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• 91. [Image] Distant view of Cape Horn on Columbia River.

  	Black and white image of a sightseeing group standing on the railroad tracks running along the Columbia River. The group consists of men and women dressed in clothing from the 1920s. The women wear broad-brimmed ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distant view of Cape Horn on Columbia River. Year: 1880 Black and white image of a sightseeing group standing on the railroad tracks running along the Columbia River. The group consists of men and women dressed in clothing from the 1920s. The women wear broad-brimmed hats, long-sleeved coats or javkets that come down to knee level, and long skirts that reach almost to the ground. The men wear a variety of hats, suit jackets, white shirts, and ties. Behind them the railroad tracks enter a tunnel. The tracks are at the base of a cliff on which brush and pine trees grow. On the left hand side of the image the river flows by. Cape Horn is visible in the distance. Title: Distant view of Cape Horn on Columbia River. Year: 1880 Black and white image of a sightseeing group standing on the railroad tracks running along the Columbia River. The group consists of men and women dressed in clothing from the 1920s. The women wear broad-brimmed hats, long-sleeved coats or javkets that come down to knee level, and long skirts that reach almost to the ground. The men wear a variety of hats, suit jackets, white shirts, and ties. Behind them the railroad tracks enter a tunnel. The tracks are at the base of a cliff on which brush and pine trees grow. On the left hand side of the image the river flows by. Cape Horn is visible in the distance. Close

• 92. [Image] Calcutta, delta of the Ganges

  	The Ganges is fed by the perpetual snows of the Himalaya Mountains and after a southern and eastern course of 1557 miles, flows into the northern section of the Bay of Bengal, through a multi-channeled ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Calcutta, delta of the Ganges Year: 1900 The Ganges is fed by the perpetual snows of the Himalaya Mountains and after a southern and eastern course of 1557 miles, flows into the northern section of the Bay of Bengal, through a multi-channeled delta 283 miles long. Its basin, lying between the Himalaya and Vindhya ranges, is one of the finest and most fertile portions of the world, as well as one of the densest populated areas of the globe. The Ganges has its main source in a snow-field embedded between three Himalayan mountains over 22,000 feet high. Like all rivers subject to floods, the Ganges holds in suspension a large ad-mixture of mud and sand, depositing in the sea annually millions of tons of solid matter. The delta, which in the northen part is fertile and well cultivated, in the south bordering the seas is a dismal network of swamp land, known as the Sundarbans, infested by crocodiles, tigers, and other wild animals. The Ganges occupies an important position in Hindu mythology of the classical and the Puranic periods and it is the subject of numerous traditions and legends. In the religion of all classes of Hindus it is held in particular veneration as the holiest of rivers, the cleanser of sins, and the entrance to Paradise, when death and sepulture occur upon its banks. Temples and shrines with ghats or flights of steps, giving easy access to its waters, stud its banks almost from its source; the most conspicuous example are the temples and ghats of holy Benares. The most famous cities of India have developed at critical points on the banks of the Ganges, as, e.g. the confluence of a tributary, and three have become sanctified spots; that of the Jumna at Allahabad is considered the most sacred and is the most frequented place of ablution, annually visited by thousands of pious pilgrims, who also convey the water to all parts of India for use in their religious rights. Title: Calcutta, delta of the Ganges Year: 1900 The Ganges is fed by the perpetual snows of the Himalaya Mountains and after a southern and eastern course of 1557 miles, flows into the northern section of the Bay of Bengal, through a multi-channeled delta 283 miles long. Its basin, lying between the Himalaya and Vindhya ranges, is one of the finest and most fertile portions of the world, as well as one of the densest populated areas of the globe. The Ganges has its main source in a snow-field embedded between three Himalayan mountains over 22,000 feet high. Like all rivers subject to floods, the Ganges holds in suspension a large ad-mixture of mud and sand, depositing in the sea annually millions of tons of solid matter. The delta, which in the northen part is fertile and well cultivated, in the south bordering the seas is a dismal network of swamp land, known as the Sundarbans, infested by crocodiles, tigers, and other wild animals. The Ganges occupies an important position in Hindu mythology of the classical and the Puranic periods and it is the subject of numerous traditions and legends. In the religion of all classes of Hindus it is held in particular veneration as the holiest of rivers, the cleanser of sins, and the entrance to Paradise, when death and sepulture occur upon its banks. Temples and shrines with ghats or flights of steps, giving easy access to its waters, stud its banks almost from its source; the most conspicuous example are the temples and ghats of holy Benares. The most famous cities of India have developed at critical points on the banks of the Ganges, as, e.g. the confluence of a tributary, and three have become sanctified spots; that of the Jumna at Allahabad is considered the most sacred and is the most frequented place of ablution, annually visited by thousands of pious pilgrims, who also convey the water to all parts of India for use in their religious rights. Close

• 93. [Image] Typical salmon stream

  	This slide represents a typical salmon stream in which a few salmon may be observed ascending the river. A very interesting controversy has arisen over what is known as the "parent stream" theory. In years ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Typical salmon stream Year: 1925 This slide represents a typical salmon stream in which a few salmon may be observed ascending the river. A very interesting controversy has arisen over what is known as the "parent stream" theory. In years past it has been debated pro and con in a lively fashion. There are those who have contended that adult salmon ascend the stream in which they were hatched and which their parents ascended. According to this idea, some instinct is supposed to have a directive influence upon the fish as they approach maturity, drawing them into the river which they descended a few years before. For support of this contention it is pointed out that marked fish released as fry in a certain river have been taken in the same stream when adult. There is no denial on the part of those who oppose the "parent stream" theory that salmon are often taken as adults in the same stream in which they were hatched. In fact, this is only to be expected. Our knowledge concerning the salmon during their existence in the ocean is necessarily very limited. It is believed, however, that salmon do not go very far distant from the mouths of rivers which they descended, or that they confine their migrations during the period of growth to near-shore waters up and down the coast. When the period of maturity nears after a few years in the ocean, the salmon being near the mouths of rivers come in contact with the fresh waters of the streams that flow into the ocean with considerable force. The salmon are attracted by this current and make their way into the mouths of the rivers and begin the ascent of the streams. It is only natural that some may find their way into the same rivers which they descended three or four years before. It is believed by the better authorities that the "parent stream" phenomenon is explained as a natural result of the habits of the fish while in the sea. Salmon are taken for commercial purposes in many ways. It is only to be expected that in the case of fish so valuable as the salmon many devices would be employed for their capture. One of the methods of taking the salmon is by the fish wheel, as is illustrated by slides. Title: Typical salmon stream Year: 1925 This slide represents a typical salmon stream in which a few salmon may be observed ascending the river. A very interesting controversy has arisen over what is known as the "parent stream" theory. In years past it has been debated pro and con in a lively fashion. There are those who have contended that adult salmon ascend the stream in which they were hatched and which their parents ascended. According to this idea, some instinct is supposed to have a directive influence upon the fish as they approach maturity, drawing them into the river which they descended a few years before. For support of this contention it is pointed out that marked fish released as fry in a certain river have been taken in the same stream when adult. There is no denial on the part of those who oppose the "parent stream" theory that salmon are often taken as adults in the same stream in which they were hatched. In fact, this is only to be expected. Our knowledge concerning the salmon during their existence in the ocean is necessarily very limited. It is believed, however, that salmon do not go very far distant from the mouths of rivers which they descended, or that they confine their migrations during the period of growth to near-shore waters up and down the coast. When the period of maturity nears after a few years in the ocean, the salmon being near the mouths of rivers come in contact with the fresh waters of the streams that flow into the ocean with considerable force. The salmon are attracted by this current and make their way into the mouths of the rivers and begin the ascent of the streams. It is only natural that some may find their way into the same rivers which they descended three or four years before. It is believed by the better authorities that the "parent stream" phenomenon is explained as a natural result of the habits of the fish while in the sea. Salmon are taken for commercial purposes in many ways. It is only to be expected that in the case of fish so valuable as the salmon many devices would be employed for their capture. One of the methods of taking the salmon is by the fish wheel, as is illustrated by slides. Close

• 94. [Image] The Tiber, Castle of San Angelo, St. Peter's Church

  	The Tiber is the principle river of cental Italy. It rises in Tuscany, at the south of the Monte Fumajolo in the Province of Arezzo, about 30 miles east of the source of the Arno, at an altitude of more ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Tiber, Castle of San Angelo, St. Peter's Church Year: 1900 The Tiber is the principle river of cental Italy. It rises in Tuscany, at the south of the Monte Fumajolo in the Province of Arezzo, about 30 miles east of the source of the Arno, at an altitude of more than 3,600 feet above the level of the sea, and flows towards the south in a winding course, across Perugia (Umbria). After receiving the waters of many small streams, at Orte, where it is joined by the Nera (the ancient Nar) it forms the boundary between Umbria and Rome, enciricling Mount Soracte and entering the Campagna Romana. About three miles above Rome it is swelled by the Anio (now Ariene or Teverone) then passes through the city of Rome, where it forms an island, the Insula Tiberina (now Isola di San Bartolommeo) and enters the Tyrrhenian Sea about 26 miles below. The total length of the Tiber is 245 miles; its breadth at Rome is about 250 feet. It is a swift-running stream, carrying down an enormous amount of alluvial matter, which, in solution, gives the water that yellowish color for which the flavus Tiberis was renowned. The sediment deposited at the mouth of the Tiber is pushing out the land at the rate of about 10 feet a year, so that the ruins of Ostra, the ancient harbor of Rome, are now more than 4 miles inland. The delta is formed of two mouths, the fuimicino, originally a channel dug by Trajan for his harbor (Port Traiani) now the larger and navigable branch, and the fuimara, now almost choked by sand banks; and these inclose the Isola Sacra, a desolate and unhealthful island once sacred to a Venus. The Tiber is navigable by small steamers as far as Rome and by smaller craft 60 miles higher up. It is subject to frequent and often disastrous inundations, of which the ancient writers have recorded no less than 23. Among the more famous floods are that mentioned by Horace, when the water at Rome rose 51 1/2 feet, and in 1900 when it reached a flood height of almost 54 feet. To remedy this evil the government, beginning in 1876, constructed massive embankments at Rome, at the expense of more than $25,000,000; but the carefully planned work has proved defective. The stream on the north of the Tiber island has become clogged with sand, and in the flood of 1900 fully a quarter of a mile of the south embankment was carried away by the water. Title: The Tiber, Castle of San Angelo, St. Peter's Church Year: 1900 The Tiber is the principle river of cental Italy. It rises in Tuscany, at the south of the Monte Fumajolo in the Province of Arezzo, about 30 miles east of the source of the Arno, at an altitude of more than 3,600 feet above the level of the sea, and flows towards the south in a winding course, across Perugia (Umbria). After receiving the waters of many small streams, at Orte, where it is joined by the Nera (the ancient Nar) it forms the boundary between Umbria and Rome, enciricling Mount Soracte and entering the Campagna Romana. About three miles above Rome it is swelled by the Anio (now Ariene or Teverone) then passes through the city of Rome, where it forms an island, the Insula Tiberina (now Isola di San Bartolommeo) and enters the Tyrrhenian Sea about 26 miles below. The total length of the Tiber is 245 miles; its breadth at Rome is about 250 feet. It is a swift-running stream, carrying down an enormous amount of alluvial matter, which, in solution, gives the water that yellowish color for which the flavus Tiberis was renowned. The sediment deposited at the mouth of the Tiber is pushing out the land at the rate of about 10 feet a year, so that the ruins of Ostra, the ancient harbor of Rome, are now more than 4 miles inland. The delta is formed of two mouths, the fuimicino, originally a channel dug by Trajan for his harbor (Port Traiani) now the larger and navigable branch, and the fuimara, now almost choked by sand banks; and these inclose the Isola Sacra, a desolate and unhealthful island once sacred to a Venus. The Tiber is navigable by small steamers as far as Rome and by smaller craft 60 miles higher up. It is subject to frequent and often disastrous inundations, of which the ancient writers have recorded no less than 23. Among the more famous floods are that mentioned by Horace, when the water at Rome rose 51 1/2 feet, and in 1900 when it reached a flood height of almost 54 feet. To remedy this evil the government, beginning in 1876, constructed massive embankments at Rome, at the expense of more than $25,000,000; but the carefully planned work has proved defective. The stream on the north of the Tiber island has become clogged with sand, and in the flood of 1900 fully a quarter of a mile of the south embankment was carried away by the water. Close

• 95. [Image] Perseus flees with Medusa head; Hydria; Vase E181

  	Pottery: red-figured hydria (water-jar). Perseus fleeing after cutting off Medusa's head. In the centre Medusa, a winged, headless figure in a short tied bordered chiton with sleeves, has fallen to the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Perseus flees with Medusa head; Hydria; Vase E181 Pottery: red-figured hydria (water-jar). Perseus fleeing after cutting off Medusa's head. In the centre Medusa, a winged, headless figure in a short tied bordered chiton with sleeves, has fallen to the left, but supports herself on her rigid arms, resting only on the finger-tips, the blood flowing in a broad stream from the wound. On the left, Perseus flees to left, both arms extended in front of him, and looking round at Medusa; he wears a chiton like that of Medusa, the winged hat (κυνή Αίδον) and talaria; at his side there hangs from his left shoulder the wallet (kibisis), in which the upper part of the Gorgoneion is visible, en face (with closed eyes, black hair around the forehead, and outside this a broad strip forming a sort of frame, shaded brownish); in his left hand is the harpe, sickle-shaped, the edge jagged, the handle ending in a spiral; his long hair is looped up over his ears. On the right of Medusa, Athene runs to the left, carrying a very long spear over her right shoulder, and with her left hand raising the edge of her skirt; she wears a long undertied sleeved chiton, which has no folds, but a pattern of Vs, dotted aegis fringed with snakes, and a tall crested helmet; her long hair floats back, the ends drawn in thinned black. Advanced stage of severe style. Purple blood. Brown inner markings, upper folds of Medusa's chiton, and pinion feathers of her wings; on the upper part of Perseus' chiton no folds are visible. Eye in transition type (disc close to inner angle, which is opened). The design is principally on the shoulder, and comes very little below the level of the side handles; below it, a strip of sets of three maeanders separated by red cross squares. Round the lip, egg pattern. --The British Museum; default; Red-figure; Attic (Mainland Greek pottery styles) Title: Perseus flees with Medusa head; Hydria; Vase E181 Pottery: red-figured hydria (water-jar). Perseus fleeing after cutting off Medusa's head. In the centre Medusa, a winged, headless figure in a short tied bordered chiton with sleeves, has fallen to the left, but supports herself on her rigid arms, resting only on the finger-tips, the blood flowing in a broad stream from the wound. On the left, Perseus flees to left, both arms extended in front of him, and looking round at Medusa; he wears a chiton like that of Medusa, the winged hat (κυνή Αίδον) and talaria; at his side there hangs from his left shoulder the wallet (kibisis), in which the upper part of the Gorgoneion is visible, en face (with closed eyes, black hair around the forehead, and outside this a broad strip forming a sort of frame, shaded brownish); in his left hand is the harpe, sickle-shaped, the edge jagged, the handle ending in a spiral; his long hair is looped up over his ears. On the right of Medusa, Athene runs to the left, carrying a very long spear over her right shoulder, and with her left hand raising the edge of her skirt; she wears a long undertied sleeved chiton, which has no folds, but a pattern of Vs, dotted aegis fringed with snakes, and a tall crested helmet; her long hair floats back, the ends drawn in thinned black. Advanced stage of severe style. Purple blood. Brown inner markings, upper folds of Medusa's chiton, and pinion feathers of her wings; on the upper part of Perseus' chiton no folds are visible. Eye in transition type (disc close to inner angle, which is opened). The design is principally on the shoulder, and comes very little below the level of the side handles; below it, a strip of sets of three maeanders separated by red cross squares. Round the lip, egg pattern. --The British Museum; default; Red-figure; Attic (Mainland Greek pottery styles) Close

• 96. [Image] Herakles, Nessos, Dianeira; Hydria; Old Catalogue 739; Vase E176

  	Pottery: red-figured hydria (water-jar). Heracles killing Nessos. Heracles, youthful, beardless, with lion-skin over head, forepaws knotted on his chest, striding to right, brandishing over his head his ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Herakles, Nessos, Dianeira; Hydria; Old Catalogue 739; Vase E176 Pottery: red-figured hydria (water-jar). Heracles killing Nessos. Heracles, youthful, beardless, with lion-skin over head, forepaws knotted on his chest, striding to right, brandishing over his head his club; with his left hand he has seized by the throat Nessos, who has fallen on his right knee to the right and looks back (in three-quarter face), vainly trying with his right to loosen the grasp of Heracles; he is bald on the crown, but has a small circular patch of hair over the centre of the forehead; he has bushy hair at the back and beard, and horse's ears. His left arm passes behind the back of Deianeira, who moves to right, looking back and extending her right towards Heracles for assistance; with her left she raises the edge of a veil which covers the back of her head and her left shoulder. She wears a long-sleeved chiton, a mantle, earrings with pendent palmettes, and a saccos. Over the back of Nessos is inscribed καλός. Large style with remains of severe period. Purple has been used for the veil of Deianeira, now faded to white; also for a wound in the crown of the Centaur, from which blood flows down his chest; and for the inscription. Brown inner markings, hair on cheek of Heracles, and shading of the outside of the lion-skin. Eye in archaic type, with dotted pupil and brown shading around the lid: the eyelashes of the Centaur are drawn in brown. The fringe of hair over the forehead is indicated in rows of black dots. The design curves up over the shoulder. Below, a strip of maeander; above, of alternate palmette and honeysuckle; round the lip, egg pattern; below the back handle, a small palmette; around the insertion of the side handles, tongue pattern. --The British Museum; default; Red-figure; Attic (Mainland Greek pottery styles) Title: Herakles, Nessos, Dianeira; Hydria; Old Catalogue 739; Vase E176 Pottery: red-figured hydria (water-jar). Heracles killing Nessos. Heracles, youthful, beardless, with lion-skin over head, forepaws knotted on his chest, striding to right, brandishing over his head his club; with his left hand he has seized by the throat Nessos, who has fallen on his right knee to the right and looks back (in three-quarter face), vainly trying with his right to loosen the grasp of Heracles; he is bald on the crown, but has a small circular patch of hair over the centre of the forehead; he has bushy hair at the back and beard, and horse's ears. His left arm passes behind the back of Deianeira, who moves to right, looking back and extending her right towards Heracles for assistance; with her left she raises the edge of a veil which covers the back of her head and her left shoulder. She wears a long-sleeved chiton, a mantle, earrings with pendent palmettes, and a saccos. Over the back of Nessos is inscribed καλός. Large style with remains of severe period. Purple has been used for the veil of Deianeira, now faded to white; also for a wound in the crown of the Centaur, from which blood flows down his chest; and for the inscription. Brown inner markings, hair on cheek of Heracles, and shading of the outside of the lion-skin. Eye in archaic type, with dotted pupil and brown shading around the lid: the eyelashes of the Centaur are drawn in brown. The fringe of hair over the forehead is indicated in rows of black dots. The design curves up over the shoulder. Below, a strip of maeander; above, of alternate palmette and honeysuckle; round the lip, egg pattern; below the back handle, a small palmette; around the insertion of the side handles, tongue pattern. --The British Museum; default; Red-figure; Attic (Mainland Greek pottery styles) Close

• 97. [Image] Bowling green

  	Fort Amsterdam was erected on the site of the present Custom House facing Bowling Green. At this time the island ended there. The extreme lower edge, occupied now by streets to South Ferry and the Battery ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bowling green Year: 1900 Fort Amsterdam was erected on the site of the present Custom House facing Bowling Green. At this time the island ended there. The extreme lower edge, occupied now by streets to South Ferry and the Battery Park district, has been constructed in recent times. Space has also been made along the eastern and western edge of the island. At the beginning of the Dutch occupation the northern limit of the little settlement which looked out upon a wilderness was at Wall Street. Along this northern limit a wooden wall or palisade was built for protection against wild animals and Indians. This was first built by felling trees and piling their trunks out in a row along the path. A few years later Peter Stuyvesant who was governor general of the island ordered the inhabitants to build more substantial barrier. It was from this wooden wall that Wall Street gets its name. Now Wall Street is a narrow canyon bordered on either side by towering skyscrappers through which flows the wealth not only of this country but of the world. This old wall stood until about 1699 when it was torn down. Meanwhile, it had confined the growth of the settlement to a very small area and retarded the orderly development of streets and roads. This is why the lower part of Manhattan today is full of short, crooked and narrow streets. One of the last streets laid out in the old enclosure was called New Street, and today if you go from Broadway east down Wall Street the first street that you will pass on your right will be New Street. Many of these old streets still follow the old cow paths. Not a one of the original buildings in this oldest part of the city remains. All that is left to remind the visitor of the past is an occasional tablet placed on the site of the most interesting of these early incidents. Perhaps this but emphasizes a trait that is especially American--the placing of trade and commerce or money above sentiment. Some time we Americans will awake to the fact that after all there are some things of more worth than money. Here in the West I hope that the realization of this may not come too late--after we have destroyed our forests, killed our wild game, strewn newspapers, tobacco boxes and egg shells over our mountains and made our rivers dumping places for our sewers. You have probably cherished many sentimental pictures of the beautiful and picturesque Hudson River. It is still beautiful from a distance, but the cities built along its banks have had no respect for its beauty and have made it filthy with their dumpings. A close up view of it from a ferry is frequently a nauseating sight to a sensitive person. Can't we take a lesson from it in our treatment of our own beautiful rivers? In addition to the public buildings erected on this lower portion of the island for trade and business, there came to be beautiful homes of the most wealthy citizens. These were along State Street and in the vicinity of Broadway. Stephen Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin and others lived here. Stately houses they were for their day and yet entirely innocent of such present-day conveniences as running water, gas or steam heat. Open fireplaces furnished all the heat. During the Civil War troops were quartered at the Battery and from that time on the character of the place changed. Homes were built further up town and the lower sites came to be replaced with business structures. In this old residence section steamship companies found location for their offices. It seems to be a characteristic step in New York City's growth that as people are crowded from their homes by the encroaching of commerce and trade, business first appropriates these old homes and then gradually replaces them with modern business buildings. This is what has happened to the lower section of the city and what may still be seen happening in the up town districts. The steamship companies still have their offices in this early residence district, but there is a far cry from the residences of 200 years ago and the offices that one sees today, on what is comonly "Steamship Row". Title: Bowling green Year: 1900 Fort Amsterdam was erected on the site of the present Custom House facing Bowling Green. At this time the island ended there. The extreme lower edge, occupied now by streets to South Ferry and the Battery Park district, has been constructed in recent times. Space has also been made along the eastern and western edge of the island. At the beginning of the Dutch occupation the northern limit of the little settlement which looked out upon a wilderness was at Wall Street. Along this northern limit a wooden wall or palisade was built for protection against wild animals and Indians. This was first built by felling trees and piling their trunks out in a row along the path. A few years later Peter Stuyvesant who was governor general of the island ordered the inhabitants to build more substantial barrier. It was from this wooden wall that Wall Street gets its name. Now Wall Street is a narrow canyon bordered on either side by towering skyscrappers through which flows the wealth not only of this country but of the world. This old wall stood until about 1699 when it was torn down. Meanwhile, it had confined the growth of the settlement to a very small area and retarded the orderly development of streets and roads. This is why the lower part of Manhattan today is full of short, crooked and narrow streets. One of the last streets laid out in the old enclosure was called New Street, and today if you go from Broadway east down Wall Street the first street that you will pass on your right will be New Street. Many of these old streets still follow the old cow paths. Not a one of the original buildings in this oldest part of the city remains. All that is left to remind the visitor of the past is an occasional tablet placed on the site of the most interesting of these early incidents. Perhaps this but emphasizes a trait that is especially American--the placing of trade and commerce or money above sentiment. Some time we Americans will awake to the fact that after all there are some things of more worth than money. Here in the West I hope that the realization of this may not come too late--after we have destroyed our forests, killed our wild game, strewn newspapers, tobacco boxes and egg shells over our mountains and made our rivers dumping places for our sewers. You have probably cherished many sentimental pictures of the beautiful and picturesque Hudson River. It is still beautiful from a distance, but the cities built along its banks have had no respect for its beauty and have made it filthy with their dumpings. A close up view of it from a ferry is frequently a nauseating sight to a sensitive person. Can't we take a lesson from it in our treatment of our own beautiful rivers? In addition to the public buildings erected on this lower portion of the island for trade and business, there came to be beautiful homes of the most wealthy citizens. These were along State Street and in the vicinity of Broadway. Stephen Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin and others lived here. Stately houses they were for their day and yet entirely innocent of such present-day conveniences as running water, gas or steam heat. Open fireplaces furnished all the heat. During the Civil War troops were quartered at the Battery and from that time on the character of the place changed. Homes were built further up town and the lower sites came to be replaced with business structures. In this old residence section steamship companies found location for their offices. It seems to be a characteristic step in New York City's growth that as people are crowded from their homes by the encroaching of commerce and trade, business first appropriates these old homes and then gradually replaces them with modern business buildings. This is what has happened to the lower section of the city and what may still be seen happening in the up town districts. The steamship companies still have their offices in this early residence district, but there is a far cry from the residences of 200 years ago and the offices that one sees today, on what is comonly "Steamship Row". Close