies employed by early sedentary societies. Title: Pig (Sus scrofa) Exploitation at Hallan Çemi, Southeastern Anatolia: Proposing an Alternative Model Author: Lemoine, Ximena Year: 2012 Hallan Çemi presents itself as a unique site to study the transitional period before the onset of agriculture in the Near East. The site fails to fit nicely into demographic or environmental models that have widely been accepted for the region. Hallan Çemi thus represents the potential to study innovative human strategies for subsistence, and to provide insight into the processes that led to the eventual adoption of agriculture only a few millennia later. Richard Redding and Michael Rosenberg presented one such innovative strategy for pig exploitation at this site with their New Guinean model (Redding and Rosenberg 1998; Rosenberg et. al. 1998; Rosenberg and Redding 1998, 2000). My study utilizes a sample from a distinct, more quotidian context, as well as previously unstudied fetal/neonatal remains, to re-­‐evaluate Redding and Rosenberg’s claims of pig husbandry at this site. Additionally, I propose and test an alternative model, the Cradle Robbing model, which proposes a novel hunting strategy focusing on farrowing females. In order to do so I introduce a new method, synthesizing previous work, to reconstruct age demographics using pig tooth eruption and wear. My results, as well an evaluation of the likely environmental situation and wild boar ecology, indicate that a New Guinean model for husbandry is unlikely, and support the Cradle Robbing model as more parsimonious. Finally, the Cradle Robbing model represents a departure from the tendency to create domestication practices where none may have existed, and examines the possibilities of diverse and novel hunting strategies employed by early sedentary societies. Close

• 2467. [Article] Migration Timing and Wintering Areas of Three Species of Flycatchers (Tyrannus) Breeding in the Great Plains of North America

  Descriptions of intra- and interspecific variation in migratory patterns of closely related species are rare yet valuable because they can help assess how differences in ecology and life-history strategies ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Migration Timing and Wintering Areas of Three Species of Flycatchers (Tyrannus) Breeding in the Great Plains of North America Author: Jahn, Alex E., Cueto, Victor R., Fox, James W., Husak, Michael S., Kim, Daniel H., Landoll, Diane V., Ledezma, Jesús Pinto, LePage, Heather K., Levey, Douglas J., Murphy, Michael T., Renfrew, Rosalind B. Year: 2013 Descriptions of intra- and interspecific variation in migratory patterns of closely related species are rare yet valuable because they can help assess how differences in ecology and life-history strategies drive the evolution of migration. We report data on timing and location of migration routes and wintering areas, and on migratory speed and phenology, of Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) from Nebraska and Oklahoma and of Western Kingbirds (T. verticalis) and Scissor-tailed Flycatchers (T. forficatus) from Oklahoma. Eastern Kingbirds primarily departed the breeding site in September, migrating to the Amazon Basin (Bolivia and Brazil), >6,400 km from their breeding site, then used a second wintering site in northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) before returning to the breeding site in April. Western Kingbirds left Oklahoma in late July, migrating >1,400 km to northwestern Mexico, then to central Mexico and finally to Central America before returning to Oklahoma in April. Scissor-tailed Flycatchers departed Oklahoma mainly in mid-October, migrating to Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua), ~2,600 km from the breeding site, remaining there until early April before returning to Oklahoma. Timing of migration appears to be tightly linked to molt. Early departure of Western Kingbirds from the breeding site appears to be timed so that they molt in the Sonoran Desert region during the monsoon, whereas Scissor-tailed Flycatchers remain at their breeding site to complete molt in late summer, when insect prey are abundant. Eastern Kingbirds delay molt until reaching South America where, possibly, abundant fruit supports molt. Title: Migration Timing and Wintering Areas of Three Species of Flycatchers (Tyrannus) Breeding in the Great Plains of North America Author: Jahn, Alex E., Cueto, Victor R., Fox, James W., Husak, Michael S., Kim, Daniel H., Landoll, Diane V., Ledezma, Jesús Pinto, LePage, Heather K., Levey, Douglas J., Murphy, Michael T., Renfrew, Rosalind B. Year: 2013 Descriptions of intra- and interspecific variation in migratory patterns of closely related species are rare yet valuable because they can help assess how differences in ecology and life-history strategies drive the evolution of migration. We report data on timing and location of migration routes and wintering areas, and on migratory speed and phenology, of Eastern Kingbirds (Tyrannus tyrannus) from Nebraska and Oklahoma and of Western Kingbirds (T. verticalis) and Scissor-tailed Flycatchers (T. forficatus) from Oklahoma. Eastern Kingbirds primarily departed the breeding site in September, migrating to the Amazon Basin (Bolivia and Brazil), >6,400 km from their breeding site, then used a second wintering site in northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) before returning to the breeding site in April. Western Kingbirds left Oklahoma in late July, migrating >1,400 km to northwestern Mexico, then to central Mexico and finally to Central America before returning to Oklahoma in April. Scissor-tailed Flycatchers departed Oklahoma mainly in mid-October, migrating to Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua), ~2,600 km from the breeding site, remaining there until early April before returning to Oklahoma. Timing of migration appears to be tightly linked to molt. Early departure of Western Kingbirds from the breeding site appears to be timed so that they molt in the Sonoran Desert region during the monsoon, whereas Scissor-tailed Flycatchers remain at their breeding site to complete molt in late summer, when insect prey are abundant. Eastern Kingbirds delay molt until reaching South America where, possibly, abundant fruit supports molt. Close

• 2468. [Article] Estimation of Historic Flows and Sediment Loads to San Francisco Bay, 1849 – 2011

  River flow and sediment transport in estuaries influence morphological development over decadal and century time scales, but hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Estimation of Historic Flows and Sediment Loads to San Francisco Bay, 1849 – 2011 Author: Moftakhari Rostamkhani, Hamed, Jay, David A., Talke, Stefan A., Schoellhamer, David H. Year: 2015 River flow and sediment transport in estuaries influence morphological development over decadal and century time scales, but hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately characterize long-term trends. In this study, we recover archival records and apply a rating curve approach to develop the first instrumental estimates of daily delta inflow and sediment loads to San Francisco Bay (1849 – 1929). The total sediment load is constrained using sedimentation/erosion estimated from bathymetric survey data to produce continuous daily sediment transport estimates from 1849 to 1955, the time period prior to sediment load measurements. We estimate that ~55% (45 – 75%) of the ~1500±400 million tons (Mt) of sediment delivered to the estuary between 1849 and 2011 was the result of anthropogenic alteration in the watershed that increased sediment supply. Also, the seasonal timing of sediment flux events has shifted because significant spring-melt floods have decreased, causing estimated springtime transport (April 1st to June 30th) to decrease from ~25% to ~15% of the annual total. By contrast, wintertime sediment loads (December 1st to March 31st) have increased from ~70% to ~80%. A ~35% reduction of annual flow since the 19th century along with decreased sediment supply has resulted in a ~50% reduction in annual sediment delivery. The methods developed in this study can be applied to other systems for which unanalyzed historic data exist. Title: Estimation of Historic Flows and Sediment Loads to San Francisco Bay, 1849 – 2011 Author: Moftakhari Rostamkhani, Hamed, Jay, David A., Talke, Stefan A., Schoellhamer, David H. Year: 2015 River flow and sediment transport in estuaries influence morphological development over decadal and century time scales, but hydrological and sedimentological records are typically too short to adequately characterize long-term trends. In this study, we recover archival records and apply a rating curve approach to develop the first instrumental estimates of daily delta inflow and sediment loads to San Francisco Bay (1849 – 1929). The total sediment load is constrained using sedimentation/erosion estimated from bathymetric survey data to produce continuous daily sediment transport estimates from 1849 to 1955, the time period prior to sediment load measurements. We estimate that ~55% (45 – 75%) of the ~1500±400 million tons (Mt) of sediment delivered to the estuary between 1849 and 2011 was the result of anthropogenic alteration in the watershed that increased sediment supply. Also, the seasonal timing of sediment flux events has shifted because significant spring-melt floods have decreased, causing estimated springtime transport (April 1st to June 30th) to decrease from ~25% to ~15% of the annual total. By contrast, wintertime sediment loads (December 1st to March 31st) have increased from ~70% to ~80%. A ~35% reduction of annual flow since the 19th century along with decreased sediment supply has resulted in a ~50% reduction in annual sediment delivery. The methods developed in this study can be applied to other systems for which unanalyzed historic data exist. Close

• 2469. [Article] A study to determine if service workers want additional training regarding Black issues

  The study is based upon five research questions which seek to determine service workers’ perceptions of black life experiences, the causes of black clients’ problems, and possible ways to alleviate these ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A study to determine if service workers want additional training regarding Black issues Author: Dickerson, Patricia, Whalen, Diane S. Year: 1978 The study is based upon five research questions which seek to determine service workers’ perceptions of black life experiences, the causes of black clients’ problems, and possible ways to alleviate these problems. Service workers are asked if present modes of intervention are effective in working with black clients. They are further asked if training regarding black issues would help facilitate their working with black clients, and if so, what areas of training would be most useful. The researchers could have chosen any from among several client groups for this project. It was decided to limit the study to one group, however. Blacks were chosen because: 1.) the researchers have an interest in exploring the issue of racism. It is an assumption of the researchers that racism exists and that all non-white groups are affected by it. Blacks had the unique experience of .being enslaved and colonized in the United States and it is believed that this history of enslavement exacerbated black people’s experience of racism; 2.) blacks represent the largest racial minority group in Portland; and 3.) blacks have had more contact with the urban social service system than other racial minority groups and more literature is available regarding their contact with the system. Title: A study to determine if service workers want additional training regarding Black issues Author: Dickerson, Patricia, Whalen, Diane S. Year: 1978 The study is based upon five research questions which seek to determine service workers’ perceptions of black life experiences, the causes of black clients’ problems, and possible ways to alleviate these problems. Service workers are asked if present modes of intervention are effective in working with black clients. They are further asked if training regarding black issues would help facilitate their working with black clients, and if so, what areas of training would be most useful. The researchers could have chosen any from among several client groups for this project. It was decided to limit the study to one group, however. Blacks were chosen because: 1.) the researchers have an interest in exploring the issue of racism. It is an assumption of the researchers that racism exists and that all non-white groups are affected by it. Blacks had the unique experience of .being enslaved and colonized in the United States and it is believed that this history of enslavement exacerbated black people’s experience of racism; 2.) blacks represent the largest racial minority group in Portland; and 3.) blacks have had more contact with the urban social service system than other racial minority groups and more literature is available regarding their contact with the system. Close

• 2470. [Article] An Investigation of Tympanometric Measurements on an Older Adult Population

  Prior to this investigation, there appeared to be no published research data available on tympanometric configurations obtained from an older adult population. This study was designed to examine tympanograms ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Investigation of Tympanometric Measurements on an Older Adult Population Author: Fine, Marguerite Ann Year: 1974 Prior to this investigation, there appeared to be no published research data available on tympanometric configurations obtained from an older adult population. This study was designed to examine tympanograms obtained from an otologically normal, elderly population. Forty individuals, ranging in age from 59 to 83 years, participated in this study. All had a negative history of middle ear pathology and had normal tympanic membranes as determined by otologic examination. From the eighty ears tested, fifty were used in this survey. Conductance and susceptance at 220 and 660 Hz were obtained at each ear and ranges for admittance were computed from these components. Additionally, acoustic reflex thresholds were obtained from this population. The results obtained indicate that the values for the measures of conductance and susceptance are comparable to those from young adult groups. The reflex thresholds are slightly higher in the older group because their hearing thresholds are not as acute as those found in younger populations. Finally a larger percentage of the older population than might be expected was found to have evidence of healed perforations which were not discovered during otoscopic examination. The present investigation demonstrated that additional normative data are neededin order that the otoadmittance meter be fully utilized with older adult populations. Title: An Investigation of Tympanometric Measurements on an Older Adult Population Author: Fine, Marguerite Ann Year: 1974 Prior to this investigation, there appeared to be no published research data available on tympanometric configurations obtained from an older adult population. This study was designed to examine tympanograms obtained from an otologically normal, elderly population. Forty individuals, ranging in age from 59 to 83 years, participated in this study. All had a negative history of middle ear pathology and had normal tympanic membranes as determined by otologic examination. From the eighty ears tested, fifty were used in this survey. Conductance and susceptance at 220 and 660 Hz were obtained at each ear and ranges for admittance were computed from these components. Additionally, acoustic reflex thresholds were obtained from this population. The results obtained indicate that the values for the measures of conductance and susceptance are comparable to those from young adult groups. The reflex thresholds are slightly higher in the older group because their hearing thresholds are not as acute as those found in younger populations. Finally a larger percentage of the older population than might be expected was found to have evidence of healed perforations which were not discovered during otoscopic examination. The present investigation demonstrated that additional normative data are neededin order that the otoadmittance meter be fully utilized with older adult populations. Close

• 2471. [Article] Councils of governments; a study focusing on membership, representation and voting

  The Council of Governments is a significant new approach to metropolitan cooperation. Of the approximately 150 councils (as of January, 1970), all but 14 have been established since 1965. Councils across ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Councils of governments; a study focusing on membership, representation and voting Author: Matson, Jerry Alan Year: 1970 The Council of Governments is a significant new approach to metropolitan cooperation. Of the approximately 150 councils (as of January, 1970), all but 14 have been established since 1965. Councils across the country are characterized by great variety in organization and representation. This paper examines this complexity, particularly in terms of membership, representation and voting. The first chapter is primarily a short history of the council movement and the forces which have helped to shape its development. The second examines the variety of council functions, organizational structures and financial arrangements. Chapters III, IV and V are devoted to a detailed study of membership, representation and voting patterns. While the third and fourth chapters are concerned with the general aspects of these patterns, Chapter V examines in detail the arrangements used by twelve specific councils. The effect of the "one man, one vote" concept on councils is discussed in the sixth chapter. The concluding chapter analyzes the external and internal problems facing councils and their success in meeting these problems. The future development of councils is also explored. While the future of the councils and the movement may take one of many avenues, including evolution into regional governments, it appears that the likely development will be mixed. Uniformity will continue to be imposed by HUD regulations, but the local councils will continue to explore for experimental solutions to satisfy their own individual problems and needs. Title: Councils of governments; a study focusing on membership, representation and voting Author: Matson, Jerry Alan Year: 1970 The Council of Governments is a significant new approach to metropolitan cooperation. Of the approximately 150 councils (as of January, 1970), all but 14 have been established since 1965. Councils across the country are characterized by great variety in organization and representation. This paper examines this complexity, particularly in terms of membership, representation and voting. The first chapter is primarily a short history of the council movement and the forces which have helped to shape its development. The second examines the variety of council functions, organizational structures and financial arrangements. Chapters III, IV and V are devoted to a detailed study of membership, representation and voting patterns. While the third and fourth chapters are concerned with the general aspects of these patterns, Chapter V examines in detail the arrangements used by twelve specific councils. The effect of the "one man, one vote" concept on councils is discussed in the sixth chapter. The concluding chapter analyzes the external and internal problems facing councils and their success in meeting these problems. The future development of councils is also explored. While the future of the councils and the movement may take one of many avenues, including evolution into regional governments, it appears that the likely development will be mixed. Uniformity will continue to be imposed by HUD regulations, but the local councils will continue to explore for experimental solutions to satisfy their own individual problems and needs. Close

• 2472. [Article] Deforestation, Drought and Humans: New Discoveries of the Late Quaternary Paleoenvironment of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

  The mystery of the trees of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is a complex problem within a dynamic ecosystem. With new physical cores from the volcanic crater lake Rano Kao, this dissertation uncovers a detailed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Deforestation, Drought and Humans: New Discoveries of the Late Quaternary Paleoenvironment of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Author: Gossen, Candace Lynn Year: 2011 The mystery of the trees of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is a complex problem within a dynamic ecosystem. With new physical cores from the volcanic crater lake Rano Kao, this dissertation uncovers a detailed 15,000 year ecological history of Easter Island and its climatic variability. New radiocarbon dating methods establish a more precise chronology which shows that the island before human habitation was very different than what we know today. It had a simple but prolific ecology that transitioned into a barren grassland. What factors caused the transition are unclear but are likely to be human related. As the forests slowly disappeared, it could have triggered changes in regional and local climate, particularly rainfall, which generally leads to a rapid loss of ecosystems. With virtually stable climate conditions over the last 2,000 years, Easter Island has lost 33 species of plants including the giant palms, and still has not recovered today. This research challenges the previously accepted theory that humans deforested the island for the sole purpose of moving the Moai around, and focuses rather on uncovering the role of climate change that may have altered the ecosystem. New cores were obtained in 2005 from Rano Kao that were radiocarbon dated using scirpus seeds. The nine meters of core were sampled for oxygen isotope analysis of the lake water changes, a new science to the island. Detailed palynological studies of pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs uncovered changing vegetation patterns that aligned with a 700 year drought cycle. Conclusions support a cool-dry event that occurred 545 years ago, at which time the giant palms disappeared. While it was not the focus of this study, evidence confirms human occupation for more than 500 years before the disappearance of the trees. Title: Deforestation, Drought and Humans: New Discoveries of the Late Quaternary Paleoenvironment of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Author: Gossen, Candace Lynn Year: 2011 The mystery of the trees of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is a complex problem within a dynamic ecosystem. With new physical cores from the volcanic crater lake Rano Kao, this dissertation uncovers a detailed 15,000 year ecological history of Easter Island and its climatic variability. New radiocarbon dating methods establish a more precise chronology which shows that the island before human habitation was very different than what we know today. It had a simple but prolific ecology that transitioned into a barren grassland. What factors caused the transition are unclear but are likely to be human related. As the forests slowly disappeared, it could have triggered changes in regional and local climate, particularly rainfall, which generally leads to a rapid loss of ecosystems. With virtually stable climate conditions over the last 2,000 years, Easter Island has lost 33 species of plants including the giant palms, and still has not recovered today. This research challenges the previously accepted theory that humans deforested the island for the sole purpose of moving the Moai around, and focuses rather on uncovering the role of climate change that may have altered the ecosystem. New cores were obtained in 2005 from Rano Kao that were radiocarbon dated using scirpus seeds. The nine meters of core were sampled for oxygen isotope analysis of the lake water changes, a new science to the island. Detailed palynological studies of pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs uncovered changing vegetation patterns that aligned with a 700 year drought cycle. Conclusions support a cool-dry event that occurred 545 years ago, at which time the giant palms disappeared. While it was not the focus of this study, evidence confirms human occupation for more than 500 years before the disappearance of the trees. Close

• 2473. [Article] Christie School: the evolution of a social institution

  The first of a series of studies of social agencies in Oregon. aimed at collecting and presenting data through the use of a sociological model, this project represents a beginning effort to assess the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Christie School: the evolution of a social institution Author: Roth, Bertha A., Brock, George, Drahn, Theodore, Hult, J. Bruce, Norbeck, Janice, Donohue, Phyllis, Hinrichs, Wayne, Nisly, Ruth, Smiley, Charles M., Wittmeyer, Dorothy Year: 1965 The first of a series of studies of social agencies in Oregon. aimed at collecting and presenting data through the use of a sociological model, this project represents a beginning effort to assess the social welfare resources of the State. Christie School, a small nucleated institution, was examined in terms of its evolution from an orphanage to a treatment-oriented care facility . Particular attention was given to the impact of historical events and analysis of these in terms of the institution’s life cycle. Impetus was given to the study by the crisis of impending closure of the school and events leading to continuance were recounted. The model of institutional development created by Joyce O. Hertzler was selected after examination of a number of other models. Data were collected from a number of original sources and placed in the general categories of the model. The model was found to be generally static and lacking in specificity for the examination of a small nucleated institution. A number of conclusions were drawn from the collection and analysis of the historical data. Among these were the tendency for religion to remain institutionally constant while other institutional factors seemed to vary in light of historical developments. The ability of Christie School to function fairly autonomously within a generally hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church was noted. The force of individual personalities on the shaping of the institution was acknowledged and the communication process was examined in light of the school’s struggle for existence. The impact of secularization was noted as well as the influences of various social movements on the institution throughout its history. Much original material was collected, recorded and preserved by the project. Title: Christie School: the evolution of a social institution Author: Roth, Bertha A., Brock, George, Drahn, Theodore, Hult, J. Bruce, Norbeck, Janice, Donohue, Phyllis, Hinrichs, Wayne, Nisly, Ruth, Smiley, Charles M., Wittmeyer, Dorothy Year: 1965 The first of a series of studies of social agencies in Oregon. aimed at collecting and presenting data through the use of a sociological model, this project represents a beginning effort to assess the social welfare resources of the State. Christie School, a small nucleated institution, was examined in terms of its evolution from an orphanage to a treatment-oriented care facility . Particular attention was given to the impact of historical events and analysis of these in terms of the institution’s life cycle. Impetus was given to the study by the crisis of impending closure of the school and events leading to continuance were recounted. The model of institutional development created by Joyce O. Hertzler was selected after examination of a number of other models. Data were collected from a number of original sources and placed in the general categories of the model. The model was found to be generally static and lacking in specificity for the examination of a small nucleated institution. A number of conclusions were drawn from the collection and analysis of the historical data. Among these were the tendency for religion to remain institutionally constant while other institutional factors seemed to vary in light of historical developments. The ability of Christie School to function fairly autonomously within a generally hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church was noted. The force of individual personalities on the shaping of the institution was acknowledged and the communication process was examined in light of the school’s struggle for existence. The impact of secularization was noted as well as the influences of various social movements on the institution throughout its history. Much original material was collected, recorded and preserved by the project. Close

• 2474. [Article] Immediate and Short-Term Effects of Kinesio® Taping on Lower Trunk Range of Motion in Division I Athletes

  Low back pain (LBP) is a common health problem that contributes to the high cost of health care. Improvement in trunk range of motion has been considered to be an important factor in ameliorating the symptoms ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Immediate and Short-Term Effects of Kinesio® Taping on Lower Trunk Range of Motion in Division I Athletes Author: Mizutani, Hoshito Year: 2016 Low back pain (LBP) is a common health problem that contributes to the high cost of health care. Improvement in trunk range of motion has been considered to be an important factor in ameliorating the symptoms of LBP. Kinesio® taping is a prominent therapeutic modality commonly used in the variety of populations for treating musculoskeletal conditions. However, previous research on the efficacy of Kinesio® taping for LBP is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate and short-term effects of Kinesio® taping with the muscle inhibition technique on active trunk flexion range of motion. Twenty-five subjects with no history of LBP in the past 6 months or LBP lasting over six weeks at any point in past were recruited from a Division I athlete population. Each subject underwent two Kinesio® taping trials in a cross-over design with a 7-10 day washout period (placebo application and inhibition technique application), during which several trunk flexion range of motion measurements were made. Subjects wore the tape for 48 hours, and active trunk flexion range of motion was measured at baseline, immediate post-tape application, and 48 hours post-tape application. A significant trial by time interaction was found (F = 9.629; p = 0.002), and follow-up analysis of the inhibition technique trial revealed a significant increase in active trunk range of motion between baseline and 48-hours post-tape. No significant differences were noted in the placebo trial. The findings suggest that the inhibition Kinesio® taping technique may eventually prove to be a beneficial therapeutic modality for improving active trunk flexion range of motion in patients with LBP. Title: Immediate and Short-Term Effects of Kinesio® Taping on Lower Trunk Range of Motion in Division I Athletes Author: Mizutani, Hoshito Year: 2016 Low back pain (LBP) is a common health problem that contributes to the high cost of health care. Improvement in trunk range of motion has been considered to be an important factor in ameliorating the symptoms of LBP. Kinesio® taping is a prominent therapeutic modality commonly used in the variety of populations for treating musculoskeletal conditions. However, previous research on the efficacy of Kinesio® taping for LBP is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immediate and short-term effects of Kinesio® taping with the muscle inhibition technique on active trunk flexion range of motion. Twenty-five subjects with no history of LBP in the past 6 months or LBP lasting over six weeks at any point in past were recruited from a Division I athlete population. Each subject underwent two Kinesio® taping trials in a cross-over design with a 7-10 day washout period (placebo application and inhibition technique application), during which several trunk flexion range of motion measurements were made. Subjects wore the tape for 48 hours, and active trunk flexion range of motion was measured at baseline, immediate post-tape application, and 48 hours post-tape application. A significant trial by time interaction was found (F = 9.629; p = 0.002), and follow-up analysis of the inhibition technique trial revealed a significant increase in active trunk range of motion between baseline and 48-hours post-tape. No significant differences were noted in the placebo trial. The findings suggest that the inhibition Kinesio® taping technique may eventually prove to be a beneficial therapeutic modality for improving active trunk flexion range of motion in patients with LBP. Close

• 2475. [Article] The Neoglacial History of Mt. Thielsen, Southern Oregon Cascades

  Little Ice Age (LIA) deposits are recognized on Mt. Tbielsen, southern Oregon Cascades (43° 9' N, 122° 3' W), based on particle morphology and relative position. The initial advance, Lathrop 1, created ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Neoglacial History of Mt. Thielsen, Southern Oregon Cascades Author: Lafrenz, Martin Dietrich Year: 2001 Little Ice Age (LIA) deposits are recognized on Mt. Tbielsen, southern Oregon Cascades (43° 9' N, 122° 3' W), based on particle morphology and relative position. The initial advance, Lathrop 1, created a sharp-crested moraine and a protalus rampart within 200 m of the headwall. The retreat of the glacier and recent ice movement, Lathrop 2, is recognized by the deformation of the moraine and a mantle of "protalus till" creating a polygenetic "push-deformation'' moraine. Both the moraine and the protalus rampart have sparse vegetation, no lichens, and a lightly weathered Cox/C soil. This sequence is correlative with LIA Phase 1 and Phase 2 on Mt. Jefferson, central Oregon Cascades, and is broadly correlated with LIA deposits throughout the Cascades, Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountains. There is no evidence for pre-LIA deposits at Mt. Thielsen. The ELA on Lathrop Glacier (2450 m) is lower than ELAs on nearby glaciers. The glacier probably exists because of its preferential topographic position and extensive debris cover; thus, if annual snowfall decreases the glacier will persist longer than a similar sized bare ice glacier. Conversely, a growing protalus rampart may indicate an increase in annual snowfall but not necessarily a decrease in annual temperatures. The lack of older Neoglacial deposits on Mt. Thielsen may be a result of insufficient snowfall to maintain or advance the Lathrop Glacier. As such, the LIA may represent a period when climatic conditions were more severe than at any other time in the Neoglacial. Boulder size, shape, and orientation proved useful for classifying geomorphic features and assessing the relative ages of slopes. However, soils are the best method for correlating deposits in the cirque with other locations. Soils beyond the moraine are developed in Mazama ash and have moderately developed Bw horizons, depth to weathering over 70 cm, and Harden's PDI for B horizons of 2.10-3.64. Soils are Typic Vitricryands. Title: The Neoglacial History of Mt. Thielsen, Southern Oregon Cascades Author: Lafrenz, Martin Dietrich Year: 2001 Little Ice Age (LIA) deposits are recognized on Mt. Tbielsen, southern Oregon Cascades (43° 9' N, 122° 3' W), based on particle morphology and relative position. The initial advance, Lathrop 1, created a sharp-crested moraine and a protalus rampart within 200 m of the headwall. The retreat of the glacier and recent ice movement, Lathrop 2, is recognized by the deformation of the moraine and a mantle of "protalus till" creating a polygenetic "push-deformation'' moraine. Both the moraine and the protalus rampart have sparse vegetation, no lichens, and a lightly weathered Cox/C soil. This sequence is correlative with LIA Phase 1 and Phase 2 on Mt. Jefferson, central Oregon Cascades, and is broadly correlated with LIA deposits throughout the Cascades, Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountains. There is no evidence for pre-LIA deposits at Mt. Thielsen. The ELA on Lathrop Glacier (2450 m) is lower than ELAs on nearby glaciers. The glacier probably exists because of its preferential topographic position and extensive debris cover; thus, if annual snowfall decreases the glacier will persist longer than a similar sized bare ice glacier. Conversely, a growing protalus rampart may indicate an increase in annual snowfall but not necessarily a decrease in annual temperatures. The lack of older Neoglacial deposits on Mt. Thielsen may be a result of insufficient snowfall to maintain or advance the Lathrop Glacier. As such, the LIA may represent a period when climatic conditions were more severe than at any other time in the Neoglacial. Boulder size, shape, and orientation proved useful for classifying geomorphic features and assessing the relative ages of slopes. However, soils are the best method for correlating deposits in the cirque with other locations. Soils beyond the moraine are developed in Mazama ash and have moderately developed Bw horizons, depth to weathering over 70 cm, and Harden's PDI for B horizons of 2.10-3.64. Soils are Typic Vitricryands. Close

• 2476. [Article] War, Peace, and Principled Action: A Study of Veterans and the Peace Movement

  Throughout the history of the United States (U.S.), there have been service members who, upon leaving the service, have spoken out against U.S. involvement in wars. The current conflicts in Afghanistan ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: War, Peace, and Principled Action: A Study of Veterans and the Peace Movement Author: Wegener, Laura Kay Year: 2010 Throughout the history of the United States (U.S.), there have been service members who, upon leaving the service, have spoken out against U.S. involvement in wars. The current conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, and their increasing unpopularity, have contributed to this trend. Recently veterans have begun to come forward in larger numbers to speak out against the current wars and have self-identified as members of peace movements. The purpose of this research project was to explore veterans' understandings of the peace movement and their involvement in veterans' peace movement organizations. This study hoped to answer the following questions: 1) How does a veteran understand the current peace movement? 2) Which, if any, parts of the current peace movement does a veteran find to be in line with his or her own values? 3) What do veterans feel it means to be a veteran for peace? 4) How do veterans come to identify with the current peace movement? 5) How do veterans take a stand against the current peace movement? 6) What do veterans feel is gained by involvement in the peace movement? The study was conducted using a qualitative approach, and 27 interviews were conducted either face-to-face or over the phone with U.S. veterans from across the country, who have served since the Vietnam War. Veterans who were no longer serving in an active duty capacity were selected via a snowball sample of the researcher's circle of military colleagues and friends around the U.S. The identity of "veteran in the peace movement" is a complicated one, and the result of a long, complex, series of lived experiences. This study let participants describe the process of identity acquisition, or rejection in their own words in order to create a realistic and honest narrative about the emotional and mental processes, and life events that trigger or influence these, that influenced identification or not with a veterans' peace movement organization. Title: War, Peace, and Principled Action: A Study of Veterans and the Peace Movement Author: Wegener, Laura Kay Year: 2010 Throughout the history of the United States (U.S.), there have been service members who, upon leaving the service, have spoken out against U.S. involvement in wars. The current conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, and their increasing unpopularity, have contributed to this trend. Recently veterans have begun to come forward in larger numbers to speak out against the current wars and have self-identified as members of peace movements. The purpose of this research project was to explore veterans' understandings of the peace movement and their involvement in veterans' peace movement organizations. This study hoped to answer the following questions: 1) How does a veteran understand the current peace movement? 2) Which, if any, parts of the current peace movement does a veteran find to be in line with his or her own values? 3) What do veterans feel it means to be a veteran for peace? 4) How do veterans come to identify with the current peace movement? 5) How do veterans take a stand against the current peace movement? 6) What do veterans feel is gained by involvement in the peace movement? The study was conducted using a qualitative approach, and 27 interviews were conducted either face-to-face or over the phone with U.S. veterans from across the country, who have served since the Vietnam War. Veterans who were no longer serving in an active duty capacity were selected via a snowball sample of the researcher's circle of military colleagues and friends around the U.S. The identity of "veteran in the peace movement" is a complicated one, and the result of a long, complex, series of lived experiences. This study let participants describe the process of identity acquisition, or rejection in their own words in order to create a realistic and honest narrative about the emotional and mental processes, and life events that trigger or influence these, that influenced identification or not with a veterans' peace movement organization. Close

• 2477. [Article] Code Switching Between Tamazight and Arabic in the First Libyan Berber News Broadcast: An Application of Myers-Scotton's MLF and 4M Models

  The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of code switching between Tamazight and Arabic in light of Myers-Scotton's Matrix Frame Model (MLF) (Myers- Scotton, 1993), and the 4-M model of code ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Code Switching Between Tamazight and Arabic in the First Libyan Berber News Broadcast: An Application of Myers-Scotton's MLF and 4M Models Author: Abdulaziz, Ashour S. Year: 2014 The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of code switching between Tamazight and Arabic in light of Myers-Scotton's Matrix Frame Model (MLF) (Myers- Scotton, 1993), and the 4-M model of code switching (Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2000). Data come from the very first Libyan Tamazight news broadcast in Libya on May 2, 2011, during the uprising against the Gaddafi regime. I analyzed the broadcast in an attempt to understand the nature and implications of the switching between the two languages in the utterances of the speakers in the video. I also argued that in many ways what many might think of as code switching is actually borrowing. During the Gaddafi era, the government banned the use of Tamazight in formal settings such as the media, work place, and schools. Since the fall of Gaddafi and his regime, the Imazighen (or Berbers) in Libya have sought to present themselves, their language, and their culture as an important part of Libyan culture. Libya's Imazighen are bilingual speakers, a fact that set up the conditions for the switching between Tamazight and Arabic analyzed in this study. Their bilingualism, along with Libyan language policies under Gaddafi, help account for the nature of code switching in the data. This study documents contact phenomena among different languages in Libya. It also facilitates understanding of some of the sociolinguistic changes occurring there as a result of the political changes in the wake of so-called "Arab Spring." Title: Code Switching Between Tamazight and Arabic in the First Libyan Berber News Broadcast: An Application of Myers-Scotton's MLF and 4M Models Author: Abdulaziz, Ashour S. Year: 2014 The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of code switching between Tamazight and Arabic in light of Myers-Scotton's Matrix Frame Model (MLF) (Myers- Scotton, 1993), and the 4-M model of code switching (Myers-Scotton & Jake, 2000). Data come from the very first Libyan Tamazight news broadcast in Libya on May 2, 2011, during the uprising against the Gaddafi regime. I analyzed the broadcast in an attempt to understand the nature and implications of the switching between the two languages in the utterances of the speakers in the video. I also argued that in many ways what many might think of as code switching is actually borrowing. During the Gaddafi era, the government banned the use of Tamazight in formal settings such as the media, work place, and schools. Since the fall of Gaddafi and his regime, the Imazighen (or Berbers) in Libya have sought to present themselves, their language, and their culture as an important part of Libyan culture. Libya's Imazighen are bilingual speakers, a fact that set up the conditions for the switching between Tamazight and Arabic analyzed in this study. Their bilingualism, along with Libyan language policies under Gaddafi, help account for the nature of code switching in the data. This study documents contact phenomena among different languages in Libya. It also facilitates understanding of some of the sociolinguistic changes occurring there as a result of the political changes in the wake of so-called "Arab Spring." Close

• 2478. [Article] Microstructural Evolution of SAC305 Solder Joints in Wafer Level Chip-Scale Packaging (WLCSP) with Continuous and Interrupted Accelerated Thermal Cycling

  Four high-strain design wafer level chip scale packages were given accelerated thermal cycling with a 10°C/min ramp rate and 10 min hold times between 0°C and 100°C to examine the effects of continuous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Microstructural Evolution of SAC305 Solder Joints in Wafer Level Chip-Scale Packaging (WLCSP) with Continuous and Interrupted Accelerated Thermal Cycling Author: Zhou, Quan, Zhou, Bite, Lee, Tae-Kyu, Bieler, Thomas Year: 2016 Four high-strain design wafer level chip scale packages were given accelerated thermal cycling with a 10°C/min ramp rate and 10 min hold times between 0°C and 100°C to examine the effects of continuous and interrupted thermal cycling on the number of cycles to failure. The interruptions given two of the samples were the result of periodic examinations using electron backscattered pattern mapping, leading to room temperature aging of 30 days–2.5 years after increments of about 100 cycles at several stages of the cycling history. The continuous thermal cycling resulted in solder joints with a much larger degree of recrystallization, whereas the interrupted thermal cycling tests led to much less recrystallization, which was more localized near the package side, and the crack was more localized near the interface and had less branching. The failure mode for both conditions was still the same, with cracks nucleating along the high angle grain boundaries formed during recrystallization. In conditions where there were few recrystallized grains, recovery led to formation of subgrains that strengthened the solder, and the higher strength led to a larger driving force for crack growth through the solder, leading to failure after less than half of the cycles in the continuous accelerated thermal cycling condition. This work shows that there is a critical point where sufficient strain energy accumulation will trigger recrystallization, but this point depends on the rate of strain accumulation in each cycle and various recovery processes, which further depends on local crystal orientations, stress state evolution, and specific activated slip and twinning systems. Title: Microstructural Evolution of SAC305 Solder Joints in Wafer Level Chip-Scale Packaging (WLCSP) with Continuous and Interrupted Accelerated Thermal Cycling Author: Zhou, Quan, Zhou, Bite, Lee, Tae-Kyu, Bieler, Thomas Year: 2016 Four high-strain design wafer level chip scale packages were given accelerated thermal cycling with a 10°C/min ramp rate and 10 min hold times between 0°C and 100°C to examine the effects of continuous and interrupted thermal cycling on the number of cycles to failure. The interruptions given two of the samples were the result of periodic examinations using electron backscattered pattern mapping, leading to room temperature aging of 30 days–2.5 years after increments of about 100 cycles at several stages of the cycling history. The continuous thermal cycling resulted in solder joints with a much larger degree of recrystallization, whereas the interrupted thermal cycling tests led to much less recrystallization, which was more localized near the package side, and the crack was more localized near the interface and had less branching. The failure mode for both conditions was still the same, with cracks nucleating along the high angle grain boundaries formed during recrystallization. In conditions where there were few recrystallized grains, recovery led to formation of subgrains that strengthened the solder, and the higher strength led to a larger driving force for crack growth through the solder, leading to failure after less than half of the cycles in the continuous accelerated thermal cycling condition. This work shows that there is a critical point where sufficient strain energy accumulation will trigger recrystallization, but this point depends on the rate of strain accumulation in each cycle and various recovery processes, which further depends on local crystal orientations, stress state evolution, and specific activated slip and twinning systems. Close

• 2479. [Article] Core Evolution Driven by Mantle Global Circulation

  Reconstructions of the Phanerozoic history of mantle global circulation that include past plate motions are used to constrain the thermochemical evolution of the core. According to our mantle global circulation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Core Evolution Driven by Mantle Global Circulation Author: Olson, Peter, Deguen, Renaud, Rudolph, Maxwell L., Zhong, Shijie Year: 2015 Reconstructions of the Phanerozoic history of mantle global circulation that include past plate motions are used to constrain the thermochemical evolution of the core. According to our mantle global circulation models, the present-day global average heat flux at the core-mantle boundary lies in the range 80-90 mW.m-2, with peak-to-peak, long wavelength lateral variations up to 100 mW.m-2 associated with compositional and thermal heterogeneity in the D”-layer. For core thermal conductivity in the range k=100-130 W.m-1.K-1 we infer that the present-day outer core is thermally unstable beneath the high seismic velocity regions in the lower mantle but thermally stable beneath the large low seismic velocity provinces. A numerical dynamo shows how this boundary heat flux heterogeneity generates departures from axial symmetry in the time average geomagnetic field and the pattern of flow in the outer core. Standard thermochemical evolution models of the core driven by mantle global circulation heat flow predict inner core nucleation between 400 and 1100 Ma. With thermal conductivity k⩽100 W.m-1.K-1 the core heat flow derived from our mantle global circulation models is adequate for maintaining the geodynamo since inner core nucleation, supercritical for dynamo action by thermal convection just prior to inner core nucleation, and marginal for inner core convection. Title: Core Evolution Driven by Mantle Global Circulation Author: Olson, Peter, Deguen, Renaud, Rudolph, Maxwell L., Zhong, Shijie Year: 2015 Reconstructions of the Phanerozoic history of mantle global circulation that include past plate motions are used to constrain the thermochemical evolution of the core. According to our mantle global circulation models, the present-day global average heat flux at the core-mantle boundary lies in the range 80-90 mW.m-2, with peak-to-peak, long wavelength lateral variations up to 100 mW.m-2 associated with compositional and thermal heterogeneity in the D”-layer. For core thermal conductivity in the range k=100-130 W.m-1.K-1 we infer that the present-day outer core is thermally unstable beneath the high seismic velocity regions in the lower mantle but thermally stable beneath the large low seismic velocity provinces. A numerical dynamo shows how this boundary heat flux heterogeneity generates departures from axial symmetry in the time average geomagnetic field and the pattern of flow in the outer core. Standard thermochemical evolution models of the core driven by mantle global circulation heat flow predict inner core nucleation between 400 and 1100 Ma. With thermal conductivity k⩽100 W.m-1.K-1 the core heat flow derived from our mantle global circulation models is adequate for maintaining the geodynamo since inner core nucleation, supercritical for dynamo action by thermal convection just prior to inner core nucleation, and marginal for inner core convection. Close

• 2480. [Article] Ethical Issues in Indigenous Language Research and Interventions

  Chapter 8 in the book, Ethics in Applied Linguistics Research: Language Researcher Narratives. In this chapter, we discuss the complex ethical considerations and dynamics in three grant-funded Indigenous ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ethical Issues in Indigenous Language Research and Interventions Author: Thorne, Steven L., Siekmann, Sabine, Charles, Walkie Year: 2016 Chapter 8 in the book, Ethics in Applied Linguistics Research: Language Researcher Narratives. In this chapter, we discuss the complex ethical considerations and dynamics in three grant-funded Indigenous language revitalization projects in Alaska, focusing primarily on intervention efforts aimed at Yup’ik-medium education and the professional and academic advancement of Native Alaskans through participation in graduate degree programs. The first project, Second Language Teacher Education (SLATE), graduated 3 Alaska Native Ph.D.s and 18 master’s students focusing on improving Yup’ik and English language instruction. The second, Piciryramta Elincungallra: Teaching Our Way of Life Through Our Language (PE), is a materials development and pedagogical intervention project focused on elementary school–level Yup’ik-medium education. The third project, Improving Alaska Native Education through Computer Assisted Language Learning (ANE CALL),has as its goals to build capacity and leadership within Native Alaskan communities by graduating 4 Alaska Native Ph.D. students and 15 M.A. students (10 focusing on Alaska Native languages and 5 focusing on teaching English language learners) and to improve and extend uses of technology in Alaskan schools. These projects are built on partnerships between university faculty, regional school districts, an Alaska Native nonprofit organization, and local communities. In addition to institutional issues, we trace the negotiations among project partners that attempt to represent the multivocality of this work describe the interwoven histories of academic research,colonialism, and relationships of historical oppression in these settings and discuss the intricacies of situating this work in and among educational institutions, which have historically acted as catalysts for language shift to English in Alaskan Indigenous communities. We focus particularly on the fact that these intervention projects involve,and impact, individuals and communities in complex and sometimes conflicting ways. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of trust and relationship building among project partners as the foundation of successful actions oriented toward building self-governance in Indigenous Alaskan communities. Title: Ethical Issues in Indigenous Language Research and Interventions Author: Thorne, Steven L., Siekmann, Sabine, Charles, Walkie Year: 2016 Chapter 8 in the book, Ethics in Applied Linguistics Research: Language Researcher Narratives. In this chapter, we discuss the complex ethical considerations and dynamics in three grant-funded Indigenous language revitalization projects in Alaska, focusing primarily on intervention efforts aimed at Yup’ik-medium education and the professional and academic advancement of Native Alaskans through participation in graduate degree programs. The first project, Second Language Teacher Education (SLATE), graduated 3 Alaska Native Ph.D.s and 18 master’s students focusing on improving Yup’ik and English language instruction. The second, Piciryramta Elincungallra: Teaching Our Way of Life Through Our Language (PE), is a materials development and pedagogical intervention project focused on elementary school–level Yup’ik-medium education. The third project, Improving Alaska Native Education through Computer Assisted Language Learning (ANE CALL),has as its goals to build capacity and leadership within Native Alaskan communities by graduating 4 Alaska Native Ph.D. students and 15 M.A. students (10 focusing on Alaska Native languages and 5 focusing on teaching English language learners) and to improve and extend uses of technology in Alaskan schools. These projects are built on partnerships between university faculty, regional school districts, an Alaska Native nonprofit organization, and local communities. In addition to institutional issues, we trace the negotiations among project partners that attempt to represent the multivocality of this work describe the interwoven histories of academic research,colonialism, and relationships of historical oppression in these settings and discuss the intricacies of situating this work in and among educational institutions, which have historically acted as catalysts for language shift to English in Alaskan Indigenous communities. We focus particularly on the fact that these intervention projects involve,and impact, individuals and communities in complex and sometimes conflicting ways. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of trust and relationship building among project partners as the foundation of successful actions oriented toward building self-governance in Indigenous Alaskan communities. Close

• 2481. [Article] How to Avoid the Freak-Out: A Long-Term Look at Short-Term Perspective

  Our jobs are changing, changing fast, changing faster than they have ever changed before. In academic, public, and special libraries, we can all be tempted to uncritically embrace the new, the hip, the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How to Avoid the Freak-Out: A Long-Term Look at Short-Term Perspective Author: Schiller, Nicholas, Deitering, Ann-Marie Year: 2010 Our jobs are changing, changing fast, changing faster than they have ever changed before. In academic, public, and special libraries, we can all be tempted to uncritically embrace the new, the hip, the shiny; or to cling securely to the familiar way we've always done things. Most would like to be somewhere in the middle, but when the loudest voices in the conversation come from the extremes, how to do that isn't very clear. Printed texts, scholarly journals and peer review seem to have been around forever. In fact these practices arose in other disruptive times, times that featured huge changes in the way we practice science and publishing. Now, the participatory web is pushing us to think about concepts like authorship and authority in new ways. By viewing library practices from the historical and cultural contexts they evolved in, we can better understand what has changed (the cost of making information public) and what has not (the public's need for editorial filters and commentary to help them evaluate new knowledge). In times like these, we find it useful to remember our history, not because the past needs to be protected or uncritically conserved, but because we haven't always done things the "way we've always done things." Understanding the context of change and upheaval that led to our current practice can give us a framework, or structure, for managing our response to change and disruption today. Title: How to Avoid the Freak-Out: A Long-Term Look at Short-Term Perspective Author: Schiller, Nicholas, Deitering, Ann-Marie Year: 2010 Our jobs are changing, changing fast, changing faster than they have ever changed before. In academic, public, and special libraries, we can all be tempted to uncritically embrace the new, the hip, the shiny; or to cling securely to the familiar way we've always done things. Most would like to be somewhere in the middle, but when the loudest voices in the conversation come from the extremes, how to do that isn't very clear. Printed texts, scholarly journals and peer review seem to have been around forever. In fact these practices arose in other disruptive times, times that featured huge changes in the way we practice science and publishing. Now, the participatory web is pushing us to think about concepts like authorship and authority in new ways. By viewing library practices from the historical and cultural contexts they evolved in, we can better understand what has changed (the cost of making information public) and what has not (the public's need for editorial filters and commentary to help them evaluate new knowledge). In times like these, we find it useful to remember our history, not because the past needs to be protected or uncritically conserved, but because we haven't always done things the "way we've always done things." Understanding the context of change and upheaval that led to our current practice can give us a framework, or structure, for managing our response to change and disruption today. Close

• 2482. [Article] Longitudinal Assessment of Thermal and Perceived Air Quality Acceptability in Relation to Temperature, Humidity, and CO2 Exposure in Singapore

  Thermal acceptability (TA) and perceived air quality acceptability (PAQA) are typically analyzed in climate chambers or cross-sectional field studies. Individual factors, such as expectations and perceived ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Longitudinal Assessment of Thermal and Perceived Air Quality Acceptability in Relation to Temperature, Humidity, and CO2 Exposure in Singapore Author: Cheung, Toby C.T., Schiavon, Stefano, Gall, Elliot T., Jin, Ming Year: 2017 Thermal acceptability (TA) and perceived air quality acceptability (PAQA) are typically analyzed in climate chambers or cross-sectional field studies. Individual factors, such as expectations and perceived environment history, may influence the acceptability response. Longitudinal studies with multi-day design are absent in the literature. Fifteen Singaporean subjects participated in a 7-day longitudinal experiment in which they carried a portable sensor that continuously recorded personal air temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration at 1-min intervals. Instantaneous TA and PAQA were regularly sampled by survey for each subject. High acceptability was found at home, restaurants and workplaces, whereas low acceptability was found for outdoor and transport environments. The participants, from Singapore's modern tropical environment spent an average of 96% of their time indoors. Weak associations were reported between acceptabilities and measured physical parameters taken independently. Clustering data by location, subject's sleeping ventilation habit, air-conditioning operation status and the changes in physical parameters over a designated time period enhanced the understanding of the acceptability results. In general, acceptability was lower for those who slept in air-conditioned environments than for those who slept without air-conditioning. The carbon dioxide mixing ratio was critical for PAQA predictions but not for TA. The Gaussian process (GP) had a better predictive power than a multiple linear regression approach. Using GP, we found that a general predictive model had comparable simulation performance as for individual predictive models. The longitudinal experiment has demonstrated effectiveness for TA and PAQA analysis, which could be beneficial to future studies in personal comfort prediction. Title: Longitudinal Assessment of Thermal and Perceived Air Quality Acceptability in Relation to Temperature, Humidity, and CO2 Exposure in Singapore Author: Cheung, Toby C.T., Schiavon, Stefano, Gall, Elliot T., Jin, Ming Year: 2017 Thermal acceptability (TA) and perceived air quality acceptability (PAQA) are typically analyzed in climate chambers or cross-sectional field studies. Individual factors, such as expectations and perceived environment history, may influence the acceptability response. Longitudinal studies with multi-day design are absent in the literature. Fifteen Singaporean subjects participated in a 7-day longitudinal experiment in which they carried a portable sensor that continuously recorded personal air temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration at 1-min intervals. Instantaneous TA and PAQA were regularly sampled by survey for each subject. High acceptability was found at home, restaurants and workplaces, whereas low acceptability was found for outdoor and transport environments. The participants, from Singapore's modern tropical environment spent an average of 96% of their time indoors. Weak associations were reported between acceptabilities and measured physical parameters taken independently. Clustering data by location, subject's sleeping ventilation habit, air-conditioning operation status and the changes in physical parameters over a designated time period enhanced the understanding of the acceptability results. In general, acceptability was lower for those who slept in air-conditioned environments than for those who slept without air-conditioning. The carbon dioxide mixing ratio was critical for PAQA predictions but not for TA. The Gaussian process (GP) had a better predictive power than a multiple linear regression approach. Using GP, we found that a general predictive model had comparable simulation performance as for individual predictive models. The longitudinal experiment has demonstrated effectiveness for TA and PAQA analysis, which could be beneficial to future studies in personal comfort prediction. Close

• 2483. [Article] Paradigms & Possibilities of Incarceration-Related Records

  Founded and directed by activist Carole Pope (1944-2013), Our New Beginnings was a non-profit residential transitional and alternative sentencing program for women navigating corrections and criminal justice ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Paradigms & Possibilities of Incarceration-Related Records Author: Cates, Rhiannon Year: 2017 Founded and directed by activist Carole Pope (1944-2013), Our New Beginnings was a non-profit residential transitional and alternative sentencing program for women navigating corrections and criminal justice in Portland, Oregon that operated from 1980 to 1992. During this time, the program served over 3,000 women and their children at a non-recidivism rate of 84%. Through Our New Beginnings, Pope also worked with the Portia Project and Project Link-Up, two Oregon non-profit programs dedicated to connecting women in prison with legal and custodial support and services. Recently donated to Portland State University Library Special Collections & University Archives, this multimedia collection of Pope’s records has prompted research and discussion of best practices in the stewardship of incarceration-related records. Archival collections of this nature call for careful assessment in developing and implementing means of access that are sustainable, effective, and respectful. Employing the Carole Pope and Our New Beginnings Collection as a vehicle for discussion and through a review of existing discourse and similar archival collections, this poster presents research of redaction and collection access and arrangement strategies. With these conditions in mind, this poster outlines an accompanying oral history project and presents ideas to foster creative and dynamic use of such records by researchers, activists, students, and service providers, venturing further possibilities for collaborative projects within and beyond the setting of an academic archive. It is my goal to evoke consideration of archives as radical sites and imperative facets of scholarship, activism, and service-learning; to outline tensions and topics to consider when approaching these kinds of records and collections, and to exemplify possibilities of impact in including these narratives and documents in the archival and historical record. Title: Paradigms & Possibilities of Incarceration-Related Records Author: Cates, Rhiannon Year: 2017 Founded and directed by activist Carole Pope (1944-2013), Our New Beginnings was a non-profit residential transitional and alternative sentencing program for women navigating corrections and criminal justice in Portland, Oregon that operated from 1980 to 1992. During this time, the program served over 3,000 women and their children at a non-recidivism rate of 84%. Through Our New Beginnings, Pope also worked with the Portia Project and Project Link-Up, two Oregon non-profit programs dedicated to connecting women in prison with legal and custodial support and services. Recently donated to Portland State University Library Special Collections & University Archives, this multimedia collection of Pope’s records has prompted research and discussion of best practices in the stewardship of incarceration-related records. Archival collections of this nature call for careful assessment in developing and implementing means of access that are sustainable, effective, and respectful. Employing the Carole Pope and Our New Beginnings Collection as a vehicle for discussion and through a review of existing discourse and similar archival collections, this poster presents research of redaction and collection access and arrangement strategies. With these conditions in mind, this poster outlines an accompanying oral history project and presents ideas to foster creative and dynamic use of such records by researchers, activists, students, and service providers, venturing further possibilities for collaborative projects within and beyond the setting of an academic archive. It is my goal to evoke consideration of archives as radical sites and imperative facets of scholarship, activism, and service-learning; to outline tensions and topics to consider when approaching these kinds of records and collections, and to exemplify possibilities of impact in including these narratives and documents in the archival and historical record. Close

• 2484. [Article] An Inverse Method for Predicting Tissue-Level Mechanics from Cellular Mechanical Input

  Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a dynamic three-dimensional structure which translates mechanical stimuli to cells. This local mechanical stimulation may direct biological function including tissue ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Inverse Method for Predicting Tissue-Level Mechanics from Cellular Mechanical Input Author: Kim, Wangdo, Tretheway, Derek C., Kohles, Sean S. Year: 2009 Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a dynamic three-dimensional structure which translates mechanical stimuli to cells. This local mechanical stimulation may direct biological function including tissue development. Theories describing the role of mechanical regulators hypothesize the cellular response to variations in the external mechanical forces on the ECM. The exact ECM mechanical stimulation required to generate a specific pattern of localized cellular displacement is still unknown. The cell to tissue inverse problem offers an alternative approach to clarify this relationship. Developed for structural dynamics, the inverse dynamics problem translates measurements of local state variables (at the cell level) into an unknown or desired forcing function (at the tissue or ECM level). This paper describes the use of eigenvalues (resonant frequencies), eigenvectors (mode shapes), and dynamic programming to reduce the mathematical order of a simplified cell–tissue system and estimate the ECM mechanical stimulation required for a specified cellular mechanical environment. Finite element and inverse numerical analyses were performed on a simple two-dimensional model to ascertain the effects of weighting parameters and a reduction of analytical modes leading toward a solution. Simulation results indicate that the reduced number of mechanical modes (from 30 to 14 to 7) can adequately reproduce an unknown force time history on an ECM boundary. A representative comparison between cell to tissue (inverse) and tissue to cell (boundary value) modeling illustrates the multiscale applicability of the inverse model. Title: An Inverse Method for Predicting Tissue-Level Mechanics from Cellular Mechanical Input Author: Kim, Wangdo, Tretheway, Derek C., Kohles, Sean S. Year: 2009 Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a dynamic three-dimensional structure which translates mechanical stimuli to cells. This local mechanical stimulation may direct biological function including tissue development. Theories describing the role of mechanical regulators hypothesize the cellular response to variations in the external mechanical forces on the ECM. The exact ECM mechanical stimulation required to generate a specific pattern of localized cellular displacement is still unknown. The cell to tissue inverse problem offers an alternative approach to clarify this relationship. Developed for structural dynamics, the inverse dynamics problem translates measurements of local state variables (at the cell level) into an unknown or desired forcing function (at the tissue or ECM level). This paper describes the use of eigenvalues (resonant frequencies), eigenvectors (mode shapes), and dynamic programming to reduce the mathematical order of a simplified cell–tissue system and estimate the ECM mechanical stimulation required for a specified cellular mechanical environment. Finite element and inverse numerical analyses were performed on a simple two-dimensional model to ascertain the effects of weighting parameters and a reduction of analytical modes leading toward a solution. Simulation results indicate that the reduced number of mechanical modes (from 30 to 14 to 7) can adequately reproduce an unknown force time history on an ECM boundary. A representative comparison between cell to tissue (inverse) and tissue to cell (boundary value) modeling illustrates the multiscale applicability of the inverse model. Close

• 2485. [Article] Halprin Sequence Reimagined

  The Halprin Sequence is a series of underutilized green spaces in the heart of Portland, Oregon. Once a booming attraction, as time has past and the city has grown, the Halprin Sequence has been forgotten ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Halprin Sequence Reimagined Author: Villarroel, Andrea, Miller, Nate, Decker, Kris, Gough, Foster, Robinson, Scott Year: 2016 The Halprin Sequence is a series of underutilized green spaces in the heart of Portland, Oregon. Once a booming attraction, as time has past and the city has grown, the Halprin Sequence has been forgotten amongst the towers. With a rich history in urban development and design, the Halprin Sequence could offer much more to the people of Portland than it is currently. The surrounding street of Fourth Avenue is also underutilized. The street is primarily used by automobiles, and the sidewalks are not pleasant to walk through. For a green space network, the Halprin Sequence is in an ideal location. It is tucked away near university campus while surrounded by workplaces and residential housing. However, a major problem is that the surrounding buildings turn their backs to the Halprin Sequence creating a sense of isolation and disconnectedness. We propose strategic nodes and sites of interest along Fourth Avenue to activate the Sequence, as well as Fourth Avenue. Strategic development could act as a "spline" that connects Portland State University to the Halprin Sequence and adjacent communities. This project was conducted under the supervision of Donald J. Stastny and Edward Starkie. Title: Halprin Sequence Reimagined Author: Villarroel, Andrea, Miller, Nate, Decker, Kris, Gough, Foster, Robinson, Scott Year: 2016 The Halprin Sequence is a series of underutilized green spaces in the heart of Portland, Oregon. Once a booming attraction, as time has past and the city has grown, the Halprin Sequence has been forgotten amongst the towers. With a rich history in urban development and design, the Halprin Sequence could offer much more to the people of Portland than it is currently. The surrounding street of Fourth Avenue is also underutilized. The street is primarily used by automobiles, and the sidewalks are not pleasant to walk through. For a green space network, the Halprin Sequence is in an ideal location. It is tucked away near university campus while surrounded by workplaces and residential housing. However, a major problem is that the surrounding buildings turn their backs to the Halprin Sequence creating a sense of isolation and disconnectedness. We propose strategic nodes and sites of interest along Fourth Avenue to activate the Sequence, as well as Fourth Avenue. Strategic development could act as a "spline" that connects Portland State University to the Halprin Sequence and adjacent communities. This project was conducted under the supervision of Donald J. Stastny and Edward Starkie. Close

• 2486. [Article] Changing Times: Preparing Pre-Service Social Studies Teachers to Teach Disciplinary Literacy Skills

  This case study examined how a cohort of 16 pre-service social studies teachers transitioned from being students while No Child Left Behind (NCLB) was implemented to being teachers of a new generation ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Changing Times: Preparing Pre-Service Social Studies Teachers to Teach Disciplinary Literacy Skills Author: Cherner, Todd, Curry, Kristal Year: 2016 This case study examined how a cohort of 16 pre-service social studies teachers transitioned from being students while No Child Left Behind (NCLB) was implemented to being teachers of a new generation of standards. To study this transition, the authors analyzed 75 lesson plans created by cohort members to identify which Grade 9/10 Common Core Standards for History/Social Studies they planned to teach. The analysis indicated that pre-service teachers were including the Key Ideas and Details standards at significantly higher rates than the Craft and Structure or the Integration of Knowledge standards, and the Key Ideas and Details standards were most closely aligned with the standards used by NCLB. This conclusion is consistent with previously conducted research suggesting pre-service teachers’ instructional philosophies are often formed by their own experiences as students. This finding is significant because changing teaching practices from covering content in social studies classrooms to developing students’ disciplinary literacy skills is a challenge that requires confronting previously held beliefs about social studies instruction. Title: Changing Times: Preparing Pre-Service Social Studies Teachers to Teach Disciplinary Literacy Skills Author: Cherner, Todd, Curry, Kristal Year: 2016 This case study examined how a cohort of 16 pre-service social studies teachers transitioned from being students while No Child Left Behind (NCLB) was implemented to being teachers of a new generation of standards. To study this transition, the authors analyzed 75 lesson plans created by cohort members to identify which Grade 9/10 Common Core Standards for History/Social Studies they planned to teach. The analysis indicated that pre-service teachers were including the Key Ideas and Details standards at significantly higher rates than the Craft and Structure or the Integration of Knowledge standards, and the Key Ideas and Details standards were most closely aligned with the standards used by NCLB. This conclusion is consistent with previously conducted research suggesting pre-service teachers’ instructional philosophies are often formed by their own experiences as students. This finding is significant because changing teaching practices from covering content in social studies classrooms to developing students’ disciplinary literacy skills is a challenge that requires confronting previously held beliefs about social studies instruction. Close

• 2487. [Article] Global Supply Network Embeddedness and Power: An Analysis of International Joint Venture Formations

  As a subset of the international business literature, cross-border equity based partnerships have drawn significant academic attention. In the context of inter-firm partnerships, the power dynamics between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Global Supply Network Embeddedness and Power: An Analysis of International Joint Venture Formations Author: Yeniyurt, Sengun, Carnovale, Steven Year: 2017 As a subset of the international business literature, cross-border equity based partnerships have drawn significant academic attention. In the context of inter-firm partnerships, the power dynamics between parties and the implications that power has on the relational dynamics between firms is an important consideration. Research that connects power with network theory has recently emerged, suggesting that the network, as a source of power, plays a significant role in inter-firm dynamics. Yet, while there has been a substantial body of work either articulating the antecedents and consequences of power, little research has paid attention to the role that power plays in international JV formations; this presents a significant gap in the international business literature. Consequently, this study investigates the role that global network structure plays in the formation of new equity based international partnerships. Secondly, it contributes to the international JV literature by developing and testing a theoretical framework that examines inter-firm power dynamics as derived from the network position of each firm in the global network. Global network prominence, brokerage and weakness are key factors utilized in the analysis. The hypotheses are tested using a global manufacturing joint venture longitudinal dataset that contains 985,689 observations from 1985 to 2003. The results of the event history analysis indicate that for the manufacturer global network prominence, brokerage and weakness play an important role in new joint venture formations. On the other hand, only global network prominence is a significant factor for the potential partner. Title: Global Supply Network Embeddedness and Power: An Analysis of International Joint Venture Formations Author: Yeniyurt, Sengun, Carnovale, Steven Year: 2017 As a subset of the international business literature, cross-border equity based partnerships have drawn significant academic attention. In the context of inter-firm partnerships, the power dynamics between parties and the implications that power has on the relational dynamics between firms is an important consideration. Research that connects power with network theory has recently emerged, suggesting that the network, as a source of power, plays a significant role in inter-firm dynamics. Yet, while there has been a substantial body of work either articulating the antecedents and consequences of power, little research has paid attention to the role that power plays in international JV formations; this presents a significant gap in the international business literature. Consequently, this study investigates the role that global network structure plays in the formation of new equity based international partnerships. Secondly, it contributes to the international JV literature by developing and testing a theoretical framework that examines inter-firm power dynamics as derived from the network position of each firm in the global network. Global network prominence, brokerage and weakness are key factors utilized in the analysis. The hypotheses are tested using a global manufacturing joint venture longitudinal dataset that contains 985,689 observations from 1985 to 2003. The results of the event history analysis indicate that for the manufacturer global network prominence, brokerage and weakness play an important role in new joint venture formations. On the other hand, only global network prominence is a significant factor for the potential partner. Close

• 2488. [Article] Transcriptomic Analysis of Maternally Provisioned Cues for Phenotypic Plasticity in the Annual Killifish, <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i>

  Background: Genotype and environment can interact during development to produce novel adaptive traits that support life in extreme conditions. The development of the annual killifsh Austrofundulus limnaeus ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transcriptomic Analysis of Maternally Provisioned Cues for Phenotypic Plasticity in the Annual Killifish, <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i> Author: Romney, Amie L., Podrabsky, Jason E. Year: 2017 Background: Genotype and environment can interact during development to produce novel adaptive traits that support life in extreme conditions. The development of the annual killifsh Austrofundulus limnaeus is unique among vertebrates because the embryos have distinct cell movements that separate epiboly from axis formation during early development, can enter into a state of metabolic dormancy known as diapause and can survive extreme environmental conditions. The ability to enter into diapause can be maternally programmed, with young females producing embryos that do not enter into diapause. Alternately, embryos can be programmed to “escape” from diapause and develop directly by both maternal factors and embryonic incubation conditions. Thus, maternally packaged gene products are hypothesized to regulate developmental trajectory and perhaps the other unique developmental characters in this species. Results: Using high-throughput RNA sequencing, we generated transcriptomic profles of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in 1–2 cell stage embryos of A. limnaeus. Transcriptomic analyses suggest maternal programming of embryos through alternatively spliced mRNAs and antisense sncRNAs. Comparison of these results to those of comparable studies on zebrafsh and other fshes reveals a surprisingly high abundance of transcripts involved in the cellular response to stress and a relatively lower expression of genes required for rapid transition through the cell cycle. Conclusions: Maternal programming of developmental trajectory is unlikely accomplished by diferential expression of diapause-specifc genes. Rather, evidence suggests a role for trajectory-specifc splice variants of genes expressed in both phenotypes. In addition, based on comparative studies with zebrafsh, the A. limnaeus 1–2 cell stage transcriptome is unique in ways that are consistent with their unique life history. These results not only impact our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that regulate entrance into diapause, but also provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during development Title: Transcriptomic Analysis of Maternally Provisioned Cues for Phenotypic Plasticity in the Annual Killifish, <i>Austrofundulus limnaeus</i> Author: Romney, Amie L., Podrabsky, Jason E. Year: 2017 Background: Genotype and environment can interact during development to produce novel adaptive traits that support life in extreme conditions. The development of the annual killifsh Austrofundulus limnaeus is unique among vertebrates because the embryos have distinct cell movements that separate epiboly from axis formation during early development, can enter into a state of metabolic dormancy known as diapause and can survive extreme environmental conditions. The ability to enter into diapause can be maternally programmed, with young females producing embryos that do not enter into diapause. Alternately, embryos can be programmed to “escape” from diapause and develop directly by both maternal factors and embryonic incubation conditions. Thus, maternally packaged gene products are hypothesized to regulate developmental trajectory and perhaps the other unique developmental characters in this species. Results: Using high-throughput RNA sequencing, we generated transcriptomic profles of mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs and small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in 1–2 cell stage embryos of A. limnaeus. Transcriptomic analyses suggest maternal programming of embryos through alternatively spliced mRNAs and antisense sncRNAs. Comparison of these results to those of comparable studies on zebrafsh and other fshes reveals a surprisingly high abundance of transcripts involved in the cellular response to stress and a relatively lower expression of genes required for rapid transition through the cell cycle. Conclusions: Maternal programming of developmental trajectory is unlikely accomplished by diferential expression of diapause-specifc genes. Rather, evidence suggests a role for trajectory-specifc splice variants of genes expressed in both phenotypes. In addition, based on comparative studies with zebrafsh, the A. limnaeus 1–2 cell stage transcriptome is unique in ways that are consistent with their unique life history. These results not only impact our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that regulate entrance into diapause, but also provide insight into the epigenetic regulation of gene expression during development Close

• 2489. [Article] Burt Brown Barker, his role in historic preservation in Oregon

  The field of historic preservation has undergone· extreme changes in recent years. Only in the last few years have schools, businesses, and the public been interested in preserving historic sites. Prior ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Burt Brown Barker, his role in historic preservation in Oregon Author: Peterson, Mark Fredric Year: 1982 The field of historic preservation has undergone· extreme changes in recent years. Only in the last few years have schools, businesses, and the public been interested in preserving historic sites. Prior to this involvement, historic preservation was accomplished by a few individuals and patriotic groups. Since the field is relatively new, little has been researched and written regarding the early efforts of preservation. One man who emerged as a leader in the preservation movement in Oregon, for over thirty years, was Burt Brown Barker. This thesis, through research of the files associated with five different preservation projects, examines the role Barker played. In each case, an exhaustive search was made of all the files and scrapbooks housed at each institution. In addition, using contemporary newspaper-accounts, Barker's unpublished autobiography, and several books relating to historic preservation, a careful examination of Barker's role can be made. An analysis of the research shows that the role Barker played in historic preservation was a significant one. His contributions to the preservation of historic pioneer sites in Oregon remains a lasting memorial to the determination of this man. Though his name is relatively unknown, this thesis shows that he deserves to be recognized and remembered for his efforts. Title: Burt Brown Barker, his role in historic preservation in Oregon Author: Peterson, Mark Fredric Year: 1982 The field of historic preservation has undergone· extreme changes in recent years. Only in the last few years have schools, businesses, and the public been interested in preserving historic sites. Prior to this involvement, historic preservation was accomplished by a few individuals and patriotic groups. Since the field is relatively new, little has been researched and written regarding the early efforts of preservation. One man who emerged as a leader in the preservation movement in Oregon, for over thirty years, was Burt Brown Barker. This thesis, through research of the files associated with five different preservation projects, examines the role Barker played. In each case, an exhaustive search was made of all the files and scrapbooks housed at each institution. In addition, using contemporary newspaper-accounts, Barker's unpublished autobiography, and several books relating to historic preservation, a careful examination of Barker's role can be made. An analysis of the research shows that the role Barker played in historic preservation was a significant one. His contributions to the preservation of historic pioneer sites in Oregon remains a lasting memorial to the determination of this man. Though his name is relatively unknown, this thesis shows that he deserves to be recognized and remembered for his efforts. Close

• 2490. [Article] The Woman in White: Problems with Editorial History & Classification of Genre in Proposing a New Edition

  Wilkie Collins’s novel The Woman in White, first published in Charles Dickens’s journal All the Year Round, brings many issues to publishers who wish to create a new edition. As The Woman in White went ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Woman in White: Problems with Editorial History & Classification of Genre in Proposing a New Edition Author: Franke, Andréa Year: 2014 Wilkie Collins’s novel The Woman in White, first published in Charles Dickens’s journal All the Year Round, brings many issues to publishers who wish to create a new edition. As The Woman in White went through three editorial transitions during Collins’s life it is difficult for book publishers to decide whether to create a new eclectic text of the existing three original editions or to use one edition as the copy text. Beyond this, existing editions of this work, including the Barnes & Noble Classics edition and the Oxford World Classics editions, create problems in their paratext as by naming genre. By naming the genre as either a "mystery thriller" or a "sensation novel" on the back covers of these two editions readers and researchers alike already limit themselves in possible interpretations and analyses of the text. These limitations are expressed by demonstrating how The Woman in White can be interpreted as queer literature and analyzed under Queer Theory. In attempts to solve these issues this essay proposes a new digital facsimile edition of the original serialized version while backing up proposals with Editorial Theory. With a digital facsimile edition page length for affordability are no long an issue and a reader can choose whether or not they want to interact with the paratext by clicking hyperlinks. This way both readers and researchers can experience The Woman in White in its original form but still gain outside knowledge and information from the hypertext paratext. Title: The Woman in White: Problems with Editorial History & Classification of Genre in Proposing a New Edition Author: Franke, Andréa Year: 2014 Wilkie Collins’s novel The Woman in White, first published in Charles Dickens’s journal All the Year Round, brings many issues to publishers who wish to create a new edition. As The Woman in White went through three editorial transitions during Collins’s life it is difficult for book publishers to decide whether to create a new eclectic text of the existing three original editions or to use one edition as the copy text. Beyond this, existing editions of this work, including the Barnes & Noble Classics edition and the Oxford World Classics editions, create problems in their paratext as by naming genre. By naming the genre as either a "mystery thriller" or a "sensation novel" on the back covers of these two editions readers and researchers alike already limit themselves in possible interpretations and analyses of the text. These limitations are expressed by demonstrating how The Woman in White can be interpreted as queer literature and analyzed under Queer Theory. In attempts to solve these issues this essay proposes a new digital facsimile edition of the original serialized version while backing up proposals with Editorial Theory. With a digital facsimile edition page length for affordability are no long an issue and a reader can choose whether or not they want to interact with the paratext by clicking hyperlinks. This way both readers and researchers can experience The Woman in White in its original form but still gain outside knowledge and information from the hypertext paratext. Close

• 2491. [Article] Dracula and Dictators: Changes in Tourism in Romania After the Fall of Communism

  The fall of communism in December 1989 left Romania in turmoil, reaching all aspects of life. The tourism sector was only one area in which communism had its effect before and after its demise. This paper ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dracula and Dictators: Changes in Tourism in Romania After the Fall of Communism Author: Ragalie, Kelly D Year: 2014 The fall of communism in December 1989 left Romania in turmoil, reaching all aspects of life. The tourism sector was only one area in which communism had its effect before and after its demise. This paper argues that the tourism sector has felt changes in development, identity and legacy. The reign of communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, the historical context in which tourism has developed and the identity of the Romanian people today are discussed in this paper. From brutality to chaos; slow economic growth to introduction of the European Union; mythological characters like Dracula and 'Dracula’s Castle': Romanian tourism is developing a tourism industry based upon history, culture and struggle. In response, these changes to tourism have been slow and stagnated. Embracing Dracula for theme parks was shot down by the public and government entities alike; investment into hotels and restaurants has lagged; Romanian citizens cry out for sustainable and 'real' tourism. Romanian people today are debating what it is to be Romanian, and how they represent their culture to new visitors. Development of natural and historic treasures is important, but some struggle to make a living. Domestic and foreign investment is slow. Political conflicts in the region affect the view of foreign visitors and in turn are slow to make Romania a 'go-to' destination. The changes in tourism after the fall of communism are tangible. What is unclear is how Romania will use its tourism resources to begin a new chapter in the identity of the real Romania. Title: Dracula and Dictators: Changes in Tourism in Romania After the Fall of Communism Author: Ragalie, Kelly D Year: 2014 The fall of communism in December 1989 left Romania in turmoil, reaching all aspects of life. The tourism sector was only one area in which communism had its effect before and after its demise. This paper argues that the tourism sector has felt changes in development, identity and legacy. The reign of communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, the historical context in which tourism has developed and the identity of the Romanian people today are discussed in this paper. From brutality to chaos; slow economic growth to introduction of the European Union; mythological characters like Dracula and 'Dracula’s Castle': Romanian tourism is developing a tourism industry based upon history, culture and struggle. In response, these changes to tourism have been slow and stagnated. Embracing Dracula for theme parks was shot down by the public and government entities alike; investment into hotels and restaurants has lagged; Romanian citizens cry out for sustainable and 'real' tourism. Romanian people today are debating what it is to be Romanian, and how they represent their culture to new visitors. Development of natural and historic treasures is important, but some struggle to make a living. Domestic and foreign investment is slow. Political conflicts in the region affect the view of foreign visitors and in turn are slow to make Romania a 'go-to' destination. The changes in tourism after the fall of communism are tangible. What is unclear is how Romania will use its tourism resources to begin a new chapter in the identity of the real Romania. Close

• 2492. [Article] How Felon Disenfranchisement Legislation Alters Citizenship and How it Can Be Challenged

  Elements of "civil death" were put into heavy practice in the reconstruction era, as the U.S. sought to use disenfranchisement as a means of restricting the integration of "undesirable" groups, specifically ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: How Felon Disenfranchisement Legislation Alters Citizenship and How it Can Be Challenged Author: Jung, Shanae Year: 2016 Elements of "civil death" were put into heavy practice in the reconstruction era, as the U.S. sought to use disenfranchisement as a means of restricting the integration of "undesirable" groups, specifically the recently emancipated African-Americans. Many states have since done away with restrictions on the voting rights of ex-offenders beyond completion of their sentence and sentence requirements; however, Iowa, Florida, and Kentucky employ strict standards for granting re-enfranchisement—nearly impossible for most to complete. Elsewhere in the U.S. there has been a move from disenfranchisement; Virginia’s Governor recently reinstated franchise rights to ex-offenders through executive order and has continued to do so on a rolling basis, while Vermont and Maine have no restrictions on their citizens’ suffrage rights. In the absence of a national consensus on the issue, the purpose of political science in academia is to identify relations between the topic, power, and power identity and how each of these influences and is codified into relevant law. These laws, in turn, influence power, and as laws are passed variously at the state level throughout time, the changes in political zeitgeist at the time these laws are passed informs a variety of differing tones of disenfranchisement legislation. From a thorough examination of literature reviews, state legislation, and court decisions throughout American history comes a greater understanding of the nature and consequences of felon disenfranchisement and civic death on modern society. Title: How Felon Disenfranchisement Legislation Alters Citizenship and How it Can Be Challenged Author: Jung, Shanae Year: 2016 Elements of "civil death" were put into heavy practice in the reconstruction era, as the U.S. sought to use disenfranchisement as a means of restricting the integration of "undesirable" groups, specifically the recently emancipated African-Americans. Many states have since done away with restrictions on the voting rights of ex-offenders beyond completion of their sentence and sentence requirements; however, Iowa, Florida, and Kentucky employ strict standards for granting re-enfranchisement—nearly impossible for most to complete. Elsewhere in the U.S. there has been a move from disenfranchisement; Virginia’s Governor recently reinstated franchise rights to ex-offenders through executive order and has continued to do so on a rolling basis, while Vermont and Maine have no restrictions on their citizens’ suffrage rights. In the absence of a national consensus on the issue, the purpose of political science in academia is to identify relations between the topic, power, and power identity and how each of these influences and is codified into relevant law. These laws, in turn, influence power, and as laws are passed variously at the state level throughout time, the changes in political zeitgeist at the time these laws are passed informs a variety of differing tones of disenfranchisement legislation. From a thorough examination of literature reviews, state legislation, and court decisions throughout American history comes a greater understanding of the nature and consequences of felon disenfranchisement and civic death on modern society. Close

• 2493. [Article] Japanese Dialect Ideology from Meiji to the Present

  The intent of this study is to examine the trajectory of ideology regarding standard Japanese and dialects from the historical perspective, and also to discuss the cause of the post-war shift of the ideology. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Japanese Dialect Ideology from Meiji to the Present Author: Okumura, Nao Year: 2016 The intent of this study is to examine the trajectory of ideology regarding standard Japanese and dialects from the historical perspective, and also to discuss the cause of the post-war shift of the ideology. Before the war, the government attempted to disseminate hyojun-go aiming at creating a unified Japan in the time when many countries were developing to be nation states after industrial revolution. After the Pacific war, the less strict-sounding term kyotsu-go was more often used, conveying an ideology of democratization. Yet despite the difference in the terms, speaking a common language continues to play a role of unifying the country. Today there is great interest in regional dialects in Japan. Although kyotsu-go is the common language, most people, especially in urban areas, are familiar with (if not fluent in) kyotsu-go. Due to the development of media and mobilization there are few people who cannot understand kyotsu-go. However, until around the 1970s people were more likely to believe in the superiority of standard Japanese (hyojun-go). Standard language was believed to be superior as a result of language policy that had its origins in Meiji and lasted through WWII. This included education policy that required school children to learn hyojun-go. After the war, in a process of democratization there emerged greater acceptance of language variety: dialect. Thus, there has been a shift in language ideology in Japan, and the people's interests in dialects is one indicator of this. This shift is analyzed here from the perspective of Bourdieu's notion of social and linguistic capital, tying it to policy, historical events and societal change. Title: Japanese Dialect Ideology from Meiji to the Present Author: Okumura, Nao Year: 2016 The intent of this study is to examine the trajectory of ideology regarding standard Japanese and dialects from the historical perspective, and also to discuss the cause of the post-war shift of the ideology. Before the war, the government attempted to disseminate hyojun-go aiming at creating a unified Japan in the time when many countries were developing to be nation states after industrial revolution. After the Pacific war, the less strict-sounding term kyotsu-go was more often used, conveying an ideology of democratization. Yet despite the difference in the terms, speaking a common language continues to play a role of unifying the country. Today there is great interest in regional dialects in Japan. Although kyotsu-go is the common language, most people, especially in urban areas, are familiar with (if not fluent in) kyotsu-go. Due to the development of media and mobilization there are few people who cannot understand kyotsu-go. However, until around the 1970s people were more likely to believe in the superiority of standard Japanese (hyojun-go). Standard language was believed to be superior as a result of language policy that had its origins in Meiji and lasted through WWII. This included education policy that required school children to learn hyojun-go. After the war, in a process of democratization there emerged greater acceptance of language variety: dialect. Thus, there has been a shift in language ideology in Japan, and the people's interests in dialects is one indicator of this. This shift is analyzed here from the perspective of Bourdieu's notion of social and linguistic capital, tying it to policy, historical events and societal change. Close

• 2494. [Article] Historical and Existing Vascular and Bryophyte Flora, Former Blue Heron Paper Mill, Willamette Falls, Oregon City, Oregon

  Willamette Falls has long been a focus of botanical interest, but industrial development at the site has limited public access for over a century. The closure of the Blue Heron paper mill on the south ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical and Existing Vascular and Bryophyte Flora, Former Blue Heron Paper Mill, Willamette Falls, Oregon City, Oregon Author: Christy, John A., Gaddis, Philip Year: 2015 Willamette Falls has long been a focus of botanical interest, but industrial development at the site has limited public access for over a century. The closure of the Blue Heron paper mill on the south bank of the river, and proposed redevelopment of the site, has given planners an opportunity to revisit this part of the falls and identify its current flora. As part of the preconstruction planning process for public access to the falls, Metro contracted John Christy to document the historical and existing vascular flora on the site, and Philip Gaddis joined us to document the bryophyte flora. For millennia, the falls has been a magnet for fishing, settlement, and more recent industrial development. Photographs by Carleton Watkins show that the south bank of the river at Willamette Falls had been modified for industrial uses as early as 1867. Infrastructure included dams and spillways to create a boat basin, and millraces to power a sawmill, gristmill, and woolen mill. Later, paper mills and electrical generating stations were built on both sides of the falls. These activities concentrated at the falls have impacted all native habitat except vertical cliff faces on basalt outcrops along the river. Significant portions of the shoreline at the Blue Heron site have been modified by fill. Remaining habitat in natural or semi-natural condition includes areas hydrated by tidal action of the Willamette River, areas of seasonal or perennial seepage below spillways and the old grinders, and basalt outcrops with varying exposures. The basalt outcrops are a relic of the Bretz or Missoula Floods (Allen et al. 1986), and exposures along this part of the Willamette River provide outlier habitat for both mesic and xeric species more common in the Columbia River Gorge (Detling 1958). Willamette Falls has a similar history to that of Niagara Falls in terms of industrial development, presence of a rock substrate supporting disjunct populations of rare plants, and botanical exploration that occurred primarily between 1885 and 1915 (Eckel 2013). Title: Historical and Existing Vascular and Bryophyte Flora, Former Blue Heron Paper Mill, Willamette Falls, Oregon City, Oregon Author: Christy, John A., Gaddis, Philip Year: 2015 Willamette Falls has long been a focus of botanical interest, but industrial development at the site has limited public access for over a century. The closure of the Blue Heron paper mill on the south bank of the river, and proposed redevelopment of the site, has given planners an opportunity to revisit this part of the falls and identify its current flora. As part of the preconstruction planning process for public access to the falls, Metro contracted John Christy to document the historical and existing vascular flora on the site, and Philip Gaddis joined us to document the bryophyte flora. For millennia, the falls has been a magnet for fishing, settlement, and more recent industrial development. Photographs by Carleton Watkins show that the south bank of the river at Willamette Falls had been modified for industrial uses as early as 1867. Infrastructure included dams and spillways to create a boat basin, and millraces to power a sawmill, gristmill, and woolen mill. Later, paper mills and electrical generating stations were built on both sides of the falls. These activities concentrated at the falls have impacted all native habitat except vertical cliff faces on basalt outcrops along the river. Significant portions of the shoreline at the Blue Heron site have been modified by fill. Remaining habitat in natural or semi-natural condition includes areas hydrated by tidal action of the Willamette River, areas of seasonal or perennial seepage below spillways and the old grinders, and basalt outcrops with varying exposures. The basalt outcrops are a relic of the Bretz or Missoula Floods (Allen et al. 1986), and exposures along this part of the Willamette River provide outlier habitat for both mesic and xeric species more common in the Columbia River Gorge (Detling 1958). Willamette Falls has a similar history to that of Niagara Falls in terms of industrial development, presence of a rock substrate supporting disjunct populations of rare plants, and botanical exploration that occurred primarily between 1885 and 1915 (Eckel 2013). Close

• 2495. [Article] Oregon Invasive Species Council Review

  The Oregon Invasive Species Council (OISC – “Council” is also used in this report) was established by the Oregon Legislature in 2001 [ORS 570.750, formerly 561.687]. In partnership with a broad group of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Invasive Species Council Review Author: Draheim, Robyn, Fiegener, Rob, Gaines, Lisa Year: 2015 The Oregon Invasive Species Council (OISC – “Council” is also used in this report) was established by the Oregon Legislature in 2001 [ORS 570.750, formerly 561.687]. In partnership with a broad group of state, federal and local agencies, non-profit organizations, industry representatives and individuals, the Council created and maintains the means for citizens to report sightings of invasive species and a process by which this information is forwarded to appropriate agencies; works to increase citizen engagement and awareness of invasive issues; conducts educational meetings and conferences; and, administers a trust account for funding eradication and educational projects. In 2014, the Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to assist the OISC Coordinator in conducting a review of the OISC. The purpose of the review was to provide a critical examination of the OISC mission as originally established by the state legislature, activities, funding and governance structure, and to provide recommendations for improvement of OISC efficacy. When the OISC Coordinator position fell vacant that role in the review was taken up by staff at the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs (CLR) at Portland State University. INR and the CLR took on different roles within the review. The review consisted of: (1) semi structured interviews/conversations with the directors of the state natural resource agencies directors participating in the OISC (INR); (2) semi-structured interviews/conversations with stakeholders and other members of the OISC (CLR); (3) the collection and review of relevant OISC documents (INR, CLR); and (4) conversations with other invasive species councils around the West (CLR]). Purpose and Organization of the Report: The purpose of this report is to describe and highlight salient features and results of the review of the OISC. Section 1 provides a history of the OISC. Sections 2 and 3 highlight the aggregated results of the interviews conducted with state natural resource agency directors (Section 2) and stakeholders (Section 3). Examples of how other invasive species councils in the western US operate are presented in Section 4. And Section 5 highlights recommendations. The recommendations presented in Section 5 are meant to stimulate discussion, and are not considered by the project team to be the definitive options available the OISC. Title: Oregon Invasive Species Council Review Author: Draheim, Robyn, Fiegener, Rob, Gaines, Lisa Year: 2015 The Oregon Invasive Species Council (OISC – “Council” is also used in this report) was established by the Oregon Legislature in 2001 [ORS 570.750, formerly 561.687]. In partnership with a broad group of state, federal and local agencies, non-profit organizations, industry representatives and individuals, the Council created and maintains the means for citizens to report sightings of invasive species and a process by which this information is forwarded to appropriate agencies; works to increase citizen engagement and awareness of invasive issues; conducts educational meetings and conferences; and, administers a trust account for funding eradication and educational projects. In 2014, the Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to assist the OISC Coordinator in conducting a review of the OISC. The purpose of the review was to provide a critical examination of the OISC mission as originally established by the state legislature, activities, funding and governance structure, and to provide recommendations for improvement of OISC efficacy. When the OISC Coordinator position fell vacant that role in the review was taken up by staff at the Center for Lakes and Reservoirs (CLR) at Portland State University. INR and the CLR took on different roles within the review. The review consisted of: (1) semi structured interviews/conversations with the directors of the state natural resource agencies directors participating in the OISC (INR); (2) semi-structured interviews/conversations with stakeholders and other members of the OISC (CLR); (3) the collection and review of relevant OISC documents (INR, CLR); and (4) conversations with other invasive species councils around the West (CLR]). Purpose and Organization of the Report: The purpose of this report is to describe and highlight salient features and results of the review of the OISC. Section 1 provides a history of the OISC. Sections 2 and 3 highlight the aggregated results of the interviews conducted with state natural resource agency directors (Section 2) and stakeholders (Section 3). Examples of how other invasive species councils in the western US operate are presented in Section 4. And Section 5 highlights recommendations. The recommendations presented in Section 5 are meant to stimulate discussion, and are not considered by the project team to be the definitive options available the OISC. Close

• 2496. [Article] Modeling of Historic Columbia River Flood Impacts Based on Delft 3D Simulations

  Natural and anthropogenic processes over the past 150 years have altered the bathymetry of the Lower Columbia River (LCR) and have changed the long wave propagation of tides and floods. Possible causes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Modeling of Historic Columbia River Flood Impacts Based on Delft 3D Simulations Author: Helaire, Lumas Terence Year: 2016 Natural and anthropogenic processes over the past 150 years have altered the bathymetry of the Lower Columbia River (LCR) and have changed the long wave propagation of tides and floods. Possible causes for the increase in tidal amplitudes (+7% in tidal range in Astoria) are decreases in river discharge, lengthening of the river channel due to the construction of jetties at the mouth, dredging and deepening of the shipping channel, and reduction of the tidal prism due to the filling and diking of tidal wetlands. In this study, changes in the characteristics of long waves are elucidated by developing two hydrodynamic models of the LCR which reflect historical and modern bathymetric conditions and forcing. The historic model simulates late 19th century conditions and is extensively validated using recently recovered tide records along the LCR (e.g., Astoria, 1853-1876) and river stage measurements (e.g., Portland, 1876-1964). Results suggest that water levels in Portland at low river discharge are up to 0.5-1.0m lower than in the past. However, historical water levels during a flood scenario based on the 1880 spring freshet are similar to modern water levels. Since tidal range in the modern scenario is persistently higher at all locations, the flood risk in many locations along the LCR has increased for the same boundary conditions. The results are explained by considering the governing equations of momentum and mass-conservation. At low river flow, greater depth leads to reduced frictional effects, producing amplified tidal range and tidal velocities but a decreased river slope (and lower Portland water levels). At high flow, the modern flood is confined by dikes and the loss of wetlands, which counteracts the effect of decreased friction. Nonetheless, the high friction of the historical wooded floodplain also confined the historical flood path. Hence, historical and modern flood heights are surprisingly similar, though scaling analysis suggests that the historical flood wave was more diffusive. Title: Modeling of Historic Columbia River Flood Impacts Based on Delft 3D Simulations Author: Helaire, Lumas Terence Year: 2016 Natural and anthropogenic processes over the past 150 years have altered the bathymetry of the Lower Columbia River (LCR) and have changed the long wave propagation of tides and floods. Possible causes for the increase in tidal amplitudes (+7% in tidal range in Astoria) are decreases in river discharge, lengthening of the river channel due to the construction of jetties at the mouth, dredging and deepening of the shipping channel, and reduction of the tidal prism due to the filling and diking of tidal wetlands. In this study, changes in the characteristics of long waves are elucidated by developing two hydrodynamic models of the LCR which reflect historical and modern bathymetric conditions and forcing. The historic model simulates late 19th century conditions and is extensively validated using recently recovered tide records along the LCR (e.g., Astoria, 1853-1876) and river stage measurements (e.g., Portland, 1876-1964). Results suggest that water levels in Portland at low river discharge are up to 0.5-1.0m lower than in the past. However, historical water levels during a flood scenario based on the 1880 spring freshet are similar to modern water levels. Since tidal range in the modern scenario is persistently higher at all locations, the flood risk in many locations along the LCR has increased for the same boundary conditions. The results are explained by considering the governing equations of momentum and mass-conservation. At low river flow, greater depth leads to reduced frictional effects, producing amplified tidal range and tidal velocities but a decreased river slope (and lower Portland water levels). At high flow, the modern flood is confined by dikes and the loss of wetlands, which counteracts the effect of decreased friction. Nonetheless, the high friction of the historical wooded floodplain also confined the historical flood path. Hence, historical and modern flood heights are surprisingly similar, though scaling analysis suggests that the historical flood wave was more diffusive. Close

• 2497. [Article] Uneven Development of the Sustainable City: Shifting Capital in Portland, Oregon

  Portland, Oregon is renowned as a paradigmatic "sustainable city". Yet, despite popular conceptions of the city as a progressive ecotopia and the accolades of planners seeking to emulate its innovations, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Uneven Development of the Sustainable City: Shifting Capital in Portland, Oregon Author: Goodling, Erin, Green, Jamaal, McClintock, Nathan Year: 2015 Portland, Oregon is renowned as a paradigmatic "sustainable city". Yet, despite popular conceptions of the city as a progressive ecotopia and the accolades of planners seeking to emulate its innovations, Portland’s sustainability successes are inequitably distributed. Drawing on census data, popular media, newspaper archives, city planning documents, and secondary-source histories, we attempt to elucidate the structural origins of Portland’s "uneven development", exploring how and why the urban core of this paragon of sustainability has become more White and affluent while its outer eastside has become more diverse and poor. We explain how a "sustainability fix" – in this case, green investment in the city’s core – ultimately contributed to the demarcation of racialized poverty along 82nd Avenue, a major north-south arterial marking the boundary of East Portland. Our account of structural processes taking place at multiple scales contributes to a growing body of literature on eco-gentrification and displacement and inner-ring suburban change while empirically demonstrating how Portland’s advances in sustainability have come at the cost of East Portland’s devaluation. Our "30,000 foot" perspective reveals systemic patterns that might then guide more fine-grained analyses of particular political-socio-cultural processes, while providing cautionary insights into current efforts to extend the city’s sustainability initiatives using the same green development model. Title: Uneven Development of the Sustainable City: Shifting Capital in Portland, Oregon Author: Goodling, Erin, Green, Jamaal, McClintock, Nathan Year: 2015 Portland, Oregon is renowned as a paradigmatic "sustainable city". Yet, despite popular conceptions of the city as a progressive ecotopia and the accolades of planners seeking to emulate its innovations, Portland’s sustainability successes are inequitably distributed. Drawing on census data, popular media, newspaper archives, city planning documents, and secondary-source histories, we attempt to elucidate the structural origins of Portland’s "uneven development", exploring how and why the urban core of this paragon of sustainability has become more White and affluent while its outer eastside has become more diverse and poor. We explain how a "sustainability fix" – in this case, green investment in the city’s core – ultimately contributed to the demarcation of racialized poverty along 82nd Avenue, a major north-south arterial marking the boundary of East Portland. Our account of structural processes taking place at multiple scales contributes to a growing body of literature on eco-gentrification and displacement and inner-ring suburban change while empirically demonstrating how Portland’s advances in sustainability have come at the cost of East Portland’s devaluation. Our "30,000 foot" perspective reveals systemic patterns that might then guide more fine-grained analyses of particular political-socio-cultural processes, while providing cautionary insights into current efforts to extend the city’s sustainability initiatives using the same green development model. Close

• 2498. [Article] Post-Revolution Language Change in the Libyan Media: Tamahaq News Broadcast

  This paper examines segments from the very first Tamazight language TV news broadcast in the history of Libya in May 11, 2011. In the analysis, I focus on (a) Tamazight-Arabic code switching and (b) the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Post-Revolution Language Change in the Libyan Media: Tamahaq News Broadcast Author: Abdulaziz, Ashour Year: 2013 This paper examines segments from the very first Tamazight language TV news broadcast in the history of Libya in May 11, 2011. In the analysis, I focus on (a) Tamazight-Arabic code switching and (b) the profound influence of Arabic on the Tamazight spoken in this situation. Before the February 17 Revolution, such a broadcast was unthinkable, as the use of the language in such public contexts was outlawed during Gaddafi's rule. Post Feb. 17, the Tamazight language emerged in the media as a new linguistic spoken and written resource in the Libyan setting itself up as in contrast to and in competition with Arabic- the official language of Libya. Partly as a result of language policies of Gaddafi's government, most Libyan Amazigh are bilingual; however, Arabic is understandably their dominant language. Let's examine the following examples: (SA: standard Arabic LA: Libyan Arabic B: Borrowed words T: Tamazight) (1) fursa. taiba. wa b.ism illahi a.raHman a.raHeem. chance. great. and. in. name Allah (God) the. gracious the. merciful / LA LA SA SA SA SA (2) In. shaa Allah alibieen ukul adifrah.een-sees / If. willing. Allah libyans. all happy. will be (plur). with it SA SA LA LA B T (If Allah wishes, all Libyans will be happy with it) Being bilingual, most Libyan- Amazigh are more fluent in Arabic than Tamazight due to the linguistic policies of Gaddafi's regime – an issue that will proof critical in the linguistic choices of Amazigh intellectuals as they interact on TV. Title: Post-Revolution Language Change in the Libyan Media: Tamahaq News Broadcast Author: Abdulaziz, Ashour Year: 2013 This paper examines segments from the very first Tamazight language TV news broadcast in the history of Libya in May 11, 2011. In the analysis, I focus on (a) Tamazight-Arabic code switching and (b) the profound influence of Arabic on the Tamazight spoken in this situation. Before the February 17 Revolution, such a broadcast was unthinkable, as the use of the language in such public contexts was outlawed during Gaddafi's rule. Post Feb. 17, the Tamazight language emerged in the media as a new linguistic spoken and written resource in the Libyan setting itself up as in contrast to and in competition with Arabic- the official language of Libya. Partly as a result of language policies of Gaddafi's government, most Libyan Amazigh are bilingual; however, Arabic is understandably their dominant language. Let's examine the following examples: (SA: standard Arabic LA: Libyan Arabic B: Borrowed words T: Tamazight) (1) fursa. taiba. wa b.ism illahi a.raHman a.raHeem. chance. great. and. in. name Allah (God) the. gracious the. merciful / LA LA SA SA SA SA (2) In. shaa Allah alibieen ukul adifrah.een-sees / If. willing. Allah libyans. all happy. will be (plur). with it SA SA LA LA B T (If Allah wishes, all Libyans will be happy with it) Being bilingual, most Libyan- Amazigh are more fluent in Arabic than Tamazight due to the linguistic policies of Gaddafi's regime – an issue that will proof critical in the linguistic choices of Amazigh intellectuals as they interact on TV. Close

• 2499. [Article] Community-Based Approaches to Mental Health and Conflict Resolution in Post-Conflict Libya

  Post-conflict Libya faces the challenges of establishing a national health system that is capable of addressing mental health needs for a population traumatized by decades of repression and a recent war. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community-Based Approaches to Mental Health and Conflict Resolution in Post-Conflict Libya Author: Lubit, Amanda Year: 2013 Post-conflict Libya faces the challenges of establishing a national health system that is capable of addressing mental health needs for a population traumatized by decades of repression and a recent war. In order to recover, traumatized populations require feelings of safety, calm, empowerment, connectedness, and hope. To help achieve this outcome, programs must focus on medical and social aspects at both the individual and community level. As part of an internship experience, I worked with Dr. Omar Reda, a Libyan psychiatrist at Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) who helps communities, organizations and mental health professionals throughout Libya to address the effects of trauma on Libyan society. From November 2011 until December 2012, I developed plans to assist social and psychological reconstruction, healing and reconciliation processes currently taking place and made recommendations for creative, community-based, psychosocial programs that are cost-effective, culturally appropriate and adaptable to different regions and communities. I divided these recommendations into the categories of nature, arts, movement and memory-based programs. In this paper, I reflect upon the product of my internship project in light of contemporary anthropological and sociocultural theories. My research into post-conflict trauma falls within the realm of applied medical anthropology and also deals with the interrelated anthropological subjects of post-conflict society, global health, human rights and public policy. Although anthropology can and should engage with these subjects, currently little published research exists that addresses this particular combination of topics. In this document I reflect upon my internship by considering issues of neoliberalism, identity, subjectivity, and governmentality. Through this lens, I consider how psychosocial programs can potentially impact a post-conflict nation such as Libya. I argue that carefully crafted psychosocial programs can use positive forms of governmentality to shift the subjectivity of participants, creating conditions conducive to improving mental health and reducing conflict. Title: Community-Based Approaches to Mental Health and Conflict Resolution in Post-Conflict Libya Author: Lubit, Amanda Year: 2013 Post-conflict Libya faces the challenges of establishing a national health system that is capable of addressing mental health needs for a population traumatized by decades of repression and a recent war. In order to recover, traumatized populations require feelings of safety, calm, empowerment, connectedness, and hope. To help achieve this outcome, programs must focus on medical and social aspects at both the individual and community level. As part of an internship experience, I worked with Dr. Omar Reda, a Libyan psychiatrist at Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) who helps communities, organizations and mental health professionals throughout Libya to address the effects of trauma on Libyan society. From November 2011 until December 2012, I developed plans to assist social and psychological reconstruction, healing and reconciliation processes currently taking place and made recommendations for creative, community-based, psychosocial programs that are cost-effective, culturally appropriate and adaptable to different regions and communities. I divided these recommendations into the categories of nature, arts, movement and memory-based programs. In this paper, I reflect upon the product of my internship project in light of contemporary anthropological and sociocultural theories. My research into post-conflict trauma falls within the realm of applied medical anthropology and also deals with the interrelated anthropological subjects of post-conflict society, global health, human rights and public policy. Although anthropology can and should engage with these subjects, currently little published research exists that addresses this particular combination of topics. In this document I reflect upon my internship by considering issues of neoliberalism, identity, subjectivity, and governmentality. Through this lens, I consider how psychosocial programs can potentially impact a post-conflict nation such as Libya. I argue that carefully crafted psychosocial programs can use positive forms of governmentality to shift the subjectivity of participants, creating conditions conducive to improving mental health and reducing conflict. Close

• 2500. [Article] Neighborhood Change and the Role of Environmental Stewardship: a Case Study of Green Infrastructure for Stormwater in the City of Portland, Oregon, USA

  Throughout the history of cities, the ecological landscape has often been buried, removed, or taken for granted. A recent recognition that humans are part of the global ecosystem, and that human actions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neighborhood Change and the Role of Environmental Stewardship: a Case Study of Green Infrastructure for Stormwater in the City of Portland, Oregon, USA Author: Shandas, Vivek Year: 2015 Throughout the history of cities, the ecological landscape has often been buried, removed, or taken for granted. A recent recognition that humans are part of the global ecosystem, and that human actions both cause and are affected by ecological change, brings with it an awareness of the value of nature in cities and of natural systems on which cities depend. The feedbacks between humans and their environment within an urban context can have profound implications for the growth of and change in cities, yet there is a limited understanding of the interactions between biophysical changes in cities and the implications of these changes on the quality of life for residents. The application of a coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) framework provides a timely and fruitful opportunity to enrich the theory, methods, and understanding of these feedbacks and interconnections. Here, I integrated biophysical and social dimensions relevant to managing urban stormwater by examining a case study of Portland, Oregon, USA. I used empirical data from a pre-post survey (2-yr span) of residents in eight urban neighborhoods to describe feedbacks and interactions between a localized biophysical change in the form of a large-scale decentralized stormwater program and the resulting changes in resident's perceptions in neighborhoods undergoing rapid change. My findings corroborate earlier findings suggesting that people with higher income and education levels are more likely to participate in stewardship actions. The results also suggest an overall and initial negative perception of neighborhoods facilities and services immediately following the construction of decentralized stormwater facilities, but conversely, high levels of anticipation for their construction. By describing these findings through a CHANS framework, I make explicit the importance of integrating scientific understanding, governance efforts, and human behaviors to address acute urban environmental challenges. Title: Neighborhood Change and the Role of Environmental Stewardship: a Case Study of Green Infrastructure for Stormwater in the City of Portland, Oregon, USA Author: Shandas, Vivek Year: 2015 Throughout the history of cities, the ecological landscape has often been buried, removed, or taken for granted. A recent recognition that humans are part of the global ecosystem, and that human actions both cause and are affected by ecological change, brings with it an awareness of the value of nature in cities and of natural systems on which cities depend. The feedbacks between humans and their environment within an urban context can have profound implications for the growth of and change in cities, yet there is a limited understanding of the interactions between biophysical changes in cities and the implications of these changes on the quality of life for residents. The application of a coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) framework provides a timely and fruitful opportunity to enrich the theory, methods, and understanding of these feedbacks and interconnections. Here, I integrated biophysical and social dimensions relevant to managing urban stormwater by examining a case study of Portland, Oregon, USA. I used empirical data from a pre-post survey (2-yr span) of residents in eight urban neighborhoods to describe feedbacks and interactions between a localized biophysical change in the form of a large-scale decentralized stormwater program and the resulting changes in resident's perceptions in neighborhoods undergoing rapid change. My findings corroborate earlier findings suggesting that people with higher income and education levels are more likely to participate in stewardship actions. The results also suggest an overall and initial negative perception of neighborhoods facilities and services immediately following the construction of decentralized stormwater facilities, but conversely, high levels of anticipation for their construction. By describing these findings through a CHANS framework, I make explicit the importance of integrating scientific understanding, governance efforts, and human behaviors to address acute urban environmental challenges. Close