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• 1. [Image] Malheur, Lower Klamath Lake, and Hart Mountain Refuges, 1930-1935

  	Correspondence, articles drafts, and notes discussing the Malheur Lake and Lower Klamath Lake Refuges with a focus on the impact of agricultural projects on the reservations, including water shortages ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Malheur, Lower Klamath Lake, and Hart Mountain Refuges, 1930-1935 Author: Washington (State). Department of Agriculture; Simpson, Gene M.; Ickes, Harold L. (Harold LeClair), 1874-1952; Amory, Copley; Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1930 Correspondence, articles drafts, and notes discussing the Malheur Lake and Lower Klamath Lake Refuges with a focus on the impact of agricultural projects on the reservations, including water shortages and pollution. Additional topics include concerns about an antelope population limit at the Hart Mountain Game Refuge and the introduction of non-native species to replace dwindling native bird and fish populations. Title: Malheur, Lower Klamath Lake, and Hart Mountain Refuges, 1930-1935 Author: Washington (State). Department of Agriculture; Simpson, Gene M.; Ickes, Harold L. (Harold LeClair), 1874-1952; Amory, Copley; Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1930 Correspondence, articles drafts, and notes discussing the Malheur Lake and Lower Klamath Lake Refuges with a focus on the impact of agricultural projects on the reservations, including water shortages and pollution. Additional topics include concerns about an antelope population limit at the Hart Mountain Game Refuge and the introduction of non-native species to replace dwindling native bird and fish populations. Close

• 2. [Image] Renting houses for songs

  	Manuscript of "Renting houses for songs." The document explores the unintentional restructuring of habitats for birds. With additional people purchasing land that previously housed birds, the birds are ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Renting houses for songs Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1933 Manuscript of "Renting houses for songs." The document explores the unintentional restructuring of habitats for birds. With additional people purchasing land that previously housed birds, the birds are finding themselves in close contact with human habitats. Additionally, other species not native to the land have been introduced and are taking housing from the native bird populations. Title: Renting houses for songs Author: Finley, William L. (William Lovell), 1876-1953 Year: 1933 Manuscript of "Renting houses for songs." The document explores the unintentional restructuring of habitats for birds. With additional people purchasing land that previously housed birds, the birds are finding themselves in close contact with human habitats. Additionally, other species not native to the land have been introduced and are taking housing from the native bird populations. Close

• 3. [Image] Wild Ginger

  	(Asarabacca) This plant has acrid properties; the roots and leaves are aromatic, purgative, and emitic. The roots and leaves are used in making cephalic snuffs to cause sneezing, and are employed as a ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Wild Ginger (Asarabacca) This plant has acrid properties; the roots and leaves are aromatic, purgative, and emitic. The roots and leaves are used in making cephalic snuffs to cause sneezing, and are employed as a counter irritant in cases of headache, ophthalmia, toothache, etc. An allied species is Asarum canadense, native of the United States, which is a stimulant and diaphoretic, and is used under the name Canada snakeroot. Also it is called wild ginger, and is used as a spice because of its warm, aromatic quality, not being acrid like its European relative. Title: Wild Ginger (Asarabacca) This plant has acrid properties; the roots and leaves are aromatic, purgative, and emitic. The roots and leaves are used in making cephalic snuffs to cause sneezing, and are employed as a counter irritant in cases of headache, ophthalmia, toothache, etc. An allied species is Asarum canadense, native of the United States, which is a stimulant and diaphoretic, and is used under the name Canada snakeroot. Also it is called wild ginger, and is used as a spice because of its warm, aromatic quality, not being acrid like its European relative. Close

• 4. [Image] Camas

  	Camassia Leichtlinii. Large Camas. The Indian name quamash or camass persists in this 1-2' tall perennial arising from deep-seated bulb. Flowers vary anywhere from white to deep blue or violet. Camassia ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Camas Author: Hall, Bonnie Year: 1975 Camassia Leichtlinii. Large Camas. The Indian name quamash or camass persists in this 1-2' tall perennial arising from deep-seated bulb. Flowers vary anywhere from white to deep blue or violet. Camassia Leichlinii, the larger of our two common species, is distinguished by the withering petals twisting together above the seed capsule rather than falling separately. It ranges west of the Cascades from southern British Columbia to southern Oregon and into Sierran California. The starchy bulb of the camas was a prized staple for the native tribes in the Northwest. Care was required to avoid poisonous bulbs of another lily, the so-called death camas. Gathering camas root was the incentive for annual festivities, migrations to harvest ground where women dug and prepared bulbs (while the men engaged in sport and games). Handles of their digging sticks, fashioned from bone or antler, can be seen in museum collections. The sticks themselves, made of fire-hardened wood crooked and fattened at the end, have not survived so well. To prepare the root it was first cooked, either roasted elaborately in covered pits lined with hot stones, or boiled. It was then crushed in mortars and the gummy mass pressed into slabs for keeping. Hungry fur trapper Alexander Henry, in the Willamette Valley in 1814, tells in is diary of trading blue beads with the Kalapuyans for slabs of the nutritious food. As if to remind us of more meager times, each April and May the stately camas colors moist meadows and prairies, roadside ditches, or the vacant lot behind a supermarket, with handsome blue-violet blossoms. (provided by Oregon Arts Commission) Title: Camas Author: Hall, Bonnie Year: 1975 Camassia Leichtlinii. Large Camas. The Indian name quamash or camass persists in this 1-2' tall perennial arising from deep-seated bulb. Flowers vary anywhere from white to deep blue or violet. Camassia Leichlinii, the larger of our two common species, is distinguished by the withering petals twisting together above the seed capsule rather than falling separately. It ranges west of the Cascades from southern British Columbia to southern Oregon and into Sierran California. The starchy bulb of the camas was a prized staple for the native tribes in the Northwest. Care was required to avoid poisonous bulbs of another lily, the so-called death camas. Gathering camas root was the incentive for annual festivities, migrations to harvest ground where women dug and prepared bulbs (while the men engaged in sport and games). Handles of their digging sticks, fashioned from bone or antler, can be seen in museum collections. The sticks themselves, made of fire-hardened wood crooked and fattened at the end, have not survived so well. To prepare the root it was first cooked, either roasted elaborately in covered pits lined with hot stones, or boiled. It was then crushed in mortars and the gummy mass pressed into slabs for keeping. Hungry fur trapper Alexander Henry, in the Willamette Valley in 1814, tells in is diary of trading blue beads with the Kalapuyans for slabs of the nutritious food. As if to remind us of more meager times, each April and May the stately camas colors moist meadows and prairies, roadside ditches, or the vacant lot behind a supermarket, with handsome blue-violet blossoms. (provided by Oregon Arts Commission) Close

• 5. [Image] Flags

  	Iris tenax. Tough-threaded Iris, Purple Iris, or Flag. This showy little wild iris, occurring in many shades of purple, is common in neglected fields and roadsides in the Willamette Valley in early spring. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flags Author: Hall, Bonnie Year: 1975 Iris tenax. Tough-threaded Iris, Purple Iris, or Flag. This showy little wild iris, occurring in many shades of purple, is common in neglected fields and roadsides in the Willamette Valley in early spring. It was introduced into the formal world of botany by that intrepid Scot, David Douglas, the exploring naturalist whose name id commemorated in the Douglas-fir. Douglas made the harrowing voyage to northwest America in 1824 under protection of the Hudson's Bay Company, to collect specimens for the Horticultural Society of London. He found this iris "a common plant in North California, and along the coast of New Georgia, in dry soils or open parts of woods, flowering in April and May." From Material sent by Douglas, John Lindley, Professor of Botany in the University of London, wrote the original description in 1829: "A plant forming close tufts of rigid, erect, linear-ensiform, evergreen, tough leaves, which in wild specimens are rather shorter than the flowers. Stem erect, a foot or rather more high, angular, leafy, clothed at the base with remains of the leaves, as in Allium Victorialis. Ovarium on a long stalk, not enclosed within the floral leaves, somewhat 3-cornered. Flowers about the size of Iris virginica, sessile on the ovarium, dark purple, veiny; the outer petals obovate, acuminate, spreading, beardless; the inner obovate, rounded, erect, shorter than the others. Stigmas 2-lobed, short." Iris, the Greek word for rainbow, was applied to this genus for its variety of color. The Latin species name tenax (tenacious) derives from these observations made by Douglas on uses of the plant: "The native tribes about Aguilar (Umpqua) river...find this plant very serviceable for many purposes: from the veins of the leaves fine cord is made, which is converted into fishing nets; and from its buoyancy, great strength, and durability, it suits this purpose admirable. It is also made into snares for deer and bears; and a good idea may be formed of its strength, when a snare, not thicker than a 16-thread line, is sufficient to strangle Cervus Alces, the Great Stag of California, one of the most powerful animals of its tribe. The cordage is also manufactured into bags and other articles." Quotations are taken from Edward's Botanical Register of 1829. (provided by Oregon Arts Commission) Title: Flags Author: Hall, Bonnie Year: 1975 Iris tenax. Tough-threaded Iris, Purple Iris, or Flag. This showy little wild iris, occurring in many shades of purple, is common in neglected fields and roadsides in the Willamette Valley in early spring. It was introduced into the formal world of botany by that intrepid Scot, David Douglas, the exploring naturalist whose name id commemorated in the Douglas-fir. Douglas made the harrowing voyage to northwest America in 1824 under protection of the Hudson's Bay Company, to collect specimens for the Horticultural Society of London. He found this iris "a common plant in North California, and along the coast of New Georgia, in dry soils or open parts of woods, flowering in April and May." From Material sent by Douglas, John Lindley, Professor of Botany in the University of London, wrote the original description in 1829: "A plant forming close tufts of rigid, erect, linear-ensiform, evergreen, tough leaves, which in wild specimens are rather shorter than the flowers. Stem erect, a foot or rather more high, angular, leafy, clothed at the base with remains of the leaves, as in Allium Victorialis. Ovarium on a long stalk, not enclosed within the floral leaves, somewhat 3-cornered. Flowers about the size of Iris virginica, sessile on the ovarium, dark purple, veiny; the outer petals obovate, acuminate, spreading, beardless; the inner obovate, rounded, erect, shorter than the others. Stigmas 2-lobed, short." Iris, the Greek word for rainbow, was applied to this genus for its variety of color. The Latin species name tenax (tenacious) derives from these observations made by Douglas on uses of the plant: "The native tribes about Aguilar (Umpqua) river...find this plant very serviceable for many purposes: from the veins of the leaves fine cord is made, which is converted into fishing nets; and from its buoyancy, great strength, and durability, it suits this purpose admirable. It is also made into snares for deer and bears; and a good idea may be formed of its strength, when a snare, not thicker than a 16-thread line, is sufficient to strangle Cervus Alces, the Great Stag of California, one of the most powerful animals of its tribe. The cordage is also manufactured into bags and other articles." Quotations are taken from Edward's Botanical Register of 1829. (provided by Oregon Arts Commission) Close