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• 111. [Article] Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2011-12 to 2025-26, Based on October 2010 Enrollments

  In Fall 2011, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 46,206 students in grades K-12, an increase of 465 students from Fall 2010. This is the third consecutive year of enrollment growth, following 12 consecutive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2011-12 to 2025-26, Based on October 2010 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, West, David Year: 2011 In Fall 2011, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 46,206 students in grades K-12, an increase of 465 students from Fall 2010. This is the third consecutive year of enrollment growth, following 12 consecutive years of enrollment losses that occurred between 1996- 97 and 2008-09. For the three year period since 2008-09, PPS K-12 enrollment has grown by 1,182 students, or 2.6 percent. In seven of the past eight years, actual K-12 enrollment in the first year of the forecast has been within 300 students of the medium scenario characterized as the “most likely” Enrollment Forecast in reports similar to this one. However, in all eight of those years actual enrollment was higher than the one year medium scenario forecast. Fall 2011 K- 12 enrollment was 227 students (0.5 percent) higher than the medium scenario forecast but 27 students (0.1 percent) lower than the high scenario forecast prepared in Spring 2011. The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring and Summer 2011, based on historic enrollment data from 2010-11 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after 2011-12 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in 2011-12 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within sub-areas such as high school clusters. The 2011-12 enrollment figures in this preface were published by the District on November 18, 2011. Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2011-12 to 2025-26, Based on October 2010 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, West, David Year: 2011 In Fall 2011, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 46,206 students in grades K-12, an increase of 465 students from Fall 2010. This is the third consecutive year of enrollment growth, following 12 consecutive years of enrollment losses that occurred between 1996- 97 and 2008-09. For the three year period since 2008-09, PPS K-12 enrollment has grown by 1,182 students, or 2.6 percent. In seven of the past eight years, actual K-12 enrollment in the first year of the forecast has been within 300 students of the medium scenario characterized as the “most likely” Enrollment Forecast in reports similar to this one. However, in all eight of those years actual enrollment was higher than the one year medium scenario forecast. Fall 2011 K- 12 enrollment was 227 students (0.5 percent) higher than the medium scenario forecast but 27 students (0.1 percent) lower than the high scenario forecast prepared in Spring 2011. The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring and Summer 2011, based on historic enrollment data from 2010-11 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after 2011-12 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in 2011-12 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within sub-areas such as high school clusters. The 2011-12 enrollment figures in this preface were published by the District on November 18, 2011. Close

• 112. [Article] Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2008-09, Based on October 2007 Enrollments

  The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring 2008, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2007 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2008-09, Based on October 2007 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, Proehl, Risa, Lycan, Richard, Hough, George C., Jr. Year: 2009 The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring 2008, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2007 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after the Fall 2008 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in Fall 2008 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within sub-areas such as high school clusters. In Fall 2008, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 45,024 students in grades K-12, only 59 fewer students than in Fall 2007. This small loss (one tenth of one percent) extends the string of enrollment losses to 12 years, but is unlike the much larger losses of the previous 11 years. This year’s K-12 enrollment should be characterized as essentially stable compared with last year’s. Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2008-09, Based on October 2007 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, Proehl, Risa, Lycan, Richard, Hough, George C., Jr. Year: 2009 The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring 2008, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2007 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after the Fall 2008 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in Fall 2008 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within sub-areas such as high school clusters. In Fall 2008, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 45,024 students in grades K-12, only 59 fewer students than in Fall 2007. This small loss (one tenth of one percent) extends the string of enrollment losses to 12 years, but is unlike the much larger losses of the previous 11 years. This year’s K-12 enrollment should be characterized as essentially stable compared with last year’s. Close

• 113. [Article] Canby School District: Enrollment Forecast Update 2008-09 to 2012-13

  The Canby School District (CSD) enrolled 5,154 students in Fall 2007, an increase of 79 students (1.6 percent) from Fall 2006. Most of the increase is directly attributable to families living in new housing ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Canby School District: Enrollment Forecast Update 2008-09 to 2012-13 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian Year: 2008 The Canby School District (CSD) enrolled 5,154 students in Fall 2007, an increase of 79 students (1.6 percent) from Fall 2006. Most of the increase is directly attributable to families living in new housing developed within the District. A relatively large incoming kindergarten class also played a role in the growth. This report presents the results of an updated demographic study conducted by the Portland State University Population Research Center (PRC). The study includes analysis of population, housing and enrollment trends affecting the District in recent years and forecasts of district-wide and individual school enrollments for the 2008-09 to 2012-13 school years. We forecast relatively stable K-12 enrollment totals for the next five years. Based on historic trends in births, migration, and housing construction and our judgment of future trends, we conclude that the average enrollment changes of the next five years are most likely to fall between the large loss that occurred in 2006-07 and the growth that occurred in 2007-08. We are also forecasting relatively stable elementary enrollment, but middle school enrollments are likely to increase and high school enrollments decrease due to the sizes of current classes advancing through secondary schools. Title: Canby School District: Enrollment Forecast Update 2008-09 to 2012-13 Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian Year: 2008 The Canby School District (CSD) enrolled 5,154 students in Fall 2007, an increase of 79 students (1.6 percent) from Fall 2006. Most of the increase is directly attributable to families living in new housing developed within the District. A relatively large incoming kindergarten class also played a role in the growth. This report presents the results of an updated demographic study conducted by the Portland State University Population Research Center (PRC). The study includes analysis of population, housing and enrollment trends affecting the District in recent years and forecasts of district-wide and individual school enrollments for the 2008-09 to 2012-13 school years. We forecast relatively stable K-12 enrollment totals for the next five years. Based on historic trends in births, migration, and housing construction and our judgment of future trends, we conclude that the average enrollment changes of the next five years are most likely to fall between the large loss that occurred in 2006-07 and the growth that occurred in 2007-08. We are also forecasting relatively stable elementary enrollment, but middle school enrollments are likely to increase and high school enrollments decrease due to the sizes of current classes advancing through secondary schools. Close

• 114. [Article] Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2009-10 to 2020-21, Based on October 2008 Enrollments

  The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring and Summer 2009, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2008 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2009-10 to 2020-21, Based on October 2008 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, Gu, Danan, Lycan, Richard, Radin, Kenneth Year: 2009 The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring and Summer 2009, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2008 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after preliminary Fall 2009 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in Fall 2009 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within subareas such as high school clusters. All 2009-10 enrollment figures are preliminary figures as of October 1, tabulated by the District on November 5, 2009. In Fall 2009, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 45,747 students in grades K-12, an increase of 723 students from Fall 2008. This growth breaks the string of 12 consecutive years of enrollment losses and represents the District’s biggest growth since 1992. In each of the previous five years, the medium scenarios characterized as the “most likely” Enrollment Forecasts in reports similar to this one were within 300 students of actual K-12 enrollment in the first year of the forecast. This year, K-12 enrollment is about 700 students above the medium scenario prepared in Spring 2009. Title: Portland Public Schools Enrollment Forecasts, 2009-10 to 2020-21, Based on October 2008 Enrollments Author: Portland State University. Population Research Center, Rynerson, Charles, Siu, Vivian, Gu, Danan, Lycan, Richard, Radin, Kenneth Year: 2009 The Enrollment Forecasts in this report were prepared in Spring and Summer 2009, based on historic enrollment data from Fall 2008 and previous years. However, the entire report was not ready for publication until after preliminary Fall 2009 enrollment data became available. This preface briefly addresses the district-wide trends observed in Fall 2009 and evaluates the forecasts in the short term. The next report will include more analysis of enrollment trends with respect to area demographics and trends within subareas such as high school clusters. All 2009-10 enrollment figures are preliminary figures as of October 1, tabulated by the District on November 5, 2009. In Fall 2009, Portland Public Schools (PPS) enrolled 45,747 students in grades K-12, an increase of 723 students from Fall 2008. This growth breaks the string of 12 consecutive years of enrollment losses and represents the District’s biggest growth since 1992. In each of the previous five years, the medium scenarios characterized as the “most likely” Enrollment Forecasts in reports similar to this one were within 300 students of actual K-12 enrollment in the first year of the forecast. This year, K-12 enrollment is about 700 students above the medium scenario prepared in Spring 2009. Close

• 115. [Article] Building a More Diverse Skilled Workforce in the Highway Trades: Are Oregon’s Current Efforts Working?

  Jobs in the highway construction trades have historically been primarily held by white men and largely remain so today; of those completing apprenticeships in the highway trades in Oregon between 2011 ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Building a More Diverse Skilled Workforce in the Highway Trades: Are Oregon’s Current Efforts Working? Author: Burd-Sharps, Sarah, Lewis, Kristen, Kelly, Maura Year: 2014 Jobs in the highway construction trades have historically been primarily held by white men and largely remain so today; of those completing apprenticeships in the highway trades in Oregon between 2011 and early 2014, 83.4 percent were white men. Building a more diverse skilled workforce and making careers in these trades more accessible and appealing to women and people of color has proven challenging. The state’s Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI), in collaboration with the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), in 2010 began a statewide effort—the Highway Construction Workforce Development Program—to find, train, and employ a diverse workforce for highway construction jobs throughout the state. The program provides mentoring and four services designed to help workers overcome commonly identified barriers to participation in the heavy highway trades: financial support for childcare; fuel assistance; support for tools, clothes and other required equipment; and overnight travel expenses for jobs. This paper provides the findings of an assessment of these efforts using data on trends in the Oregon heavy highway workforce from the Oregon Apprenticeship System, a phone survey of current and past highway apprentices conducted in early 2014, and a review of the experiences of others states in this area. Title: Building a More Diverse Skilled Workforce in the Highway Trades: Are Oregon’s Current Efforts Working? Author: Burd-Sharps, Sarah, Lewis, Kristen, Kelly, Maura Year: 2014 Jobs in the highway construction trades have historically been primarily held by white men and largely remain so today; of those completing apprenticeships in the highway trades in Oregon between 2011 and early 2014, 83.4 percent were white men. Building a more diverse skilled workforce and making careers in these trades more accessible and appealing to women and people of color has proven challenging. The state’s Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI), in collaboration with the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), in 2010 began a statewide effort—the Highway Construction Workforce Development Program—to find, train, and employ a diverse workforce for highway construction jobs throughout the state. The program provides mentoring and four services designed to help workers overcome commonly identified barriers to participation in the heavy highway trades: financial support for childcare; fuel assistance; support for tools, clothes and other required equipment; and overnight travel expenses for jobs. This paper provides the findings of an assessment of these efforts using data on trends in the Oregon heavy highway workforce from the Oregon Apprenticeship System, a phone survey of current and past highway apprentices conducted in early 2014, and a review of the experiences of others states in this area. Close

• 116. [Article] Faces of a Growing Community: A Profile of the Hispanic Population of Hillsboro, Oregon

  Shortly after World War II, Mexican immigrants began moving to the Hillsboro area to take jobs as farm workers. Since 1980, the Hispanic population ofHillsboro has quintupled, and now exceeds 10% ofthe ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Faces of a Growing Community: A Profile of the Hispanic Population of Hillsboro, Oregon Author: Bannon, Sean, Boroski, John, Carter, Thomas E., Jimenez-Roig, Cristina, Seltzer, Dan Year: 1997 Shortly after World War II, Mexican immigrants began moving to the Hillsboro area to take jobs as farm workers. Since 1980, the Hispanic population ofHillsboro has quintupled, and now exceeds 10% ofthe total. Historically, though, Hillsboro's Hispanic residents have had little involvement in planning or other government issues. In keeping with Statewide Planning Goal One (citizen participation), the Hillsboro city government is seeking to incorporate the values and attitudes ofits Hispanic residents in the city's vision for the future. Discovering the characteristics, needs, and aspirations ofthe Hispanic community is a first step in involving Hispanic people in planning and in government generally. With this discovery as the goal, students from the Master of Urban and Regional Planning program at Portland State University have studied Hillsboro's Hispanic community for the Hillsboro Planning Department. This study contacted over 50 Hispanic community members, as well as many people who work with Hispanics in or near Hillsboro. Not all contacts live in Hillsboro, but the study found that the Hillsboro's Hispanic community extends beyond city boundaries. Information about the community comes from literature about Hispanic culture and Hispanic-Americans, census and other secondary data, four student-led group discussions, a community meeting at Centro Cultural in Cornelius, numerous individual interviews, a questionnaire survey, and even a call-in Spanish-language radio show. The study revealed a close-knit, family-oriented community growing in Hillsboro. It possesses unique characteristics as well as characteristics shared with other recently-immigrated groups. Some ofthese characteristics lend strength and vitality to the Hispanic community, while others pose challenges to the community's development. Title: Faces of a Growing Community: A Profile of the Hispanic Population of Hillsboro, Oregon Author: Bannon, Sean, Boroski, John, Carter, Thomas E., Jimenez-Roig, Cristina, Seltzer, Dan Year: 1997 Shortly after World War II, Mexican immigrants began moving to the Hillsboro area to take jobs as farm workers. Since 1980, the Hispanic population ofHillsboro has quintupled, and now exceeds 10% ofthe total. Historically, though, Hillsboro's Hispanic residents have had little involvement in planning or other government issues. In keeping with Statewide Planning Goal One (citizen participation), the Hillsboro city government is seeking to incorporate the values and attitudes ofits Hispanic residents in the city's vision for the future. Discovering the characteristics, needs, and aspirations ofthe Hispanic community is a first step in involving Hispanic people in planning and in government generally. With this discovery as the goal, students from the Master of Urban and Regional Planning program at Portland State University have studied Hillsboro's Hispanic community for the Hillsboro Planning Department. This study contacted over 50 Hispanic community members, as well as many people who work with Hispanics in or near Hillsboro. Not all contacts live in Hillsboro, but the study found that the Hillsboro's Hispanic community extends beyond city boundaries. Information about the community comes from literature about Hispanic culture and Hispanic-Americans, census and other secondary data, four student-led group discussions, a community meeting at Centro Cultural in Cornelius, numerous individual interviews, a questionnaire survey, and even a call-in Spanish-language radio show. The study revealed a close-knit, family-oriented community growing in Hillsboro. It possesses unique characteristics as well as characteristics shared with other recently-immigrated groups. Some ofthese characteristics lend strength and vitality to the Hispanic community, while others pose challenges to the community's development. Close

• 117. [Article] Is Portland Really the Place Where Young People Go To Retire? Analyzing Labor Market Outcomes for Portland’s Young and College-Educated

  Few segments of the population are more critical to Portland’s future economic vitality than the young and college‐educated (YCE). In the last several decades the Portland metropolitan region has become ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Is Portland Really the Place Where Young People Go To Retire? Analyzing Labor Market Outcomes for Portland’s Young and College-Educated Author: Jurjevich, Jason R., Schrock, Greg Year: 2012 Few segments of the population are more critical to Portland’s future economic vitality than the young and college‐educated (YCE). In the last several decades the Portland metropolitan region has become a magnet for YCEs nationally, boasting one of the country’s highest net migration rates for college‐educated individuals under the age of 40, a trend that has continued in good economic times and bad. The infusion of human capital from other regions has undoubtedly been a benefit to Portland, especially given Oregon’s historically low levels of investment in higher education. However, in recent years there has been growing concern about the poor labor market prospects for Portland’s YCEs, in particular the problem of underemployment. The television show Portlandia has amusingly captured this concern, dubbing the city "the place where young people go to retire." To the extent that Portland’s YCEs face a chronically difficult job market, there is cause for concern that college graduates will stop moving to Portland, or that those who have moved here won’t stay. Title: Is Portland Really the Place Where Young People Go To Retire? Analyzing Labor Market Outcomes for Portland’s Young and College-Educated Author: Jurjevich, Jason R., Schrock, Greg Year: 2012 Few segments of the population are more critical to Portland’s future economic vitality than the young and college‐educated (YCE). In the last several decades the Portland metropolitan region has become a magnet for YCEs nationally, boasting one of the country’s highest net migration rates for college‐educated individuals under the age of 40, a trend that has continued in good economic times and bad. The infusion of human capital from other regions has undoubtedly been a benefit to Portland, especially given Oregon’s historically low levels of investment in higher education. However, in recent years there has been growing concern about the poor labor market prospects for Portland’s YCEs, in particular the problem of underemployment. The television show Portlandia has amusingly captured this concern, dubbing the city "the place where young people go to retire." To the extent that Portland’s YCEs face a chronically difficult job market, there is cause for concern that college graduates will stop moving to Portland, or that those who have moved here won’t stay. Close

• 118. [Article] Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership: Economic Impact Analysis December 2016 Update

  The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), founded in 1988, is a network of non-profit agencies staffed by industry professionals and consultants. Historically, MEP has sought to increase ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership: Economic Impact Analysis December 2016 Update Author: Nguyen, Hieu, Willingham, Emma, Hulseman, Peter Year: 2016 The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), founded in 1988, is a network of non-profit agencies staffed by industry professionals and consultants. Historically, MEP has sought to increase the competitiveness of small to mid-size enterprises (which as a group comprise 99% of all U.S. manufacturing firms) by providing expert guidance and access to resources. In recent years, the severe economic recession sparked increased interest in the strength of the manufacturing sector, due to its longtime status as one of the major drivers of the domestic economy. Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership (OMEP), the Oregon branch of MEP, works to provide data-driven analysis and consulting services within the state, improving productivity and competitiveness on both a local and international scale. The Northwest Economic Research Center has provided three previous analyses of OMEP’s contribution to regional manufacturing, using data collected from participating firms to estimate OMEP’s impact on output, employment, and tax revenues. This fourth report carries the analysis forward into 2015. The survey data consists of firm-level estimates of OMEP contributions to sales, employment, investment, and new product development (relative to expected production levels without OMEP). NERC used the industry-standard modelling software package IMPLAN, which produces estimates of the total impact of OMEP across multiple sectors, considering both direct and indirect effects. Title: Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership: Economic Impact Analysis December 2016 Update Author: Nguyen, Hieu, Willingham, Emma, Hulseman, Peter Year: 2016 The Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), founded in 1988, is a network of non-profit agencies staffed by industry professionals and consultants. Historically, MEP has sought to increase the competitiveness of small to mid-size enterprises (which as a group comprise 99% of all U.S. manufacturing firms) by providing expert guidance and access to resources. In recent years, the severe economic recession sparked increased interest in the strength of the manufacturing sector, due to its longtime status as one of the major drivers of the domestic economy. Oregon Manufacturing Extension Partnership (OMEP), the Oregon branch of MEP, works to provide data-driven analysis and consulting services within the state, improving productivity and competitiveness on both a local and international scale. The Northwest Economic Research Center has provided three previous analyses of OMEP’s contribution to regional manufacturing, using data collected from participating firms to estimate OMEP’s impact on output, employment, and tax revenues. This fourth report carries the analysis forward into 2015. The survey data consists of firm-level estimates of OMEP contributions to sales, employment, investment, and new product development (relative to expected production levels without OMEP). NERC used the industry-standard modelling software package IMPLAN, which produces estimates of the total impact of OMEP across multiple sectors, considering both direct and indirect effects. Close

• 119. [Article] Rivers of Steel: The Economic Development of Seattle During the Rail Age, 1870-1920

  The Pacific Northwest experienced massive urban development and growth in population from 1870 to 1920. The railroad was a key factor contributing to the influx of people and expansion of the built environment. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rivers of Steel: The Economic Development of Seattle During the Rail Age, 1870-1920 Author: Loehlein, Neil T. Year: 2014 The Pacific Northwest experienced massive urban development and growth in population from 1870 to 1920. The railroad was a key factor contributing to the influx of people and expansion of the built environment. The rival port towns around the Washington Territory’s Puget Sound all strove to become the dominant center of trade. As the pattern of railroads expanded, this new mode of transportation would have a significant effect on which ports would prosper and which would languish. This paper will show that the rail network that developed between 1873 and 1893 would come to favor Seattle at a critical point in history: just before the Klondike Gold Rush. But as the railroads shaped the development of the Sound, other factors shaped the pattern of the rails as well. Seattle was able to play an early role as a local supply hub because of its early start as a community, central location, and strong maritime trade. The city’s proximity to large and high quality coal deposits also played a role its development and the extension of local rail lines. Seattle’s role as trade hub and local rail network created the infrastructure necessary to convince the Great Northern transcontinental railroad to make the city its terminus, nullifying the competitive advantage of its main rival on the sound, Tacoma. The railroad network that developed during this period further entrenched Seattle’s role as the trading hub of Puget Sound, which played a crucial role in the city’s rise to become the dominant port on the sound. This paper contributes to the historical analysis of Seattle’s early days as a burgeoning port town by surveying the works of scholars and providing a new perspective on the driving forces in Seattle’s rise to economic supremacy. Title: Rivers of Steel: The Economic Development of Seattle During the Rail Age, 1870-1920 Author: Loehlein, Neil T. Year: 2014 The Pacific Northwest experienced massive urban development and growth in population from 1870 to 1920. The railroad was a key factor contributing to the influx of people and expansion of the built environment. The rival port towns around the Washington Territory’s Puget Sound all strove to become the dominant center of trade. As the pattern of railroads expanded, this new mode of transportation would have a significant effect on which ports would prosper and which would languish. This paper will show that the rail network that developed between 1873 and 1893 would come to favor Seattle at a critical point in history: just before the Klondike Gold Rush. But as the railroads shaped the development of the Sound, other factors shaped the pattern of the rails as well. Seattle was able to play an early role as a local supply hub because of its early start as a community, central location, and strong maritime trade. The city’s proximity to large and high quality coal deposits also played a role its development and the extension of local rail lines. Seattle’s role as trade hub and local rail network created the infrastructure necessary to convince the Great Northern transcontinental railroad to make the city its terminus, nullifying the competitive advantage of its main rival on the sound, Tacoma. The railroad network that developed during this period further entrenched Seattle’s role as the trading hub of Puget Sound, which played a crucial role in the city’s rise to become the dominant port on the sound. This paper contributes to the historical analysis of Seattle’s early days as a burgeoning port town by surveying the works of scholars and providing a new perspective on the driving forces in Seattle’s rise to economic supremacy. Close

• 120. [Article] Cooperative Learning Through Storytelling and The Plant World

  At a time when young people are disengaging in school, how do we begin to acknowledge that we, as a nation have failed them and how might we look at storytelling and the plant world to establish more inclusive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Cooperative Learning Through Storytelling and The Plant World Author: Hathaway, Emma Year: 2017 At a time when young people are disengaging in school, how do we begin to acknowledge that we, as a nation have failed them and how might we look at storytelling and the plant world to establish more inclusive practices in education? Data from a 2015 American Community Survey suggests that in the state of Hawaiʻi, 40% of public school 8th graders do not meet the Department of Education (DOE) standards in mathematics. This fall, the National Center for Educational Statistics noted that over half of the country’s public schools reported incidents of criminal activity. As a way to address gaps of learning in the American education system, let us engage in alternative ways by welcoming lessons from the Plant World. Matika Wilbur, of the Swinomish nation in Washington state, and award-winning photographer, teaches us that, “In the beginning, everything had a spirit.” Mayan people come from corn. Hawaiian people come from taro. We are all indigenous to some place and those places have stories of creation and how we came to be. Regardless of your beginning, these are compelling stories that teach us lessons of how we should live and share in the lands we occupy. Historical events and policies fostered by capitalism and colonialism and their consequences have marginalized youth. Metaphysical philosophies from eastern traditions conflict with western methodologies and pedagogy. Plants and their creation stories invite us to be: patient, responsible and respectful and to cultivate collaborative relationships. Title: Cooperative Learning Through Storytelling and The Plant World Author: Hathaway, Emma Year: 2017 At a time when young people are disengaging in school, how do we begin to acknowledge that we, as a nation have failed them and how might we look at storytelling and the plant world to establish more inclusive practices in education? Data from a 2015 American Community Survey suggests that in the state of Hawaiʻi, 40% of public school 8th graders do not meet the Department of Education (DOE) standards in mathematics. This fall, the National Center for Educational Statistics noted that over half of the country’s public schools reported incidents of criminal activity. As a way to address gaps of learning in the American education system, let us engage in alternative ways by welcoming lessons from the Plant World. Matika Wilbur, of the Swinomish nation in Washington state, and award-winning photographer, teaches us that, “In the beginning, everything had a spirit.” Mayan people come from corn. Hawaiian people come from taro. We are all indigenous to some place and those places have stories of creation and how we came to be. Regardless of your beginning, these are compelling stories that teach us lessons of how we should live and share in the lands we occupy. Historical events and policies fostered by capitalism and colonialism and their consequences have marginalized youth. Metaphysical philosophies from eastern traditions conflict with western methodologies and pedagogy. Plants and their creation stories invite us to be: patient, responsible and respectful and to cultivate collaborative relationships. Close