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• 121. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2014 Annual Project Performance Report

  Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2014 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2013- 30 September 2014. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2014 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2013- 30 September 2014. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 122. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2013 Annual Project Performance Report

  Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate novel and innovative operational ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2013 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate novel and innovative operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals, as well as management objectives, by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2012- 30 September 2013. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work taskspecific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2013 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate novel and innovative operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals, as well as management objectives, by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2012- 30 September 2013. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work taskspecific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 123. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Project Performance Report

  Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2011- 30 September 2012. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2012 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2011- 30 September 2012. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 124. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Project Performance Report

  Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2010- 30 September 2011. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Evaluation Studies - 2011 Annual Project Performance Report Abstract -- We are conducting an ongoing comprehensive evaluation program for LSRCP activities in Oregon that address the following general guidelines: 1. Develop and evaluate operational procedures which will meet recovery and compensation goals as well as management objectives by priority. 2. Monitor operational practices to document hatchery production capabilities and challenges. 3. Monitor fish-rearing activities and results to document accomplishment of goals. 4. Coordinate research and management programs with hatchery capabilities. 5. Recommend hatchery production strategies that are consistent with endangered species recovery efforts. 6. Develop knowledge and information to guide recovery actions and to monitor recovery in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins. A long-term evaluation and monitoring process is envisioned for the duration of operation of the hatcheries to develop and maintain fish runs that meet recovery and compensation goals at minimum costs. This document is a contract performance report for the period 1 October 2010- 30 September 2011. This is not an Annual Progress Report, rather a brief report on statement of work task specific accomplishments. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 125. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan: Oregon Summer Steelhead Evaluation Studies 1999 and 2000 Bi-Annual Progress Report; January 1, 1999 through December 31, 2000

  Abstract -- The purpose of this progress report is to provide summary information for Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) summer steelhead programs operated by ODFW in the Grande Ronde and lmnaha ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan: Oregon Summer Steelhead Evaluation Studies 1999 and 2000 Bi-Annual Progress Report; January 1, 1999 through December 31, 2000 Abstract -- The purpose of this progress report is to provide summary information for Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) summer steelhead programs operated by ODFW in the Grande Ronde and lmnaha river basins during 1999 and 2000. These ongoing monitoring programs provide technical, logistical, and biological information to managers charged with maintaining viable salmon and steelhead populations and associated fisheries in Northeast Oregon. This report summarizes fish culture monitoring data for LSRCP facilities for summer steelhead. These data serve as the basis for the analysis of trends in culture performance. Generally speaking, the data in this report were derived from hatchery inventories and standard databases (i.e., PSMFC, Coded-wire tag) or through standard measuring techniques. As such, specific protocols are usually not described. In cases where expansions of data or unique methodologies were used, protocols are described in more detail. Additional descriptions of protocols can be found in the 1999 and 2000 work statements (Carmichael et al. 1999a, Carmichael and Ruzycki 2000). Coded-wire tag (CWT) data that were collected from 1999-2000 adult returns were used to evaluate smolt-to-adult survival rates in experimental rearing and release groups. In 1999-2000, experimental treatments from which fish returned included acclimated vs. direct stream release, forced vs. volitional release, rearing site, growth, and density treatments. In 1999-2000, experimental treatments for which fish were released included forced vs. volitional, and pre-smolt release strategies. Analysis of specific survival studies will be completed once all brood years have returned and CWT data are complete for a given experiment. In addition, much of the data that we discuss in this report will be used in separate and specific evaluations of ongoing supplementation programs for steelhead in the Imnaha River basin. We began culture evaluations in 1983 and have dramatically improved many practices. Progress for work completed in previous years is presented in annual progress reports (Carmichael and Wagner, 1983; Carmichael and Messmer, 1985; Carmichael et al., 1986a, 1987, 1988a, 1988b, 1989, 1990, 1999b, 2004, 2005; Messmer et al., 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993; Flesher et al., 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999; Whitesel et al., 1993; and Jonasson et al., 1994, 1995, 1996), United States v. Oregon production report (Carmichael et al., 1986b), and a five-year study plan (Carmichael 1989). Progress of related work completed in 1999 and 2000 is presented in summer steelhead creel annual progress reports (Flesher et al., 2000, and 2001), and in the steelhead life history, genetics, and kelt reconditioning 1997-2001 progress report (Ruzycki et al., 2003). This report is organized into fish culture monitoring for juveniles, adults, CWT recoveries, and estimates for total escapement. During the period covered in this report, steelhead from the 1994-1997 broods returned to spawn, steelhead from the 1998 and 1999 broods were released as smolts, and adult steelhead that returned to spawn were used to create the 1999 and 2000 broods. Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan: Oregon Summer Steelhead Evaluation Studies 1999 and 2000 Bi-Annual Progress Report; January 1, 1999 through December 31, 2000 Abstract -- The purpose of this progress report is to provide summary information for Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) summer steelhead programs operated by ODFW in the Grande Ronde and lmnaha river basins during 1999 and 2000. These ongoing monitoring programs provide technical, logistical, and biological information to managers charged with maintaining viable salmon and steelhead populations and associated fisheries in Northeast Oregon. This report summarizes fish culture monitoring data for LSRCP facilities for summer steelhead. These data serve as the basis for the analysis of trends in culture performance. Generally speaking, the data in this report were derived from hatchery inventories and standard databases (i.e., PSMFC, Coded-wire tag) or through standard measuring techniques. As such, specific protocols are usually not described. In cases where expansions of data or unique methodologies were used, protocols are described in more detail. Additional descriptions of protocols can be found in the 1999 and 2000 work statements (Carmichael et al. 1999a, Carmichael and Ruzycki 2000). Coded-wire tag (CWT) data that were collected from 1999-2000 adult returns were used to evaluate smolt-to-adult survival rates in experimental rearing and release groups. In 1999-2000, experimental treatments from which fish returned included acclimated vs. direct stream release, forced vs. volitional release, rearing site, growth, and density treatments. In 1999-2000, experimental treatments for which fish were released included forced vs. volitional, and pre-smolt release strategies. Analysis of specific survival studies will be completed once all brood years have returned and CWT data are complete for a given experiment. In addition, much of the data that we discuss in this report will be used in separate and specific evaluations of ongoing supplementation programs for steelhead in the Imnaha River basin. We began culture evaluations in 1983 and have dramatically improved many practices. Progress for work completed in previous years is presented in annual progress reports (Carmichael and Wagner, 1983; Carmichael and Messmer, 1985; Carmichael et al., 1986a, 1987, 1988a, 1988b, 1989, 1990, 1999b, 2004, 2005; Messmer et al., 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993; Flesher et al., 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999; Whitesel et al., 1993; and Jonasson et al., 1994, 1995, 1996), United States v. Oregon production report (Carmichael et al., 1986b), and a five-year study plan (Carmichael 1989). Progress of related work completed in 1999 and 2000 is presented in summer steelhead creel annual progress reports (Flesher et al., 2000, and 2001), and in the steelhead life history, genetics, and kelt reconditioning 1997-2001 progress report (Ruzycki et al., 2003). This report is organized into fish culture monitoring for juveniles, adults, CWT recoveries, and estimates for total escapement. During the period covered in this report, steelhead from the 1994-1997 broods returned to spawn, steelhead from the 1998 and 1999 broods were released as smolts, and adult steelhead that returned to spawn were used to create the 1999 and 2000 broods. Close

• 126. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan Oregon Evaluation Studies 1997 and 1998 Bi-Annual Progress Report, January 1, 1997 through December 31, 1998

  Abstract -- The purpose of this progress report is to provide summary information for spring Chinook salmon Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) programs operated by ODFW in the Grande Ronde and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan Oregon Evaluation Studies 1997 and 1998 Bi-Annual Progress Report, January 1, 1997 through December 31, 1998 Abstract -- The purpose of this progress report is to provide summary information for spring Chinook salmon Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) programs operated by ODFW in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins during 1997 and 1998. These ongoing monitoring programs provide technical, logistical and biological information to managers charged with maintaining viable salmon populations and associated fisheries in northeast Oregon. The data in this report serve as the basis for the analysis of trends in culture performance and were derived from hatchery inventories and standard databases (i.e., PSMFC, coded-wire tag) or through standard measuring techniques. As such, specific protocols are usually not described. In cases where expansions of data or unique methodologies were used, protocols are described in more detail. Additional descriptions of protocols can be found in the 1997 and 1998 work statements (Carmichael 1989; Carmichael et al 1997; 1998). Coded-wire tag (CWT) data collected from 1997-1998 adult returns are used to evaluate smolt-to-adult survival rates in experimental rearing and release groups. In 1997-1998, experimental treatments from which salmon returned included acclimated vs. direct stream release, size at release and rearing density. In 1997-1998, experimental treatments for which salmon were released included size at release, presmolt exercise and rearing density treatments. Analysis of specific survival studies will be completed once all brood years have returned and CWT data are complete for a given experiment. In addition, much of the data that we discuss in this report will be used in separate and specific evaluations of ongoing supplementation programs for Chinook salmon in the Imnaha River Basin. We began culture evaluations in 1983 and have dramatically improved many practices. Progress for work completed in previous years is presented in annual progress reports (Carmichael and Wagner 1983; Carmichael and Messmer 1985; Carmichael et al 1986a 1987, 1988a, 1988b, 1989, 1990, 1999 and 2004; Messmer et al 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993; Jonasson et al 1994, 1995 and 1996) and United States v. Oregon production report (Carmichael et al 1986b ). Within each section of this report, data are organized into salmon culture monitoring for juveniles, adults, CWT recoveries, compensation goals and estimates for total escapement. During the period covered in this report, Chinook salmon from the 1991-1995 brood years returned to spawn, Chinook salmon from the 1995-1996 brood year were released as smolts and adult Chinook salmon that returned to spawn were used to create the 1997 and 1998 cohorts. Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan Oregon Evaluation Studies 1997 and 1998 Bi-Annual Progress Report, January 1, 1997 through December 31, 1998 Abstract -- The purpose of this progress report is to provide summary information for spring Chinook salmon Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) programs operated by ODFW in the Grande Ronde and Imnaha river basins during 1997 and 1998. These ongoing monitoring programs provide technical, logistical and biological information to managers charged with maintaining viable salmon populations and associated fisheries in northeast Oregon. The data in this report serve as the basis for the analysis of trends in culture performance and were derived from hatchery inventories and standard databases (i.e., PSMFC, coded-wire tag) or through standard measuring techniques. As such, specific protocols are usually not described. In cases where expansions of data or unique methodologies were used, protocols are described in more detail. Additional descriptions of protocols can be found in the 1997 and 1998 work statements (Carmichael 1989; Carmichael et al 1997; 1998). Coded-wire tag (CWT) data collected from 1997-1998 adult returns are used to evaluate smolt-to-adult survival rates in experimental rearing and release groups. In 1997-1998, experimental treatments from which salmon returned included acclimated vs. direct stream release, size at release and rearing density. In 1997-1998, experimental treatments for which salmon were released included size at release, presmolt exercise and rearing density treatments. Analysis of specific survival studies will be completed once all brood years have returned and CWT data are complete for a given experiment. In addition, much of the data that we discuss in this report will be used in separate and specific evaluations of ongoing supplementation programs for Chinook salmon in the Imnaha River Basin. We began culture evaluations in 1983 and have dramatically improved many practices. Progress for work completed in previous years is presented in annual progress reports (Carmichael and Wagner 1983; Carmichael and Messmer 1985; Carmichael et al 1986a 1987, 1988a, 1988b, 1989, 1990, 1999 and 2004; Messmer et al 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993; Jonasson et al 1994, 1995 and 1996) and United States v. Oregon production report (Carmichael et al 1986b ). Within each section of this report, data are organized into salmon culture monitoring for juveniles, adults, CWT recoveries, compensation goals and estimates for total escapement. During the period covered in this report, Chinook salmon from the 1991-1995 brood years returned to spawn, Chinook salmon from the 1995-1996 brood year were released as smolts and adult Chinook salmon that returned to spawn were used to create the 1997 and 1998 cohorts. Close

• 127. [Article] Performance of Progeny From Steelhead and Rainbow Trout Crosses - Final Report 2009

  Abstract -- Many salmonids exhibit partial migration: the phenomenon of populations partitioned into migratory and non-migratory individuals (Jonsson and Jonsson 1993). Oncorhynchus mykiss exhibit a complex ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Performance of Progeny From Steelhead and Rainbow Trout Crosses - Final Report 2009 Abstract -- Many salmonids exhibit partial migration: the phenomenon of populations partitioned into migratory and non-migratory individuals (Jonsson and Jonsson 1993). Oncorhynchus mykiss exhibit a complex of life-history strategies ranging from residency in small headwater streams to anadromy involving migrations of hundreds of kilometers. In the Grande Ronde River basin of northeast Oregon, both resident and anadromous life-history forms coexist, and thus populations found there likely exhibit partial migration. Partial migration may have important consequences for anadromous species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The recent decline of summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations in the lower Snake River has prompted their listing under the ESA. Declines in steelhead are potentially due to elevated mortality rates associated with anadromous migrations. If resident and anadromous life-history characteristics result from a phenotypically plastic trait (i.e. a genetic trait that is highly variable due to influences from environmental factors), then elevated mortality associated with the anadromous type may be shifting the populations towards residency. Further, although the anadromous expression of the trait may be declining, the trait would not necessarily be lost. Identification of the plasticity of these traits would then be important for the management of these populations. We investigated life history traits of O. mykiss with studies in both the hatchery and natural environment. We anticipated that these complimentary approaches would allow us to evaluate the relationship between the two life-history forms. They should further allow us to explore the feasibility of using hatcheries to produce anadromous progeny from resident parents if the number of anadromous life-history forms becomes severely depressed. The overall goal of this study was to determine the plasticity of life history forms, specifically the ability of resident adults to produce anadromous progeny. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Performance of Progeny From Steelhead and Rainbow Trout Crosses - Final Report 2009 Abstract -- Many salmonids exhibit partial migration: the phenomenon of populations partitioned into migratory and non-migratory individuals (Jonsson and Jonsson 1993). Oncorhynchus mykiss exhibit a complex of life-history strategies ranging from residency in small headwater streams to anadromy involving migrations of hundreds of kilometers. In the Grande Ronde River basin of northeast Oregon, both resident and anadromous life-history forms coexist, and thus populations found there likely exhibit partial migration. Partial migration may have important consequences for anadromous species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The recent decline of summer steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations in the lower Snake River has prompted their listing under the ESA. Declines in steelhead are potentially due to elevated mortality rates associated with anadromous migrations. If resident and anadromous life-history characteristics result from a phenotypically plastic trait (i.e. a genetic trait that is highly variable due to influences from environmental factors), then elevated mortality associated with the anadromous type may be shifting the populations towards residency. Further, although the anadromous expression of the trait may be declining, the trait would not necessarily be lost. Identification of the plasticity of these traits would then be important for the management of these populations. We investigated life history traits of O. mykiss with studies in both the hatchery and natural environment. We anticipated that these complimentary approaches would allow us to evaluate the relationship between the two life-history forms. They should further allow us to explore the feasibility of using hatcheries to produce anadromous progeny from resident parents if the number of anadromous life-history forms becomes severely depressed. The overall goal of this study was to determine the plasticity of life history forms, specifically the ability of resident adults to produce anadromous progeny. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 128. [Article] Prevalence of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Natural vs. Hatchery-Reared Adult Chinook Salmon Spawned in a Hatchery and in Nature Information Reports number 2009-06

  Abstract -- Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) is a major health problem of cultured Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus sp. It has been particularly problematic in captive broodstock programs, where the interests ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Prevalence of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Natural vs. Hatchery-Reared Adult Chinook Salmon Spawned in a Hatchery and in Nature Information Reports number 2009-06 Abstract -- Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) is a major health problem of cultured Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus sp. It has been particularly problematic in captive broodstock programs, where the interests of gene conservation and fish health can conflict when spawning females with signs of BKD. Not rearing those fish reduces the genetic diversity of an already depleted population, while rearing those fish may increase the prevalence of BKD in the natural population. We used data collected during spawning at Lookingglass Fish hatchery and on spawning ground surveys to examine the prevalence of BKD, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay optical density (ELISA OD) values, to monitor the prevalence of BKD in natural and hatchery-reared Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha from Grande Ronde and Imnaha basin streams in northeast Oregon. Mean ELISA OD levels differed among all sampled streams from 2004-2008 and was lowest in the Imnaha River salmon (0.0839) and highest in the Minam River (0.1750). Salmon spawned at LFH had a lower mean ELISA OD level (0.086) than those collected from carcasses on spawning ground surveys (0.118). Natural salmon mean ELISA OD level was 0.1058 and 97% were from salmon with ELISA OD level <0.2 and in hatchery salmon, 96% had an ELISA OD level <0.2 and mean ELISA OD level was 0.1138, with no difference between the groups. Over 17 years in the Imnaha River we see no difference in mean ELISA OD levels between natural and hatchery Chinook salmon. There was no difference in mean ELISA OD levels between adult Chinook salmon from wilderness (0.1663) vs. supplemented (0.1184) streams. However, when comparing mean ELISA OD for only natural Chinook salmon carcasses recovered in these streams, we found that mean ELISA OD level was higher in the wilderness streams (0.1676) than in the supplemented streams. Returning adults from the Captive Broodstock F1 generation had a higher mean ELISA OD level (0.1349) than those of Conventional Hatchery Program offspring (0.0957). Annual mean ELISA OD level decreased over time in the Lostine River stock but did not change for any of the other stocks. The data for BKD in Chinook salmon from northeast Oregon streams and hatcheries show that this disease is not prevalent and we found no evidence that the release of hatchery salmon is causing an increase in BKD prevalence in the monitored streams. However, we will continue to monitor this disease. Title: Prevalence of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Natural vs. Hatchery-Reared Adult Chinook Salmon Spawned in a Hatchery and in Nature Information Reports number 2009-06 Abstract -- Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) is a major health problem of cultured Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus sp. It has been particularly problematic in captive broodstock programs, where the interests of gene conservation and fish health can conflict when spawning females with signs of BKD. Not rearing those fish reduces the genetic diversity of an already depleted population, while rearing those fish may increase the prevalence of BKD in the natural population. We used data collected during spawning at Lookingglass Fish hatchery and on spawning ground surveys to examine the prevalence of BKD, based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay optical density (ELISA OD) values, to monitor the prevalence of BKD in natural and hatchery-reared Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha from Grande Ronde and Imnaha basin streams in northeast Oregon. Mean ELISA OD levels differed among all sampled streams from 2004-2008 and was lowest in the Imnaha River salmon (0.0839) and highest in the Minam River (0.1750). Salmon spawned at LFH had a lower mean ELISA OD level (0.086) than those collected from carcasses on spawning ground surveys (0.118). Natural salmon mean ELISA OD level was 0.1058 and 97% were from salmon with ELISA OD level <0.2 and in hatchery salmon, 96% had an ELISA OD level <0.2 and mean ELISA OD level was 0.1138, with no difference between the groups. Over 17 years in the Imnaha River we see no difference in mean ELISA OD levels between natural and hatchery Chinook salmon. There was no difference in mean ELISA OD levels between adult Chinook salmon from wilderness (0.1663) vs. supplemented (0.1184) streams. However, when comparing mean ELISA OD for only natural Chinook salmon carcasses recovered in these streams, we found that mean ELISA OD level was higher in the wilderness streams (0.1676) than in the supplemented streams. Returning adults from the Captive Broodstock F1 generation had a higher mean ELISA OD level (0.1349) than those of Conventional Hatchery Program offspring (0.0957). Annual mean ELISA OD level decreased over time in the Lostine River stock but did not change for any of the other stocks. The data for BKD in Chinook salmon from northeast Oregon streams and hatcheries show that this disease is not prevalent and we found no evidence that the release of hatchery salmon is causing an increase in BKD prevalence in the monitored streams. However, we will continue to monitor this disease. Close

• 129. [Article] Willamette BiOp - Genetic Diversity of Willamette River Spring Chinook Salmon Populations

  Abstract -- In this study, we used multilocus microsatellite genotype data from 813 spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to investigate patterns of genetic diversity within and among wild and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Willamette BiOp - Genetic Diversity of Willamette River Spring Chinook Salmon Populations Abstract -- In this study, we used multilocus microsatellite genotype data from 813 spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to investigate patterns of genetic diversity within and among wild and hatchery populations from the Willamette River and Catherine Creek (Grande Ronde River, Oregon). We found that hatchery populations from the Willamette River presented higher heterozygosities than local wild populations, though no pattern was found for allelic richness. An analysis of genetic divergence (?) revealed little or no differentiation between hatchery and local wild populations within Willamette River subbasins. However, we observed weak but statistically significant structure among most Willamette River subbasins. Phylogenetic analyses of Willamette River populations further indicated that hatchery populations are most similar to local wild populations, though no inference could be made for wild Middle Fork Willamette Chinook due to an inadequate sample size. Genetic population structure did not closely reflect geographic structure of the Willamette River, as North Santiam River populations clustered with McKenzie River populations and South Santiam River populations formed a clade with hatchery Chinook from the Middle Fork Willamette River. Structure was particularly weak among populations from the Middle Fork Willamette and South Santiam rivers. We evaluated the accuracy of genetic stock identification for Willamette River spring Chinook, based on 13 GAPS (Genetic Analysis of Pacific Salmon) microsatellite markers. We found that with the GAPS baseline, individuals could be assigned to their population of origin (subbasin) with 43% - 64% accuracy. We estimated 100% assignment accuracy to the Catherine Creek Hatchery population, reflecting the distinctiveness of Willamette River Chinook relative to that population. We observed no measurable increase in assignment accuracy by adding four gene-linked markers to the GAPS baseline. We tested for signals of positive selection on both GAPS microsatellites and four gene-linked markers by examining inter-locus patterns of genetic differentiation. Although we found no evidence for locus-specific selection among Willamette River populations, one GAPS microsatellite and an immune-relevant marker presented aberrantly large genetic diversity index (FST) values between Willamette River populations and the Catherine Creek population. This result suggests that these loci may be linked to genes under positive selection that has generated markedly different allele frequencies in Catherine Creek and Willamette River spring Chinook. Lastly we used our empirical genotypic data from the McKenzie River hatchery and wild populations to perform forward-time simulations, modeling changes in ?, mean heterozygosity and total allele count over 30 generations. We use the term “migration” to describe the interaction of hatchery and wild fish in these simulations; namely the proportion of natural-origin fish spawned in the hatchery as broodstock and the proportion of hatchery fish present on natural spawning grounds. Our findings indicated that migration rates of at least 5% resulted in <2% decline in heterozygosity and an asymptotic FST value of 0.005 or less. No migration from one or both populations resulted in markedly higher rates of population divergence, loss of heterozygosity and reduction in alleles present. The mean number of alleles present (per locus) in the hatchery and wild populations was more sensitive to differences in migration rate than heterozygosity, whereby low levels of hatchery straying and natural-origin broodstock integration best conserved genetic diversity. Title: Willamette BiOp - Genetic Diversity of Willamette River Spring Chinook Salmon Populations Abstract -- In this study, we used multilocus microsatellite genotype data from 813 spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to investigate patterns of genetic diversity within and among wild and hatchery populations from the Willamette River and Catherine Creek (Grande Ronde River, Oregon). We found that hatchery populations from the Willamette River presented higher heterozygosities than local wild populations, though no pattern was found for allelic richness. An analysis of genetic divergence (?) revealed little or no differentiation between hatchery and local wild populations within Willamette River subbasins. However, we observed weak but statistically significant structure among most Willamette River subbasins. Phylogenetic analyses of Willamette River populations further indicated that hatchery populations are most similar to local wild populations, though no inference could be made for wild Middle Fork Willamette Chinook due to an inadequate sample size. Genetic population structure did not closely reflect geographic structure of the Willamette River, as North Santiam River populations clustered with McKenzie River populations and South Santiam River populations formed a clade with hatchery Chinook from the Middle Fork Willamette River. Structure was particularly weak among populations from the Middle Fork Willamette and South Santiam rivers. We evaluated the accuracy of genetic stock identification for Willamette River spring Chinook, based on 13 GAPS (Genetic Analysis of Pacific Salmon) microsatellite markers. We found that with the GAPS baseline, individuals could be assigned to their population of origin (subbasin) with 43% - 64% accuracy. We estimated 100% assignment accuracy to the Catherine Creek Hatchery population, reflecting the distinctiveness of Willamette River Chinook relative to that population. We observed no measurable increase in assignment accuracy by adding four gene-linked markers to the GAPS baseline. We tested for signals of positive selection on both GAPS microsatellites and four gene-linked markers by examining inter-locus patterns of genetic differentiation. Although we found no evidence for locus-specific selection among Willamette River populations, one GAPS microsatellite and an immune-relevant marker presented aberrantly large genetic diversity index (FST) values between Willamette River populations and the Catherine Creek population. This result suggests that these loci may be linked to genes under positive selection that has generated markedly different allele frequencies in Catherine Creek and Willamette River spring Chinook. Lastly we used our empirical genotypic data from the McKenzie River hatchery and wild populations to perform forward-time simulations, modeling changes in ?, mean heterozygosity and total allele count over 30 generations. We use the term “migration” to describe the interaction of hatchery and wild fish in these simulations; namely the proportion of natural-origin fish spawned in the hatchery as broodstock and the proportion of hatchery fish present on natural spawning grounds. Our findings indicated that migration rates of at least 5% resulted in <2% decline in heterozygosity and an asymptotic FST value of 0.005 or less. No migration from one or both populations resulted in markedly higher rates of population divergence, loss of heterozygosity and reduction in alleles present. The mean number of alleles present (per locus) in the hatchery and wild populations was more sensitive to differences in migration rate than heterozygosity, whereby low levels of hatchery straying and natural-origin broodstock integration best conserved genetic diversity. Close