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• 101. [Article] Webinar: Land Use Mix and Pedestrian Travel Behavior: Advancements in Conceptualization and Measurement

  Smart growth policies have often emphasized the importance of land use mix as an intervention beholding of lasting urban planning and public health benefits. Past transportation-land use research has identified ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Webinar: Land Use Mix and Pedestrian Travel Behavior: Advancements in Conceptualization and Measurement Author: Gehrke, Steven R. Year: 2017 Smart growth policies have often emphasized the importance of land use mix as an intervention beholding of lasting urban planning and public health benefits. Past transportation-land use research has identified potential efficiency gains achieved by mixed-use neighborhoods and the subsequent shortening of trip lengths; whereas, public health research has accredited increased land use mixing as an effective policy for facilitating greater physical activity. However, despite the celebrated transportation, land use, and health benefits of improved land use mixing and the extent of topical attention, no consensus has been reached regarding the conceptualization and measurement of this key smart growth principle or the magnitude of its link to walking. This research, comprising three empirical studies, explores this topic in detail. This webinar will provide attendees with greater specificity in the measurement of land use mix and its connection to pedestrian travel behavior. Title: Webinar: Land Use Mix and Pedestrian Travel Behavior: Advancements in Conceptualization and Measurement Author: Gehrke, Steven R. Year: 2017 Smart growth policies have often emphasized the importance of land use mix as an intervention beholding of lasting urban planning and public health benefits. Past transportation-land use research has identified potential efficiency gains achieved by mixed-use neighborhoods and the subsequent shortening of trip lengths; whereas, public health research has accredited increased land use mixing as an effective policy for facilitating greater physical activity. However, despite the celebrated transportation, land use, and health benefits of improved land use mixing and the extent of topical attention, no consensus has been reached regarding the conceptualization and measurement of this key smart growth principle or the magnitude of its link to walking. This research, comprising three empirical studies, explores this topic in detail. This webinar will provide attendees with greater specificity in the measurement of land use mix and its connection to pedestrian travel behavior. Close

• 102. [Article] The Urban West and the Twenty-First Century

  In 1964 Oregon novelist Ken Kesey published Sometimes a Great Notion, the impassioned story of a fiercely (even pathologically) independent family of loggers on the southern Oregon coast. The novel is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Urban West and the Twenty-First Century Author: Abbott, Carl Year: 1993 In 1964 Oregon novelist Ken Kesey published Sometimes a Great Notion, the impassioned story of a fiercely (even pathologically) independent family of loggers on the southern Oregon coast. The novel is much admired by Oregonians, who read it as a tribute to the vanishing American pioneer. The urban West appears only by implication in the form of a fumbling labor organizer who longs to return to the civilized cities of California. My argument is that what we see is what we're going to get. That is, the coming decades are likely to see the American West continue to work through the impacts of the third urban revolution. It will be no more possible to re-create the world of Hank Stamper and the loggers of the Wakonda Auga watershed than the worlds of William Bent or Juan de Oñate. In particular, I want to touch on four points: (1) The end of "urbanization" in the American West; (2) the consolidation of control functions in a handful of supercities; (3) the continued "urbanizing" of what used to be the western backcountry; (4) the policy-making environment of western cities. Title: The Urban West and the Twenty-First Century Author: Abbott, Carl Year: 1993 In 1964 Oregon novelist Ken Kesey published Sometimes a Great Notion, the impassioned story of a fiercely (even pathologically) independent family of loggers on the southern Oregon coast. The novel is much admired by Oregonians, who read it as a tribute to the vanishing American pioneer. The urban West appears only by implication in the form of a fumbling labor organizer who longs to return to the civilized cities of California. My argument is that what we see is what we're going to get. That is, the coming decades are likely to see the American West continue to work through the impacts of the third urban revolution. It will be no more possible to re-create the world of Hank Stamper and the loggers of the Wakonda Auga watershed than the worlds of William Bent or Juan de Oñate. In particular, I want to touch on four points: (1) The end of "urbanization" in the American West; (2) the consolidation of control functions in a handful of supercities; (3) the continued "urbanizing" of what used to be the western backcountry; (4) the policy-making environment of western cities. Close

• 103. [Article] Fire-Vegetation Feedbacks and Alternative States: Common Mechanisms of Temperate Forest Vulnerability to Fire in Southern South America and New Zealand

  In the context of global warming and increasing impacts of invasive plants and animals, we examine how positive fire–vegetation feedbacks are increasing the vulnerability of pyrophobic temperate forests ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fire-Vegetation Feedbacks and Alternative States: Common Mechanisms of Temperate Forest Vulnerability to Fire in Southern South America and New Zealand Author: Kitzberger, T, Perry, G. L.W., Paritsis, J., Gowda, J. H. Year: 2016 In the context of global warming and increasing impacts of invasive plants and animals, we examine how positive fire–vegetation feedbacks are increasing the vulnerability of pyrophobic temperate forests to conversion to pyrophytic non-forest vegetation in southern South America and New Zealand. We extensively review the relevant literature to reveal how these temperate southern hemisphere floras have generated similar positive fire–vegetation feedback mechanisms resulting in increased vulnerability to anthropogenically altered fire regimens. For the two regions, we address the following questions. 1. What are the major plant species, physiognomic types and functional types characteristic of pyrophytic versus pyrophobic vegetation types and how do their traits affect flammability, resistance to fire and recovery after fire? 2. What are the roles of herbivory and microclimate in enhancing fire–vegetation feedbacks? 3. Are there similarities in trends of cover type transitions in relation to altered fire regimens? 4. How are climate change, land-use trends and the effects of introduced plants and animals affecting the vulnerability of these ecosystems to fire-induced transitions to alternative stable states? Most temperate forests of New Zealand and southern South America evolved under conditions of low fire frequencies so few taxa became adapted to recurrent fire. Current dichotomous landscapes consisting of juxtaposed pyrophobic and pyrophytic vegetation types are the outcome of the expansion of fire-resilient and fire-promoting species associated with the arrival of humans. Despite considerable differences in human history and biogeographic history, the case studies presented here show remarkable parallels in life-history traits of the key pyrophobic taxa, fire–vegetation feedback mechanisms, overall ecosystem responses to anthropogenic alteration of fire regimens, and likely vulnerability to expected global change influences on future fire regimens. Title: Fire-Vegetation Feedbacks and Alternative States: Common Mechanisms of Temperate Forest Vulnerability to Fire in Southern South America and New Zealand Author: Kitzberger, T, Perry, G. L.W., Paritsis, J., Gowda, J. H. Year: 2016 In the context of global warming and increasing impacts of invasive plants and animals, we examine how positive fire–vegetation feedbacks are increasing the vulnerability of pyrophobic temperate forests to conversion to pyrophytic non-forest vegetation in southern South America and New Zealand. We extensively review the relevant literature to reveal how these temperate southern hemisphere floras have generated similar positive fire–vegetation feedback mechanisms resulting in increased vulnerability to anthropogenically altered fire regimens. For the two regions, we address the following questions. 1. What are the major plant species, physiognomic types and functional types characteristic of pyrophytic versus pyrophobic vegetation types and how do their traits affect flammability, resistance to fire and recovery after fire? 2. What are the roles of herbivory and microclimate in enhancing fire–vegetation feedbacks? 3. Are there similarities in trends of cover type transitions in relation to altered fire regimens? 4. How are climate change, land-use trends and the effects of introduced plants and animals affecting the vulnerability of these ecosystems to fire-induced transitions to alternative stable states? Most temperate forests of New Zealand and southern South America evolved under conditions of low fire frequencies so few taxa became adapted to recurrent fire. Current dichotomous landscapes consisting of juxtaposed pyrophobic and pyrophytic vegetation types are the outcome of the expansion of fire-resilient and fire-promoting species associated with the arrival of humans. Despite considerable differences in human history and biogeographic history, the case studies presented here show remarkable parallels in life-history traits of the key pyrophobic taxa, fire–vegetation feedback mechanisms, overall ecosystem responses to anthropogenic alteration of fire regimens, and likely vulnerability to expected global change influences on future fire regimens. Close

• 104. [Article] Stephen Langton, the Chanter Circle, and the Semiotics of Violence in a Crusading Culture

  The influence of Peter the Chanter's (d. 1197) pedagogy and moral theology on the development of the faculty of theology at the University of Paris is being increasingly well documented. Much work remains ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stephen Langton, the Chanter Circle, and the Semiotics of Violence in a Crusading Culture Author: Thornebrooke, Andrew Year: 2016 The influence of Peter the Chanter's (d. 1197) pedagogy and moral theology on the development of the faculty of theology at the University of Paris is being increasingly well documented. Much work remains to be done, however, in developing our understanding of how the teachings of the Parisian master influenced the theological views of one of his most politically active disciples, Stephen Langton (c. 1150-1228). This research offers an intensive semiotic analysis of violent imagery and allusions to the Holy Land within the sermons of Langton, found in BnF Lat. MSS 14470 and 14593, as well as the decrees and correspondence of Pope Innocent III (Lotario dei Conti di Segni, c. 1160-1216), Robert de Courçon (c.1160-1219), and Jacques de Vitry (c. 1170-1240). The goal of this research is to present a more nuanced understanding of how the moral theology of the Chanter circle helped to shape the sermonic rhetoric of the early thirteenth century. Special emphasis is given to understanding how the use of violent metaphor in Langton's sermons would have been interpreted within the social context of the Albigensian Crusade, and to understanding Langton's role within a broader intellectual lineage of crusade sermons, serving as a much needed precursor to the crusade sermons of Jacques de Vitry during the Fifth Crusade. Title: Stephen Langton, the Chanter Circle, and the Semiotics of Violence in a Crusading Culture Author: Thornebrooke, Andrew Year: 2016 The influence of Peter the Chanter's (d. 1197) pedagogy and moral theology on the development of the faculty of theology at the University of Paris is being increasingly well documented. Much work remains to be done, however, in developing our understanding of how the teachings of the Parisian master influenced the theological views of one of his most politically active disciples, Stephen Langton (c. 1150-1228). This research offers an intensive semiotic analysis of violent imagery and allusions to the Holy Land within the sermons of Langton, found in BnF Lat. MSS 14470 and 14593, as well as the decrees and correspondence of Pope Innocent III (Lotario dei Conti di Segni, c. 1160-1216), Robert de Courçon (c.1160-1219), and Jacques de Vitry (c. 1170-1240). The goal of this research is to present a more nuanced understanding of how the moral theology of the Chanter circle helped to shape the sermonic rhetoric of the early thirteenth century. Special emphasis is given to understanding how the use of violent metaphor in Langton's sermons would have been interpreted within the social context of the Albigensian Crusade, and to understanding Langton's role within a broader intellectual lineage of crusade sermons, serving as a much needed precursor to the crusade sermons of Jacques de Vitry during the Fifth Crusade. Close

• 105. [Article] Following the Money from Investments to Outcomes

  While it’s accepted that mixed-use development promotes active travel, researchers don’t have a consensus on exactly how land use determines people’s travel patterns. The research examined: The relationship ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Following the Money from Investments to Outcomes Author: Zako, Robert, Lewis, Rebecca Year: 2017 While it’s accepted that mixed-use development promotes active travel, researchers don’t have a consensus on exactly how land use determines people’s travel patterns. The research examined: The relationship between pedestrian travel and land use mix; The impact of land use mix on pedestrian travel; How operationalizing land use mix influences individual travel behavior This work contributes theoretical and empirical tools for research and practice in transportation and land use planning. Title: Following the Money from Investments to Outcomes Author: Zako, Robert, Lewis, Rebecca Year: 2017 While it’s accepted that mixed-use development promotes active travel, researchers don’t have a consensus on exactly how land use determines people’s travel patterns. The research examined: The relationship between pedestrian travel and land use mix; The impact of land use mix on pedestrian travel; How operationalizing land use mix influences individual travel behavior This work contributes theoretical and empirical tools for research and practice in transportation and land use planning. Close

• 106. [Article] Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952

  This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952 Author: Jessie, Alison Leigh Year: 2015 This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers on the West Coast. The anti-Japanese movement was much larger in California, but this paper focuses on the attitudes in Oregon, which at times echoed sentiments in California but at other times conveyed support for Japanese naturalization. Naturalization laws at the turn of the century were vague, leaving the task of defining who was white, and thus eligible for naturalization, to the courts. Japanese applicants were often denied, but until the federal government clarified which immigrants could or could not become citizens, the subject remained open to debate. "Ineligibility to naturalization" was often used as a code for "Japanese" in discriminatory land use laws and similar legislation at the state level in California and in other western states. This study highlights several factors which influenced Oregonian editorials on the subject. First, the fear of offending Japan and provoking war with that empire was a foremost concern of Oregonian editors. California's moves to use naturalization law to prevent Japanese immigrants from owning land were seen as dangerous because they damaged relations with Japan and could lead to war. The Oregonian went so far as to recommend Japanese naturalization during the First World War. However, war and foreign relations were federal issues, thus the second theme seen throughout Oregonian editorials was deference to federal authority on questions related to naturalization. While suggesting that naturalization for existing immigrants might be good policy, the Oregonian urged the federal government to settle the matter. Once the Supreme Court ruled against Asian naturalization in 1922 and 1923, the Oregonian dropped its push for such rights. Nativism was another theme that influenced opinions at this time, and before 1923 the Oregonian generally opposed extreme nativist positions, while at the same time advocating for limits to Japanese immigration and against mixed marriages. This paper does not deal with the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II because naturalization was not the issue for the anti-exclusion movement at the time. Citizenship did not give the Nisei, second generation Japanese American citizens, any protection against their wartime removal from the West Coast. This study returns to the issue of naturalization for Japanese immigrants after the war, as a number of Issei, first generation Japanese immigrants, still lived in the United States but were denied citizenship, even though most had been in the country for decades at that point. There was less opposition to Japanese naturalization after the war due to the noted loyalty of the Japanese during the war, the focus on human rights as an issue promoted by the new United Nations, and Cold War politics which demanded better relations with Japan and thus fairer treatment of Japanese living in the United States. The Oregonian editorials reflected the shift in public opinion throughout the country in favor of lifting the racial bar to citizenship. Japanese Americans in Oregon were active in the campaign to change U.S. naturalization law. The issue was more important to the Japanese American community than it was to the Oregonian editorial board by then, as other Cold War events took precedence on the front and op-ed pages of the newspaper. Title: Questions of Citizenship: <i>Oregonian</i> Reactions to Japanese Immigrants' Quest for Naturalization Rights in the United States, 1894-1952 Author: Jessie, Alison Leigh Year: 2015 This study examines the discrimination against Japanese immigrants in U.S. naturalization law up to 1952 and how it was covered in the Oregonian newspaper, one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers on the West Coast. The anti-Japanese movement was much larger in California, but this paper focuses on the attitudes in Oregon, which at times echoed sentiments in California but at other times conveyed support for Japanese naturalization. Naturalization laws at the turn of the century were vague, leaving the task of defining who was white, and thus eligible for naturalization, to the courts. Japanese applicants were often denied, but until the federal government clarified which immigrants could or could not become citizens, the subject remained open to debate. "Ineligibility to naturalization" was often used as a code for "Japanese" in discriminatory land use laws and similar legislation at the state level in California and in other western states. This study highlights several factors which influenced Oregonian editorials on the subject. First, the fear of offending Japan and provoking war with that empire was a foremost concern of Oregonian editors. California's moves to use naturalization law to prevent Japanese immigrants from owning land were seen as dangerous because they damaged relations with Japan and could lead to war. The Oregonian went so far as to recommend Japanese naturalization during the First World War. However, war and foreign relations were federal issues, thus the second theme seen throughout Oregonian editorials was deference to federal authority on questions related to naturalization. While suggesting that naturalization for existing immigrants might be good policy, the Oregonian urged the federal government to settle the matter. Once the Supreme Court ruled against Asian naturalization in 1922 and 1923, the Oregonian dropped its push for such rights. Nativism was another theme that influenced opinions at this time, and before 1923 the Oregonian generally opposed extreme nativist positions, while at the same time advocating for limits to Japanese immigration and against mixed marriages. This paper does not deal with the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II because naturalization was not the issue for the anti-exclusion movement at the time. Citizenship did not give the Nisei, second generation Japanese American citizens, any protection against their wartime removal from the West Coast. This study returns to the issue of naturalization for Japanese immigrants after the war, as a number of Issei, first generation Japanese immigrants, still lived in the United States but were denied citizenship, even though most had been in the country for decades at that point. There was less opposition to Japanese naturalization after the war due to the noted loyalty of the Japanese during the war, the focus on human rights as an issue promoted by the new United Nations, and Cold War politics which demanded better relations with Japan and thus fairer treatment of Japanese living in the United States. The Oregonian editorials reflected the shift in public opinion throughout the country in favor of lifting the racial bar to citizenship. Japanese Americans in Oregon were active in the campaign to change U.S. naturalization law. The issue was more important to the Japanese American community than it was to the Oregonian editorial board by then, as other Cold War events took precedence on the front and op-ed pages of the newspaper. Close

• 107. [Article] Women and Tenure Transition: An Examination of Land Access and Gendered Land Rights in Kanungu District, Uganda

  Access to land and land rights are critical to development and poverty reduction. Currently Uganda, like many countries around the globe, is undergoing transformation of its land tenure systems, away from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women and Tenure Transition: An Examination of Land Access and Gendered Land Rights in Kanungu District, Uganda Author: McDonald, Emmalee Year: 2013 Access to land and land rights are critical to development and poverty reduction. Currently Uganda, like many countries around the globe, is undergoing transformation of its land tenure systems, away from traditional, community-based institutions towards private individual freehold property. Privatizing land rights, however, is controversial; critics fear that this will negatively impact vulnerable groups, such as women. In the Ugandan context while new privatization reforms have passed, they have not been fully implemented. This tenure transition is creating confusion and reportedly leading to a weakening of the traditional systems and an erosion of women’s land rights. I examine women’s land rights in rural southwestern Uganda, with a specific focus on women’s ability to access land subsequent to the 1998 Land Act. In my work I ask: how do women perceive their land rights? What strategies have women developed to facilitate their access to land? Do women believe the 1998 Land Act inhibited or aided in their struggle for land? The research utilized three data collection methods: document analysis, informant interviews with local elites, and semi-structured interviews with rural female farmers. Data analysis revealed three main themes: women lack awareness of the new land laws, issues around security of tenure occurred due to the transitioning tenure system combined with gender inequality, and women are utilizing informal channels to access land tenure while focusing on development. Faculty Mentor: Ellen Bassett Title: Women and Tenure Transition: An Examination of Land Access and Gendered Land Rights in Kanungu District, Uganda Author: McDonald, Emmalee Year: 2013 Access to land and land rights are critical to development and poverty reduction. Currently Uganda, like many countries around the globe, is undergoing transformation of its land tenure systems, away from traditional, community-based institutions towards private individual freehold property. Privatizing land rights, however, is controversial; critics fear that this will negatively impact vulnerable groups, such as women. In the Ugandan context while new privatization reforms have passed, they have not been fully implemented. This tenure transition is creating confusion and reportedly leading to a weakening of the traditional systems and an erosion of women’s land rights. I examine women’s land rights in rural southwestern Uganda, with a specific focus on women’s ability to access land subsequent to the 1998 Land Act. In my work I ask: how do women perceive their land rights? What strategies have women developed to facilitate their access to land? Do women believe the 1998 Land Act inhibited or aided in their struggle for land? The research utilized three data collection methods: document analysis, informant interviews with local elites, and semi-structured interviews with rural female farmers. Data analysis revealed three main themes: women lack awareness of the new land laws, issues around security of tenure occurred due to the transitioning tenure system combined with gender inequality, and women are utilizing informal channels to access land tenure while focusing on development. Faculty Mentor: Ellen Bassett Close

• 108. [Article] An Activity-related Land Use Mix Construct and Its Connection to Pedestrian Travel

  Land use mix is a central smart growth principle connected to active transportation. This presentation describes the indicators of local land use mixing and their association with pedestrian travel in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Activity-related Land Use Mix Construct and Its Connection to Pedestrian Travel Author: Gehrke, Steven R. Year: 2016 Land use mix is a central smart growth principle connected to active transportation. This presentation describes the indicators of local land use mixing and their association with pedestrian travel in Oregon’s Willamette River Valley. It argues that land use mix is a multidimensional construct reflected by the complementarity, composition, and configuration of land use types, which is positively linked to walk mode choice and home-based trip frequency. Findings from this study underline the conceptual and empirical benefit of analyzing this transportation-land use interaction with a landscape pattern measure of activity-related composition and spatial configuration. The presentation for this seminar was done jointly with Kristin Curran. It may be accessed at http://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/18237. Title: An Activity-related Land Use Mix Construct and Its Connection to Pedestrian Travel Author: Gehrke, Steven R. Year: 2016 Land use mix is a central smart growth principle connected to active transportation. This presentation describes the indicators of local land use mixing and their association with pedestrian travel in Oregon’s Willamette River Valley. It argues that land use mix is a multidimensional construct reflected by the complementarity, composition, and configuration of land use types, which is positively linked to walk mode choice and home-based trip frequency. Findings from this study underline the conceptual and empirical benefit of analyzing this transportation-land use interaction with a landscape pattern measure of activity-related composition and spatial configuration. The presentation for this seminar was done jointly with Kristin Curran. It may be accessed at http://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/18237. Close

• 109. [Article] The parcelization of the open range, a conflict in land use : grazing rights versus residential and recreation land sales in Klickitat County, Washington

  The threefold question researched herein is: (1) What are the extent and potential economic consequences of land parcelization in Klickitat County?, (2)What are the political and social costs of parcelization?, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The parcelization of the open range, a conflict in land use : grazing rights versus residential and recreation land sales in Klickitat County, Washington Author: Olson, Dennis A. Year: 1980 The threefold question researched herein is: (1) What are the extent and potential economic consequences of land parcelization in Klickitat County?, (2)What are the political and social costs of parcelization?, and (3) What measures today are, or could be, used to ameliorate the land use conflict? These are answered by studying the various aspects of the problem, including the historic land use change, legal mechanisms which regulate livestock grazing and land parcelization; taxation; the economic-effect upon livestock production; crime and social conflict; costs to county services; and environmental impacts. The geography of the change itself is depicted on several maps. Title: The parcelization of the open range, a conflict in land use : grazing rights versus residential and recreation land sales in Klickitat County, Washington Author: Olson, Dennis A. Year: 1980 The threefold question researched herein is: (1) What are the extent and potential economic consequences of land parcelization in Klickitat County?, (2)What are the political and social costs of parcelization?, and (3) What measures today are, or could be, used to ameliorate the land use conflict? These are answered by studying the various aspects of the problem, including the historic land use change, legal mechanisms which regulate livestock grazing and land parcelization; taxation; the economic-effect upon livestock production; crime and social conflict; costs to county services; and environmental impacts. The geography of the change itself is depicted on several maps. Close

• 110. [Article] Effects of Selective Logging and Roads on Instream Fine Sediments and Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in the Clackamas Basin, Oregon

  Logging and associated skid trails, haul routes, and roads can have significant impacts on the magnitude and timing of sediments in streams in forested watersheds. Loss of vegetation, soil compaction, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of Selective Logging and Roads on Instream Fine Sediments and Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in the Clackamas Basin, Oregon Author: Hood, Paula Elizabeth Year: 2015 Logging and associated skid trails, haul routes, and roads can have significant impacts on the magnitude and timing of sediments in streams in forested watersheds. Loss of vegetation, soil compaction, use of heavy logging equipment, and alteration of natural hydrologic patterns within the watershed can increase landslide rates, create erosion, and generate fine sediments. Selective logging, also called thinning, is a logging practice that leaves some trees within sale units unharvested. The ecological impacts of thinning on stream ecosystems are not fully understood and need further study. My hypothesis was that macroinvertebrate assemblages would be different in streams in non-reference areas that contain recent selective logging compared to streams in reference areas, and in downstream vs. upstream of selective logging units. I also hypothesized that selective logging and high road densities would be associated with increased instream fine sediments. I sampled water quality parameters and macroinvertebrates in three managed and three reference streams in the Clackamas River Basin during the field season of 2013. Turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), suspended sediment concentrations (SSC), and flow were sampled at each stream on four occasions during spring through early fall. Macroinvertebrates were sampled once in late summer or early fall. EPA rapid habitat assessments, canopy cover, pebble counts, embeddedness, and slope were also determined. Water quality parameters and macroinvertebrate indices in reference and non-reference sites were compared using t-tests, Welch's tests, or rank based equivalents. Macroinvertebrate assemblage patterns and associated environmental variables were characterized using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination plots and envfit overlays. Macroinvertebrates had higher abundance and taxa richness in non-reference streams, and indices suggested poorer water quality in non-reference streams. Non-reference streams had a lower percentage of shredders and a higher portion of gatherer-collectors. Associations between land use, fine sediments, and changes in macroinvertebrate metrics and community assemblages were apparent at the reference vs. non-reference scale. It is likely that macroinvertebrates are responding, at least in part, to past logging and high road densities in non-reference streams. Fewer indications were found that recent logging may be affecting water quality and macroinvertebrates. Pearson's correlation coefficients show that the percent of recent logging upstream of study sites was correlated with several measures of fine sediments, suggesting that recent land use may be affecting sediment levels at the subwatershed scale. Stream temperatures increased from upstream to downstream in non-reference sites. Though no continual stream temperature data were collected in this study, the history of continuing temperature standard exceedances in the area suggest that further investigation of how selective logging may be affecting stream temperature and other water quality parameters in the Clackamas Basin is warranted. No other differences in water quality parameters were found from upstream to downstream, possibly because water quality was sufficiently protected, or because signals from land use impacts may be obscured by a several factors, including upstream confounding factors such as roads and past logging, and natural variability. Title: Effects of Selective Logging and Roads on Instream Fine Sediments and Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in the Clackamas Basin, Oregon Author: Hood, Paula Elizabeth Year: 2015 Logging and associated skid trails, haul routes, and roads can have significant impacts on the magnitude and timing of sediments in streams in forested watersheds. Loss of vegetation, soil compaction, use of heavy logging equipment, and alteration of natural hydrologic patterns within the watershed can increase landslide rates, create erosion, and generate fine sediments. Selective logging, also called thinning, is a logging practice that leaves some trees within sale units unharvested. The ecological impacts of thinning on stream ecosystems are not fully understood and need further study. My hypothesis was that macroinvertebrate assemblages would be different in streams in non-reference areas that contain recent selective logging compared to streams in reference areas, and in downstream vs. upstream of selective logging units. I also hypothesized that selective logging and high road densities would be associated with increased instream fine sediments. I sampled water quality parameters and macroinvertebrates in three managed and three reference streams in the Clackamas River Basin during the field season of 2013. Turbidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), suspended sediment concentrations (SSC), and flow were sampled at each stream on four occasions during spring through early fall. Macroinvertebrates were sampled once in late summer or early fall. EPA rapid habitat assessments, canopy cover, pebble counts, embeddedness, and slope were also determined. Water quality parameters and macroinvertebrate indices in reference and non-reference sites were compared using t-tests, Welch's tests, or rank based equivalents. Macroinvertebrate assemblage patterns and associated environmental variables were characterized using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination plots and envfit overlays. Macroinvertebrates had higher abundance and taxa richness in non-reference streams, and indices suggested poorer water quality in non-reference streams. Non-reference streams had a lower percentage of shredders and a higher portion of gatherer-collectors. Associations between land use, fine sediments, and changes in macroinvertebrate metrics and community assemblages were apparent at the reference vs. non-reference scale. It is likely that macroinvertebrates are responding, at least in part, to past logging and high road densities in non-reference streams. Fewer indications were found that recent logging may be affecting water quality and macroinvertebrates. Pearson's correlation coefficients show that the percent of recent logging upstream of study sites was correlated with several measures of fine sediments, suggesting that recent land use may be affecting sediment levels at the subwatershed scale. Stream temperatures increased from upstream to downstream in non-reference sites. Though no continual stream temperature data were collected in this study, the history of continuing temperature standard exceedances in the area suggest that further investigation of how selective logging may be affecting stream temperature and other water quality parameters in the Clackamas Basin is warranted. No other differences in water quality parameters were found from upstream to downstream, possibly because water quality was sufficiently protected, or because signals from land use impacts may be obscured by a several factors, including upstream confounding factors such as roads and past logging, and natural variability. Close

• 111. [Article] The Consolidation of the Consociational Democracy in Lebanon: The Challenges to Democracy in Lebanon

  This dissertation looks at democracy in Lebanon, a country that has a pluralistic society with many societal cleavages. The subject of this study is the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon, described ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Consolidation of the Consociational Democracy in Lebanon: The Challenges to Democracy in Lebanon Author: Ghattas, Micheline Germanos Year: 2013 This dissertation looks at democracy in Lebanon, a country that has a pluralistic society with many societal cleavages. The subject of this study is the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon, described by Arend Lijphart as a "consociational democracy". The research question and sub-question posed are: 1- How consolidated is democracy in Lebanon? 2- What are the challenges facing the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon? The preamble of the 1926 Lebanese Constitution declares the country to be a parliamentary democratic republic. The political regime is a democracy, but one that is not built on the rule of the majority in numbers, since the numbers do not reflect the history of the country and its distinguishing characteristics. The division of power is built on religion, which defies the concept prevailing in western democracies of the separation between church and state. As the internal and the external conditions change, sometimes in a violent manner, the democracy in the country still survives. Today, after the war that ravaged Lebanon from 1975 to 1990, the Syrian occupation that lasted until 2005, the Israeli war in the summer of 2006, and the roadblocks in the face of the overdue presidential election in 2008, democracy is still struggling to stay alive in the country. There is no denying or ignoring the challenges and the attempts against democracy in Lebanon from 1975 to the present. Even with these challenges, there are some strong elements that let democracy survive all these predicaments. The reasons and events of the 1975-1995 war are still being sorted out and only history will clear that up. Can we say today that the Consociational democracy in Lebanon is consolidated? To answer this question Linz & Stepan's three elements of a consolidated democracy are used as the criteria: the constitution of the land, people's attitude towards democracy and their behavior. The analysis examines the Lebanese Constitution, surveys about people's attitude towards democracy, and reported events about their behavior, such as political demonstrations and political violence narrated in the media. The findings of this study show that although the Lebanese find democracy as being the only game in town, the consolidation of democracy in the country still faces some challenges, both internal and external. The study also shows that the criteria used for western democracies need to be adjusted to apply to a society such as the one in Lebanon: plural, religious and traditional. Title: The Consolidation of the Consociational Democracy in Lebanon: The Challenges to Democracy in Lebanon Author: Ghattas, Micheline Germanos Year: 2013 This dissertation looks at democracy in Lebanon, a country that has a pluralistic society with many societal cleavages. The subject of this study is the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon, described by Arend Lijphart as a "consociational democracy". The research question and sub-question posed are: 1- How consolidated is democracy in Lebanon? 2- What are the challenges facing the consolidation of democracy in Lebanon? The preamble of the 1926 Lebanese Constitution declares the country to be a parliamentary democratic republic. The political regime is a democracy, but one that is not built on the rule of the majority in numbers, since the numbers do not reflect the history of the country and its distinguishing characteristics. The division of power is built on religion, which defies the concept prevailing in western democracies of the separation between church and state. As the internal and the external conditions change, sometimes in a violent manner, the democracy in the country still survives. Today, after the war that ravaged Lebanon from 1975 to 1990, the Syrian occupation that lasted until 2005, the Israeli war in the summer of 2006, and the roadblocks in the face of the overdue presidential election in 2008, democracy is still struggling to stay alive in the country. There is no denying or ignoring the challenges and the attempts against democracy in Lebanon from 1975 to the present. Even with these challenges, there are some strong elements that let democracy survive all these predicaments. The reasons and events of the 1975-1995 war are still being sorted out and only history will clear that up. Can we say today that the Consociational democracy in Lebanon is consolidated? To answer this question Linz & Stepan's three elements of a consolidated democracy are used as the criteria: the constitution of the land, people's attitude towards democracy and their behavior. The analysis examines the Lebanese Constitution, surveys about people's attitude towards democracy, and reported events about their behavior, such as political demonstrations and political violence narrated in the media. The findings of this study show that although the Lebanese find democracy as being the only game in town, the consolidation of democracy in the country still faces some challenges, both internal and external. The study also shows that the criteria used for western democracies need to be adjusted to apply to a society such as the one in Lebanon: plural, religious and traditional. Close

• 112. [Article] Gun Running in Arabia: The Introduction of Modern Arms to the Peninsula, 1880-1914

  Modern breech-loading rifles flooded into Arabia and the region around the Persian Gulf between 1880 and World War I. This work examines in detail, and analyzes, the introduction of modern arms to Arabia, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gun Running in Arabia: The Introduction of Modern Arms to the Peninsula, 1880-1914 Author: Fiscus, James W. Year: 1987 Modern breech-loading rifles flooded into Arabia and the region around the Persian Gulf between 1880 and World War I. This work examines in detail, and analyzes, the introduction of modern arms to Arabia, the origin of those arms, the trade patterns by which they were moved, and the international and local political factors that affected the trade. The international arms trade was driven by three major factors. First, the rapid technological development of small arms in the nineteenth century fed the market, resulting in the availability of hundreds of thousands of obsolete military rifles for resale. Each time new rifles were adopted by the armies of Europe, old stocks were dumped on the private arms market. Second, international politics and European colonial rivalry contributed to the growth and maintenance of the arms trade. The French Consul at Muscat protected the trade in the Persian Gulf, while French arms dealers commanded a substantial portion of the trade. British efforts to slow the flow of arms through Muscat was hampered by European politics. Third, the internal politics of the region created a demand for the modern arms. Inside Arabia, the resurgent Saudis fought Rashidis and Hashimites in a series of wars, while other tribal raids and wars further built the demand for modern rifles: if one group had modern weapons, its enemies felt a need for them also. Outside Arabia, a strong demand for weapons in Persia and on the Northwest Frontier of India helped pull weapons to the markets of the Gulf. This thesis deals first with the changing technology of weapons in the nineteenth century, so that the military impact of the new weapons can be understood. The types of modern rifles introduced to the Peninsula is then reviewed, finding that the Peabody-Martini and the Martini-Henry, and their numerous variations, were the weapons most commonly imported in the decades around the turn of the century. With this information as background, the international politics of the arms trade are examined. Emphasis is on the Anglo-French rivalry at Muscat that gave treaty protection to French arms dealers. European fears that modern arms would reach Africa and make colonial control of the continent difficult or impossible led, in 1890, to the arms control provisions of the General Act of Brussels. The Act did not, however, extend to Arabia. The heart of the work is a detailed examination and analysis of the arms trade in and around Arabia. The arms trade in the region was centered in two main entrepots, Djibouti in French Somaliland and Muscat in southeast Arabia. By the late l890s, the bulk of the trade was passing through the Suez Canal before transshipment at one of these ports. Just over half of the arms reaching Muscat were exported to Persia and the Northwest Frontier, with the remainder reaching Arabia or Mesopotamia. The patterns of the private arms trade were complex, both at sea and on land, and are discussed at length. The political use of weapons by the Ottoman Government, and by European states, contributed to the flood of guns into Arabia. The Ottomans, in particular, used their stocks of obsolete weapons to arm their client tribes in Arabia. Ottoman purchases of Sniders, Martinis, and finally Mausers, gave them a constant supply of older rifles for distribution. The arms trade in Arabia was controlled by international and local political developments, and fed by the availability of modern arms on the international market. The trade was complex and impossible to prevent so long as the European states and the Ottomans continued to sell or distribute obsolete rifles as new guns were adopted. Title: Gun Running in Arabia: The Introduction of Modern Arms to the Peninsula, 1880-1914 Author: Fiscus, James W. Year: 1987 Modern breech-loading rifles flooded into Arabia and the region around the Persian Gulf between 1880 and World War I. This work examines in detail, and analyzes, the introduction of modern arms to Arabia, the origin of those arms, the trade patterns by which they were moved, and the international and local political factors that affected the trade. The international arms trade was driven by three major factors. First, the rapid technological development of small arms in the nineteenth century fed the market, resulting in the availability of hundreds of thousands of obsolete military rifles for resale. Each time new rifles were adopted by the armies of Europe, old stocks were dumped on the private arms market. Second, international politics and European colonial rivalry contributed to the growth and maintenance of the arms trade. The French Consul at Muscat protected the trade in the Persian Gulf, while French arms dealers commanded a substantial portion of the trade. British efforts to slow the flow of arms through Muscat was hampered by European politics. Third, the internal politics of the region created a demand for the modern arms. Inside Arabia, the resurgent Saudis fought Rashidis and Hashimites in a series of wars, while other tribal raids and wars further built the demand for modern rifles: if one group had modern weapons, its enemies felt a need for them also. Outside Arabia, a strong demand for weapons in Persia and on the Northwest Frontier of India helped pull weapons to the markets of the Gulf. This thesis deals first with the changing technology of weapons in the nineteenth century, so that the military impact of the new weapons can be understood. The types of modern rifles introduced to the Peninsula is then reviewed, finding that the Peabody-Martini and the Martini-Henry, and their numerous variations, were the weapons most commonly imported in the decades around the turn of the century. With this information as background, the international politics of the arms trade are examined. Emphasis is on the Anglo-French rivalry at Muscat that gave treaty protection to French arms dealers. European fears that modern arms would reach Africa and make colonial control of the continent difficult or impossible led, in 1890, to the arms control provisions of the General Act of Brussels. The Act did not, however, extend to Arabia. The heart of the work is a detailed examination and analysis of the arms trade in and around Arabia. The arms trade in the region was centered in two main entrepots, Djibouti in French Somaliland and Muscat in southeast Arabia. By the late l890s, the bulk of the trade was passing through the Suez Canal before transshipment at one of these ports. Just over half of the arms reaching Muscat were exported to Persia and the Northwest Frontier, with the remainder reaching Arabia or Mesopotamia. The patterns of the private arms trade were complex, both at sea and on land, and are discussed at length. The political use of weapons by the Ottoman Government, and by European states, contributed to the flood of guns into Arabia. The Ottomans, in particular, used their stocks of obsolete weapons to arm their client tribes in Arabia. Ottoman purchases of Sniders, Martinis, and finally Mausers, gave them a constant supply of older rifles for distribution. The arms trade in Arabia was controlled by international and local political developments, and fed by the availability of modern arms on the international market. The trade was complex and impossible to prevent so long as the European states and the Ottomans continued to sell or distribute obsolete rifles as new guns were adopted. Close

• 113. [Article] Oregon Land Use Statewide Survey

  This report presents the results of a 2005 telephone survey of Oregon residents statewide. Conkling Fiskum & McCormick, Inc. (CFM), a public affairs, strategic communications and research company located ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Land Use Statewide Survey Author: Conkling Fiskum and McCormick, Inc. Year: 2005 This report presents the results of a 2005 telephone survey of Oregon residents statewide. Conkling Fiskum & McCormick, Inc. (CFM), a public affairs, strategic communications and research company located in Portland, Oregon, conducted the study. The research objectives were to assess perceptions, opinions and values relating to land use and land use policies in Oregon. Title: Oregon Land Use Statewide Survey Author: Conkling Fiskum and McCormick, Inc. Year: 2005 This report presents the results of a 2005 telephone survey of Oregon residents statewide. Conkling Fiskum & McCormick, Inc. (CFM), a public affairs, strategic communications and research company located in Portland, Oregon, conducted the study. The research objectives were to assess perceptions, opinions and values relating to land use and land use policies in Oregon. Close

• 114. [Article] Making South Downtown Portland

  Principals that guided the project: (1) Create connection between existing activity centers. Education: Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, and Portland State University ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Making South Downtown Portland Author: Queiroz, Artur, Gilden, Beth, Martins, Flávia, Six, Hannah, Todoroff, John, Davis, Linn, Schafaschek, Maria, Silveira, Nely, Batista, Sayonara, Sanccao, Taissa Year: 2015 Principals that guided the project: (1) Create connection between existing activity centers. Education: Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, and Portland State University Parks: Halpern Sequence, Park Blocks, and Waterfront Transit centers: Orange Line, Yellow Line, Streetcar and Bus Connection (2) Add to multi-use nature of area to provide a 24 hr neighborhood environment. Additional residential Development - catering to late night and residence not just office crowd. (3) Improve pedestrian experience: Increase safety by making traffic changes, add wayfinding and dampen freeway noise. (4) Design for a diversity of ages (5) Activate existing/underutilized "dead" or "lost" spaces. Create a "reason for being" for underutilized or underdeveloped land (6) Add and preserve natural features for both beauty and function: tie green elements in the city into park blocks and waterfront park to create cohesion between places; use natural features to deal with stormwater, traffic nuisances (speed/noise); preserve views of Mt. Hood and River; and provide a gathering place. (7) Create new centers of activity at key points where transit or uses intersect (8) Follow/preserve current social and cultural uses in the areas: farmers markets and food trucks (9) Add design features that reflect social uses, and cultural history: public art (10) Accentuate neighboring assets: PSU university life and historic Halprin Sequence This project was conducted under the supervision of Donald J. Stastny and Edward Starkie. Title: Making South Downtown Portland Author: Queiroz, Artur, Gilden, Beth, Martins, Flávia, Six, Hannah, Todoroff, John, Davis, Linn, Schafaschek, Maria, Silveira, Nely, Batista, Sayonara, Sanccao, Taissa Year: 2015 Principals that guided the project: (1) Create connection between existing activity centers. Education: Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, and Portland State University Parks: Halpern Sequence, Park Blocks, and Waterfront Transit centers: Orange Line, Yellow Line, Streetcar and Bus Connection (2) Add to multi-use nature of area to provide a 24 hr neighborhood environment. Additional residential Development - catering to late night and residence not just office crowd. (3) Improve pedestrian experience: Increase safety by making traffic changes, add wayfinding and dampen freeway noise. (4) Design for a diversity of ages (5) Activate existing/underutilized "dead" or "lost" spaces. Create a "reason for being" for underutilized or underdeveloped land (6) Add and preserve natural features for both beauty and function: tie green elements in the city into park blocks and waterfront park to create cohesion between places; use natural features to deal with stormwater, traffic nuisances (speed/noise); preserve views of Mt. Hood and River; and provide a gathering place. (7) Create new centers of activity at key points where transit or uses intersect (8) Follow/preserve current social and cultural uses in the areas: farmers markets and food trucks (9) Add design features that reflect social uses, and cultural history: public art (10) Accentuate neighboring assets: PSU university life and historic Halprin Sequence This project was conducted under the supervision of Donald J. Stastny and Edward Starkie. Close

• 115. [Article] Water and Land Use Planning: A Case for Better Coordination

  Over the next 30 years, the population of Oregon is expected to grow by 1.6 million residents, of which half is expected to locate in the three counties comprising the Portland metropolitan region. At ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water and Land Use Planning: A Case for Better Coordination Author: Shandas, Vivek Year: 2010 Over the next 30 years, the population of Oregon is expected to grow by 1.6 million residents, of which half is expected to locate in the three counties comprising the Portland metropolitan region. At current rates of population growth and water use, by 2040 the region will consume the amount of water equivalent to Crater Lake. Combine with this demand, climate projections which suggest a substantial decrease in available water during summer months when water use is highest. Since Oregon's industries and households depend on the Cascade Mountains for water supply, these challenges pose serious threats to economic development plans and for sustaining current population growth trends. The convergence of higher demand and limited supply make for a perfect storm in water resource management, and we will need timely, effective, and coordinated actions for ensuring adequate water for all. Despite these concerns, we currently have a limited understanding about the role of land use planning in water resource management. While readers of the Oregon Planners Journal are no strangers to the challenges of water planning, the role of land use planning decisions in water use remains unclear. Specifically, how can planning decisions affect the amount of water consumed in a region? What are the linkages between land use patterns and water consumption? Can land use policies play a part in shaping the water available for a growing state? At Portland State University (PSU), a group of researchers have been working in collaboration with the Portland Water Bureau to address these questions, revealing a complex interaction between land use patterns, temperature change, and water consumption. The results begin to describe mechanisms for improving water conservation through land use planning practices, and opportunities for increasing the coordination between land and water planning. This report summarizes the findings of recent research and aims to expand our understanding of planning as a tool for urban water conservation. Title: Water and Land Use Planning: A Case for Better Coordination Author: Shandas, Vivek Year: 2010 Over the next 30 years, the population of Oregon is expected to grow by 1.6 million residents, of which half is expected to locate in the three counties comprising the Portland metropolitan region. At current rates of population growth and water use, by 2040 the region will consume the amount of water equivalent to Crater Lake. Combine with this demand, climate projections which suggest a substantial decrease in available water during summer months when water use is highest. Since Oregon's industries and households depend on the Cascade Mountains for water supply, these challenges pose serious threats to economic development plans and for sustaining current population growth trends. The convergence of higher demand and limited supply make for a perfect storm in water resource management, and we will need timely, effective, and coordinated actions for ensuring adequate water for all. Despite these concerns, we currently have a limited understanding about the role of land use planning in water resource management. While readers of the Oregon Planners Journal are no strangers to the challenges of water planning, the role of land use planning decisions in water use remains unclear. Specifically, how can planning decisions affect the amount of water consumed in a region? What are the linkages between land use patterns and water consumption? Can land use policies play a part in shaping the water available for a growing state? At Portland State University (PSU), a group of researchers have been working in collaboration with the Portland Water Bureau to address these questions, revealing a complex interaction between land use patterns, temperature change, and water consumption. The results begin to describe mechanisms for improving water conservation through land use planning practices, and opportunities for increasing the coordination between land and water planning. This report summarizes the findings of recent research and aims to expand our understanding of planning as a tool for urban water conservation. Close

• 116. [Article] From Stumptown to Treetown: A Field Guide for Interpreting Portland’s History though its Heritage Trees

  Portland’s urban forest is rooted in the city’s history. This guide is the first of its kind to use historic literature, archival collections, and living trees as evidence to interpret Portland’s history. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From Stumptown to Treetown: A Field Guide for Interpreting Portland’s History though its Heritage Trees Author: Hedberg, David-Paul B. Year: 2015 Portland’s urban forest is rooted in the city’s history. This guide is the first of its kind to use historic literature, archival collections, and living trees as evidence to interpret Portland’s history. Trees are some of our city’s oldest living artifacts and this guide will show you some of the many ways to see and interpret both history and nature in Portland. Title: From Stumptown to Treetown: A Field Guide for Interpreting Portland’s History though its Heritage Trees Author: Hedberg, David-Paul B. Year: 2015 Portland’s urban forest is rooted in the city’s history. This guide is the first of its kind to use historic literature, archival collections, and living trees as evidence to interpret Portland’s history. Trees are some of our city’s oldest living artifacts and this guide will show you some of the many ways to see and interpret both history and nature in Portland. Close

• 117. [Article] The Devil is in the Details: A study of how Ancient Greek historian Thucydides’ greatest work, the History of the Peloponnesian War, changed historiography

  Before the time of recorded history, how did people view historical events? Was it just a story that was told and past down with narrative embellishments? Or did they take a more factual approach? This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Devil is in the Details: A study of how Ancient Greek historian Thucydides’ greatest work, the History of the Peloponnesian War, changed historiography Author: Dodge, Kirsten E. Year: 2016 Before the time of recorded history, how did people view historical events? Was it just a story that was told and past down with narrative embellishments? Or did they take a more factual approach? This essay will explore one such work of historiography that attempts to transcend history as a story, and more as a necessary combination of dry facts for future generations to use. Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War endeavors to relay only the facts of what he thought would be one of the most influential wars in the history of his modern world. Title: The Devil is in the Details: A study of how Ancient Greek historian Thucydides’ greatest work, the History of the Peloponnesian War, changed historiography Author: Dodge, Kirsten E. Year: 2016 Before the time of recorded history, how did people view historical events? Was it just a story that was told and past down with narrative embellishments? Or did they take a more factual approach? This essay will explore one such work of historiography that attempts to transcend history as a story, and more as a necessary combination of dry facts for future generations to use. Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War endeavors to relay only the facts of what he thought would be one of the most influential wars in the history of his modern world. Close

• 118. [Article] Development of Future Land Cover Change Scenarios in the Metropolitan Fringe, Oregon, U.S., with Stakeholder Involvement

  We describe a future land cover scenario construction process developed under consultation with a group of stakeholders from our study area. We developed a simple geographic information system (GIS) method ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Development of Future Land Cover Change Scenarios in the Metropolitan Fringe, Oregon, U.S., with Stakeholder Involvement Author: Chang, Heejun, Hoyer, Roberrt W. Year: 2014 We describe a future land cover scenario construction process developed under consultation with a group of stakeholders from our study area. We developed a simple geographic information system (GIS) method to modify a land cover dataset and then used qualitative data extracted from the stakeholder storyline to modify it. These identified variables related to our study area’s land use regulation system as the major driver in the placement of new urban growth on the landscape; and the accommodation of new population as the determinant of its growth rate. The outcome was a series of three scenario maps depicting a gradient of increased urbanization. The effort attempted to create a simple and transparent modeling framework that is easy to communicate. The incorporation of the regulatory context and rules and place-specific modeling for denser urban and sparse rural areas provide new insights of future land conversions. This relatively rapid mapping process provides useful information for spatial planning and projects for where and how much urban land will be present by the year 2050 Title: Development of Future Land Cover Change Scenarios in the Metropolitan Fringe, Oregon, U.S., with Stakeholder Involvement Author: Chang, Heejun, Hoyer, Roberrt W. Year: 2014 We describe a future land cover scenario construction process developed under consultation with a group of stakeholders from our study area. We developed a simple geographic information system (GIS) method to modify a land cover dataset and then used qualitative data extracted from the stakeholder storyline to modify it. These identified variables related to our study area’s land use regulation system as the major driver in the placement of new urban growth on the landscape; and the accommodation of new population as the determinant of its growth rate. The outcome was a series of three scenario maps depicting a gradient of increased urbanization. The effort attempted to create a simple and transparent modeling framework that is easy to communicate. The incorporation of the regulatory context and rules and place-specific modeling for denser urban and sparse rural areas provide new insights of future land conversions. This relatively rapid mapping process provides useful information for spatial planning and projects for where and how much urban land will be present by the year 2050 Close

• 119. [Article] Preliminary Study Comparing Precipitation Quality Between Nominal Land Uses in Portland, Oregon

  The purpose of this study is to analyze the precipitation quality in various land use categories throughout Portland. Because of its significance in the removal of atmospheric pollutants, wet deposition ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary Study Comparing Precipitation Quality Between Nominal Land Uses in Portland, Oregon Author: Sullivan, Lacey Year: 2005 The purpose of this study is to analyze the precipitation quality in various land use categories throughout Portland. Because of its significance in the removal of atmospheric pollutants, wet deposition is an important component to study (Rocha et al. 2003). In addition to its significant role in cleansing the atmosphere, wet deposition can have a direct impact on the ecosystem due to its potential pollutant load (Khare et al. 2004). Various land uses may provide different emission sources, each uniquely affecting the composition of the atmosphere. A literature review found few studies comparing precipitation quality between local land uses within an urban area. Wet deposition studies seem to be fairly limited in the western United States, specifically in the Pacific Northwest. By collecting wet deposition in four different land uses: industrial, commercial, residential, and open space, precipitation quality is compared between each land use using a chosen group of analytes (ammonia, total phosphorus, copper, lead, mercury, zinc, pH, and conductivity). Significant differences were found between a number of land use category pairs for each of the eight analytes, except pH and conductivity. In order to give more insight into the precipitation quality, the results were also analyzed for differences between sites within each land use and differences between storm events. Differences were found between a number of sites, suggesting local effects in precipitation quality throughout Portland. Differences were also found between events, suggesting the importance of meteorological characteristics. Title: Preliminary Study Comparing Precipitation Quality Between Nominal Land Uses in Portland, Oregon Author: Sullivan, Lacey Year: 2005 The purpose of this study is to analyze the precipitation quality in various land use categories throughout Portland. Because of its significance in the removal of atmospheric pollutants, wet deposition is an important component to study (Rocha et al. 2003). In addition to its significant role in cleansing the atmosphere, wet deposition can have a direct impact on the ecosystem due to its potential pollutant load (Khare et al. 2004). Various land uses may provide different emission sources, each uniquely affecting the composition of the atmosphere. A literature review found few studies comparing precipitation quality between local land uses within an urban area. Wet deposition studies seem to be fairly limited in the western United States, specifically in the Pacific Northwest. By collecting wet deposition in four different land uses: industrial, commercial, residential, and open space, precipitation quality is compared between each land use using a chosen group of analytes (ammonia, total phosphorus, copper, lead, mercury, zinc, pH, and conductivity). Significant differences were found between a number of land use category pairs for each of the eight analytes, except pH and conductivity. In order to give more insight into the precipitation quality, the results were also analyzed for differences between sites within each land use and differences between storm events. Differences were found between a number of sites, suggesting local effects in precipitation quality throughout Portland. Differences were also found between events, suggesting the importance of meteorological characteristics. Close

• 120. [Article] Progressive Era Aftermath-analysis of Municipal Housekeeping: Bertha K. Landes and Dorothy McCullough Lee

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Progressive Era Aftermath-analysis of Municipal Housekeeping: Bertha K. Landes and Dorothy McCullough Lee Author: Potter, Mary Year: 2017 Title: Progressive Era Aftermath-analysis of Municipal Housekeeping: Bertha K. Landes and Dorothy McCullough Lee Author: Potter, Mary Year: 2017 Close

• 121. [Article] Land Use and Growth Impacts from Highway Capacity Increases

  This analysis examined the historical relationship between land use changes and the location of capacity increasing highway projects in the State of Oregon from 1970 to 1990. Aerial photography for 18 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land Use and Growth Impacts from Highway Capacity Increases Author: Sanchez, Erik J Year: 2000 This analysis examined the historical relationship between land use changes and the location of capacity increasing highway projects in the State of Oregon from 1970 to 1990. Aerial photography for 18 cities was used to delineate the extent of urban development in each time period. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to assemble the data. Using this data, a logit regression model tested the significance of geographic variables such as proximity to highway projects, land use zoning classification, city size, and other spatial characteristics. The analytical methods used in this study incorporated a set of commonly used techniques to assess highway impacts on urban development patterns. The results suggest that for the 18 selected cities, the spatial measures performed well in predicting the location of urban development from 1970 to 1990. In addition, the results of the logit regression model indicated that controlling for other location factors, urban development had not clustered along state high project corridors as was suspected. Title: Land Use and Growth Impacts from Highway Capacity Increases Author: Sanchez, Erik J Year: 2000 This analysis examined the historical relationship between land use changes and the location of capacity increasing highway projects in the State of Oregon from 1970 to 1990. Aerial photography for 18 cities was used to delineate the extent of urban development in each time period. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to assemble the data. Using this data, a logit regression model tested the significance of geographic variables such as proximity to highway projects, land use zoning classification, city size, and other spatial characteristics. The analytical methods used in this study incorporated a set of commonly used techniques to assess highway impacts on urban development patterns. The results suggest that for the 18 selected cities, the spatial measures performed well in predicting the location of urban development from 1970 to 1990. In addition, the results of the logit regression model indicated that controlling for other location factors, urban development had not clustered along state high project corridors as was suspected. Close

• 122. [Article] Remember Who You Are: The Story of Portland Dykecore

  From the dumpster-diving spiky haired dykes of the 1990s to the land-loving political lesbian folkies of the 1970s, queer women in Portland, OR have a long history of non-consumer-driven culture making, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Remember Who You Are: The Story of Portland Dykecore Author: Mundell, Mel Year: 2013 From the dumpster-diving spiky haired dykes of the 1990s to the land-loving political lesbian folkies of the 1970s, queer women in Portland, OR have a long history of non-consumer-driven culture making, separatism and guitars. Remember Who You Are: The Story of Portland Dykecore explores the roots of the all-ages dyke-made music scene that exploded between 1990 and 2000. Title: Remember Who You Are: The Story of Portland Dykecore Author: Mundell, Mel Year: 2013 From the dumpster-diving spiky haired dykes of the 1990s to the land-loving political lesbian folkies of the 1970s, queer women in Portland, OR have a long history of non-consumer-driven culture making, separatism and guitars. Remember Who You Are: The Story of Portland Dykecore explores the roots of the all-ages dyke-made music scene that exploded between 1990 and 2000. Close

• 123. [Article] Periodic Atlas of the Metroscape: Common Ground? Land Use along Portland's Urban Growth Boundary

  In this study we analyze the impact of the urban growth boundary on rural landscape change in Portland, Oregon, and Clark County, Washington,and assess the importance of rural and agricultural landscapes ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Periodic Atlas of the Metroscape: Common Ground? Land Use along Portland's Urban Growth Boundary Author: Harvey, Thomas, Works, Martha A. Year: 2003 In this study we analyze the impact of the urban growth boundary on rural landscape change in Portland, Oregon, and Clark County, Washington,and assess the importance of rural and agricultural landscapes to residents of the rural-urban fringe. We selected five, 4-square mile areas in the greater Portland metropolitan area for the study. Four are in Oregon and cover the transition area from urban to rural land uses under different levels of pressure along the state-mandated and Metrodel ineated urban growth boundary. One is in the less regulated land use environment of Clark County, Washington. The kinds of questions we addressed include: How does the value of rural landscape as urban amenity vary between urban and rural areas? Between areas already experiencing significant land use change and those beginning to feel the pressure of development? Between a highly regulated land use environment such as that found on the Oregon side of the Greater Portland Metropolitan area and the more mixed use landscape of Clark County, Washington? Title: Periodic Atlas of the Metroscape: Common Ground? Land Use along Portland's Urban Growth Boundary Author: Harvey, Thomas, Works, Martha A. Year: 2003 In this study we analyze the impact of the urban growth boundary on rural landscape change in Portland, Oregon, and Clark County, Washington,and assess the importance of rural and agricultural landscapes to residents of the rural-urban fringe. We selected five, 4-square mile areas in the greater Portland metropolitan area for the study. Four are in Oregon and cover the transition area from urban to rural land uses under different levels of pressure along the state-mandated and Metrodel ineated urban growth boundary. One is in the less regulated land use environment of Clark County, Washington. The kinds of questions we addressed include: How does the value of rural landscape as urban amenity vary between urban and rural areas? Between areas already experiencing significant land use change and those beginning to feel the pressure of development? Between a highly regulated land use environment such as that found on the Oregon side of the Greater Portland Metropolitan area and the more mixed use landscape of Clark County, Washington? Close

• 124. [Article] The Cully Park Inter-Tribal Gathering Garden: Place-making Through Indigenous Eco-cultural Reclamation

  Portland's history and geography are patterned, like any city, by spatial imaginings both utopian and dystopian. This examination of the raw landscape of the city’s nascent garden space in Cully Park is ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Cully Park Inter-Tribal Gathering Garden: Place-making Through Indigenous Eco-cultural Reclamation Author: Morris, Randall Year: 2014 Portland's history and geography are patterned, like any city, by spatial imaginings both utopian and dystopian. This examination of the raw landscape of the city’s nascent garden space in Cully Park is an attempt to research a third manifestation of space, one that might be called heterotopia. This research into the Inter-Tribal Gathering Garden is a search for a more complete accounting of place, one which also acknowledges the variety of non-human agencies (a list which would include streets, planning documents, various plants, historical accounts, and even the consistent boundaries of the space itself) found in all heterogeneous social arrangements. Title: The Cully Park Inter-Tribal Gathering Garden: Place-making Through Indigenous Eco-cultural Reclamation Author: Morris, Randall Year: 2014 Portland's history and geography are patterned, like any city, by spatial imaginings both utopian and dystopian. This examination of the raw landscape of the city’s nascent garden space in Cully Park is an attempt to research a third manifestation of space, one that might be called heterotopia. This research into the Inter-Tribal Gathering Garden is a search for a more complete accounting of place, one which also acknowledges the variety of non-human agencies (a list which would include streets, planning documents, various plants, historical accounts, and even the consistent boundaries of the space itself) found in all heterogeneous social arrangements. Close

• 125. [Article] A Most Sacred Place: The Significance of Crater Lake among the Indians of Southern Oregon

  Discusses the Native American view of Crater Lake, Oregon, as a place of religious significance and the misunderstandings with whites as to its importance to Oregon's Indian tribes. Created some 6,500 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Most Sacred Place: The Significance of Crater Lake among the Indians of Southern Oregon Author: Deur, Douglas Year: 2002 Discusses the Native American view of Crater Lake, Oregon, as a place of religious significance and the misunderstandings with whites as to its importance to Oregon's Indian tribes. Created some 6,500 years ago by volcanic eruption, CraterLake has long been seen by Indians as a sacred place. Their hunting, berry gathering, and vision quests in the lake area were tied to their religious view of the lake. Since the 1850's, whites have treated the lake with a lack of understanding of its significance to the Klamath tribes. The National Park Service restricted hunting and charged Indians fees to pass through it. In the late 20th century federal agencies showed more sensitivity to Indian concerns about recreational use of the lake, misuse of the land, and the tribal history of the area. Title: A Most Sacred Place: The Significance of Crater Lake among the Indians of Southern Oregon Author: Deur, Douglas Year: 2002 Discusses the Native American view of Crater Lake, Oregon, as a place of religious significance and the misunderstandings with whites as to its importance to Oregon's Indian tribes. Created some 6,500 years ago by volcanic eruption, CraterLake has long been seen by Indians as a sacred place. Their hunting, berry gathering, and vision quests in the lake area were tied to their religious view of the lake. Since the 1850's, whites have treated the lake with a lack of understanding of its significance to the Klamath tribes. The National Park Service restricted hunting and charged Indians fees to pass through it. In the late 20th century federal agencies showed more sensitivity to Indian concerns about recreational use of the lake, misuse of the land, and the tribal history of the area. Close

• 126. [Article] The Costs of Sprawl: Environmental and Economic Costs of Alternative Residential Development Patterns at the Urban Fringe

  Local government officials devote a large proportion of their time to considering and acting upon development proposals which substantially affect their communities in many ways. While information bearing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Costs of Sprawl: Environmental and Economic Costs of Alternative Residential Development Patterns at the Urban Fringe Author: Real Estate Research Corporation Year: 1974 Local government officials devote a large proportion of their time to considering and acting upon development proposals which substantially affect their communities in many ways. While information bearing on development proposals has been increasingly broader in scope, more specific, and of higher quality, local government officials continue to have considerable difficulty in assessing the relative merits of alternative types of housing, general development patterns, and commercial strip versus center developments. To help compensate for this knowledge deficiency, the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), in cooperation with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), has commissioned the Real Estate Research Corporation (RERC) to undertake a study of the environmental and economic effects of alternative development patterns. The results of that study are presented in two documents, The Costs of Sprawl — Literature Review and Bibliography and The Costs of Sprawl — Detailed Cost Analysis. The literature review and bibliography summarizes the existing knowledge available to local government officials faced with development decision-making, and presents extensive bibliographies pertaining to that knowledge. Title: The Costs of Sprawl: Environmental and Economic Costs of Alternative Residential Development Patterns at the Urban Fringe Author: Real Estate Research Corporation Year: 1974 Local government officials devote a large proportion of their time to considering and acting upon development proposals which substantially affect their communities in many ways. While information bearing on development proposals has been increasingly broader in scope, more specific, and of higher quality, local government officials continue to have considerable difficulty in assessing the relative merits of alternative types of housing, general development patterns, and commercial strip versus center developments. To help compensate for this knowledge deficiency, the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), in cooperation with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), has commissioned the Real Estate Research Corporation (RERC) to undertake a study of the environmental and economic effects of alternative development patterns. The results of that study are presented in two documents, The Costs of Sprawl — Literature Review and Bibliography and The Costs of Sprawl — Detailed Cost Analysis. The literature review and bibliography summarizes the existing knowledge available to local government officials faced with development decision-making, and presents extensive bibliographies pertaining to that knowledge. Close

• 127. [Article] Neighborhood Livability in Northwest Portland: A Case Study of Portland's Northwest District

  Portland's Northwest Neighborhood District ("the District") has a unique character, reflecting its special role in Portland's economic history and its geographical location relative to the downtown area, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neighborhood Livability in Northwest Portland: A Case Study of Portland's Northwest District Author: Bianco, Martha J., Davis, Judy S., Lovell, Vicky Year: 1994 Portland's Northwest Neighborhood District ("the District") has a unique character, reflecting its special role in Portland's economic history and its geographical location relative to the downtown area, the Willamette River and the West Hills. Current tensions between the District's function as a close-in, high density residential area and its commercial activities are the most recent iteration of tensions that have existed from the time the area was first settled. This study examines the impacts of retail and residential land use in the District and how this mixture of residential/retail affects the residential livability. Title: Neighborhood Livability in Northwest Portland: A Case Study of Portland's Northwest District Author: Bianco, Martha J., Davis, Judy S., Lovell, Vicky Year: 1994 Portland's Northwest Neighborhood District ("the District") has a unique character, reflecting its special role in Portland's economic history and its geographical location relative to the downtown area, the Willamette River and the West Hills. Current tensions between the District's function as a close-in, high density residential area and its commercial activities are the most recent iteration of tensions that have existed from the time the area was first settled. This study examines the impacts of retail and residential land use in the District and how this mixture of residential/retail affects the residential livability. Close

• 128. [Article] Neighborhood Livability in Northwest Portland: A Case Study of Portland's Northwest District Executive Summary

  Portland's Northwest Neighborhood District ("the District") has a unique character, reflecting its special role in Portland's economic history and its geographical location relative to the downtown area, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Neighborhood Livability in Northwest Portland: A Case Study of Portland's Northwest District Executive Summary Author: Bianco, Martha J., Davis, Judy S., Lovell, Vicky Year: 1994 Portland's Northwest Neighborhood District ("the District") has a unique character, reflecting its special role in Portland's economic history and its geographical location relative to the downtown area, the Willamette River and the West Hills. Current tensions between the District's function as a close-in, high density residential area and its commercial activities are the most recent iteration of tensions that have existed from the time the area was first settled. This is an executive summary of the report which examines the impacts of retail and residential land use in the District and how this mixture of residential/retail affects the residential livability. Title: Neighborhood Livability in Northwest Portland: A Case Study of Portland's Northwest District Executive Summary Author: Bianco, Martha J., Davis, Judy S., Lovell, Vicky Year: 1994 Portland's Northwest Neighborhood District ("the District") has a unique character, reflecting its special role in Portland's economic history and its geographical location relative to the downtown area, the Willamette River and the West Hills. Current tensions between the District's function as a close-in, high density residential area and its commercial activities are the most recent iteration of tensions that have existed from the time the area was first settled. This is an executive summary of the report which examines the impacts of retail and residential land use in the District and how this mixture of residential/retail affects the residential livability. Close

• 129. [Article] Women and Resistance in the African Diaspora, with Special Focus on the Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago) and U.S.A.

  American history has celebrated the involvement of black women in the "underground railroad," but little is said about women's everyday resistance to the institutional constraints and abuses of slavery. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Women and Resistance in the African Diaspora, with Special Focus on the Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago) and U.S.A. Author: Washington, Clare Johnson Year: 2010 American history has celebrated the involvement of black women in the "underground railroad," but little is said about women's everyday resistance to the institutional constraints and abuses of slavery. Many Americans have probably heard of and know about Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth - two very prominent black female resistance leaders and abolitionists-- but this thesis addresses the lives of some of the less-celebrated and lesser-known (more obscure) women; part of the focus is on the common tasks, relationships, burdens, and leadership roles of these very brave enslaved women. Resistance history in the Caribbean and Americas in its various forms has always emphasized the role of men as leaders and heroes. Studies in the last two decades Momsen 1996, Mintz 1996, Bush 1990, Beckles and Shepherd, Ellis 1985, 1996, Hart 1980, 1985) however, are beginning to suggest the enormous contributions of women to the successes of many of the resistance events. Also, research revelations are being made correcting the negative impressions and images of enslaved women as depicted in colonial writings (Mathis 2001, Beckles and Shepherd 1996, Cooper 1994, Campbell 1986, Price 1996, Campbell 1987). Some of these new findings portray women as not only actively at the forefront of colonial military and political resistance operations but performed those activities in addition to their roles as the bearers of their individual original cultures. Their goal was achievement of freedom for their people. Freedom can be seen as a magic word that politicians, propagandists, psychologists and priests throw around with ease. Yet, to others freedom has a different meaning which varies with the individual's sense of associated values. Freedom without qualification is an abstract noun meaning, "not restricted, unimpeded", or simply, "liberty"; but when it is concretized in individual situations its meaning is narrowed, and it becomes clear that no one can be fully free. Yet the love of freedom is one of our deepest feelings, a truly heartfelt cry, freedom of wide open spaces, liberty to enjoy the taste, in unrestricted fashion, of the joys of nature, to live a life free from external anxieties and internal fears; freedom to be truly ourselves. All living creatures, even animals seem to value their freedom above all else. Enslaved people were not submissive towards their oppressors; attempts were made both subtly, overtly and violently to resist their so-called "masters" and slavery conditions. Violent and non-violent resistance were carried out by the enslaved throughout colonial history on both sides of the Atlantic, and modern historical literature shows that women oftentimes displayed more resistance than men. Enslaved Africans started to fight the transatlantic slave trade as soon as it began. Their struggles were multifaceted and covered four continents over four centuries. Still, they have often been underestimated, overlooked, or forgotten. African resistance was reported in European sources only when it concerned attacks on slave ships and company barracoons, but acts of resistance also took place far from the coast and thus escaped the slavers' attention. To discover them, oral history, archaeology, and autobiographies and biographies of African victims of the slave trade have to be probed. Taken together, these various sources offer a detailed image of the varied strategies Africans used to defend themselves and mount attacks against the slave trade in various ways. The Africans' resistance continued in the Americas, by running away, establishing Maroon communities, sabotage, conspiracy, and open uprising against those who held them in captivity. Freed people petitioned the authorities, led information campaigns, and worked actively to abolish the slave trade and slavery. In Europe, black abolitionists launched or participated in civic movements to end the deportation and enslavement of Africans. They too delivered speeches, provided information, wrote newspaper articles and books. Using violent as well as nonviolent means, Africans in Africa, the Americas, and Europe were constantly involved in the fight against the slave trade and slavery. Women are half the human race and they're half of history, as well. Until recent years, Black women's history has been even less than that. Much work has been done studying the lives of slaves in the United States and the slave system. From elementary school in the USA on through college we are taught the evils of slavery that took place right here in the Land of the Free. However, how much do we know about the enslaved in other places, namely the Caribbean? The Caribbean was the doorway to slavery here in the New World, and so it is important that we study the hardships that enslaved people suffered in that area. Slaves regularly resisted their masters in any way they could. Female slaves, in particular, are reported to have had a very strong sense of independence and they regularly resisted slavery using both violent and non-violent means. The focus of my research is on the lives of enslaved women in the Caribbean and their brave resistance to bondage. Caribbean enslaved women exhibited their strong character, independence and exceptional self worth through their opposition to the tasks they performed in the fields on plantations. Resistance was expressed in many different rebellious ways including not getting married, refusing to reproduce, and through various other forms as part of their open physical resistance. The purpose of this project is to identify the role enslaved women in both the Caribbean and the USA played in some of the major uprisings, revolts, and rebellions during their enslavement period. The research identifies individual female personalities, who played key roles in not only the everyday work on plantations, but also in planning resistance movements in the slave communities. This study utilizes plantations records, archival material, and official sources. Archival records from plantations located in archives and county clerks' offices; interviews with sources such as researchers and experts familiar with the plantations of slave communities in designated areas; and research in libraries, as well as other sources, oral histories, written and oral folklore, and personal interviews were used as well. Title: Women and Resistance in the African Diaspora, with Special Focus on the Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago) and U.S.A. Author: Washington, Clare Johnson Year: 2010 American history has celebrated the involvement of black women in the "underground railroad," but little is said about women's everyday resistance to the institutional constraints and abuses of slavery. Many Americans have probably heard of and know about Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth - two very prominent black female resistance leaders and abolitionists-- but this thesis addresses the lives of some of the less-celebrated and lesser-known (more obscure) women; part of the focus is on the common tasks, relationships, burdens, and leadership roles of these very brave enslaved women. Resistance history in the Caribbean and Americas in its various forms has always emphasized the role of men as leaders and heroes. Studies in the last two decades Momsen 1996, Mintz 1996, Bush 1990, Beckles and Shepherd, Ellis 1985, 1996, Hart 1980, 1985) however, are beginning to suggest the enormous contributions of women to the successes of many of the resistance events. Also, research revelations are being made correcting the negative impressions and images of enslaved women as depicted in colonial writings (Mathis 2001, Beckles and Shepherd 1996, Cooper 1994, Campbell 1986, Price 1996, Campbell 1987). Some of these new findings portray women as not only actively at the forefront of colonial military and political resistance operations but performed those activities in addition to their roles as the bearers of their individual original cultures. Their goal was achievement of freedom for their people. Freedom can be seen as a magic word that politicians, propagandists, psychologists and priests throw around with ease. Yet, to others freedom has a different meaning which varies with the individual's sense of associated values. Freedom without qualification is an abstract noun meaning, "not restricted, unimpeded", or simply, "liberty"; but when it is concretized in individual situations its meaning is narrowed, and it becomes clear that no one can be fully free. Yet the love of freedom is one of our deepest feelings, a truly heartfelt cry, freedom of wide open spaces, liberty to enjoy the taste, in unrestricted fashion, of the joys of nature, to live a life free from external anxieties and internal fears; freedom to be truly ourselves. All living creatures, even animals seem to value their freedom above all else. Enslaved people were not submissive towards their oppressors; attempts were made both subtly, overtly and violently to resist their so-called "masters" and slavery conditions. Violent and non-violent resistance were carried out by the enslaved throughout colonial history on both sides of the Atlantic, and modern historical literature shows that women oftentimes displayed more resistance than men. Enslaved Africans started to fight the transatlantic slave trade as soon as it began. Their struggles were multifaceted and covered four continents over four centuries. Still, they have often been underestimated, overlooked, or forgotten. African resistance was reported in European sources only when it concerned attacks on slave ships and company barracoons, but acts of resistance also took place far from the coast and thus escaped the slavers' attention. To discover them, oral history, archaeology, and autobiographies and biographies of African victims of the slave trade have to be probed. Taken together, these various sources offer a detailed image of the varied strategies Africans used to defend themselves and mount attacks against the slave trade in various ways. The Africans' resistance continued in the Americas, by running away, establishing Maroon communities, sabotage, conspiracy, and open uprising against those who held them in captivity. Freed people petitioned the authorities, led information campaigns, and worked actively to abolish the slave trade and slavery. In Europe, black abolitionists launched or participated in civic movements to end the deportation and enslavement of Africans. They too delivered speeches, provided information, wrote newspaper articles and books. Using violent as well as nonviolent means, Africans in Africa, the Americas, and Europe were constantly involved in the fight against the slave trade and slavery. Women are half the human race and they're half of history, as well. Until recent years, Black women's history has been even less than that. Much work has been done studying the lives of slaves in the United States and the slave system. From elementary school in the USA on through college we are taught the evils of slavery that took place right here in the Land of the Free. However, how much do we know about the enslaved in other places, namely the Caribbean? The Caribbean was the doorway to slavery here in the New World, and so it is important that we study the hardships that enslaved people suffered in that area. Slaves regularly resisted their masters in any way they could. Female slaves, in particular, are reported to have had a very strong sense of independence and they regularly resisted slavery using both violent and non-violent means. The focus of my research is on the lives of enslaved women in the Caribbean and their brave resistance to bondage. Caribbean enslaved women exhibited their strong character, independence and exceptional self worth through their opposition to the tasks they performed in the fields on plantations. Resistance was expressed in many different rebellious ways including not getting married, refusing to reproduce, and through various other forms as part of their open physical resistance. The purpose of this project is to identify the role enslaved women in both the Caribbean and the USA played in some of the major uprisings, revolts, and rebellions during their enslavement period. The research identifies individual female personalities, who played key roles in not only the everyday work on plantations, but also in planning resistance movements in the slave communities. This study utilizes plantations records, archival material, and official sources. Archival records from plantations located in archives and county clerks' offices; interviews with sources such as researchers and experts familiar with the plantations of slave communities in designated areas; and research in libraries, as well as other sources, oral histories, written and oral folklore, and personal interviews were used as well. Close

• 130. [Article] Relative Sea-Level Trends in New York City During the Past 1500 Years

  New York City (NYC) is threatened by 21st-century relative sea-level (RSL) rise because it will experience a trend that exceeds the global mean and has high concentrations of low-lying infrastructure and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relative Sea-Level Trends in New York City During the Past 1500 Years Author: Kemp, Andrew C., Hill, Troy D., Vane, Christopher H., Cahill, Niamh, Orton, Philip, Talke, Stefan A., Parnell, Andrew C., Sanborn, Kelsey, Hartig, Ellen Year: 2017 New York City (NYC) is threatened by 21st-century relative sea-level (RSL) rise because it will experience a trend that exceeds the global mean and has high concentrations of low-lying infrastructure and socioeconomic activity. To provide a long-term context for anticipated trends, we reconstructed RSL change during the past ~1500 years using a core of salt-marsh sediment from Pelham Bay in The Bronx. Foraminifera and bulk-sediment δ13C values were used as sea-level indicators. The history of sediment accumulation was established by radiocarbon dating and recognition of pollution and land-use trends of known age in down-core elemental, isotopic, and pollen profiles. The reconstruction was generated within a Bayesian hierarchical model to accommodate multiple proxies and to provide a unified statistical framework for quantifying uncertainty. We show that RSL in NYC rose by ~1.70 m since ~575 CE (including ~0.38 m since 1850 CE). The rate of RSL rise increased markedly at 1812–1913 CE from ~1.0 to ~2.5 mm/yr, which coincides with other reconstructions along the US Atlantic coast. We investigated the possible influence of tidal-range change in Long Island Sound on our reconstruction using a regional tidal model, and we demonstrate that this effect was likely small. However, future tidal-range change could exacerbate the impacts of RSL rise in communities bordering Long Island Sound. The current rate of RSL rise is the fastest that NYC has experienced for >1500 years, and its ongoing acceleration suggests that projections of 21st-century local RSL rise will be realized. Title: Relative Sea-Level Trends in New York City During the Past 1500 Years Author: Kemp, Andrew C., Hill, Troy D., Vane, Christopher H., Cahill, Niamh, Orton, Philip, Talke, Stefan A., Parnell, Andrew C., Sanborn, Kelsey, Hartig, Ellen Year: 2017 New York City (NYC) is threatened by 21st-century relative sea-level (RSL) rise because it will experience a trend that exceeds the global mean and has high concentrations of low-lying infrastructure and socioeconomic activity. To provide a long-term context for anticipated trends, we reconstructed RSL change during the past ~1500 years using a core of salt-marsh sediment from Pelham Bay in The Bronx. Foraminifera and bulk-sediment δ13C values were used as sea-level indicators. The history of sediment accumulation was established by radiocarbon dating and recognition of pollution and land-use trends of known age in down-core elemental, isotopic, and pollen profiles. The reconstruction was generated within a Bayesian hierarchical model to accommodate multiple proxies and to provide a unified statistical framework for quantifying uncertainty. We show that RSL in NYC rose by ~1.70 m since ~575 CE (including ~0.38 m since 1850 CE). The rate of RSL rise increased markedly at 1812–1913 CE from ~1.0 to ~2.5 mm/yr, which coincides with other reconstructions along the US Atlantic coast. We investigated the possible influence of tidal-range change in Long Island Sound on our reconstruction using a regional tidal model, and we demonstrate that this effect was likely small. However, future tidal-range change could exacerbate the impacts of RSL rise in communities bordering Long Island Sound. The current rate of RSL rise is the fastest that NYC has experienced for >1500 years, and its ongoing acceleration suggests that projections of 21st-century local RSL rise will be realized. Close

• 131. [Article] Relative Sea-Level Trends in New York City During the Past 1500 Years

  New York City (NYC) is threatened by 21st-century relative sea-level (RSL) rise because it will experience a trend that exceeds the global mean and has high concentrations of low-lying infrastructure and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relative Sea-Level Trends in New York City During the Past 1500 Years Author: Kemp, Andrew C., Hill, Troy D., Vane, Christopher H., Cahill, Niamh, Orton, Philip M., Talke, Stefan A., Parnell, Andrew C., Sanborn, Kelsey, Hartig, Ellen K. Year: 2017 New York City (NYC) is threatened by 21st-century relative sea-level (RSL) rise because it will experience a trend that exceeds the global mean and has high concentrations of low-lying infrastructure and socioeconomic activity. To provide a long-term context for anticipated trends, we reconstructed RSL change during the past ~1500 years using a core of salt-marsh sediment from Pelham Bay in The Bronx. Foraminifera and bulk-sediment δ13C values were used as sea-level indicators. The history of sediment accumulation was established by radiocarbon dating and recognition of pollution and land-use trends of known age in down-core elemental, isotopic, and pollen profiles. The reconstruction was generated within a Bayesian hierarchical model to accommodate multiple proxies and to provide a unified statistical framework for quantifying uncertainty. We show that RSL in NYC rose by ~1.70 m since ~575 CE (including ~0.38 m since 1850 CE). The rate of RSL rise increased markedly at 1812–1913 CE from ~1.0 to ~2.5 mm/yr, which coincides with other reconstructions along the US Atlantic coast. We investigated the possible influence of tidal-range change in Long Island Sound on our reconstruction using a regional tidal model, and we demonstrate that this effect was likely small. However, future tidal-range change could exacerbate the impacts of RSL rise in communities bordering Long Island Sound. The current rate of RSL rise is the fastest that NYC has experienced for >1500 years, and its ongoing acceleration suggests that projections of 21st-century local RSL rise will be realized. Title: Relative Sea-Level Trends in New York City During the Past 1500 Years Author: Kemp, Andrew C., Hill, Troy D., Vane, Christopher H., Cahill, Niamh, Orton, Philip M., Talke, Stefan A., Parnell, Andrew C., Sanborn, Kelsey, Hartig, Ellen K. Year: 2017 New York City (NYC) is threatened by 21st-century relative sea-level (RSL) rise because it will experience a trend that exceeds the global mean and has high concentrations of low-lying infrastructure and socioeconomic activity. To provide a long-term context for anticipated trends, we reconstructed RSL change during the past ~1500 years using a core of salt-marsh sediment from Pelham Bay in The Bronx. Foraminifera and bulk-sediment δ13C values were used as sea-level indicators. The history of sediment accumulation was established by radiocarbon dating and recognition of pollution and land-use trends of known age in down-core elemental, isotopic, and pollen profiles. The reconstruction was generated within a Bayesian hierarchical model to accommodate multiple proxies and to provide a unified statistical framework for quantifying uncertainty. We show that RSL in NYC rose by ~1.70 m since ~575 CE (including ~0.38 m since 1850 CE). The rate of RSL rise increased markedly at 1812–1913 CE from ~1.0 to ~2.5 mm/yr, which coincides with other reconstructions along the US Atlantic coast. We investigated the possible influence of tidal-range change in Long Island Sound on our reconstruction using a regional tidal model, and we demonstrate that this effect was likely small. However, future tidal-range change could exacerbate the impacts of RSL rise in communities bordering Long Island Sound. The current rate of RSL rise is the fastest that NYC has experienced for >1500 years, and its ongoing acceleration suggests that projections of 21st-century local RSL rise will be realized. Close

• 132. [Article] Increased Habitat Connectivity Homogenizes Freshwater Communities: Historical and Landscape Perspectives

  Increases in habitat connectivity can have consequences for taxonomic, functional, and genetic diversity of communities. Previously isolated aquatic habitats were connected with canals and pipelines in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Increased Habitat Connectivity Homogenizes Freshwater Communities: Historical and Landscape Perspectives Author: Strecker, Angela L., Brittain, Jeffrey Thomas Year: 2017 Increases in habitat connectivity can have consequences for taxonomic, functional, and genetic diversity of communities. Previously isolated aquatic habitats were connected with canals and pipelines in the largest water development project in the US history, the Columbia Basin Project (CBP; eastern Washington, USA), which also altered environmental conditions; however, the ecological consequences are largely unknown. Using a historical dataset, we examined long-term patterns in zooplankton communities, water chemistry and clarity, testing the hypothesis that increased connectivity will result in taxonomic homogenization. Further, we tested contemporary drivers of communities using a comprehensive set of environmental and landscape variables. Waterbodies were sampled for zooplankton community composition as well as physical and chemical variables inside and outside the CBP using methods consistent with historical studies. We found significant declines in salinity inside the CBP, whereas changes in water clarity were prevalent across all waterbodies. Increased connectivity via canals homogenized zooplankton communities over time, as well as increasing regional richness. Other long-term changes in zooplankton communities may be related to climate change, invasive species, and land-use changes. Synthesis and applications. Though canals may offer species spatial refugia, homogenization may decrease resilience to environmental stressors. These new hybrid aquatic landscapes, or hydroscapes, should be considered carefully in future water development, including specific plans for monitoring of species and environmental conditions, as well as mitigation of undesirable conditions and/or non-native species. Title: Increased Habitat Connectivity Homogenizes Freshwater Communities: Historical and Landscape Perspectives Author: Strecker, Angela L., Brittain, Jeffrey Thomas Year: 2017 Increases in habitat connectivity can have consequences for taxonomic, functional, and genetic diversity of communities. Previously isolated aquatic habitats were connected with canals and pipelines in the largest water development project in the US history, the Columbia Basin Project (CBP; eastern Washington, USA), which also altered environmental conditions; however, the ecological consequences are largely unknown. Using a historical dataset, we examined long-term patterns in zooplankton communities, water chemistry and clarity, testing the hypothesis that increased connectivity will result in taxonomic homogenization. Further, we tested contemporary drivers of communities using a comprehensive set of environmental and landscape variables. Waterbodies were sampled for zooplankton community composition as well as physical and chemical variables inside and outside the CBP using methods consistent with historical studies. We found significant declines in salinity inside the CBP, whereas changes in water clarity were prevalent across all waterbodies. Increased connectivity via canals homogenized zooplankton communities over time, as well as increasing regional richness. Other long-term changes in zooplankton communities may be related to climate change, invasive species, and land-use changes. Synthesis and applications. Though canals may offer species spatial refugia, homogenization may decrease resilience to environmental stressors. These new hybrid aquatic landscapes, or hydroscapes, should be considered carefully in future water development, including specific plans for monitoring of species and environmental conditions, as well as mitigation of undesirable conditions and/or non-native species. Close

• 133. [Article] An Archaeology of Capitalism: Exploring Ideology through Ceramics from the Fort Vancouver and Village Sites

  The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), a mercantile venture that was founded by royal charter in 1670, conceived, constructed and ran Fort Vancouver as its economic center in the Pacific Northwest, a colonial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Archaeology of Capitalism: Exploring Ideology through Ceramics from the Fort Vancouver and Village Sites Author: Holschuh, Dana Lynn Year: 2013 The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), a mercantile venture that was founded by royal charter in 1670, conceived, constructed and ran Fort Vancouver as its economic center in the Pacific Northwest, a colonial outpost at the edge of the company's holdings in North America. Research into the history of the HBC revealed that the company was motivated by mercantile interests, and that Fort Vancouver operated under feudal land policies while steadily adopting a hierarchical structure. Following the work of Marxist archaeologist Mark Leone whose work in Annapolis, Maryland explored the effects of capitalist ideology on archaeological assemblages of ceramics, this study sought to locate the material signatures of ideologies in the ceramic assemblages recovered from the Fort and its adjacent multi-ethnic Village sites. In Annapolis, matching sets of ceramics were used as a material indicator of the successful penetration of capitalist ideals of segmentation, division and standardization that accompanied the carefully cultivated ideology of individualism, into working class households. Following this model, this study analyzed six assemblages for the presence of matched sets of ceramic tablewares using the diversity measures of richness and evenness. The results of this analysis for five assemblages from households in the Village were then compared to those expected for a model assemblage that was inferred to represent the ultimate model of participation in and dissemination of the same ideals of segmentation and division: that recovered from the Chief Factor's House within the fort. Documentary research confirmed that ideology was used to indoctrinate workers into the unique relations of production at Fort Vancouver however it was an ideology of paternal allegiance to the company rather than one of possessive individualism, as in Annapolis. At Fort Vancouver the notion of individuality was subtly downplayed in favor of one that addressed the company's responsibility to its workers and encouraged them to view its hierarchy, which was reinforced spatially, socially and economically, as natural. Analysis of the archaeological assemblages revealed that it is unlikely that the Village assemblages are comprised of complete sets of matching ceramicwares. The lack of these sets is likely the result of the multivalent nature of the economic system at the fort and its distinct ideology of paternalism, as well as the diverse backgrounds and outlooks of the Village occupants themselves, who appear to have purchased and used these European ceramics in unique ways. Title: An Archaeology of Capitalism: Exploring Ideology through Ceramics from the Fort Vancouver and Village Sites Author: Holschuh, Dana Lynn Year: 2013 The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), a mercantile venture that was founded by royal charter in 1670, conceived, constructed and ran Fort Vancouver as its economic center in the Pacific Northwest, a colonial outpost at the edge of the company's holdings in North America. Research into the history of the HBC revealed that the company was motivated by mercantile interests, and that Fort Vancouver operated under feudal land policies while steadily adopting a hierarchical structure. Following the work of Marxist archaeologist Mark Leone whose work in Annapolis, Maryland explored the effects of capitalist ideology on archaeological assemblages of ceramics, this study sought to locate the material signatures of ideologies in the ceramic assemblages recovered from the Fort and its adjacent multi-ethnic Village sites. In Annapolis, matching sets of ceramics were used as a material indicator of the successful penetration of capitalist ideals of segmentation, division and standardization that accompanied the carefully cultivated ideology of individualism, into working class households. Following this model, this study analyzed six assemblages for the presence of matched sets of ceramic tablewares using the diversity measures of richness and evenness. The results of this analysis for five assemblages from households in the Village were then compared to those expected for a model assemblage that was inferred to represent the ultimate model of participation in and dissemination of the same ideals of segmentation and division: that recovered from the Chief Factor's House within the fort. Documentary research confirmed that ideology was used to indoctrinate workers into the unique relations of production at Fort Vancouver however it was an ideology of paternal allegiance to the company rather than one of possessive individualism, as in Annapolis. At Fort Vancouver the notion of individuality was subtly downplayed in favor of one that addressed the company's responsibility to its workers and encouraged them to view its hierarchy, which was reinforced spatially, socially and economically, as natural. Analysis of the archaeological assemblages revealed that it is unlikely that the Village assemblages are comprised of complete sets of matching ceramicwares. The lack of these sets is likely the result of the multivalent nature of the economic system at the fort and its distinct ideology of paternalism, as well as the diverse backgrounds and outlooks of the Village occupants themselves, who appear to have purchased and used these European ceramics in unique ways. Close

• 134. [Article] (Re)Presenting Peoples and Storied Lands: Public Presentation of Archaeology and Representation of Native Americans in Selected Western U.S. Protected Areas

  Every year, hundreds of thousands of people visit the Native American ancestral lands in the western United States developed for tourism and recreation. The stewards of these lands seek to engage visitors ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: (Re)Presenting Peoples and Storied Lands: Public Presentation of Archaeology and Representation of Native Americans in Selected Western U.S. Protected Areas Author: Survant, Cerinda Year: 2016 Every year, hundreds of thousands of people visit the Native American ancestral lands in the western United States developed for tourism and recreation. The stewards of these lands seek to engage visitors and enrich their experience, and simultaneously to protect the lands' natural and cultural resources. To achieve their mission, protected areas regularly use interpretation -- materials and experiences that aim to educate visitors about resources and see them as personally meaningful. However, there is little literature on interpretive content in protected areas, few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and little literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas. I consider the public presentation of archaeology at exemplary protected areas in the U.S. Southwest and Great Basin within a theoretical framework of governmentality and representation. Within a mixed-method research design, this project used participant-observation at thirteen protected area locales to identify interpretive content and representational strategies, and semi-structured interviews with 31 individuals to elicit staff and visitors' understandings of interpretation and display. This research found three types of narratives in the interpretation sampled-- scientific narratives, cultural narratives, and management messages. In general, scientific narratives appeared more frequently than cultural narratives and both appeared more frequently than management messages. Archaeology dominated scientific narratives, cultural continuity dominated cultural narratives, and orientation dominated management messages. In general, archaeology appeared with greater relative frequency than any other component of interpretive content. This study also found that interpretation predominantly adopted a third-person omniscient point of view and represented people predominantly in the ancient past. This study has both academic and applied outcomes. The work aims to contribute to the scant body of literature on interpretive content in protected areas stewarding natural and cultural resources, the few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and the existing literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas as well as informing future interpretive practice. These findings inform a report on contemporary interpretive practice and recommendations for the public presentation of archaeology delivered to the US Fish and Wildlife Service in December 2013. Title: (Re)Presenting Peoples and Storied Lands: Public Presentation of Archaeology and Representation of Native Americans in Selected Western U.S. Protected Areas Author: Survant, Cerinda Year: 2016 Every year, hundreds of thousands of people visit the Native American ancestral lands in the western United States developed for tourism and recreation. The stewards of these lands seek to engage visitors and enrich their experience, and simultaneously to protect the lands' natural and cultural resources. To achieve their mission, protected areas regularly use interpretation -- materials and experiences that aim to educate visitors about resources and see them as personally meaningful. However, there is little literature on interpretive content in protected areas, few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and little literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas. I consider the public presentation of archaeology at exemplary protected areas in the U.S. Southwest and Great Basin within a theoretical framework of governmentality and representation. Within a mixed-method research design, this project used participant-observation at thirteen protected area locales to identify interpretive content and representational strategies, and semi-structured interviews with 31 individuals to elicit staff and visitors' understandings of interpretation and display. This research found three types of narratives in the interpretation sampled-- scientific narratives, cultural narratives, and management messages. In general, scientific narratives appeared more frequently than cultural narratives and both appeared more frequently than management messages. Archaeology dominated scientific narratives, cultural continuity dominated cultural narratives, and orientation dominated management messages. In general, archaeology appeared with greater relative frequency than any other component of interpretive content. This study also found that interpretation predominantly adopted a third-person omniscient point of view and represented people predominantly in the ancient past. This study has both academic and applied outcomes. The work aims to contribute to the scant body of literature on interpretive content in protected areas stewarding natural and cultural resources, the few qualitative studies of interpretation as constructed by visitors and interpreters, and the existing literature on the representation of Native Americans in museums and protected areas as well as informing future interpretive practice. These findings inform a report on contemporary interpretive practice and recommendations for the public presentation of archaeology delivered to the US Fish and Wildlife Service in December 2013. Close

• 135. [Article] Land Information System: Strategies for Local Governments in Oregon

  The purpose of this report is to disseminate the findings and recommendations from the deliberations of the Oregon Land Records Committee (OLRC) of the State Map Advisory Council (SMAC). The OLRC consists ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land Information System: Strategies for Local Governments in Oregon Author: Oregon. State Map Advisory Council Year: 1989 The purpose of this report is to disseminate the findings and recommendations from the deliberations of the Oregon Land Records Committee (OLRC) of the State Map Advisory Council (SMAC). The OLRC consists of state and local government officials and professionals, and representation from utilities and private sector firms involved in the maintenance and use of land records and geographic information systems (GIS) for the analysis of data about land. These individuals have given freely of their time and experience in furtherance of the mission and goals of the OLRC. This report is directed to professionals and public officials in local government who are concerned with modernizing land records by employing the new technology of GIS. This report identifies promising strategies and lays the foundation for a possible state interest, role and program. The mission of the OLRC has to do with fostering land records modernization in Oregon by promoting the wise procurement and implementation of geographic information systems concepts and technology. Title: Land Information System: Strategies for Local Governments in Oregon Author: Oregon. State Map Advisory Council Year: 1989 The purpose of this report is to disseminate the findings and recommendations from the deliberations of the Oregon Land Records Committee (OLRC) of the State Map Advisory Council (SMAC). The OLRC consists of state and local government officials and professionals, and representation from utilities and private sector firms involved in the maintenance and use of land records and geographic information systems (GIS) for the analysis of data about land. These individuals have given freely of their time and experience in furtherance of the mission and goals of the OLRC. This report is directed to professionals and public officials in local government who are concerned with modernizing land records by employing the new technology of GIS. This report identifies promising strategies and lays the foundation for a possible state interest, role and program. The mission of the OLRC has to do with fostering land records modernization in Oregon by promoting the wise procurement and implementation of geographic information systems concepts and technology. Close

• 136. [Article] Community Development for a White City: Race Making, Improvementism, and the Cincinnati Race Riots and Anti-Abolition Riots of 1829, 1836, and 1841

  This project is an historical ethnography and a cultural history of the anti-black race riots and anti-abolition riots in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1829, 1836, and 1841. It is also a case history in an urban ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Community Development for a White City: Race Making, Improvementism, and the Cincinnati Race Riots and Anti-Abolition Riots of 1829, 1836, and 1841 Author: Crowfoot, Silas Niobeh Year: 2010 This project is an historical ethnography and a cultural history of the anti-black race riots and anti-abolition riots in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1829, 1836, and 1841. It is also a case history in an urban and commercial/early industrial context of the idea that violent social practices such as riots, as well as law and the customary practices of everyday living, are deployed as race making technologies, actually constructing racial categories. By extending this constructivist concept to the conversion of space to place through the human ascription of meaning, this study also examines racial violence as a strategy for place making - for establishing and maintaining Cincinnati as a white city, one in which the social practices of its white residents, including those of community development, consistently define and preserve the privileges of being white. Many sectors of the white-identified population performed this co-construction of race and place. Using a multi-disciplinary approach to method and theory, the discourses and practices of improvement - the community development of the period - and of race making in antebellum Cincinnati were analyzed using local newspapers and a variety of other published and unpublished sources from the period. Analysis of the overlapping discourses and practices of race making and the "Negro problem" and of improvement indicated that white Cincinnatians of all classes, men and women, participated in creating a local racialized culture of community development. This was a prevailing set of values and practices in the city based on assumptions about who could be improved, who could improve the city, and who should benefit from the city's improvements. The language of local improvement boosters was particularly powerful in synthesizing images of nation, region, and community in which a harmonious fit between the land, the virtuous population who comes to develop it, and the free and republican institutions they put on the land had no room for Negroes and mulattoes in the picture. White rioters, and those elites and city officials who enabled them to act, acted with them, or didn't stop them from assaulting Negroes, mulattoes, or the abolitionists who were their allies, and burning and looting their property, acted within a socio-cultural context of widespread local economic and social boosterism and improvementism. Using their local common sense about race relations, as well as about improving the community, the white residents of Cincinnati enacted a public strategy of community development to attempt to achieve a city with few Negroes. Racialized community development, instrumentalized though the collective violence of race riots and ant-abolition riots, made Cincinnati a whiter city. Title: Community Development for a White City: Race Making, Improvementism, and the Cincinnati Race Riots and Anti-Abolition Riots of 1829, 1836, and 1841 Author: Crowfoot, Silas Niobeh Year: 2010 This project is an historical ethnography and a cultural history of the anti-black race riots and anti-abolition riots in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1829, 1836, and 1841. It is also a case history in an urban and commercial/early industrial context of the idea that violent social practices such as riots, as well as law and the customary practices of everyday living, are deployed as race making technologies, actually constructing racial categories. By extending this constructivist concept to the conversion of space to place through the human ascription of meaning, this study also examines racial violence as a strategy for place making - for establishing and maintaining Cincinnati as a white city, one in which the social practices of its white residents, including those of community development, consistently define and preserve the privileges of being white. Many sectors of the white-identified population performed this co-construction of race and place. Using a multi-disciplinary approach to method and theory, the discourses and practices of improvement - the community development of the period - and of race making in antebellum Cincinnati were analyzed using local newspapers and a variety of other published and unpublished sources from the period. Analysis of the overlapping discourses and practices of race making and the "Negro problem" and of improvement indicated that white Cincinnatians of all classes, men and women, participated in creating a local racialized culture of community development. This was a prevailing set of values and practices in the city based on assumptions about who could be improved, who could improve the city, and who should benefit from the city's improvements. The language of local improvement boosters was particularly powerful in synthesizing images of nation, region, and community in which a harmonious fit between the land, the virtuous population who comes to develop it, and the free and republican institutions they put on the land had no room for Negroes and mulattoes in the picture. White rioters, and those elites and city officials who enabled them to act, acted with them, or didn't stop them from assaulting Negroes, mulattoes, or the abolitionists who were their allies, and burning and looting their property, acted within a socio-cultural context of widespread local economic and social boosterism and improvementism. Using their local common sense about race relations, as well as about improving the community, the white residents of Cincinnati enacted a public strategy of community development to attempt to achieve a city with few Negroes. Racialized community development, instrumentalized though the collective violence of race riots and ant-abolition riots, made Cincinnati a whiter city. Close

• 137. [Article] Systems Thinking in the Forest Service: a Framework to Guide Practical Application for Social-Ecological Management in the Enterprise Program

  The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) Enterprise Program (EP), which provides fee-for-service consulting services to the USFS, is interested in integrating systems thinking into its service offerings. Despite ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Systems Thinking in the Forest Service: a Framework to Guide Practical Application for Social-Ecological Management in the Enterprise Program Author: Kmon, Megan Kathleen Year: 2016 The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) Enterprise Program (EP), which provides fee-for-service consulting services to the USFS, is interested in integrating systems thinking into its service offerings. Despite there being several excellent sources on the range and diversity of systems thinking, no single framework exists that thoroughly yet concisely outlines what systems thinking is along with its deep history, theoretical tenets, and soft and hard approaches. This thesis is an attempt to create such a framework, aimed specifically at practical application in a land management agency, through literature synthesis injected with original analysis. The usefulness of the framework is then tested using three case studies within the EP and the agency as a whole. The framework highlights several important aspects of systems thinking, both generally and related specifically to social-ecological management. First, systems thinking is the transdisciplinary study of complex phenomena from a holistic, rather than reductionist, perspective. The world can be viewed as a massive set of embedded systems -- elements with relations that lead to nonlinear behavior -- making the role of the observer essential in identifying scales of interest and interactions amongst them. Second, the deep history of holistic thinking suggests that its modern scientific study could benefit from exploring the East's long-standing cultural and spiritual approaches to holism through cognitive unity and oneness with mankind and nature. Third, categorizations of systems approaches as "soft" versus "hard" are helpful but can distract us from the ultimate goal of systems thinking, which is to understand the various tools in the systems thinking toolbox so as to apply them critically and creatively to make a meaningful difference in the world. Fourth, I see the soft systems approaches as having a distinct systems thinking orientation and the hard systems approaches as overlapping substantially with operations research, the close cousin of systems thinking. Fifth, I identify a spectrum of complexity, contending that systems thinking tends to be concerned with what I call subjectively and computationally complex systems, as well as complex adaptive systems, leaving simple systems for other approaches. Finally, I contend that it is the soft systems approaches and the two theoretical pillars of hierarchy theory and cooperation theory that will aid wicked social-ecological problem solving the most. The framework is applied to three case studies. Examination of the EP reorganization using a hard systems approach revealed two critical high-level functions that were absent in the current structure, paving the way for new designs that could take those functions into account. Analysis of an initiative to increase citizen recreation on USFS lands showed that a systems approach had been improperly applied and how the application of a soft approach at the onset could have systematically framed the problem and offered unique normative insights for giving voice to relevant non-agency stakeholders as well as nature and future generations. And viewing the perennial problem of wildfire management through the lens of cooperation theory revealed how USFS leadership could take a more active role in promoting the long-term outlook, durable relationships, and reciprocal behaviors that are required for cooperative improvement to take place. As environmental narratives worsen and the need for transitioning towards sustainable ways of living heightens, systems thinking offers ever-increasing value to resource managers for its ability to deal with the many perspectives and normative content that underlie wicked problems and to help to illuminate potential consequences of system interventions given the interplay of complex structural dynamics across space and time. Title: Systems Thinking in the Forest Service: a Framework to Guide Practical Application for Social-Ecological Management in the Enterprise Program Author: Kmon, Megan Kathleen Year: 2016 The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) Enterprise Program (EP), which provides fee-for-service consulting services to the USFS, is interested in integrating systems thinking into its service offerings. Despite there being several excellent sources on the range and diversity of systems thinking, no single framework exists that thoroughly yet concisely outlines what systems thinking is along with its deep history, theoretical tenets, and soft and hard approaches. This thesis is an attempt to create such a framework, aimed specifically at practical application in a land management agency, through literature synthesis injected with original analysis. The usefulness of the framework is then tested using three case studies within the EP and the agency as a whole. The framework highlights several important aspects of systems thinking, both generally and related specifically to social-ecological management. First, systems thinking is the transdisciplinary study of complex phenomena from a holistic, rather than reductionist, perspective. The world can be viewed as a massive set of embedded systems -- elements with relations that lead to nonlinear behavior -- making the role of the observer essential in identifying scales of interest and interactions amongst them. Second, the deep history of holistic thinking suggests that its modern scientific study could benefit from exploring the East's long-standing cultural and spiritual approaches to holism through cognitive unity and oneness with mankind and nature. Third, categorizations of systems approaches as "soft" versus "hard" are helpful but can distract us from the ultimate goal of systems thinking, which is to understand the various tools in the systems thinking toolbox so as to apply them critically and creatively to make a meaningful difference in the world. Fourth, I see the soft systems approaches as having a distinct systems thinking orientation and the hard systems approaches as overlapping substantially with operations research, the close cousin of systems thinking. Fifth, I identify a spectrum of complexity, contending that systems thinking tends to be concerned with what I call subjectively and computationally complex systems, as well as complex adaptive systems, leaving simple systems for other approaches. Finally, I contend that it is the soft systems approaches and the two theoretical pillars of hierarchy theory and cooperation theory that will aid wicked social-ecological problem solving the most. The framework is applied to three case studies. Examination of the EP reorganization using a hard systems approach revealed two critical high-level functions that were absent in the current structure, paving the way for new designs that could take those functions into account. Analysis of an initiative to increase citizen recreation on USFS lands showed that a systems approach had been improperly applied and how the application of a soft approach at the onset could have systematically framed the problem and offered unique normative insights for giving voice to relevant non-agency stakeholders as well as nature and future generations. And viewing the perennial problem of wildfire management through the lens of cooperation theory revealed how USFS leadership could take a more active role in promoting the long-term outlook, durable relationships, and reciprocal behaviors that are required for cooperative improvement to take place. As environmental narratives worsen and the need for transitioning towards sustainable ways of living heightens, systems thinking offers ever-increasing value to resource managers for its ability to deal with the many perspectives and normative content that underlie wicked problems and to help to illuminate potential consequences of system interventions given the interplay of complex structural dynamics across space and time. Close

• 138. [Article] An historical consideration of F.C. Baur, his life, works, and theological thought, especially in regard to his church history and historical theology

  This thesis examines and evaluates F.C. Baur's philosophical and theological ideas as they relate to the writing of Church history and historical theology. The study is undertaken within the context of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An historical consideration of F.C. Baur, his life, works, and theological thought, especially in regard to his church history and historical theology Author: Goetz, Steven Norman Year: 1979 This thesis examines and evaluates F.C. Baur's philosophical and theological ideas as they relate to the writing of Church history and historical theology. The study is undertaken within the context of the problem of the relation between faith and history, which can be stated in more relevant categories for Church historiography as the problem of the relation between subject (faith) and object (history), and proposes that Baur's thought on this problem can be useful for the modern faith/history debate, and especially for the consideration of writing Church history. Title: An historical consideration of F.C. Baur, his life, works, and theological thought, especially in regard to his church history and historical theology Author: Goetz, Steven Norman Year: 1979 This thesis examines and evaluates F.C. Baur's philosophical and theological ideas as they relate to the writing of Church history and historical theology. The study is undertaken within the context of the problem of the relation between faith and history, which can be stated in more relevant categories for Church historiography as the problem of the relation between subject (faith) and object (history), and proposes that Baur's thought on this problem can be useful for the modern faith/history debate, and especially for the consideration of writing Church history. Close

• 139. [Article] Time Varying Parameter Models for Catchments with Land Use Change: the Importance of Model Structure

  Rapid population and economic growth in South-East-Asia has been accompanied by extensive land use change with consequent impacts on catchment hydrology. Modelling methodologies capable of handling changing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Time Varying Parameter Models for Catchments with Land Use Change: the Importance of Model Structure Author: Pathiraja, Sahani, Anghileri, Daniela, Burlando, Paolo, Sharma, Ashish, Marshall, Lucy, Moradkhani, Hamid Year: 2017 Rapid population and economic growth in South-East-Asia has been accompanied by extensive land use change with consequent impacts on catchment hydrology. Modelling methodologies capable of handling changing land use conditions are therefore becoming ever more important, and are receiving increasing attention from hydrologists. A recently developed Data Assimilation based framework that allows model parameters to vary through time in response to signals of change in observations is considered for a medium sized catchment (2880 km²) in Northern Vietnam experiencing substantial but gradual land cover change. We investigate the efficacy of the method as well as the importance of the chosen model structure in ensuring the success of time varying parameter methods. The framework was utilized with two conceptual models (HBV and HyMOD) that gave good quality streamflow predictions during pre-change conditions. Although both time varying parameter models gave improved streamflow predictions under changed conditions compared to the time invariant parameter model, persistent biases for low flows were apparent in the HyMOD case. It was found that HyMOD was not suited to representing the modified baseflow conditions, resulting in extreme and unrealistic time varying parameter estimates. This work shows that the chosen model can be critical for ensuring the time varying parameter framework successfully models streamflow under changed land cover conditions. It also serves as an effective tool for separating the influence of climatic and land use change in retrospective studies where the lack of a paired control catchment precludes such an assessment. Title: Time Varying Parameter Models for Catchments with Land Use Change: the Importance of Model Structure Author: Pathiraja, Sahani, Anghileri, Daniela, Burlando, Paolo, Sharma, Ashish, Marshall, Lucy, Moradkhani, Hamid Year: 2017 Rapid population and economic growth in South-East-Asia has been accompanied by extensive land use change with consequent impacts on catchment hydrology. Modelling methodologies capable of handling changing land use conditions are therefore becoming ever more important, and are receiving increasing attention from hydrologists. A recently developed Data Assimilation based framework that allows model parameters to vary through time in response to signals of change in observations is considered for a medium sized catchment (2880 km²) in Northern Vietnam experiencing substantial but gradual land cover change. We investigate the efficacy of the method as well as the importance of the chosen model structure in ensuring the success of time varying parameter methods. The framework was utilized with two conceptual models (HBV and HyMOD) that gave good quality streamflow predictions during pre-change conditions. Although both time varying parameter models gave improved streamflow predictions under changed conditions compared to the time invariant parameter model, persistent biases for low flows were apparent in the HyMOD case. It was found that HyMOD was not suited to representing the modified baseflow conditions, resulting in extreme and unrealistic time varying parameter estimates. This work shows that the chosen model can be critical for ensuring the time varying parameter framework successfully models streamflow under changed land cover conditions. It also serves as an effective tool for separating the influence of climatic and land use change in retrospective studies where the lack of a paired control catchment precludes such an assessment. Close

• 140. [Article] Documenting the Impact of Measure 37: Selected Case Studies

  Oregon has long been known for progressive planning policies and visionary government. The passage of Senate Bill 100 in 1973 ushered in Oregon’s modern era of land use planning and reflected a commitment ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Documenting the Impact of Measure 37: Selected Case Studies Author: Martin, Sheila A., Shriver, Katie Year: 2006 Oregon has long been known for progressive planning policies and visionary government. The passage of Senate Bill 100 in 1973 ushered in Oregon’s modern era of land use planning and reflected a commitment by Oregonians to the protection of farm land and other natural resources while planning for substantial urban growth. Many other states have envied Oregon’s framework as they struggle with the pressures of urban sprawl. While other states were quickly converting farmland to residential uses, Oregon converted just over one percent of its farmland to other uses between 1982 and 1997. On November 2, voters in Oregon chose to approve Measure 37 by a fairly wide margin. Although the message implied by that vote is widely debated, one thing is clear: Measure 37 has disabled the tools used over the past four decades to prevent sprawl and preserve agricultural and forest land in Oregon. We suspect that, based on experience in Florida with a similar measure, Measure 37 will also have a chilling effect on innovation in land use planning within local government. Although the legal status of the Measure is currently unclear (see below), we expect opponents of the land use system to continue to press for weakening these tools in Oregon. Efforts are underway to pass similar measures in other states. For example, property rights advocates are working in the state of Washington to make another attempt similar to failed Referendum 48, which was rejected by Washington voters in 1995. Before such an initiative is approved by voters, it is important that they understand how Measure 37 will affect land use planning in Oregon. However, the full impact of Measure 37 will be slow to unfold, as the courts make decisions about issues such as the transferability of waivers, the applicability of exceptions, and the rights of local governments to create a cause of action for neighbors affected by Measure 37 waivers. Title: Documenting the Impact of Measure 37: Selected Case Studies Author: Martin, Sheila A., Shriver, Katie Year: 2006 Oregon has long been known for progressive planning policies and visionary government. The passage of Senate Bill 100 in 1973 ushered in Oregon’s modern era of land use planning and reflected a commitment by Oregonians to the protection of farm land and other natural resources while planning for substantial urban growth. Many other states have envied Oregon’s framework as they struggle with the pressures of urban sprawl. While other states were quickly converting farmland to residential uses, Oregon converted just over one percent of its farmland to other uses between 1982 and 1997. On November 2, voters in Oregon chose to approve Measure 37 by a fairly wide margin. Although the message implied by that vote is widely debated, one thing is clear: Measure 37 has disabled the tools used over the past four decades to prevent sprawl and preserve agricultural and forest land in Oregon. We suspect that, based on experience in Florida with a similar measure, Measure 37 will also have a chilling effect on innovation in land use planning within local government. Although the legal status of the Measure is currently unclear (see below), we expect opponents of the land use system to continue to press for weakening these tools in Oregon. Efforts are underway to pass similar measures in other states. For example, property rights advocates are working in the state of Washington to make another attempt similar to failed Referendum 48, which was rejected by Washington voters in 1995. Before such an initiative is approved by voters, it is important that they understand how Measure 37 will affect land use planning in Oregon. However, the full impact of Measure 37 will be slow to unfold, as the courts make decisions about issues such as the transferability of waivers, the applicability of exceptions, and the rights of local governments to create a cause of action for neighbors affected by Measure 37 waivers. Close

• 141. [Article] Strengthening the Resiliency of Dryland Forest-Based Livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A Review of Literature on the Interaction Between Dryland Forests, Livelihoods and Forest Governance

  Dry forests account for nearly half of the world’s tropical and subtropical forests and provide a multitude of ecological services. They contribute to hydrological cycles and livestock and wildlife provisioning; ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Strengthening the Resiliency of Dryland Forest-Based Livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A Review of Literature on the Interaction Between Dryland Forests, Livelihoods and Forest Governance Author: Lawry, Steven, McLain, Rebecca J., Kassa, Habtemariam Year: 2015 Dry forests account for nearly half of the world’s tropical and subtropical forests and provide a multitude of ecological services. They contribute to hydrological cycles and livestock and wildlife provisioning; and host pollinators and wild plants. They are also important ecological zones for dryland agriculture and pastoral livelihood strategies that support hundreds of millions of people around the world. Dry forests cover large areas and their biomass stores carbon and helps mitigate climate change. Dry forests are particularly important to people in Africa. They provide wood for construction and energy, contribute to local diets with wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, edible insects and bushmeat. Wild, edible plants provide essential nutrients, particularly during times of food scarcity. Yet dry forests are subject to high rates of deforestation and degradation driven mainly by agricultural expansion and growing energy demands. Other challenges include limited information on dry forests (their inventories, changes over time, major drivers of deforestation and recovery, etc.), their biophysical aspects and ecosystem services and the potential roles they could play in increasing the sustainability of crop and livestock farming. Governments, development partners and communities are looking for options to better manage these resources at the landscape level. Dry forests are complex ecosystems that are not fully understood. Scientific knowledge to better manage dry forests and sustain the livelihoods of people that depend on these ecosystems remains scanty as research to inform policy and practice is still very limited. The knowledge gap is even more pronounced in northeastern Africa, notably Ethiopia and South Sudan where these forest types are important in terms of areas coverage and in supporting rural livelihoods. Ethiopia and South Sudan share histories of political unrest and conflict that have contributed to famines; large-scale land acquisition for investment and agricultural expansion by smallholders are resulting in major and rapid land-use changes in their dry forested areas. Ethiopia’s two decades of peace and stability and its experience in managing its natural resources could inform post-conflict intervention measures in South Sudan. This study was conducted as an effort to help fill the knowledge gap in dry forest-based livelihoods through a critical review of the available literature. It used publications from CIFOR’s work on dry forests and product marketing in Ethiopia and from other sources, including gray literature. The study assessed the socio-ecological context, including relevant laws and strategies, with an emphasis on the biophysical characteristics of the dryland forests of Ethiopia and South Sudan and the major causes of deforestation and forest degradation. Using livelihood systems as an analytical framework, it examined (i) major livelihood strategies; (ii) the contribution of dry forests to livelihoods; (iii) forest product markets and value chains; and (iv) forest and land governance with an emphasis on the relationship between political, economic and resource management policies and the level of degradation of dry forests and their contributions to the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities in Ethiopia and South Sudan. It also identified major threats to dry, forest-based livelihoods and key issues for policy, research and practice that need to be addressed to maintain the multifunctionality of dryland forests while also ensuring the well-being of communities dependent on these landscapes. Title: Strengthening the Resiliency of Dryland Forest-Based Livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan: A Review of Literature on the Interaction Between Dryland Forests, Livelihoods and Forest Governance Author: Lawry, Steven, McLain, Rebecca J., Kassa, Habtemariam Year: 2015 Dry forests account for nearly half of the world’s tropical and subtropical forests and provide a multitude of ecological services. They contribute to hydrological cycles and livestock and wildlife provisioning; and host pollinators and wild plants. They are also important ecological zones for dryland agriculture and pastoral livelihood strategies that support hundreds of millions of people around the world. Dry forests cover large areas and their biomass stores carbon and helps mitigate climate change. Dry forests are particularly important to people in Africa. They provide wood for construction and energy, contribute to local diets with wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, edible insects and bushmeat. Wild, edible plants provide essential nutrients, particularly during times of food scarcity. Yet dry forests are subject to high rates of deforestation and degradation driven mainly by agricultural expansion and growing energy demands. Other challenges include limited information on dry forests (their inventories, changes over time, major drivers of deforestation and recovery, etc.), their biophysical aspects and ecosystem services and the potential roles they could play in increasing the sustainability of crop and livestock farming. Governments, development partners and communities are looking for options to better manage these resources at the landscape level. Dry forests are complex ecosystems that are not fully understood. Scientific knowledge to better manage dry forests and sustain the livelihoods of people that depend on these ecosystems remains scanty as research to inform policy and practice is still very limited. The knowledge gap is even more pronounced in northeastern Africa, notably Ethiopia and South Sudan where these forest types are important in terms of areas coverage and in supporting rural livelihoods. Ethiopia and South Sudan share histories of political unrest and conflict that have contributed to famines; large-scale land acquisition for investment and agricultural expansion by smallholders are resulting in major and rapid land-use changes in their dry forested areas. Ethiopia’s two decades of peace and stability and its experience in managing its natural resources could inform post-conflict intervention measures in South Sudan. This study was conducted as an effort to help fill the knowledge gap in dry forest-based livelihoods through a critical review of the available literature. It used publications from CIFOR’s work on dry forests and product marketing in Ethiopia and from other sources, including gray literature. The study assessed the socio-ecological context, including relevant laws and strategies, with an emphasis on the biophysical characteristics of the dryland forests of Ethiopia and South Sudan and the major causes of deforestation and forest degradation. Using livelihood systems as an analytical framework, it examined (i) major livelihood strategies; (ii) the contribution of dry forests to livelihoods; (iii) forest product markets and value chains; and (iv) forest and land governance with an emphasis on the relationship between political, economic and resource management policies and the level of degradation of dry forests and their contributions to the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities in Ethiopia and South Sudan. It also identified major threats to dry, forest-based livelihoods and key issues for policy, research and practice that need to be addressed to maintain the multifunctionality of dryland forests while also ensuring the well-being of communities dependent on these landscapes. Close

• 142. [Article] Urban Impacts to Forest Productivity, Soil Quality, and Canopy Structure in Forest Park, Portland, Oregon

  Land use practices and exposure to low impact disturbances associated with an urban environment can alter forest structure and function. Past and ongoing research in Forest Park, a large urban forest in ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Urban Impacts to Forest Productivity, Soil Quality, and Canopy Structure in Forest Park, Portland, Oregon Author: Addessi, Andrew David Year: 2017 Land use practices and exposure to low impact disturbances associated with an urban environment can alter forest structure and function. Past and ongoing research in Forest Park, a large urban forest in Portland, Oregon, suggests that mature mixed Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga meziesii)-hardwood stands in the more urban end of the park lack a shade-tolerant conifer understory composed of the late successional conifer tree species, such western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western red-cedar (Thuja plicata). 5-year plot remeasurement data that characterizes productivity and mortality patterns did not show a strong relationship to urban proximity. Plot productivity was generally consistent with values taken from studies of other similarly aged (~100 years old) Douglas-fir /Western Hemlock stands. Mortality was highest in rural plots, and was driven by large windthrow events to canopy trees. Soil organic matter, soil pH, and depth of organic horizon indicated a legacy of soil impact in urban areas most impacted by past intensive logging. The urban mature plot had higher mean soil pH at site (5.87, se: ±0.06) compared to a rural mature, and old growth reference sites located within the park. Although surface organic and A layer soil horizon depth was thinnest at the urban mature site, soil organic matter was not found to be significantly different across sites. Light detection and ranging ( LiDAR) data showed that old-growth plots and plots in the middle section of the park had the highest degree of canopy structure as measured by Rumple and standard deviation of point elevation. Measures of stand height showed OG plots and urban plots to have the tallest trees. Rural plots showed a high degree of variability in all LiDAR metrics, showing a wider range of stand height and complexity than urban and middle plots. These results suggest that past land-use and urban proximity affect plot level productivity, soil quality, and above-ground canopy structure in Forest Park. These results clarify how the lack of late-successional tree species might be most linked to differing histories of intensive logging activity within the park. Reduced old-growth legacy features (remnant seed trees, coarse woody debris) in plots with a clear history of aggressive clear-cuts has led to a reduction in regeneration of western hemlock and western red-cedar in the understory. Title: Urban Impacts to Forest Productivity, Soil Quality, and Canopy Structure in Forest Park, Portland, Oregon Author: Addessi, Andrew David Year: 2017 Land use practices and exposure to low impact disturbances associated with an urban environment can alter forest structure and function. Past and ongoing research in Forest Park, a large urban forest in Portland, Oregon, suggests that mature mixed Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga meziesii)-hardwood stands in the more urban end of the park lack a shade-tolerant conifer understory composed of the late successional conifer tree species, such western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western red-cedar (Thuja plicata). 5-year plot remeasurement data that characterizes productivity and mortality patterns did not show a strong relationship to urban proximity. Plot productivity was generally consistent with values taken from studies of other similarly aged (~100 years old) Douglas-fir /Western Hemlock stands. Mortality was highest in rural plots, and was driven by large windthrow events to canopy trees. Soil organic matter, soil pH, and depth of organic horizon indicated a legacy of soil impact in urban areas most impacted by past intensive logging. The urban mature plot had higher mean soil pH at site (5.87, se: ±0.06) compared to a rural mature, and old growth reference sites located within the park. Although surface organic and A layer soil horizon depth was thinnest at the urban mature site, soil organic matter was not found to be significantly different across sites. Light detection and ranging ( LiDAR) data showed that old-growth plots and plots in the middle section of the park had the highest degree of canopy structure as measured by Rumple and standard deviation of point elevation. Measures of stand height showed OG plots and urban plots to have the tallest trees. Rural plots showed a high degree of variability in all LiDAR metrics, showing a wider range of stand height and complexity than urban and middle plots. These results suggest that past land-use and urban proximity affect plot level productivity, soil quality, and above-ground canopy structure in Forest Park. These results clarify how the lack of late-successional tree species might be most linked to differing histories of intensive logging activity within the park. Reduced old-growth legacy features (remnant seed trees, coarse woody debris) in plots with a clear history of aggressive clear-cuts has led to a reduction in regeneration of western hemlock and western red-cedar in the understory. Close

• 143. [Article] Harney area cultural resources class I inventory

  This document presents the Cultural Resources Overview for the Harney Area in southeastern Oregon. The Harney Area combines three of the four planning units in the Burns Bureau of Land Management District. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Harney area cultural resources class I inventory Author: McGilvra Bright, Ruth Year: 1980 This document presents the Cultural Resources Overview for the Harney Area in southeastern Oregon. The Harney Area combines three of the four planning units in the Burns Bureau of Land Management District. Most of the land in the Harney Area is located in Harney County, although a few parcels are just outside the county line in Lake and Malheur Counties. Almost all of Harney County is included. There are approximately 3,320,000 acres of Bureau administered public land within the Harney Area, as well as other public and private lands. Title: Harney area cultural resources class I inventory Author: McGilvra Bright, Ruth Year: 1980 This document presents the Cultural Resources Overview for the Harney Area in southeastern Oregon. The Harney Area combines three of the four planning units in the Burns Bureau of Land Management District. Most of the land in the Harney Area is located in Harney County, although a few parcels are just outside the county line in Lake and Malheur Counties. Almost all of Harney County is included. There are approximately 3,320,000 acres of Bureau administered public land within the Harney Area, as well as other public and private lands. Close

• 144. [Article] The Enigma of the Spartan Woman

  Active in both social and economic spheres, Spartan women possessed much more mobility than their counterparts in Athens. In the areas of education, the arts, land ownership, marriage, and family life, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Enigma of the Spartan Woman Author: Post, Jalena M. Year: 2015 Active in both social and economic spheres, Spartan women possessed much more mobility than their counterparts in Athens. In the areas of education, the arts, land ownership, marriage, and family life, the women of Sparta enjoyed a large amount of sovereignty when compared to other ancient societies. The absence of Spartan men during almost constant times of war necessitated women taking on more responsibility than they would have otherwise, but to what extent? This paper strives to characterize the unique role of the women of Sparta during the classical period of Greek history, especially as in contrast to their Athenian neighbors. Title: The Enigma of the Spartan Woman Author: Post, Jalena M. Year: 2015 Active in both social and economic spheres, Spartan women possessed much more mobility than their counterparts in Athens. In the areas of education, the arts, land ownership, marriage, and family life, the women of Sparta enjoyed a large amount of sovereignty when compared to other ancient societies. The absence of Spartan men during almost constant times of war necessitated women taking on more responsibility than they would have otherwise, but to what extent? This paper strives to characterize the unique role of the women of Sparta during the classical period of Greek history, especially as in contrast to their Athenian neighbors. Close

• 145. [Article] Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy

  As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Burcsu, Theresa, Kagan, James S. Year: 2011 As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial modeling to identify conservation opportunity areas (COAs). To complete the project, INR analysts proposed a strategy that would map high value areas using a landscape approach that is focused on relatively high spatial resolution data sets available for the whole metropolitan region. The approach creates 2 main metrics: one focused on terrestrial organisms and the other focused on aquatic and riparian organisms. These are combined to create a map of highly ranked land areas that can be used to formulate a map of conservation opportunity areas. The purpose of the COA mapping project was to use geographic information system methods to identify landscape patches with conservation and restoration potential. The criteria used to identify these high value patches was based on a number of base- and derived-data sets that we call “data inputs.” The data ranged from recently mapped land use and land cover types, hydrological data to indicate species habitat requirements, and road influence on habitat patches. The project identified some areas in which data gaps exist (e.g., region-wide biodiversity data collected and mapped in consistent ways) and some opportunities for improving existent data sets (e.g., land use/land cover map). The project provided several layers that can be used to guide the final Regional Conservation Strategy in selecting conservation opportunity areas. The best layer will depend upon the needs of the RCS efforts, however, in our opinion the most appropriate layer to use is COA 3.11.1 which weights wetlands fairly high, but not as highly as the second data draft. COA 3.10.1 offers similar results as well. Overall it appears that the model results corroborate corridors analysis done previously (Hennings and Soll 2010). There are some issues remaining that we feel can most adequately be addressed by updating the base land use/land cover map. Title: Mapping Conservation Opportunity Areas for the Intertwine's Regional Conservation Strategy Author: Burcsu, Theresa, Kagan, James S. Year: 2011 As part of efforts to develop the Regional Conservation Strategy (RCS) for the greater Portland-Vancouver region, Oregon State University’s Institute for Natural Resources (INR) was asked to use spatial modeling to identify conservation opportunity areas (COAs). To complete the project, INR analysts proposed a strategy that would map high value areas using a landscape approach that is focused on relatively high spatial resolution data sets available for the whole metropolitan region. The approach creates 2 main metrics: one focused on terrestrial organisms and the other focused on aquatic and riparian organisms. These are combined to create a map of highly ranked land areas that can be used to formulate a map of conservation opportunity areas. The purpose of the COA mapping project was to use geographic information system methods to identify landscape patches with conservation and restoration potential. The criteria used to identify these high value patches was based on a number of base- and derived-data sets that we call “data inputs.” The data ranged from recently mapped land use and land cover types, hydrological data to indicate species habitat requirements, and road influence on habitat patches. The project identified some areas in which data gaps exist (e.g., region-wide biodiversity data collected and mapped in consistent ways) and some opportunities for improving existent data sets (e.g., land use/land cover map). The project provided several layers that can be used to guide the final Regional Conservation Strategy in selecting conservation opportunity areas. The best layer will depend upon the needs of the RCS efforts, however, in our opinion the most appropriate layer to use is COA 3.11.1 which weights wetlands fairly high, but not as highly as the second data draft. COA 3.10.1 offers similar results as well. Overall it appears that the model results corroborate corridors analysis done previously (Hennings and Soll 2010). There are some issues remaining that we feel can most adequately be addressed by updating the base land use/land cover map. Close

• 146. [Article] The Burden of Oregon History: The Historian as Prophet

  In the latter part of his public career, after a lifetime of studying and thinking about the region and its people, Dodds began to write about “the tragedy of the lack of tragedy” in the lives of Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Burden of Oregon History: The Historian as Prophet Author: Rosenberg, John P. Year: 2005 In the latter part of his public career, after a lifetime of studying and thinking about the region and its people, Dodds began to write about “the tragedy of the lack of tragedy” in the lives of Pacific Northwesterners. Life had been relatively easy and perhaps “too successful” for the region’s citizens, “especially if one were a Caucasian,” wrote Gordon Dodds in the epilogue to his 1986 regional history, The American Northwest: A History of Oregon and Washington. Pacific Northwesterners had mastered their few difficulties with relative ease and their undemanding past may have left them unprepared for the adversities that lay ahead. Whatever vague foreboding Dodds may have sensed when he wrote those words in the mid-1980s, the adversity he alluded to was not long in appearing. With the passage of the property tax limitation Measure 5 in Oregon in 1991, whatever fragile regional consensus existed regarding the public funding of education and social welfare programs came crashing down. The passage some 15 years later of Measure 37, which essentially dismantled Oregon’s nationally acclaimed land-use planning system, completed the apparent sea change in regional self-understanding. Whatever reputation Oregon had previously enjoyed as a bastion of environmental commitment and liberal sentiment was now defunct. A brave new world of libertarian values and minimal government intrusion (or support) was ready to greet any new arrivals. While the changes in political sentiment in Oregon reflected the rise of conservative values nationally, they seemed especially pronounced here given the state’s prior reputation. All this, of course, begs the question of whether or not, given these apparently great changes in Oregonians’ social and political self-understanding, the past in any sense could have served as prelude to someone who wanted to trace a vague outline of the future before it was thrust upon us in its present form. Were the seeds of Oregon’s current dilemma buried in its past? Could an alert and curious historian who knew where to look have predicted the current state of affairs, in which every session of the legislature, for example, pits proponents of public education against supporters of social welfare programs for an every-shrinking revenue pie? What happened to the Oregon that, despite its eccentricities and contradictions, many of us knew and loved before 1991? And was its rapid demise predictable? Title: The Burden of Oregon History: The Historian as Prophet Author: Rosenberg, John P. Year: 2005 In the latter part of his public career, after a lifetime of studying and thinking about the region and its people, Dodds began to write about “the tragedy of the lack of tragedy” in the lives of Pacific Northwesterners. Life had been relatively easy and perhaps “too successful” for the region’s citizens, “especially if one were a Caucasian,” wrote Gordon Dodds in the epilogue to his 1986 regional history, The American Northwest: A History of Oregon and Washington. Pacific Northwesterners had mastered their few difficulties with relative ease and their undemanding past may have left them unprepared for the adversities that lay ahead. Whatever vague foreboding Dodds may have sensed when he wrote those words in the mid-1980s, the adversity he alluded to was not long in appearing. With the passage of the property tax limitation Measure 5 in Oregon in 1991, whatever fragile regional consensus existed regarding the public funding of education and social welfare programs came crashing down. The passage some 15 years later of Measure 37, which essentially dismantled Oregon’s nationally acclaimed land-use planning system, completed the apparent sea change in regional self-understanding. Whatever reputation Oregon had previously enjoyed as a bastion of environmental commitment and liberal sentiment was now defunct. A brave new world of libertarian values and minimal government intrusion (or support) was ready to greet any new arrivals. While the changes in political sentiment in Oregon reflected the rise of conservative values nationally, they seemed especially pronounced here given the state’s prior reputation. All this, of course, begs the question of whether or not, given these apparently great changes in Oregonians’ social and political self-understanding, the past in any sense could have served as prelude to someone who wanted to trace a vague outline of the future before it was thrust upon us in its present form. Were the seeds of Oregon’s current dilemma buried in its past? Could an alert and curious historian who knew where to look have predicted the current state of affairs, in which every session of the legislature, for example, pits proponents of public education against supporters of social welfare programs for an every-shrinking revenue pie? What happened to the Oregon that, despite its eccentricities and contradictions, many of us knew and loved before 1991? And was its rapid demise predictable? Close

• 147. [Article] Land Use Framework Map

  A depiction of areas designated urban vs. non-urban in the Portland metropolitan region. Columbia Region Association of Governments land use framework element of the CRAG regional plan.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land Use Framework Map Author: Metro (Or.) Year: 1978 A depiction of areas designated urban vs. non-urban in the Portland metropolitan region. Columbia Region Association of Governments land use framework element of the CRAG regional plan. Title: Land Use Framework Map Author: Metro (Or.) Year: 1978 A depiction of areas designated urban vs. non-urban in the Portland metropolitan region. Columbia Region Association of Governments land use framework element of the CRAG regional plan. Close

• 148. [Article] Proposed Land Use Framework Map, Sheet 1

  Detail of Portland area, land use map from comprehensive plan. Columbia Region Association of Government propsed comprehensive plan

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proposed Land Use Framework Map, Sheet 1 Author: Metro (Or.) Year: 1976 Detail of Portland area, land use map from comprehensive plan. Columbia Region Association of Government propsed comprehensive plan Title: Proposed Land Use Framework Map, Sheet 1 Author: Metro (Or.) Year: 1976 Detail of Portland area, land use map from comprehensive plan. Columbia Region Association of Government propsed comprehensive plan Close

• 149. [Article] Proposed Land Use Framework Map, Sheet 2

  Large scale land use map from comprehensive plan

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proposed Land Use Framework Map, Sheet 2 Author: Metro (Or.) Year: 1976 Large scale land use map from comprehensive plan Title: Proposed Land Use Framework Map, Sheet 2 Author: Metro (Or.) Year: 1976 Large scale land use map from comprehensive plan Close

• 150. [Article] Land Use Framework Map

  A depiction of areas designated urban vs. non-urban in the Portland metropolitan region. Columbia Region Association of Governments land use framework element of the CRAG regional plan.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land Use Framework Map Author: Metro (Or.) Year: 1976 A depiction of areas designated urban vs. non-urban in the Portland metropolitan region. Columbia Region Association of Governments land use framework element of the CRAG regional plan. Title: Land Use Framework Map Author: Metro (Or.) Year: 1976 A depiction of areas designated urban vs. non-urban in the Portland metropolitan region. Columbia Region Association of Governments land use framework element of the CRAG regional plan. Close

• 151. [Article] Planning the Oregon Way : A Twenty-Year Evaluation

  Oregon's pioneering land use system is nationally recognized and serves as a valuable model and benchmark for other states. This volume examines the Oregon system, describes its strengths and weaknesses, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Planning the Oregon Way : A Twenty-Year Evaluation Author: Abbott, Carl, Howe, Deborah A., Adler, Sy Year: 1994 Oregon's pioneering land use system is nationally recognized and serves as a valuable model and benchmark for other states. This volume examines the Oregon system, describes its strengths and weaknesses, and gives recommendations for the future. Title: Planning the Oregon Way : A Twenty-Year Evaluation Author: Abbott, Carl, Howe, Deborah A., Adler, Sy Year: 1994 Oregon's pioneering land use system is nationally recognized and serves as a valuable model and benchmark for other states. This volume examines the Oregon system, describes its strengths and weaknesses, and gives recommendations for the future. Close

• 152. [Article] Mitigating the impacts of Measure 37 : implementing a statewide transferable development rights program in Oregon

  Nonregulatory land use planning tools can be effective for achieving statewide planning goals, but only in a regulatory context. Measure 37 makes that regulatory context problematic, with planners’ flexibility ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mitigating the impacts of Measure 37 : implementing a statewide transferable development rights program in Oregon Author: Grothaus, Mary L. Year: 2007 Nonregulatory land use planning tools can be effective for achieving statewide planning goals, but only in a regulatory context. Measure 37 makes that regulatory context problematic, with planners’ flexibility in making regulatory changes stymied. To conserve wildlife habitat after Measure 37, Oregon’s planners need to turn to these non-regulatory tools. One such tool is transferable development rights (TDRs). TDRs equitably preserve the ecosystem services of rural lands and promote efficient land use patterns. A rural property owner “transfers” her development rights to an urban developer by placing a conservation easement on her property and accepting payment from the developer, who profits from development bonuses. This payment could be declared compensation under Measure 37 and could mitigate the Measure’s potential development impacts. Title: Mitigating the impacts of Measure 37 : implementing a statewide transferable development rights program in Oregon Author: Grothaus, Mary L. Year: 2007 Nonregulatory land use planning tools can be effective for achieving statewide planning goals, but only in a regulatory context. Measure 37 makes that regulatory context problematic, with planners’ flexibility in making regulatory changes stymied. To conserve wildlife habitat after Measure 37, Oregon’s planners need to turn to these non-regulatory tools. One such tool is transferable development rights (TDRs). TDRs equitably preserve the ecosystem services of rural lands and promote efficient land use patterns. A rural property owner “transfers” her development rights to an urban developer by placing a conservation easement on her property and accepting payment from the developer, who profits from development bonuses. This payment could be declared compensation under Measure 37 and could mitigate the Measure’s potential development impacts. Close

• 153. [Article] Land Use Mix and Pedestrian Travel Behavior: Advancements in Conceptualization and Measurement

  Smart growth policies have often emphasized the importance of land use mix as an intervention beholding of lasting urban planning and public health benefits. Past transportation-land use research has identified ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Land Use Mix and Pedestrian Travel Behavior: Advancements in Conceptualization and Measurement Author: Gehrke, Steven Robert Year: 2017 Smart growth policies have often emphasized the importance of land use mix as an intervention beholding of lasting urban planning and public health benefits. Past transportation-land use research has identified potential efficiency gains achieved by mixed-use neighborhoods and the subsequent shortening of trip lengths; whereas, public health research has accredited increased land use mixing as an effective policy for facilitating greater physical activity. However, despite the celebrated transportation, land use, and health benefits of improved land use mixing and the extent of topical attention, no consensus has been reached regarding the conceptualization and measurement of this key smart growth principle or the magnitude of its link to walking. This dissertation, comprised of three empirical studies, explores this topic in detail. In the first study, activity-based transportation and landscape ecology theory contributed to the introduction of a multifaceted land use mix construct reflected by a set of composition and configuration indicators. This activity-related land use mix construct, and not the commonly used entropy index, was a significant built environmental determinant of walk mode choice and home-based walk trip frequency. In the second study, structural equation modeling was used to establish a connection between residing in a smart growth neighborhood and home-based pedestrian travel. This study discovered a multidimensional depiction of the traveler’s residential environment that was reflective of local land use mix, employment concentration, and pedestrian-oriented design. The second-order factor, which described a smart growth neighborhood, had a strong and positive effect on the household-level decision to walk for transportation-related and discretionary travel when assessed in a multidirectional conceptual framework. In the final study, the influence of geographic scale selection on the connection between the built environment and active and auto-related travel was explored. Informed by this sensitivity analysis, which underlined the existence of scaling and zoning effects, mode choice for both work and nonwork travel as a function of individual, household, transportation, and built environment features at the home location and destination was modeled. These discrete choice analysis results found that measures of land use mix and density at each trip end had the strongest effect on the decision to walk rather drive or ride in a vehicle for nonwork trips. In all, the findings from this dissertation provide policymakers and practitioners greater specificity in the measurement of land use mix and its connection to pedestrian travel behavior. Title: Land Use Mix and Pedestrian Travel Behavior: Advancements in Conceptualization and Measurement Author: Gehrke, Steven Robert Year: 2017 Smart growth policies have often emphasized the importance of land use mix as an intervention beholding of lasting urban planning and public health benefits. Past transportation-land use research has identified potential efficiency gains achieved by mixed-use neighborhoods and the subsequent shortening of trip lengths; whereas, public health research has accredited increased land use mixing as an effective policy for facilitating greater physical activity. However, despite the celebrated transportation, land use, and health benefits of improved land use mixing and the extent of topical attention, no consensus has been reached regarding the conceptualization and measurement of this key smart growth principle or the magnitude of its link to walking. This dissertation, comprised of three empirical studies, explores this topic in detail. In the first study, activity-based transportation and landscape ecology theory contributed to the introduction of a multifaceted land use mix construct reflected by a set of composition and configuration indicators. This activity-related land use mix construct, and not the commonly used entropy index, was a significant built environmental determinant of walk mode choice and home-based walk trip frequency. In the second study, structural equation modeling was used to establish a connection between residing in a smart growth neighborhood and home-based pedestrian travel. This study discovered a multidimensional depiction of the traveler’s residential environment that was reflective of local land use mix, employment concentration, and pedestrian-oriented design. The second-order factor, which described a smart growth neighborhood, had a strong and positive effect on the household-level decision to walk for transportation-related and discretionary travel when assessed in a multidirectional conceptual framework. In the final study, the influence of geographic scale selection on the connection between the built environment and active and auto-related travel was explored. Informed by this sensitivity analysis, which underlined the existence of scaling and zoning effects, mode choice for both work and nonwork travel as a function of individual, household, transportation, and built environment features at the home location and destination was modeled. These discrete choice analysis results found that measures of land use mix and density at each trip end had the strongest effect on the decision to walk rather drive or ride in a vehicle for nonwork trips. In all, the findings from this dissertation provide policymakers and practitioners greater specificity in the measurement of land use mix and its connection to pedestrian travel behavior. Close

• 154. [Article] Alexander of Macedonia and His Transformation Into Despotism

  At the age 20, Alexander of Macedonia began his campaign. After inheriting Macedonia from his father, he would expand his empire, stretching from Ancient Greece to Asia Minor. Besides conquering the land, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alexander of Macedonia and His Transformation Into Despotism Author: Tran, Brandon Year: 2016 At the age 20, Alexander of Macedonia began his campaign. After inheriting Macedonia from his father, he would expand his empire, stretching from Ancient Greece to Asia Minor. Besides conquering the land, Alexander changed the land by connecting cultures, adopting foreign customs and expanding trade. Historians like Plutarch and Arrian of the Second Sophistic Age would call him Alexander the Great. But was he truly great? His military campaign was riddled with atrocities and unjustified murders, but history books still describe Alexander as a great man. This paper explores the viewpoints of antiquities greatest historians like Plutarch and Arrian, while also examining contemporary perspectives of Alexander’s life, questioning the validity of his greatness. Title: Alexander of Macedonia and His Transformation Into Despotism Author: Tran, Brandon Year: 2016 At the age 20, Alexander of Macedonia began his campaign. After inheriting Macedonia from his father, he would expand his empire, stretching from Ancient Greece to Asia Minor. Besides conquering the land, Alexander changed the land by connecting cultures, adopting foreign customs and expanding trade. Historians like Plutarch and Arrian of the Second Sophistic Age would call him Alexander the Great. But was he truly great? His military campaign was riddled with atrocities and unjustified murders, but history books still describe Alexander as a great man. This paper explores the viewpoints of antiquities greatest historians like Plutarch and Arrian, while also examining contemporary perspectives of Alexander’s life, questioning the validity of his greatness. Close

• 155. [Article] Mo'Ikeha's Voyage from Tahiti to Hawaii: A Look into Polynesian Culture

  The purpose of this paper was to explore the historiography and significance of Mo’ikeha’s voyage from Tahiti to Hawaii. Traced back to around the 13th century, Mo’ikeha sailed from Tahiti to Hawaii using ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mo'Ikeha's Voyage from Tahiti to Hawaii: A Look into Polynesian Culture Author: Tetsuka, Kalea Year: 2017 The purpose of this paper was to explore the historiography and significance of Mo’ikeha’s voyage from Tahiti to Hawaii. Traced back to around the 13th century, Mo’ikeha sailed from Tahiti to Hawaii using traditional navigational skills mastered by Polynesian voyagers. For years this was merely dismissed as a myth by European scholars, but in 1976 the Hokule’a recreated this trip using the same navigational techniques and traditional boat. Today, Mo’ikeha’s story will continue to live on, inspiring movies like Moana and proving the historical and cultural value of Hawaiian oral history. Title: Mo'Ikeha's Voyage from Tahiti to Hawaii: A Look into Polynesian Culture Author: Tetsuka, Kalea Year: 2017 The purpose of this paper was to explore the historiography and significance of Mo’ikeha’s voyage from Tahiti to Hawaii. Traced back to around the 13th century, Mo’ikeha sailed from Tahiti to Hawaii using traditional navigational skills mastered by Polynesian voyagers. For years this was merely dismissed as a myth by European scholars, but in 1976 the Hokule’a recreated this trip using the same navigational techniques and traditional boat. Today, Mo’ikeha’s story will continue to live on, inspiring movies like Moana and proving the historical and cultural value of Hawaiian oral history. Close

• 156. [Article] Clip from Interview with Chanty Chut

  An excerpt from a video interview with Chanty Chut, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clip from Interview with Chanty Chut Author: Chut, Darith Year: 2009 An excerpt from a video interview with Chanty Chut, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview by Darith Chut, 31 May 2009. Title: Clip from Interview with Chanty Chut Author: Chut, Darith Year: 2009 An excerpt from a video interview with Chanty Chut, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview by Darith Chut, 31 May 2009. Close

• 157. [Article] Clip from Interview with Chhunny Sok

  An excerpt from a video interview with Chhunny Sok, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clip from Interview with Chhunny Sok Author: Im, Kimberly, Im, Melissa Year: 2009 An excerpt from a video interview with Chhunny Sok, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview by Melissa and Kimberly Im, 31 May 2009. Title: Clip from Interview with Chhunny Sok Author: Im, Kimberly, Im, Melissa Year: 2009 An excerpt from a video interview with Chhunny Sok, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview by Melissa and Kimberly Im, 31 May 2009. Close

• 158. [Article] Clip from Interview with SivHeng Ung

  An excerpt from a video interview with SivHeng Ung, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clip from Interview with SivHeng Ung Author: Cheang, Sophorn Year: 2009 An excerpt from a video interview with SivHeng Ung, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview by Sophorn Cheang, 4 April 2009. Title: Clip from Interview with SivHeng Ung Author: Cheang, Sophorn Year: 2009 An excerpt from a video interview with SivHeng Ung, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview by Sophorn Cheang, 4 April 2009. Close

• 159. [Article] Clip from Interview with Kakrona Khem

  An excerpt from a video interview with Kakrona Khem, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clip from Interview with Kakrona Khem Author: Khem, Samantha Year: 2009 An excerpt from a video interview with Kakrona Khem, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview by Samantha Khem, May 2009. Title: Clip from Interview with Kakrona Khem Author: Khem, Samantha Year: 2009 An excerpt from a video interview with Kakrona Khem, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview by Samantha Khem, May 2009. Close

• 160. [Article] Clip from Interview with Melanie Lim

  An excerpt from a video interview with Melanie Lim, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Clip from Interview with Melanie Lim Author: Lim, Lauro Year: 2009 An excerpt from a video interview with Melanie Lim, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview by Lauro Lim, 29 May 2009. Title: Clip from Interview with Melanie Lim Author: Lim, Lauro Year: 2009 An excerpt from a video interview with Melanie Lim, part of the Cambodian American Community of Oregon's oral history project documenting the experiences of survivors of the Cambodian genocide of 1975-1979.Interview by Lauro Lim, 29 May 2009. Close

• 161. [Article] Gateway Gardens Site Analysis

  The Gateway Gardens Site Analysis takes a comprehensive look at a largely-vacant land area in Portland’s Gateway District. Currently owned by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), the 38-acre ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gateway Gardens Site Analysis Author: Gage, Chris, Renfro, Rory, Sarver, Jessica, Sturtz, Ben, Wolters, Nicole Year: 2006 The Gateway Gardens Site Analysis takes a comprehensive look at a largely-vacant land area in Portland’s Gateway District. Currently owned by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), the 38-acre site currently serves as right-of-way for surrounding freeways, namely Interstates 84 and 205. The project team developed a sequential process for completing this report. To gain an understanding of the project site, the initial step consisted of identifying key historical events and land uses that formed the site into what it is today. The team then conducted an in-depth existing conditions analysis, covering a wide range of elements including natural and man-made characteristics, current uses and management. This analysis also identifies the project site’s location within the context of other relevant planning efforts. Based on the existing conditions evaluation, the project team developed a series of potential land use elements. The text identifies specific assumptions regarding each element, including land ownership, access provisions, estimated cost and other key variables. The list of uses was developed under the assumption that several elements could potentially co-exist with one another, and that several land use combinations are possible. It should be noted that this report does not present specific recommendations for the project site; rather it is intended to acquaint readers with the site as it exists today, and to identify the feasibility of various land uses. The project’s next step should include a more-detailed evaluation of the potential land use elements along with coordination among relevant agencies and the public to move those uses forward. Title: Gateway Gardens Site Analysis Author: Gage, Chris, Renfro, Rory, Sarver, Jessica, Sturtz, Ben, Wolters, Nicole Year: 2006 The Gateway Gardens Site Analysis takes a comprehensive look at a largely-vacant land area in Portland’s Gateway District. Currently owned by the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), the 38-acre site currently serves as right-of-way for surrounding freeways, namely Interstates 84 and 205. The project team developed a sequential process for completing this report. To gain an understanding of the project site, the initial step consisted of identifying key historical events and land uses that formed the site into what it is today. The team then conducted an in-depth existing conditions analysis, covering a wide range of elements including natural and man-made characteristics, current uses and management. This analysis also identifies the project site’s location within the context of other relevant planning efforts. Based on the existing conditions evaluation, the project team developed a series of potential land use elements. The text identifies specific assumptions regarding each element, including land ownership, access provisions, estimated cost and other key variables. The list of uses was developed under the assumption that several elements could potentially co-exist with one another, and that several land use combinations are possible. It should be noted that this report does not present specific recommendations for the project site; rather it is intended to acquaint readers with the site as it exists today, and to identify the feasibility of various land uses. The project’s next step should include a more-detailed evaluation of the potential land use elements along with coordination among relevant agencies and the public to move those uses forward. Close

• 162. [Article] Quantitative, Qualitative, and Collaborative Methods: Approaching Indigenous Ecological Knowledge Heterogeneity

  I discuss the use of quantitative, qualitative, and collaborative methods to document and operationalize Indigenous ecological knowledge, using case studies from the Nepalese Himalaya and Great Basin. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Collaborative Methods: Approaching Indigenous Ecological Knowledge Heterogeneity Author: Spoon, Jeremy Year: 2014 I discuss the use of quantitative, qualitative, and collaborative methods to document and operationalize Indigenous ecological knowledge, using case studies from the Nepalese Himalaya and Great Basin. Both case studies applied results to natural and cultural resource management and interpretation for the public. These approaches attempt to reposition the interview subjects to serve as active contributors to the research and its outcomes. I argue that the study of any body of Indigenous knowledge requires a context-specific methodology and mutually agreed upon processes and outcomes. In the Nepalese Himalaya, I utilized linked quantitative and qualitative methods to understand how tourism influenced Sherpa place-based spiritual concepts, species, and landscape knowledge inside Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone. In this method, Sherpa collaborated in the development of the research questions, the design, and in the review of results. The research in the Great Basin employed collaborative qualitative methods to document Numic (Southern Paiute and Western Shoshone) ecological knowledge of federal lands within their ancestral territory and attempted to piece together fragmented and contested histories of place. In this method, Numic peoples collaborated on the development of research questions and design; however they also conducted most of the interviews. In both cases, I selected particular suites of methods depending on the context and created forums for the translation of this information to applied outcomes. The methods were also improved and innovated through praxis. Title: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Collaborative Methods: Approaching Indigenous Ecological Knowledge Heterogeneity Author: Spoon, Jeremy Year: 2014 I discuss the use of quantitative, qualitative, and collaborative methods to document and operationalize Indigenous ecological knowledge, using case studies from the Nepalese Himalaya and Great Basin. Both case studies applied results to natural and cultural resource management and interpretation for the public. These approaches attempt to reposition the interview subjects to serve as active contributors to the research and its outcomes. I argue that the study of any body of Indigenous knowledge requires a context-specific methodology and mutually agreed upon processes and outcomes. In the Nepalese Himalaya, I utilized linked quantitative and qualitative methods to understand how tourism influenced Sherpa place-based spiritual concepts, species, and landscape knowledge inside Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone. In this method, Sherpa collaborated in the development of the research questions, the design, and in the review of results. The research in the Great Basin employed collaborative qualitative methods to document Numic (Southern Paiute and Western Shoshone) ecological knowledge of federal lands within their ancestral territory and attempted to piece together fragmented and contested histories of place. In this method, Numic peoples collaborated on the development of research questions and design; however they also conducted most of the interviews. In both cases, I selected particular suites of methods depending on the context and created forums for the translation of this information to applied outcomes. The methods were also improved and innovated through praxis. Close

• 163. [Article] The Ethnohistory of Baker Cabin, a Clackamas County Pioneer Site

  Baker Cabin, a pioneer log structure, is located on privately owned property near the community of Carver, Oregon. According to traditional accounts the cabin has existed continuously on this site since ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Ethnohistory of Baker Cabin, a Clackamas County Pioneer Site Author: Woodward, V. Claire Year: 1975 Baker Cabin, a pioneer log structure, is located on privately owned property near the community of Carver, Oregon. According to traditional accounts the cabin has existed continuously on this site since its construction in 1856. Archaeological excavations of the cabin's foundation and the surrounding area uncovered date-able artifacts and a second foundation with an associated well. Analysis of the artifacts associated with the present cabin foundation indicate a post-1870 construction date those associated with the second foundation and its well indicate an 1850’s occupation. Four hypotheses that are explored in this paper can be derived from the interpretation of all available data: Baker Cabin was constructed in 1856 at a presently undiscovered site on the claim but was moved to its present location about 1870. Baker Cabin was constructed in 1856 on the precise spot that it now stands but reconstruction by the Old Timers' Association involved a complete rebuilding of the foundation. Baker Cabin was constructed in 1856 on the present foundation but extensive repairs were done on the foundation in the 1870's. The old foundation represents a smaller cabin occupied from the late 1840's until 1856. The old foundation with its associated well represents the original construction am habitation of the site. The present cabin is not the original 1856 cabin referred to in tradition but is rather a cabin constructed about 1870. Data used in this research include excavated materials, informant interviews, and historical documents. The excavated materials consist of glass and pottery sherds, buttons, cartridges, and toys. Informants interviewed are Baker descendants, and they provided recollections, documents, and pictures. Historical documents used included census and tax assessment records, newspapers, Donation Land Claim material, and family ledgers. Results of this research reveal that the authentic history of Baker Cabin will not be known unless further evidence becomes available. The first two hypotheses would seem to have no validity, however, the third and fourth hypotheses can be supported by the available data. Title: The Ethnohistory of Baker Cabin, a Clackamas County Pioneer Site Author: Woodward, V. Claire Year: 1975 Baker Cabin, a pioneer log structure, is located on privately owned property near the community of Carver, Oregon. According to traditional accounts the cabin has existed continuously on this site since its construction in 1856. Archaeological excavations of the cabin's foundation and the surrounding area uncovered date-able artifacts and a second foundation with an associated well. Analysis of the artifacts associated with the present cabin foundation indicate a post-1870 construction date those associated with the second foundation and its well indicate an 1850’s occupation. Four hypotheses that are explored in this paper can be derived from the interpretation of all available data: Baker Cabin was constructed in 1856 at a presently undiscovered site on the claim but was moved to its present location about 1870. Baker Cabin was constructed in 1856 on the precise spot that it now stands but reconstruction by the Old Timers' Association involved a complete rebuilding of the foundation. Baker Cabin was constructed in 1856 on the present foundation but extensive repairs were done on the foundation in the 1870's. The old foundation represents a smaller cabin occupied from the late 1840's until 1856. The old foundation with its associated well represents the original construction am habitation of the site. The present cabin is not the original 1856 cabin referred to in tradition but is rather a cabin constructed about 1870. Data used in this research include excavated materials, informant interviews, and historical documents. The excavated materials consist of glass and pottery sherds, buttons, cartridges, and toys. Informants interviewed are Baker descendants, and they provided recollections, documents, and pictures. Historical documents used included census and tax assessment records, newspapers, Donation Land Claim material, and family ledgers. Results of this research reveal that the authentic history of Baker Cabin will not be known unless further evidence becomes available. The first two hypotheses would seem to have no validity, however, the third and fourth hypotheses can be supported by the available data. Close

• 164. [Article] Patterns and Impacts of Urban Stream Burial and the Potential for Stream Daylighting in Portland, Oregon

  Over the last 150 years, many urban areas have seen streams disappear underground into sewer systems and pipes. Stream burial, the rerouting of open channels to pipes and culverts, has a strong positive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Patterns and Impacts of Urban Stream Burial and the Potential for Stream Daylighting in Portland, Oregon Author: Weil, Ella Year: 2017 Over the last 150 years, many urban areas have seen streams disappear underground into sewer systems and pipes. Stream burial, the rerouting of open channels to pipes and culverts, has a strong positive correlation with urban development. Patterns of development contributing to stream burial include the building of freeways, roads, sewer infrastructure, and residential housing. This study uses a combination of archival analysis, spatial analysis, and statistical methods to determine the patterns and impacts of stream burial in Portland, Oregon. Urban stream deserts have been identified in many metropolitan areas and can be defined as areas with dense urban development that have lost all hydrological connectivity. This study discusses the history of stream burial in Portland, delineates Portland's urban stream desert and identifies ecological impacts associated with stream burial. Spatial analysis shows the hotspots of stream deserts are concentrated in east Portland where both impervious areas and pipes are highly co-present. Water quality analysis is conducted by comparing five urban subwatersheds with varying degrees of burial and identifying the differences in water quality between upstream open channels and downstream buried reaches. While the ecological impacts of stream burial are not uniform, it can be argued that there is a relationship between stream burial and stream degradation. The results from the available data show significant differences between the upstream and downstream sites in three streams for several water quality parameters, and two streams that showed very little difference between upstream and downstream sites. The streams with the greatest variance in land use across the subwatershed had the most significant changes in water quality between the upstream and downstream sites. This study concludes by looking at stream daylighting as an option for both ecological restoration and social benefits. Recent efforts to design around existing nature and daylight streams in urban environments have contributed to improved water quality, increased biodiversity, community engagement, and reduced strain on aging sewer infrastructure. Title: Patterns and Impacts of Urban Stream Burial and the Potential for Stream Daylighting in Portland, Oregon Author: Weil, Ella Year: 2017 Over the last 150 years, many urban areas have seen streams disappear underground into sewer systems and pipes. Stream burial, the rerouting of open channels to pipes and culverts, has a strong positive correlation with urban development. Patterns of development contributing to stream burial include the building of freeways, roads, sewer infrastructure, and residential housing. This study uses a combination of archival analysis, spatial analysis, and statistical methods to determine the patterns and impacts of stream burial in Portland, Oregon. Urban stream deserts have been identified in many metropolitan areas and can be defined as areas with dense urban development that have lost all hydrological connectivity. This study discusses the history of stream burial in Portland, delineates Portland's urban stream desert and identifies ecological impacts associated with stream burial. Spatial analysis shows the hotspots of stream deserts are concentrated in east Portland where both impervious areas and pipes are highly co-present. Water quality analysis is conducted by comparing five urban subwatersheds with varying degrees of burial and identifying the differences in water quality between upstream open channels and downstream buried reaches. While the ecological impacts of stream burial are not uniform, it can be argued that there is a relationship between stream burial and stream degradation. The results from the available data show significant differences between the upstream and downstream sites in three streams for several water quality parameters, and two streams that showed very little difference between upstream and downstream sites. The streams with the greatest variance in land use across the subwatershed had the most significant changes in water quality between the upstream and downstream sites. This study concludes by looking at stream daylighting as an option for both ecological restoration and social benefits. Recent efforts to design around existing nature and daylight streams in urban environments have contributed to improved water quality, increased biodiversity, community engagement, and reduced strain on aging sewer infrastructure. Close

• 165. [Article] From the Ground Up: The Intersection of Environment and Industry in Portland, Oregon

  This thesis explores the relationship between industrial development and park creation during the first half of the twentieth century in Portland, Oregon. Beginning with an examination of early planning ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: From the Ground Up: The Intersection of Environment and Industry in Portland, Oregon Author: Miller, Madelyn Year: 2017 This thesis explores the relationship between industrial development and park creation during the first half of the twentieth century in Portland, Oregon. Beginning with an examination of early planning efforts of John Charles Olmsted alongside the economic boost brought by Lewis and Clark Exposition, this thesis traces the converging and diverging political and social efforts that formed Portland’s Forest Park and Guild’s Lake Industrial Sanctuary, using primary documents to identify similarities and differences in how those two spaces came into existence. The creation of Forest Park came out of a reaction to expanding economic and industrial development, initially sparked by the Lewis and Clark Exposition a century earlier. At first glance, the Exposition celebrated the region’s natural beauty, but in reality was a tool used to show Oregon’s promise as a vital player in opening global markets. Clearance of large tracts of land, including the trees whose stumps gave Portland its “Stumptown” moniker, was a sign of the region’s prosperity, and the destruction in Portland’s hills and neighboring marsh were similar signs of progress, the new landscapes acting as symbols of the city’s potential prosperity. This research is rooted in William Cronon’s analysis in “The Trouble With Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature”, that nature is a human-made concept and that the human and natural realms are in fact indistinguishable. Title: From the Ground Up: The Intersection of Environment and Industry in Portland, Oregon Author: Miller, Madelyn Year: 2017 This thesis explores the relationship between industrial development and park creation during the first half of the twentieth century in Portland, Oregon. Beginning with an examination of early planning efforts of John Charles Olmsted alongside the economic boost brought by Lewis and Clark Exposition, this thesis traces the converging and diverging political and social efforts that formed Portland’s Forest Park and Guild’s Lake Industrial Sanctuary, using primary documents to identify similarities and differences in how those two spaces came into existence. The creation of Forest Park came out of a reaction to expanding economic and industrial development, initially sparked by the Lewis and Clark Exposition a century earlier. At first glance, the Exposition celebrated the region’s natural beauty, but in reality was a tool used to show Oregon’s promise as a vital player in opening global markets. Clearance of large tracts of land, including the trees whose stumps gave Portland its “Stumptown” moniker, was a sign of the region’s prosperity, and the destruction in Portland’s hills and neighboring marsh were similar signs of progress, the new landscapes acting as symbols of the city’s potential prosperity. This research is rooted in William Cronon’s analysis in “The Trouble With Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature”, that nature is a human-made concept and that the human and natural realms are in fact indistinguishable. Close

• 166. [Article] Understanding the Drivers of Forest, Residential, and Agricultural Land Values in Yamhill County Using Hedonic Models

  Hedonic modeling is commonly used in land and property value estimations in an attempt to identify the impact that various attributes have on the market value of that property. The purpose of this study ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Understanding the Drivers of Forest, Residential, and Agricultural Land Values in Yamhill County Using Hedonic Models Author: Dietrich, Emily D. Year: 2013 Hedonic modeling is commonly used in land and property value estimations in an attempt to identify the impact that various attributes have on the market value of that property. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors contributing to land value of agricultural, forest, and residential properties in Yamhill County, as part of the Spatial Ecosystem Services Analysis, Modeling, and Evaluation (SESAME, http://www.pdx.edu/ecosystem-services/) project. This paper discusses the process and preliminary results of the development of hedonic models that will be utilized for predicting land value changes under future land conversion scenarios. Applying the models to future scenarios will provide insight into the effect that land conversion will have on market value of land in Yamhill County, in order to elucidate one component of the total land value in the area. Numerous studies have performed hedonic modeling in order to provide greater understanding of the non-market ecosystem service values that are contributing to land values, and it is necessary to have baseline information on the value of environmental attributes in order to identify potential policy and planning activities that can preserve these values. Current methods for assessing the value of non-market ecosystem services are mostly in development stages, with few widely-accepted approaches. Utilizing hedonic modeling and other revealed preference techniques may provide valuable insight into the contribution of nonmarket goods and services, in order to ensure they are adequately accounted for in planning and management decisions. Title: Understanding the Drivers of Forest, Residential, and Agricultural Land Values in Yamhill County Using Hedonic Models Author: Dietrich, Emily D. Year: 2013 Hedonic modeling is commonly used in land and property value estimations in an attempt to identify the impact that various attributes have on the market value of that property. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors contributing to land value of agricultural, forest, and residential properties in Yamhill County, as part of the Spatial Ecosystem Services Analysis, Modeling, and Evaluation (SESAME, http://www.pdx.edu/ecosystem-services/) project. This paper discusses the process and preliminary results of the development of hedonic models that will be utilized for predicting land value changes under future land conversion scenarios. Applying the models to future scenarios will provide insight into the effect that land conversion will have on market value of land in Yamhill County, in order to elucidate one component of the total land value in the area. Numerous studies have performed hedonic modeling in order to provide greater understanding of the non-market ecosystem service values that are contributing to land values, and it is necessary to have baseline information on the value of environmental attributes in order to identify potential policy and planning activities that can preserve these values. Current methods for assessing the value of non-market ecosystem services are mostly in development stages, with few widely-accepted approaches. Utilizing hedonic modeling and other revealed preference techniques may provide valuable insight into the contribution of nonmarket goods and services, in order to ensure they are adequately accounted for in planning and management decisions. Close

• 167. [Article] A Preliminary Investigation of the Land Use Limitations of the Major Landforms Along a Portion of the Lincoln County Coast, Oregon

  This study of a portion of Oregon's Lincoln County coast describes the physical limitations to land use of the various landforms in the study area. Seven major landform types comprise the study area: beaches, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Preliminary Investigation of the Land Use Limitations of the Major Landforms Along a Portion of the Lincoln County Coast, Oregon Author: Mathiot, Richard Kent Year: 1973 This study of a portion of Oregon's Lincoln County coast describes the physical limitations to land use of the various landforms in the study area. Seven major landform types comprise the study area: beaches, active dunes, stabilized dunes, marsh land and tidal flats, marine terraces, basaltic headlands, and uplands. Descriptions and evaluations of their physical characteristics, distribution, geologic and and engineering characteristics, and potentially hazardous processes are contained in the maps, figures, and text. Title: A Preliminary Investigation of the Land Use Limitations of the Major Landforms Along a Portion of the Lincoln County Coast, Oregon Author: Mathiot, Richard Kent Year: 1973 This study of a portion of Oregon's Lincoln County coast describes the physical limitations to land use of the various landforms in the study area. Seven major landform types comprise the study area: beaches, active dunes, stabilized dunes, marsh land and tidal flats, marine terraces, basaltic headlands, and uplands. Descriptions and evaluations of their physical characteristics, distribution, geologic and and engineering characteristics, and potentially hazardous processes are contained in the maps, figures, and text. Close

• 168. [Article] Utterly visionary and chimerical : A federal response to the depression : an examination of Civilian Conservation Corps construction on National Forest System lands in the Pacific Northwest

  The principal purpose of this study was to discover what tangible evidence remains of the Civilian Conservation Corps construction projects undertaken on the National Forest System lands in the Pacific ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utterly visionary and chimerical : A federal response to the depression : an examination of Civilian Conservation Corps construction on National Forest System lands in the Pacific Northwest Author: Throop, Elizabeth Gail Year: 1979 The principal purpose of this study was to discover what tangible evidence remains of the Civilian Conservation Corps construction projects undertaken on the National Forest System lands in the Pacific Northwest Region: to identify, locate, describe and evaluate these historic cultural resources and to ascribe some significance to them. It should be noted that all references to National Forests and to Ranger Districts are to current administrative jurisdictions, unless otherwise specified, for reasons of convenience. Title: Utterly visionary and chimerical : A federal response to the depression : an examination of Civilian Conservation Corps construction on National Forest System lands in the Pacific Northwest Author: Throop, Elizabeth Gail Year: 1979 The principal purpose of this study was to discover what tangible evidence remains of the Civilian Conservation Corps construction projects undertaken on the National Forest System lands in the Pacific Northwest Region: to identify, locate, describe and evaluate these historic cultural resources and to ascribe some significance to them. It should be noted that all references to National Forests and to Ranger Districts are to current administrative jurisdictions, unless otherwise specified, for reasons of convenience. Close

• 169. [Article] Language as a Tool: The Use of Arabic in Spain Under Islamic Rule

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Language as a Tool: The Use of Arabic in Spain Under Islamic Rule Author: Hauenstein, Madeline B Year: 2014 Title: Language as a Tool: The Use of Arabic in Spain Under Islamic Rule Author: Hauenstein, Madeline B Year: 2014 Close

• 170. [Article] "An address to faculty and students on the program and history of the Southern Conference Educational Fund"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "An address to faculty and students on the program and history of the Southern Conference Educational Fund" Author: Braden, Carl Year: 1968 Title: "An address to faculty and students on the program and history of the Southern Conference Educational Fund" Author: Braden, Carl Year: 1968 Close

• 171. [Article] "The concept of the "right of revolution" in the United States in historical perspective; from the Puritans to the present"

  Sponsored by PSU History Department & Phi Alpha Theta.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "The concept of the "right of revolution" in the United States in historical perspective; from the Puritans to the present" Author: Pressly, Thomas Year: 1976 Sponsored by PSU History Department & Phi Alpha Theta. Title: "The concept of the "right of revolution" in the United States in historical perspective; from the Puritans to the present" Author: Pressly, Thomas Year: 1976 Sponsored by PSU History Department & Phi Alpha Theta. Close

• 172. [Article] Alien land laws : the curtailing of Japanese agricultural pursuits in Oregon

  This thesis describes the evolution and demise of Oregon's alien land laws of 1923 and 1945 and their impact on the Nikkei community and the state's culture. After a brief discussion of Japanese immigration ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alien land laws : the curtailing of Japanese agricultural pursuits in Oregon Author: Buck, Amy K. Year: 1999 This thesis describes the evolution and demise of Oregon's alien land laws of 1923 and 1945 and their impact on the Nikkei community and the state's culture. After a brief discussion of Japanese immigration to Oregon and their lifestyle, the work discusses the emergence of discrimination against Japanese residents. At the same time, it outlines how the Nikkei adopted creative responses to the law. This thesis then explores the manner by which anti-Japanese internment policies during World War II shattered the Issei community, revoking many of the gains made in the previous half-century. The effects of the second alien land law and wartime economic changes in agriculture also are considered. The final section of the thesis deals with successful efforts in reversing the alien land laws and suggests how the Japanese experience in Oregon illustrates the challenges facing a pluralist society. Title: Alien land laws : the curtailing of Japanese agricultural pursuits in Oregon Author: Buck, Amy K. Year: 1999 This thesis describes the evolution and demise of Oregon's alien land laws of 1923 and 1945 and their impact on the Nikkei community and the state's culture. After a brief discussion of Japanese immigration to Oregon and their lifestyle, the work discusses the emergence of discrimination against Japanese residents. At the same time, it outlines how the Nikkei adopted creative responses to the law. This thesis then explores the manner by which anti-Japanese internment policies during World War II shattered the Issei community, revoking many of the gains made in the previous half-century. The effects of the second alien land law and wartime economic changes in agriculture also are considered. The final section of the thesis deals with successful efforts in reversing the alien land laws and suggests how the Japanese experience in Oregon illustrates the challenges facing a pluralist society. Close

• 173. [Article] History of Al-Hijaz (1520-1632)

  This thesis is an attempt to put together the history of Al-Hijaz, and to present a description of the political situation during the period from the year 1520 through the year 1632. The period starts ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: History of Al-Hijaz (1520-1632) Author: Taufik, Farouk M. Year: 1973 This thesis is an attempt to put together the history of Al-Hijaz, and to present a description of the political situation during the period from the year 1520 through the year 1632. The period starts three years after the submission of Sharif Barakat II of Mecca to the new Islamic power, the Ottomans. And it concludes with the restoration of order in Mecca in 1632. In deciding to select this topic, I was inspired by the lack of a complete history of the Holy Lands during the period, the importance of the period, and the fact that most authors who dealt with the area, during or after the period, took sides either with the Ottomans or the Ashrafs of Mecca. In looking for sources, I was unfortunate because I could not find any Ottoman Farman of the period, but I think the other sources, primary and secondary, helped me a lot, and without hesitation I could recommend some of them to any interested student of the area or the period. Title: History of Al-Hijaz (1520-1632) Author: Taufik, Farouk M. Year: 1973 This thesis is an attempt to put together the history of Al-Hijaz, and to present a description of the political situation during the period from the year 1520 through the year 1632. The period starts three years after the submission of Sharif Barakat II of Mecca to the new Islamic power, the Ottomans. And it concludes with the restoration of order in Mecca in 1632. In deciding to select this topic, I was inspired by the lack of a complete history of the Holy Lands during the period, the importance of the period, and the fact that most authors who dealt with the area, during or after the period, took sides either with the Ottomans or the Ashrafs of Mecca. In looking for sources, I was unfortunate because I could not find any Ottoman Farman of the period, but I think the other sources, primary and secondary, helped me a lot, and without hesitation I could recommend some of them to any interested student of the area or the period. Close

• 174. [Article] Traveling the past into the present : the region's highways and byways

  Reviews the work of Oregon's first surveyors and cartographers, and compares early maps to the modern landscape.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traveling the past into the present : the region's highways and byways Author: Peterson del Mar, David, Kaplinger, Heather, Merrick, Meg Year: 2005 Reviews the work of Oregon's first surveyors and cartographers, and compares early maps to the modern landscape. Title: Traveling the past into the present : the region's highways and byways Author: Peterson del Mar, David, Kaplinger, Heather, Merrick, Meg Year: 2005 Reviews the work of Oregon's first surveyors and cartographers, and compares early maps to the modern landscape. Close

• 175. [Article] What is Driving Measure 37 Claims in Oregon?

  With over 7,500 claims covering 750,000 acres of farm and forestland, Measure 37 claims harbor the potential to change the landscape in Oregon. The majority of these claims are located in the Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: What is Driving Measure 37 Claims in Oregon? Author: Martin, Sheila A., Merrick, Meg, Rundell, Erik, Shriver, Katie Year: 2007 With over 7,500 claims covering 750,000 acres of farm and forestland, Measure 37 claims harbor the potential to change the landscape in Oregon. The majority of these claims are located in the Willamette Valley, where growth pressures and the value gradient between land for farms and land for residential development is great. This paper explores those relationships by describing and mapping the claims in terms of location, size, and current and proposed use, and then analyzes factors that appear to be driving the claims. At a county level, variables such as population growth, farm income, farm tenure and average age of farmer are considered as explanations of claim density. Using maps, we also examine the impact of distance from urban growth boundary and proximity to public lands. We conclude with comments about the unforeseen consequences of the “time zone” zoning on agriculture and public services, and consider the fairness of the Measure 37 regime. Title: What is Driving Measure 37 Claims in Oregon? Author: Martin, Sheila A., Merrick, Meg, Rundell, Erik, Shriver, Katie Year: 2007 With over 7,500 claims covering 750,000 acres of farm and forestland, Measure 37 claims harbor the potential to change the landscape in Oregon. The majority of these claims are located in the Willamette Valley, where growth pressures and the value gradient between land for farms and land for residential development is great. This paper explores those relationships by describing and mapping the claims in terms of location, size, and current and proposed use, and then analyzes factors that appear to be driving the claims. At a county level, variables such as population growth, farm income, farm tenure and average age of farmer are considered as explanations of claim density. Using maps, we also examine the impact of distance from urban growth boundary and proximity to public lands. We conclude with comments about the unforeseen consequences of the “time zone” zoning on agriculture and public services, and consider the fairness of the Measure 37 regime. Close

• 176. [Article] Highway Interchanges, Transportation and Land Use: An Exploration of Changes in Transportation Volumes and Land Use Factors within Interchange Catchments

  Highway interchanges provide the interface for and moderate access to the surface street system and help control congestion. Understanding the relationship between land use and transportation near highway ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Highway Interchanges, Transportation and Land Use: An Exploration of Changes in Transportation Volumes and Land Use Factors within Interchange Catchments Author: Hampton, Matthew Year: 2005 Highway interchanges provide the interface for and moderate access to the surface street system and help control congestion. Understanding the relationship between land use and transportation near highway interchanges can help to direct resources where they are most needed to maintain the integrity of the adjacent road system. This paper characterizes and ranks highway interchange areas in the Portland, OR Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) area with respect to changes in traffic volume and determines what factors are associated with these impacts. This study compares the transportation, population and land use patterns around 78 highways and freeway interchanges over two time periods. The main outcome measures in this analysis include interchange catchments results for changes in: average daily transportation volumes (ADT), population, developed land, and upzoning. The results show a high correlation between changes in ADT and population indicating interchange area management plans could be one effective solution to help control mobility, accessibility, safety, and preserve the functionality of highway interchanges. Title: Highway Interchanges, Transportation and Land Use: An Exploration of Changes in Transportation Volumes and Land Use Factors within Interchange Catchments Author: Hampton, Matthew Year: 2005 Highway interchanges provide the interface for and moderate access to the surface street system and help control congestion. Understanding the relationship between land use and transportation near highway interchanges can help to direct resources where they are most needed to maintain the integrity of the adjacent road system. This paper characterizes and ranks highway interchange areas in the Portland, OR Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) area with respect to changes in traffic volume and determines what factors are associated with these impacts. This study compares the transportation, population and land use patterns around 78 highways and freeway interchanges over two time periods. The main outcome measures in this analysis include interchange catchments results for changes in: average daily transportation volumes (ADT), population, developed land, and upzoning. The results show a high correlation between changes in ADT and population indicating interchange area management plans could be one effective solution to help control mobility, accessibility, safety, and preserve the functionality of highway interchanges. Close

• 177. [Article] Methods for Correcting Topographically Induced Radiometric Distortion on Landsat Thematic Mapper Images for Land Cover Classification

  Satellite imagery is commonly used to study land-use, land-cover change in mountainous areas. Classification of land-cover types is particularly difficult in this type of terrain because topography affects ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Methods for Correcting Topographically Induced Radiometric Distortion on Landsat Thematic Mapper Images for Land Cover Classification Author: Rosen, David Michael Year: 2005 Satellite imagery is commonly used to study land-use, land-cover change in mountainous areas. Classification of land-cover types is particularly difficult in this type of terrain because topography affects the spectral response of surface features. Several techniques have been developed to help compensate for this topographic effect and to increase classification accuracy. The purpose of this study is to compare topographic correction methods to determine which produces the most accurate results. Method 1 does not use any topographic correction, serving as a control. Method 2 is based on the Lambertian model, and uses topographical data as variables in an equation. Method 3 adds an aspect band and a vegetation index band to the image prior to classification. Both of these latter methods produced significantly more accurate results than the control (method 1) in the classification of agricultural lands, but did not improve accuracy in forestland classification. Title: Methods for Correcting Topographically Induced Radiometric Distortion on Landsat Thematic Mapper Images for Land Cover Classification Author: Rosen, David Michael Year: 2005 Satellite imagery is commonly used to study land-use, land-cover change in mountainous areas. Classification of land-cover types is particularly difficult in this type of terrain because topography affects the spectral response of surface features. Several techniques have been developed to help compensate for this topographic effect and to increase classification accuracy. The purpose of this study is to compare topographic correction methods to determine which produces the most accurate results. Method 1 does not use any topographic correction, serving as a control. Method 2 is based on the Lambertian model, and uses topographical data as variables in an equation. Method 3 adds an aspect band and a vegetation index band to the image prior to classification. Both of these latter methods produced significantly more accurate results than the control (method 1) in the classification of agricultural lands, but did not improve accuracy in forestland classification. Close

• 178. [Article] The Bureau of Land Management and cultural resource management in Oregon

  This thesis is an examination and description of the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management's program for the management of cultural resources in the State of Oregon. The author ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Bureau of Land Management and cultural resource management in Oregon Author: Cannon, William James Year: 1979 This thesis is an examination and description of the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management's program for the management of cultural resources in the State of Oregon. The author has worked for the Bureau from March, 1975 to the present as a District cultural resource specialist. The major emphasis of the thesis is a description and explanation of the Bureau's cultural resource management program and its major problems in relation to the taxpayer and archaeologists. Title: The Bureau of Land Management and cultural resource management in Oregon Author: Cannon, William James Year: 1979 This thesis is an examination and description of the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management's program for the management of cultural resources in the State of Oregon. The author has worked for the Bureau from March, 1975 to the present as a District cultural resource specialist. The major emphasis of the thesis is a description and explanation of the Bureau's cultural resource management program and its major problems in relation to the taxpayer and archaeologists. Close

• 179. [Article] Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones in the Musi Basin Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS

  The objective of this study is to explore the groundwater availability for agriculture in the Musi basin. Remote sensing data and geographic information system were used to locate potential zones for groundwater ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones in the Musi Basin Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS Author: Ganapuram, Sreedhar, Kumar, G.T. Vijaya, Krishna, I.V. Murali, Kahya, Ercan, Demirel, Mehmet Year: 2009 The objective of this study is to explore the groundwater availability for agriculture in the Musi basin. Remote sensing data and geographic information system were used to locate potential zones for groundwater in the Musi basin. Various maps (i.e., base, hydrogeomorphological, geological, structural, drainage, slope, land use/land cover and groundwater prospect zones) were prepared using the remote sensing data along with the existing maps. The groundwater availability of the basin is qualitatively classified into different classes (i.e., very good, good, moderate, poor and nil) based on its hydrogeomorphological conditions. The land use/land cover map was prepared for the Kharif season using a digital classification technique with the limited ground truth for mapping irrigated areas in the Musi basin. The alluvial plain in filled valley, flood plain and deeply buried pediplain were successfully delineated and shown as the prospective zones of groundwater. Title: Mapping of Groundwater Potential Zones in the Musi Basin Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS Author: Ganapuram, Sreedhar, Kumar, G.T. Vijaya, Krishna, I.V. Murali, Kahya, Ercan, Demirel, Mehmet Year: 2009 The objective of this study is to explore the groundwater availability for agriculture in the Musi basin. Remote sensing data and geographic information system were used to locate potential zones for groundwater in the Musi basin. Various maps (i.e., base, hydrogeomorphological, geological, structural, drainage, slope, land use/land cover and groundwater prospect zones) were prepared using the remote sensing data along with the existing maps. The groundwater availability of the basin is qualitatively classified into different classes (i.e., very good, good, moderate, poor and nil) based on its hydrogeomorphological conditions. The land use/land cover map was prepared for the Kharif season using a digital classification technique with the limited ground truth for mapping irrigated areas in the Musi basin. The alluvial plain in filled valley, flood plain and deeply buried pediplain were successfully delineated and shown as the prospective zones of groundwater. Close

• 180. [Article] The First Crusade: The Forgotten Realities

  In the Middle Ages, Europe saw a great amassing of thousands of lords, knights, and ordinary people for an extraordinary expedition into the Holy Land. This event was called the First Crusade. The First ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The First Crusade: The Forgotten Realities Author: Chang, Jonathan Year: 2017 In the Middle Ages, Europe saw a great amassing of thousands of lords, knights, and ordinary people for an extraordinary expedition into the Holy Land. This event was called the First Crusade. The First Crusade was one of the more successful crusades, however, this fact is overshadowed by the negatives of the crusades. My paper explores the reasons for how the crusaders were able to be victorious in the First Crusade. Title: The First Crusade: The Forgotten Realities Author: Chang, Jonathan Year: 2017 In the Middle Ages, Europe saw a great amassing of thousands of lords, knights, and ordinary people for an extraordinary expedition into the Holy Land. This event was called the First Crusade. The First Crusade was one of the more successful crusades, however, this fact is overshadowed by the negatives of the crusades. My paper explores the reasons for how the crusaders were able to be victorious in the First Crusade. Close

• 181. [Article] Contextual Influences on Trip Generation

  There is national interest in building data that expands upon the existing Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) trip generation rates to include sites located in a multi-modal context. Current ITE ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Contextual Influences on Trip Generation Author: Clifton, Kelly J., Currans, Kristina Marie, Muhs, Christopher D. Year: 2012 There is national interest in building data that expands upon the existing Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) trip generation rates to include sites located in a multi-modal context. Current ITE rates represent travel behavior for development in single lots and uses, primarily measured in low-density suburban areas. Despite evidence that a more compact urban form, access to transit and a greater mix of uses generates fewer and shorter vehicle trips, local governments are often compelled to use current ITE trip generation rates to evaluate transportation impacts and calculate transportation system development charges (TSDCs). This is due to: a) the expense of collecting local data, b) lack of alternative sources of information, c) the strong industry bias toward using ITE published rates and d) the absence of a empirically tested methodology for adjusting those rates for development occurring in different land use and transportation contexts. Compounding these challenges, cities in Oregon are required to demonstrate that planning and zoning changes will not degrade the performance of state-owned transportation facilities compared to the levels of service documented in the Regional Transportation Plan under the Oregon Transportation Planning Rule, section -0060, and Oregon Highway Plan, Policy 1.F.6. These requirements can conflict with regional policies in Metro's 2040 Growth Concept that call for development of mixed-use centers and corridors to support jobs and freight reliability, a compact urban form and leverage transportation investments such as high capacity transit. Thus, there are gaps in the understanding about how best to evaluate, mitigate and plan for growth under these conditions. This research proposes to develop multi-modal trip generation rates that better reflect the relationship between land use, transportation and travel demand for specific land use types located in various urban settings. The project aims to collect local data (using multi-modal counts and establishment surveys) on a few specific land uses (deemed most problematic to estimate demand and occurring across the spectrum of urban conditions) to develop trip generation rates that are sensitive to demographic, land use and transportation contexts. These new trip rates will be compared to the ITE rates for the same land use category and a methodology for adjusting the ITE rates will be developed. This adjustment methodology will be validated, using additional data collected in this research. The research will be documented and made available to local partners and disseminated widely to reach out to other communities across the country. The research conducted for this project would account for how the built environment (e.g., both land use and transportation) influences travel behavior (number of trips, trip length, mode choice), and determine trip rates that reflect the entire activity spectrum of different development/place typologies. This is extremely important in determining the impact of different development types on the transportation system to: 1) avoid over-planning the system for the surrounding land uses; (2) suggest strategies and investment priorities to encourage more compact, mixed-use areas with more transportation choices and 3) avoid creating regulatory and/or financial barriers to compact form envisioned by local, regional and statewide plans (i.e. uniform TSDCs can result in lower impact development paying the same rates, and thus subsidizing development with higher impact costs to the transportation system). The documentation of the findings and methodology will be applicable to current and future growth and be transferable to other communities, locally and nationally, beyond the Portland region. Title: Contextual Influences on Trip Generation Author: Clifton, Kelly J., Currans, Kristina Marie, Muhs, Christopher D. Year: 2012 There is national interest in building data that expands upon the existing Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) trip generation rates to include sites located in a multi-modal context. Current ITE rates represent travel behavior for development in single lots and uses, primarily measured in low-density suburban areas. Despite evidence that a more compact urban form, access to transit and a greater mix of uses generates fewer and shorter vehicle trips, local governments are often compelled to use current ITE trip generation rates to evaluate transportation impacts and calculate transportation system development charges (TSDCs). This is due to: a) the expense of collecting local data, b) lack of alternative sources of information, c) the strong industry bias toward using ITE published rates and d) the absence of a empirically tested methodology for adjusting those rates for development occurring in different land use and transportation contexts. Compounding these challenges, cities in Oregon are required to demonstrate that planning and zoning changes will not degrade the performance of state-owned transportation facilities compared to the levels of service documented in the Regional Transportation Plan under the Oregon Transportation Planning Rule, section -0060, and Oregon Highway Plan, Policy 1.F.6. These requirements can conflict with regional policies in Metro's 2040 Growth Concept that call for development of mixed-use centers and corridors to support jobs and freight reliability, a compact urban form and leverage transportation investments such as high capacity transit. Thus, there are gaps in the understanding about how best to evaluate, mitigate and plan for growth under these conditions. This research proposes to develop multi-modal trip generation rates that better reflect the relationship between land use, transportation and travel demand for specific land use types located in various urban settings. The project aims to collect local data (using multi-modal counts and establishment surveys) on a few specific land uses (deemed most problematic to estimate demand and occurring across the spectrum of urban conditions) to develop trip generation rates that are sensitive to demographic, land use and transportation contexts. These new trip rates will be compared to the ITE rates for the same land use category and a methodology for adjusting the ITE rates will be developed. This adjustment methodology will be validated, using additional data collected in this research. The research will be documented and made available to local partners and disseminated widely to reach out to other communities across the country. The research conducted for this project would account for how the built environment (e.g., both land use and transportation) influences travel behavior (number of trips, trip length, mode choice), and determine trip rates that reflect the entire activity spectrum of different development/place typologies. This is extremely important in determining the impact of different development types on the transportation system to: 1) avoid over-planning the system for the surrounding land uses; (2) suggest strategies and investment priorities to encourage more compact, mixed-use areas with more transportation choices and 3) avoid creating regulatory and/or financial barriers to compact form envisioned by local, regional and statewide plans (i.e. uniform TSDCs can result in lower impact development paying the same rates, and thus subsidizing development with higher impact costs to the transportation system). The documentation of the findings and methodology will be applicable to current and future growth and be transferable to other communities, locally and nationally, beyond the Portland region. Close

• 182. [Article] Album 15, Photo #29

  Will Rutherford, brother of Otto, aged 14 years

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #29 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1922 Will Rutherford, brother of Otto, aged 14 years Title: Album 15, Photo #29 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1922 Will Rutherford, brother of Otto, aged 14 years Close

• 183. [Article] Album 15, Photo #19

  From back of photo: "Billy Rutherford, Columbia, SC, age 12, grade 7, To Uncle Will"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #19 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1953 From back of photo: "Billy Rutherford, Columbia, SC, age 12, grade 7, To Uncle Will" Title: Album 15, Photo #19 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1953 From back of photo: "Billy Rutherford, Columbia, SC, age 12, grade 7, To Uncle Will" Close

• 184. [Article] Album 15, Photo #06

  Rutherford home in Columbia, SC

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #06 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1897 Rutherford home in Columbia, SC Title: Album 15, Photo #06 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1897 Rutherford home in Columbia, SC Close

• 185. [Article] Album 15, Photo #03

  Lottie White Rutherford, mother to Otto Rutherford

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #03 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1898 Lottie White Rutherford, mother to Otto Rutherford Title: Album 15, Photo #03 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1898 Lottie White Rutherford, mother to Otto Rutherford Close

• 186. [Article] Album 15, Photo #22

  "George Hardin: Portland's First Black Policeman"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #22 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1894 "George Hardin: Portland's First Black Policeman" Title: Album 15, Photo #22 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1894 "George Hardin: Portland's First Black Policeman" Close

• 187. [Article] Album 15, Photo #18

  Portrait

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #18 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1926 Portrait Title: Album 15, Photo #18 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1926 Portrait Close

• 188. [Article] Album 15, Photo #14

  W.H. Rutherford, Sr.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #14 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1898 W.H. Rutherford, Sr. Title: Album 15, Photo #14 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1898 W.H. Rutherford, Sr. Close

• 189. [Article] Album 15, Photo #08

  Otto Rutherford, 1931, age 21

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #08 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1931 Otto Rutherford, 1931, age 21 Title: Album 15, Photo #08 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1931 Otto Rutherford, 1931, age 21 Close

• 190. [Article] Album 15, Photo #01

  W.H. Rutherford at work in barbershop in Columbia, SC, 1899

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #01 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1899 W.H. Rutherford at work in barbershop in Columbia, SC, 1899 Title: Album 15, Photo #01 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1899 W.H. Rutherford at work in barbershop in Columbia, SC, 1899 Close

• 191. [Article] Album 2, Photo #33

  Children's portraits

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 2, Photo #33 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1914 Children's portraits Title: Album 2, Photo #33 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1914 Children's portraits Close

• 192. [Article] Album 15, Photo #30

  From back of photo: “Earl W. Burdine, shop in Oklahoma where he worked, 1910”

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #30 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1910 From back of photo: “Earl W. Burdine, shop in Oklahoma where he worked, 1910” Title: Album 15, Photo #30 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1910 From back of photo: “Earl W. Burdine, shop in Oklahoma where he worked, 1910” Close

• 193. [Article] Album 15, Photo #28

  Otto Rutherford portrait, c. 1930s

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #28 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1936 Otto Rutherford portrait, c. 1930s Title: Album 15, Photo #28 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1936 Otto Rutherford portrait, c. 1930s Close

• 194. [Article] Album 15, Photo #24

  Rutherford Brothers Gents Furnishings, 393 NW Flanders St. From back of photo: May 1, 1910, Portland Ore, Shop No 1".

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #24 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1910 Rutherford Brothers Gents Furnishings, 393 NW Flanders St. From back of photo: May 1, 1910, Portland Ore, Shop No 1". Title: Album 15, Photo #24 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1910 Rutherford Brothers Gents Furnishings, 393 NW Flanders St. From back of photo: May 1, 1910, Portland Ore, Shop No 1". Close

• 195. [Article] Album 15, Photo #20

  W.H. and Allen Rutherford, brothers to Otto. From back of photo: "W.H., 5 yrs 8 months, Allen Douglas, 3 yrs 2 months"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #20 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1919 W.H. and Allen Rutherford, brothers to Otto. From back of photo: "W.H., 5 yrs 8 months, Allen Douglas, 3 yrs 2 months" Title: Album 15, Photo #20 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1919 W.H. and Allen Rutherford, brothers to Otto. From back of photo: "W.H., 5 yrs 8 months, Allen Douglas, 3 yrs 2 months" Close

• 196. [Article] Album 15, Photo #17

  Mamie Goodwin

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #17 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1930 Mamie Goodwin Title: Album 15, Photo #17 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1930 Mamie Goodwin Close

• 197. [Article] Album 15, Photo #10

  Duplicate of Page 9 with photography studio/location

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Album 15, Photo #10 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1891 Duplicate of Page 9 with photography studio/location Title: Album 15, Photo #10 Author: Rutherford Family Year: 1891 Duplicate of Page 9 with photography studio/location Close

• 198. [Article] "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #12"

  Verdell Rutherford, and Lorna Marple, showing scrapbook photos to Clarence Mitchell, chief NAACP lobbyist, 1954

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #12" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1954 Verdell Rutherford, and Lorna Marple, showing scrapbook photos to Clarence Mitchell, chief NAACP lobbyist, 1954 Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #12" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1954 Verdell Rutherford, and Lorna Marple, showing scrapbook photos to Clarence Mitchell, chief NAACP lobbyist, 1954 Close

• 199. [Article] "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #19"

  Banquet room photo

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #19" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1954 Banquet room photo Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #19" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1954 Banquet room photo Close

• 200. [Article] "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #16"

  From back of photo: "Otto Rutherford, Mrs. Wilson C. Walker, Mrs. L. A Johnson"

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #16" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1952 From back of photo: "Otto Rutherford, Mrs. Wilson C. Walker, Mrs. L. A Johnson" Title: "Portland NAACP scrapbook, pg. #16" Author: Portland NAACP Year: 1952 From back of photo: "Otto Rutherford, Mrs. Wilson C. Walker, Mrs. L. A Johnson" Close