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• 1. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maryland-District of Columbia

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maryland-District of Columbia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maryland-District of Columbia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 2. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Virginia-District of Columbia

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Virginia-District of Columbia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Virginia-District of Columbia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 3. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arkansas

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arkansas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arkansas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 4. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alabama

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alabama Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alabama Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 5. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Connecticut

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Connecticut Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Connecticut Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 6. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Delaware

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Delaware Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Delaware Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 7. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Georgia

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Georgia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Georgia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 8. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Florida

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Florida Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Florida Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 9. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Illinois

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Illinois Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Illinois Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 10. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Indiana

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Indiana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Indiana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 11. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Iowa

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Iowa Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Iowa Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 12. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kansas

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kansas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kansas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 13. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kentucky

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kentucky Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Kentucky Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 14. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Louisiana

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Louisiana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Louisiana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 15. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maine

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maine Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Maine Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 16. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Massachusetts

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Massachusetts Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Massachusetts Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 17. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Michigan

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Michigan Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Michigan Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 18. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Minnesota

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Minnesota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Minnesota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 19. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Mississippi

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Mississippi Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Mississippi Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 20. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Missouri

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Missouri Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Missouri Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 21. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nebraska

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nebraska Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nebraska Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 22. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Hampshire

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Hampshire Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Hampshire Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 23. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Jersey

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Jersey Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Jersey Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 24. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New York

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New York Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New York Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 25. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Carolina

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Carolina Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Carolina Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 26. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Ohio

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Ohio Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Ohio Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 27. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oklahoma

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oklahoma Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oklahoma Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 28. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Pennsylvania

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Pennsylvania Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Pennsylvania Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 29. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Rhode Island

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Rhode Island Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Rhode Island Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 30. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Carolina

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Carolina Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Carolina Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 31. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Tennessee

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Tennessee Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Tennessee Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 32. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Texas

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Texas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Texas Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 33. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Vermont

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Vermont Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Vermont Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 34. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 West Virginia

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 West Virginia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 West Virginia Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 35. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wisconsin

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wisconsin Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wisconsin Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 36. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alaska

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alaska Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Alaska Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 37. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arizona

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arizona Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Arizona Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 38. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 California

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 California Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 California Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 39. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Colorado

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Colorado Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Colorado Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 40. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Dakota

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Dakota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 South Dakota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 41. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Utah

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Utah Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Utah Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 42. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Washington

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Washington Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Washington Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 43. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Mexico

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Mexico Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 New Mexico Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 44. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oregon

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oregon Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Oregon Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 45. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Hawaii

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Hawaii Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Hawaii Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 46. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Montana

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Montana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Montana Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 47. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nevada

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nevada Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Nevada Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 48. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wyoming

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wyoming Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Wyoming Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 49. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Dakota

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Dakota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 North Dakota Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 50. [Image] Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Idaho

  	The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Idaho Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Title: Monthly Normals of Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree Days 1951-1980 Idaho Author: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Year: 1982 The climatological normals presented in this publication are based on records for the 30-year period 1951-80, inclusive, Data are assembled by individual States. Data are presented in the order shown in the title. Units used in this publication are of for temperature and inches for precipitation. Heating and cooling degree day (base 65°F) normals are derived from the monthly normal temperatures using the technique developed by Thom (1), (2). Degree day normals also have been computed to other bases and may be obtained at cost from the National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC 28801-2696 Close

• 51. [Image] Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers

  	"The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers Author: Risley, John C. Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin." Title: Upper Klamath Lake Basin nutrient-loading study: assessment of historic flows in the Williamson and Sprague Rivers Author: Risley, John C. Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "The goal of the project is to quantitatively describe the nature and extent of the ground-water flow systems in the basin." Close

• 52. [Image] Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon

  	ill.; "With a section on chemistry of the lakes by A.S. Van Denburgh;" "Studies of water-budget balance in volcanic terranes for three lakes without surface outlets;" Includes bibliographical references ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon Author: Phillips, Kenneth N., b. 1897 Year: 1968, 2008 ill.; "With a section on chemistry of the lakes by A.S. Van Denburgh;" "Studies of water-budget balance in volcanic terranes for three lakes without surface outlets;" Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-45) and index Title: Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon Author: Phillips, Kenneth N., b. 1897 Year: 1968, 2008 ill.; "With a section on chemistry of the lakes by A.S. Van Denburgh;" "Studies of water-budget balance in volcanic terranes for three lakes without surface outlets;" Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-45) and index Close

• 53. [Image] Growth response of whitebark pine to climate in the Pacific Northwest

  	ill.; Thesis (M.S.)--Saint Joseph's University, 2003; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-78)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Growth response of whitebark pine to climate in the Pacific Northwest Author: Daneshgar, Pedram Patrick Year: 2003, 2010 ill.; Thesis (M.S.)--Saint Joseph's University, 2003; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-78) Title: Growth response of whitebark pine to climate in the Pacific Northwest Author: Daneshgar, Pedram Patrick Year: 2003, 2010 ill.; Thesis (M.S.)--Saint Joseph's University, 2003; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-78) Close

• 54. [Image] Water supply of Crater Lake, Oregon

  	Accompanied with tables, pictures, field notes, National Park Service publications, references and correspondence; Typescript and holograph
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water supply of Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Harding, S. T.; (Sidney Twitchell); 1883-1969 Year: 1953, 2008 Accompanied with tables, pictures, field notes, National Park Service publications, references and correspondence; Typescript and holograph Title: Water supply of Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Harding, S. T.; (Sidney Twitchell); 1883-1969 Year: 1953, 2008 Accompanied with tables, pictures, field notes, National Park Service publications, references and correspondence; Typescript and holograph Close

• 55. [Image] Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options

  	The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options Author: Kindle, C. H. Year: 1984 The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 kW of generating capacity. To maintain injectability, the spent brine must be compatible with the receiving formation. The factors that influence this brine/formation compatibility and tests to quantify them are discussed in this report Title: Geothermal Injection Treatment: Process Chemistry, Field Experiences, And Design Options Author: Kindle, C. H. Year: 1984 The successful development of geothermal reservoirs to generate electric power will require the injection disposal of approximately 700,000 gal/h (2.0 x 106 l/h) of heat-depleted brine for every 50,000 kW of generating capacity. To maintain injectability, the spent brine must be compatible with the receiving formation. The factors that influence this brine/formation compatibility and tests to quantify them are discussed in this report Close

• 56. [Image] Study of Silica Scaling from Geothermal Brines, Final Report, November 15, 1974 - April 30, 1977

  	Condensation of silica from brines supersaturate in silicic acid was studied over a range of pH (4.5 to 6.5), temperature (75 to 105/sup 0/C), salinity, and silicic acid concentration (700 to 1200 ppM ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Study of Silica Scaling from Geothermal Brines, Final Report, November 15, 1974 - April 30, 1977 Author: Makrides, A.C. Year: 1978 Condensation of silica from brines supersaturate in silicic acid was studied over a range of pH (4.5 to 6.5), temperature (75 to 105/sup 0/C), salinity, and silicic acid concentration (700 to 1200 ppM as SiO/sub 2/). The experimental technique involved analyses for molybdate-reactive silicic acid as a function of time after a supersaturated solution of Si(OH)/sub 4/ was prepared by mixing aliquots of a stock silicate solution with buffered brine. The isothermal rate of SiO/sub 2/ condensation is a strong function of supersaturation (C/Ce), pH, and salinity. The overall kinetics follow what is expected from the general theory of phase transitions. The kinetic results suggest that growth of nucleated particles is activation controlled, at least initially. The increase of condensation rate with salt content is attributed to a decrease in equilibrium solubility of SiO/sub 2/. In effect, higher salt concentrations increase supersaturation and lead to faster nucleation. Higher nucleation and growth rates are observed at higher pH's. An increase of 1 pH unit increases rates by a factor of about 10. The pH dependence is consistent with the hypothesis that SiO(OH)/sub 3//sup -/ is One of the reacting species. Temperature has little effect on condensation rate at a fixed initial silicic acid concentration. This result suggests that the increase in rate of activated steps brought about by increased temperature is essentially counterbalanced by a decrease in supersaturation (because of higher equilibrium solubility at higher temperatures). The kinetic results yield an activation energy of 17 kcal/mol for addition of silicic acid to a nucleated particle and 45 ergs/cm/sup 2/ for the interfacial energy between precipitated silica and the brine. NaCl, KCl, CaCl/sub 2/ and MgCl/sub 2/ had no specific effect on condensation rate. However, NaF had a large effect on rate; a few ppM (15 to 100) of fluoride ion accelerate condensation substantially Title: Study of Silica Scaling from Geothermal Brines, Final Report, November 15, 1974 - April 30, 1977 Author: Makrides, A.C. Year: 1978 Condensation of silica from brines supersaturate in silicic acid was studied over a range of pH (4.5 to 6.5), temperature (75 to 105/sup 0/C), salinity, and silicic acid concentration (700 to 1200 ppM as SiO/sub 2/). The experimental technique involved analyses for molybdate-reactive silicic acid as a function of time after a supersaturated solution of Si(OH)/sub 4/ was prepared by mixing aliquots of a stock silicate solution with buffered brine. The isothermal rate of SiO/sub 2/ condensation is a strong function of supersaturation (C/Ce), pH, and salinity. The overall kinetics follow what is expected from the general theory of phase transitions. The kinetic results suggest that growth of nucleated particles is activation controlled, at least initially. The increase of condensation rate with salt content is attributed to a decrease in equilibrium solubility of SiO/sub 2/. In effect, higher salt concentrations increase supersaturation and lead to faster nucleation. Higher nucleation and growth rates are observed at higher pH's. An increase of 1 pH unit increases rates by a factor of about 10. The pH dependence is consistent with the hypothesis that SiO(OH)/sub 3//sup -/ is One of the reacting species. Temperature has little effect on condensation rate at a fixed initial silicic acid concentration. This result suggests that the increase in rate of activated steps brought about by increased temperature is essentially counterbalanced by a decrease in supersaturation (because of higher equilibrium solubility at higher temperatures). The kinetic results yield an activation energy of 17 kcal/mol for addition of silicic acid to a nucleated particle and 45 ergs/cm/sup 2/ for the interfacial energy between precipitated silica and the brine. NaCl, KCl, CaCl/sub 2/ and MgCl/sub 2/ had no specific effect on condensation rate. However, NaF had a large effect on rate; a few ppM (15 to 100) of fluoride ion accelerate condensation substantially Close

• 57. [Image] Evaluation of potential sources of water in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill.; "Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Department of the Interior." - T.p; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of potential sources of water in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Hampton, E. R. Year: 1967, 2010 ill.; "Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Department of the Interior." - T.p; Includes bibliographical references Title: Evaluation of potential sources of water in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Hampton, E. R. Year: 1967, 2010 ill.; "Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service Department of the Interior." - T.p; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 58. [Image] Interim report to Congress: presence or absence of significant thermal features in Crater Lake National Park

  	ill.; "September, 1989."; Includes bibliographical references;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Interim report to Congress: presence or absence of significant thermal features in Crater Lake National Park Author: United States. National Park Service Year: 1989, 2008 ill.; "September, 1989."; Includes bibliographical references; Title: Interim report to Congress: presence or absence of significant thermal features in Crater Lake National Park Author: United States. National Park Service Year: 1989, 2008 ill.; "September, 1989."; Includes bibliographical references; Close

• 59. [Image] Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report

  	Interaction of drilling fluids with a geothermal reservoir formation can result in significant permeability impairment and therefore reduced well productivity. This interaction is studied under simulated ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report Author: Enniss, D.O Year: 1980 Interaction of drilling fluids with a geothermal reservoir formation can result in significant permeability impairment and therefore reduced well productivity. This interaction is studied under simulated in situ geothermal conditions of overburden stress, pore fluid pressure, temperature, and pore fluid chemistry. Permeability impairment of an East Mesa KGRA reservoir material is evaluated as a function of stagnation time, drilling fluid, and temperature. Results indicate that all of these parameters contribute significantly to the magnitude and the reversibility of the impairment. Title: Drilling fluid/formation interaction at simulated in situ geothermal conditions. Final report Author: Enniss, D.O Year: 1980 Interaction of drilling fluids with a geothermal reservoir formation can result in significant permeability impairment and therefore reduced well productivity. This interaction is studied under simulated in situ geothermal conditions of overburden stress, pore fluid pressure, temperature, and pore fluid chemistry. Permeability impairment of an East Mesa KGRA reservoir material is evaluated as a function of stagnation time, drilling fluid, and temperature. Results indicate that all of these parameters contribute significantly to the magnitude and the reversibility of the impairment. Close

• 60. [Image] Multicomponent chemical equilibrium modeling of the fluids and U-TH geochrnology of authigenic mineralization in geothermal systems

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Presented to the Department of Geological Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Multicomponent chemical equilibrium modeling of the fluids and U-TH geochrnology of authigenic mineralization in geothermal systems Author: Hull, Carter Dean Year: 1990, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Presented to the Department of Geological Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1990; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-164) Title: Multicomponent chemical equilibrium modeling of the fluids and U-TH geochrnology of authigenic mineralization in geothermal systems Author: Hull, Carter Dean Year: 1990, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Presented to the Department of Geological Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy; Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1990; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-164) Close

• 61. [Image] Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon

  	"OF-01-01"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept Year: 2001, 2005 "OF-01-01" Title: Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept Year: 2001, 2005 "OF-01-01" Close

• 62. [Image] Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment

  	"Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Close

• 63. [Image] Control of Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Geothermal Power Plants, Annual Status Report, June 1, 1975 - May 31, 1976

  	A process for controlling H/sub 2/S emissions at geothermal power plants was evaluated in laboratory scale equipment and by process engineering analysis. The process is based on scrubbing geothermal steam ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Control of Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Geothermal Power Plants, Annual Status Report, June 1, 1975 - May 31, 1976 Author: Harvey, W.W. Year: 1976 A process for controlling H/sub 2/S emissions at geothermal power plants was evaluated in laboratory scale equipment and by process engineering analysis. The process is based on scrubbing geothermal steam with a metal salt solution to selectively remove and precipitate the contained H/sub 2/S. The metal sulfide is roasted or oxygen/acid leached to regenerate the metal salt, and sulfur is rejected from the system as elemental sulfur or as sulfate. Up to 95 percent removal of H/sub 2/S from simulated geothermal steams was obtained in a 2'' diameter scrubbing column packed with 3 feet of 5/8'' Flexirings by use of a recirculating slurry of copper sulfate/copper sulfide. Information is included on the chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics and process control aspects of the process, scrubber system design, operation, and corrosion, and design proposals and cost estimates for a H/sub 2/S removal system. (LCL) Title: Control of Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Geothermal Power Plants, Annual Status Report, June 1, 1975 - May 31, 1976 Author: Harvey, W.W. Year: 1976 A process for controlling H/sub 2/S emissions at geothermal power plants was evaluated in laboratory scale equipment and by process engineering analysis. The process is based on scrubbing geothermal steam with a metal salt solution to selectively remove and precipitate the contained H/sub 2/S. The metal sulfide is roasted or oxygen/acid leached to regenerate the metal salt, and sulfur is rejected from the system as elemental sulfur or as sulfate. Up to 95 percent removal of H/sub 2/S from simulated geothermal steams was obtained in a 2'' diameter scrubbing column packed with 3 feet of 5/8'' Flexirings by use of a recirculating slurry of copper sulfate/copper sulfide. Information is included on the chemistry, thermodynamics, kinetics and process control aspects of the process, scrubber system design, operation, and corrosion, and design proposals and cost estimates for a H/sub 2/S removal system. (LCL) Close

• 64. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 18, December 1996

  	The near-term challenges of the US geothermal industry and its long-range potential are dominant themes in this issue of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Progress Monitor which summarizes calendar-year ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 18, December 1996 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1996 The near-term challenges of the US geothermal industry and its long-range potential are dominant themes in this issue of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Progress Monitor which summarizes calendar-year 1996 events in geothermal development. Competition is seen as an antidote to current problems and a cornerstone of the future. Thus, industry's cost-cutting strategies needed to increase the competitiveness of geothermal energy in world markets are examined. For example, a major challenge facing the US industry today is that the sales contracts of independent producers have reached, or soon will, the critical stage when the prices utilities must pay them drop precipitously, aptly called the cliff. However, Thomas R. Mason, President and CEO of CalEnergy told the DOE 1996 Geothermal Program Review XIV audience that while some of his company's plants have ''gone over the cliff, the world is not coming to an end.'' With the imposition of severe cost-cutting strategies, he said, ''these plants remain profitable... although they have to be run with fewer people and less availability.'' The Technology Development section of the newsletter discusses enhancements to TOUGH2, the general purpose fluid and heat flow simulator and the analysis of drill cores from The Geysers, but the emphasis is on advanced drilling technologies Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor: Report No. 18, December 1996 Author: Assistant Secretary for Energy and Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Geothermal Division Year: 1996 The near-term challenges of the US geothermal industry and its long-range potential are dominant themes in this issue of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Progress Monitor which summarizes calendar-year 1996 events in geothermal development. Competition is seen as an antidote to current problems and a cornerstone of the future. Thus, industry's cost-cutting strategies needed to increase the competitiveness of geothermal energy in world markets are examined. For example, a major challenge facing the US industry today is that the sales contracts of independent producers have reached, or soon will, the critical stage when the prices utilities must pay them drop precipitously, aptly called the cliff. However, Thomas R. Mason, President and CEO of CalEnergy told the DOE 1996 Geothermal Program Review XIV audience that while some of his company's plants have ''gone over the cliff, the world is not coming to an end.'' With the imposition of severe cost-cutting strategies, he said, ''these plants remain profitable... although they have to be run with fewer people and less availability.'' The Technology Development section of the newsletter discusses enhancements to TOUGH2, the general purpose fluid and heat flow simulator and the analysis of drill cores from The Geysers, but the emphasis is on advanced drilling technologies Close

• 65. [Image] Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of the Klamath River Basin, Oregon

  	The Klamath River basin, including the adjacent Lost River basin, includes about ?,5>OO square miles of plateaus, mountain-slopes and valley plains in south-central Oregon* The valley plains range in altitude ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of the Klamath River Basin, Oregon Author: Newcomb, Reuben Clair Year: 1958, 2005 The Klamath River basin, including the adjacent Lost River basin, includes about ?,5>OO square miles of plateaus, mountain-slopes and valley plains in south-central Oregon* The valley plains range in altitude from about U,100 feet in the south to more than li,500 feet at the northern end; the mountain and plateau lands rise to an average altitude of 6,000 feet at the drainage divide, some peaks rising above 9*000 feet. The western quarter of the ba3in is on the eastern slope of the Cascade Range and the remainder consists of plateaus, mountains, and valleys of the basin-and-range type* The rocks of the Klamath River basin range in age from Recent to Mesozoic* At the southwest side of the basin in Oregon, pre~Tertiary metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks, which form extensive areas farther west, are overlain by sedimentary rocks of Eocene age and volcanic rocks of Eocene and Oligocene age* These early Tertiary rocks dip east toward the central part of the Klamath River basin. The complex "volcanic rocks of high Cascades" include three units: The lowest unit consists of a sequence of basaltic lava flows about 800 feet thick5 the medial unit is composed of volcanic-sedimentary and sedimentary rocks?the Tonna formation-200 to 2,000 feet thick; the uppermost unit is a sequence of basaltic lava flows commonly about 200 feet thick. These rocks dip east from the Cascade Unpublished records subject to revision 2 Range and are the main bedrock formations beneath most of the basin. Extensive pumice deposits, which emanated ^?^ ancestral Mount Mazaraa, cover large areas in the northwestern part of the basin* The basin has an overall synclinal structure open to the south at the California boundary where it continues as the Klamath Lake basin in California* The older rocks dip into the basin in monoclinal fashion from the adjoining drainage basins* The rocks are broken along rudely rectangular nets of closely spaced normal faults* the most prominent set of which trends northwest* The network of fault displacements includes two main grabens, the Klamath and the Langell, which were downthrown approximately ?00 and 1,000 fast, respectively* The average annual precipitation varies with the altitude, the higher parts of the Cascade Range getting more than 60 inches, and the semierid valley plains receive as little as 13 inches in some places* Most precipitation occurs in the winter. \ The principal tributaries, Williamson and Sprague Rivers, rise near the higher parts of the eastern rim of the basin, flow through narrow valley plains to the western part, and discharge into Upper Klamath Lake* Wood River and associated creeks also empty into Upper Klamath Lake after draining southward along the eastern foot of the Cascade Range* The Klamath River receives the outflow from Upper Klamath Lake, via Lifak River and Lake Ewauna, and flows southwestward through Keno Gap and hence through a youthful canyon, to its lower valley in California* The ground water occurs largely in an unconfined, or water-table, condition, though areas of local confinement are present* The regional Unpublished records subject to revis&oa is graded to water table / a base level about equal to that of the major drainage* where water is confined, on the valley plains. The slope of the water tafele, ~ of/the piezomstric surface is downstream at about the same grade as that "of the surface drainage in each of the larger valleys, attd groufid*water divides occur between the upper parts of adjacent major valleys* The principal water-bearipg units are.the'lower lava rocks and upper lava rocks of the "volcanic rocks of high Cascades,* the pumice of Quaternaryage, and the allusriTuju In places layers of coarse flagmental material in the Tonna formation (Newcorub, 1958) also transmit water* The water-bearing units, especially the breccia layers of the lava rocks and the pumice, yield large amounts of water to wells and provide natural discharge outlets for the ground water. The spring outflows to the Williamson and Wood Rivers-Crooked Creek drainage, measured in September and October 1955, were at a rate equivalent to about 700,000 acre-feet per year. The spring outflows into the Sprague River were at a rate equal to 2l;5>000 apre-feet per year* Large springs occur along the edges of Upper Klamath Lake but their discharges could not be measured, and the known spring discharge from the lower lava rocks in the river canyon below Keno was not measured. The spring discharge into Lost River in the reach ?rom Bonanza to Harpold Bridge was at a rate equivalent to 75,000 acre-feet per year. Much of the water discharged from springs is used for irrigation during the growing season, but ground water has not been extensively Unpublished records subject to revision developed by means of wells except in the'Yonna Valley and other local areas. The total withdrawal of ground water from wells in 1951? was only about 30,000 acre-feet, of which 27,000 was used for irrigation* The ground water is of excellent quality in general, but sodium sulfate water occurs in the belts of warm rock along some faults and alkali bicarbonate water is present in the main evapotranspiration basins. Unpublished records subject to revision Title: Preliminary report on the ground-water resources of the Klamath River Basin, Oregon Author: Newcomb, Reuben Clair Year: 1958, 2005 The Klamath River basin, including the adjacent Lost River basin, includes about ?,5>OO square miles of plateaus, mountain-slopes and valley plains in south-central Oregon* The valley plains range in altitude from about U,100 feet in the south to more than li,500 feet at the northern end; the mountain and plateau lands rise to an average altitude of 6,000 feet at the drainage divide, some peaks rising above 9*000 feet. The western quarter of the ba3in is on the eastern slope of the Cascade Range and the remainder consists of plateaus, mountains, and valleys of the basin-and-range type* The rocks of the Klamath River basin range in age from Recent to Mesozoic* At the southwest side of the basin in Oregon, pre~Tertiary metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks, which form extensive areas farther west, are overlain by sedimentary rocks of Eocene age and volcanic rocks of Eocene and Oligocene age* These early Tertiary rocks dip east toward the central part of the Klamath River basin. The complex "volcanic rocks of high Cascades" include three units: The lowest unit consists of a sequence of basaltic lava flows about 800 feet thick5 the medial unit is composed of volcanic-sedimentary and sedimentary rocks?the Tonna formation-200 to 2,000 feet thick; the uppermost unit is a sequence of basaltic lava flows commonly about 200 feet thick. These rocks dip east from the Cascade Unpublished records subject to revision 2 Range and are the main bedrock formations beneath most of the basin. Extensive pumice deposits, which emanated ^?^ ancestral Mount Mazaraa, cover large areas in the northwestern part of the basin* The basin has an overall synclinal structure open to the south at the California boundary where it continues as the Klamath Lake basin in California* The older rocks dip into the basin in monoclinal fashion from the adjoining drainage basins* The rocks are broken along rudely rectangular nets of closely spaced normal faults* the most prominent set of which trends northwest* The network of fault displacements includes two main grabens, the Klamath and the Langell, which were downthrown approximately ?00 and 1,000 fast, respectively* The average annual precipitation varies with the altitude, the higher parts of the Cascade Range getting more than 60 inches, and the semierid valley plains receive as little as 13 inches in some places* Most precipitation occurs in the winter. \ The principal tributaries, Williamson and Sprague Rivers, rise near the higher parts of the eastern rim of the basin, flow through narrow valley plains to the western part, and discharge into Upper Klamath Lake* Wood River and associated creeks also empty into Upper Klamath Lake after draining southward along the eastern foot of the Cascade Range* The Klamath River receives the outflow from Upper Klamath Lake, via Lifak River and Lake Ewauna, and flows southwestward through Keno Gap and hence through a youthful canyon, to its lower valley in California* The ground water occurs largely in an unconfined, or water-table, condition, though areas of local confinement are present* The regional Unpublished records subject to revis&oa is graded to water table / a base level about equal to that of the major drainage* where water is confined, on the valley plains. The slope of the water tafele, ~ of/the piezomstric surface is downstream at about the same grade as that "of the surface drainage in each of the larger valleys, attd groufid*water divides occur between the upper parts of adjacent major valleys* The principal water-bearipg units are.the'lower lava rocks and upper lava rocks of the "volcanic rocks of high Cascades,* the pumice of Quaternaryage, and the allusriTuju In places layers of coarse flagmental material in the Tonna formation (Newcorub, 1958) also transmit water* The water-bearing units, especially the breccia layers of the lava rocks and the pumice, yield large amounts of water to wells and provide natural discharge outlets for the ground water. The spring outflows to the Williamson and Wood Rivers-Crooked Creek drainage, measured in September and October 1955, were at a rate equivalent to about 700,000 acre-feet per year. The spring outflows into the Sprague River were at a rate equal to 2l;5>000 apre-feet per year* Large springs occur along the edges of Upper Klamath Lake but their discharges could not be measured, and the known spring discharge from the lower lava rocks in the river canyon below Keno was not measured. The spring discharge into Lost River in the reach ?rom Bonanza to Harpold Bridge was at a rate equivalent to 75,000 acre-feet per year. Much of the water discharged from springs is used for irrigation during the growing season, but ground water has not been extensively Unpublished records subject to revision developed by means of wells except in the'Yonna Valley and other local areas. The total withdrawal of ground water from wells in 1951? was only about 30,000 acre-feet, of which 27,000 was used for irrigation* The ground water is of excellent quality in general, but sodium sulfate water occurs in the belts of warm rock along some faults and alkali bicarbonate water is present in the main evapotranspiration basins. Unpublished records subject to revision Close

• 66. [Image] Gerber-Willow Valley Watershed Analysis

  	x, 386 p., ill., maps (some col.); Cover title; "July 2003"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber-Willow Valley Watershed Analysis Author: U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management; Klamath Falls Resource Area Office; U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service; Fremont-Winema National Forests; Modoc National Forest Year: 2003, 2006, 2005 x, 386 p., ill., maps (some col.); Cover title; "July 2003" Title: Gerber-Willow Valley Watershed Analysis Author: U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management; Klamath Falls Resource Area Office; U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service; Fremont-Winema National Forests; Modoc National Forest Year: 2003, 2006, 2005 x, 386 p., ill., maps (some col.); Cover title; "July 2003" Close

• 67. [Image] Groundwater investigation of Bonanza Springs, Yonna, Poe and Langel valleys

  	PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY A reconnaissance study was designed to collect, compile, and analyze data to determine if ground-water use would interfere with surface water sources near Big Bonanza Springs. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Groundwater investigation of Bonanza Springs, Yonna, Poe and Langel valleys Author: Gorman, Kyle G. Year: 1994, 2004 PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY A reconnaissance study was designed to collect, compile, and analyze data to determine if ground-water use would interfere with surface water sources near Big Bonanza Springs. The study was to last one year from July 1992 to June 1993. Periodic water level measurements and stream flow measurements have been made since June 1993, to create a more complete data set. Water level measurements in selected wells were made periodically to determine groundwater level fluctuations over time. A continuous water level recorder was installed in one well in September 1992 and is currently scheduled to run until spring 1994, when its status will be evaluated. The emphasis on work in the local area around Bonanza included monthly water level measurements, Lost River stream flow measurements, and Bonanza Springs weir measurements. This area has the highest concentration of wells, both domestic and irrigation, and is of particular interest because of the large aggregate discharge of groundwater in a short reach of the Lost River. To quantify the discharge of the Bonanza Springs, wading stream flow measurements were made above and below the section of the Lost River where groundwater is known to discharge. The difference between the two measurements was assumed to give the discharge of the springs in that reach. To correlate the overall flow of Bonanza Springs to the direct measurement of some of the discharge points, various-sized rectangular weirs were placed in the northern channel of the springs in the Big Bonanza Springs Park. The comparison could then be made by making sets of measurements at all locations in a single day. The total potential use was determined by summing the number of cubic feet per second (cfs) on the pending applications filed with OWRD for the appropriation of groundwater in the area within the study boundaries. This area coincides with the valley lowland areas. The total maximum rate of appropriation under terms of existing permits was determined by valley only in Langell Valley for the 1992 irrigation season. This was done by summing the individual rates in permits for irrigation, stock and domestic purposes, if any. This total included all issued permits and emergency drought permits exclusively from groundwater. Sample drill cuttings were collected from wells under construction during the study period within the study boundaries. The samples were examined in an effort to correlate geology defined in past studies with present knowledge. They were also used to conceptualize the subsurface geology. A video log of the well bore in which the continuous water level recorder was installed was done in early October 1992. Since this well was constructed prior to the requirement of a well drilling report, a video log of the rock types throughout the well bore was recorded. This information was important in evaluating static water level information also collected by the recorder. Title: Groundwater investigation of Bonanza Springs, Yonna, Poe and Langel valleys Author: Gorman, Kyle G. Year: 1994, 2004 PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY A reconnaissance study was designed to collect, compile, and analyze data to determine if ground-water use would interfere with surface water sources near Big Bonanza Springs. The study was to last one year from July 1992 to June 1993. Periodic water level measurements and stream flow measurements have been made since June 1993, to create a more complete data set. Water level measurements in selected wells were made periodically to determine groundwater level fluctuations over time. A continuous water level recorder was installed in one well in September 1992 and is currently scheduled to run until spring 1994, when its status will be evaluated. The emphasis on work in the local area around Bonanza included monthly water level measurements, Lost River stream flow measurements, and Bonanza Springs weir measurements. This area has the highest concentration of wells, both domestic and irrigation, and is of particular interest because of the large aggregate discharge of groundwater in a short reach of the Lost River. To quantify the discharge of the Bonanza Springs, wading stream flow measurements were made above and below the section of the Lost River where groundwater is known to discharge. The difference between the two measurements was assumed to give the discharge of the springs in that reach. To correlate the overall flow of Bonanza Springs to the direct measurement of some of the discharge points, various-sized rectangular weirs were placed in the northern channel of the springs in the Big Bonanza Springs Park. The comparison could then be made by making sets of measurements at all locations in a single day. The total potential use was determined by summing the number of cubic feet per second (cfs) on the pending applications filed with OWRD for the appropriation of groundwater in the area within the study boundaries. This area coincides with the valley lowland areas. The total maximum rate of appropriation under terms of existing permits was determined by valley only in Langell Valley for the 1992 irrigation season. This was done by summing the individual rates in permits for irrigation, stock and domestic purposes, if any. This total included all issued permits and emergency drought permits exclusively from groundwater. Sample drill cuttings were collected from wells under construction during the study period within the study boundaries. The samples were examined in an effort to correlate geology defined in past studies with present knowledge. They were also used to conceptualize the subsurface geology. A video log of the well bore in which the continuous water level recorder was installed was done in early October 1992. Since this well was constructed prior to the requirement of a well drilling report, a video log of the rock types throughout the well bore was recorded. This information was important in evaluating static water level information also collected by the recorder. Close

• 68. [Image] Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste [part 2 geologic and hydrologic characterization ]

  	SUMMARY The geology and hydrology of the Basin and Range Province of the western conterminous United States are characterized in a series of data sets depicted in maps compiled for evaluation of prospective ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste [part 2 geologic and hydrologic characterization ] Author: Bedinger, M. S.; Sargent, Kenneth A.; Reed, J. E. Year: 2008, 2005 SUMMARY The geology and hydrology of the Basin and Range Province of the western conterminous United States are characterized in a series of data sets depicted in maps compiled for evaluation of prospective areas for further study of geohydrologic environments for isolation of high-level radioactive waste. The data sets include: (1) Average precipitation and evaporation; (2) surface distribution of selected rock types; (3) tectonic conditions; and (4) surface- and ground-water hydrology and Pleistocene lakes and marshes. Rocks mapped for consideration as potential host media for the isolation of high-level radioactive waste are widespread and include argillaceous rocks, granitic rocks, tuffaceous rocks, mafic extrusive rocks, evaporites, and laharic breccias. The unsaturated zone, where probably as thick as 150 meters (500 feet), was mapped for consideration as an environment for isolation of high-level waste. Unsaturated rocks of various lithologic types are widespread in the Province. Tectonic stability in the Quaternary Period is considered the key to assessing the probability of future tectonism with regard to high-level radioactive waste disposal. Tectonic conditions are characterized on the basis of the seismic record, heat-flow measurements, the occurrence of Quaternary faults, vertical crustal movement, and volcanic features. Tectonic activity, as indicated by seismicity, is greatest in areas bordering the western margin of the Province in Nevada and southern California, the eastern margin of the Province bordering the Wasatch Mountains in Utah and in parts of the Rio Grande valley. Late Cenozoic volcanic activity is widespread, being greatest bordering the Sierra Nevada in California and Oregon, and bordering the Wasatch Mountains in southern Utah and Idaho. The arid to semiarid climate of the Province results in few perennial streams and lakes. A large part of the surface drainage is interior and the many closed basins commonly are occupied by playas or dry lake beds. The Province is divided into ground-water flow units defined on the basis of ground-water divides, ground-water flow lines, and surface streams that receive ground-water discharge. Ground water contains less than 500 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids throughout most of the Province. Ground water is more mineralized in areas underlain by evaporitic rocks, overlain by playas, and near saline lakes. Ground water is of the calcium, magnesium, or sodium bicarbonate type in the areas where dissolved-solids concentrations are less than 500 milligrams per liter, and of the calcium, magnesium, or sodium sulfate or chloride type where dissolved-solids concentrations are greater than 500 milligrams per liter. Geologic and hydrologic evidence is found for about 100 lakes and marshes that existed during the Pleistocene Epoch. The possibility of a recurrence of pluvial conditions, such as existed in the Pleistocene, is of concern in repository siting because of possible changes in hydrologic conditions. The Pleistocene lakes and marshes provide clues to the hydrology during pluvial climates. Title: Geologic and hydrologic characterization and evaluation of the Basin and Range Province relative to the disposal of high-level radioactive waste [part 2 geologic and hydrologic characterization ] Author: Bedinger, M. S.; Sargent, Kenneth A.; Reed, J. E. Year: 2008, 2005 SUMMARY The geology and hydrology of the Basin and Range Province of the western conterminous United States are characterized in a series of data sets depicted in maps compiled for evaluation of prospective areas for further study of geohydrologic environments for isolation of high-level radioactive waste. The data sets include: (1) Average precipitation and evaporation; (2) surface distribution of selected rock types; (3) tectonic conditions; and (4) surface- and ground-water hydrology and Pleistocene lakes and marshes. Rocks mapped for consideration as potential host media for the isolation of high-level radioactive waste are widespread and include argillaceous rocks, granitic rocks, tuffaceous rocks, mafic extrusive rocks, evaporites, and laharic breccias. The unsaturated zone, where probably as thick as 150 meters (500 feet), was mapped for consideration as an environment for isolation of high-level waste. Unsaturated rocks of various lithologic types are widespread in the Province. Tectonic stability in the Quaternary Period is considered the key to assessing the probability of future tectonism with regard to high-level radioactive waste disposal. Tectonic conditions are characterized on the basis of the seismic record, heat-flow measurements, the occurrence of Quaternary faults, vertical crustal movement, and volcanic features. Tectonic activity, as indicated by seismicity, is greatest in areas bordering the western margin of the Province in Nevada and southern California, the eastern margin of the Province bordering the Wasatch Mountains in Utah and in parts of the Rio Grande valley. Late Cenozoic volcanic activity is widespread, being greatest bordering the Sierra Nevada in California and Oregon, and bordering the Wasatch Mountains in southern Utah and Idaho. The arid to semiarid climate of the Province results in few perennial streams and lakes. A large part of the surface drainage is interior and the many closed basins commonly are occupied by playas or dry lake beds. The Province is divided into ground-water flow units defined on the basis of ground-water divides, ground-water flow lines, and surface streams that receive ground-water discharge. Ground water contains less than 500 milligrams per liter of dissolved solids throughout most of the Province. Ground water is more mineralized in areas underlain by evaporitic rocks, overlain by playas, and near saline lakes. Ground water is of the calcium, magnesium, or sodium bicarbonate type in the areas where dissolved-solids concentrations are less than 500 milligrams per liter, and of the calcium, magnesium, or sodium sulfate or chloride type where dissolved-solids concentrations are greater than 500 milligrams per liter. Geologic and hydrologic evidence is found for about 100 lakes and marshes that existed during the Pleistocene Epoch. The possibility of a recurrence of pluvial conditions, such as existed in the Pleistocene, is of concern in repository siting because of possible changes in hydrologic conditions. The Pleistocene lakes and marshes provide clues to the hydrology during pluvial climates. Close

• 69. [Image] A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest

  	Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest Year: 2004 Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-595. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 p. Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and ground-water sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Water distribution, flow regimes, water demand, conflicts, tools, water use. Title: A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest Year: 2004 Abstract Everest, Fred H.; Stouder, Deanna J.; Kakoyannis, Christina; Houston, Laurie; Stankey, George; Kline, Jeffery; Alig, Ralph. 2004. A review of scientific information on issues related to the use and management of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-595. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 128 p. Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and ground-water sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest. Keywords: Water distribution, flow regimes, water demand, conflicts, tools, water use. Close

• 70. [Image] Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : causative factors of mortality

  	Executive Summary This report provides information describing the biological, hydrological, meteorological, and water quality conditions associated with the die-off of an estimated 34,056 fish in the Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : causative factors of mortality Author: Guillen, George Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Executive Summary This report provides information describing the biological, hydrological, meteorological, and water quality conditions associated with the die-off of an estimated 34,056 fish in the Klamath River, California in September 2002. The proximate cause of death was heavy infections of two fish pathogens, Ich and columnaris. However, given that these ubiquitous pathogens are normally found in the Klamath River, additional factors must have played a role for them to have become lethal. It is our conclusion based on multiple lines of evidence that the fish die-off in the lower Klamath River in 2002 was a result of a combination of factors that began with an early peak in the return of a large run of fall Chinook salmon. Low river discharges apparently did not provide suitable attraction flows for migrating adult salmon, resulting in large numbers of fish congregating in the warm waters of the lower River. The high density offish, low discharges, warm water temperatures, and possible extended residence time of salmon created optimal conditions for parasite proliferation and precipitated an epizootic of Ich and columnaris. Based on a review of available literature and historical records, this was the largest known pre-spawning adult salmonid die-off recorded for the Klamath River and possibly the Pacific coast. Title: Klamath River fish die-off, September 2002 : causative factors of mortality Author: Guillen, George Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Executive Summary This report provides information describing the biological, hydrological, meteorological, and water quality conditions associated with the die-off of an estimated 34,056 fish in the Klamath River, California in September 2002. The proximate cause of death was heavy infections of two fish pathogens, Ich and columnaris. However, given that these ubiquitous pathogens are normally found in the Klamath River, additional factors must have played a role for them to have become lethal. It is our conclusion based on multiple lines of evidence that the fish die-off in the lower Klamath River in 2002 was a result of a combination of factors that began with an early peak in the return of a large run of fall Chinook salmon. Low river discharges apparently did not provide suitable attraction flows for migrating adult salmon, resulting in large numbers of fish congregating in the warm waters of the lower River. The high density offish, low discharges, warm water temperatures, and possible extended residence time of salmon created optimal conditions for parasite proliferation and precipitated an epizootic of Ich and columnaris. Based on a review of available literature and historical records, this was the largest known pre-spawning adult salmonid die-off recorded for the Klamath River and possibly the Pacific coast. Close

• 71. [Image] Water availability for Oregon's rivers and streams: Volume 2; Technical guide and appendixes

  	Title from cover; "May 1991"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water availability for Oregon's rivers and streams: Volume 2; Technical guide and appendixes Author: Robison, E. George Year: 1991, 2004 Title from cover; "May 1991" Title: Water availability for Oregon's rivers and streams: Volume 2; Technical guide and appendixes Author: Robison, E. George Year: 1991, 2004 Title from cover; "May 1991" Close

• 72. [Image] A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1988-1989

  	1982-2002; ill, maps; Report title; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 8; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1988 and 1989; "Submitted by Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1988-1989 Author: National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park Year: 1988, 2009 1982-2002; ill, maps; Report title; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 8; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1988 and 1989; "Submitted by Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National Park." - T.p.; Includes bibliographical references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: A report on Crater Lake water quality: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon, 1988-1989 Author: National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park Year: 1988, 2009 1982-2002; ill, maps; Report title; CA 9000-3-0003 Subagreement 8; Includes appendices: Crater Lake Liminological Studies 1988 and 1989; "Submitted by Robert E. Benton, Superintendent Crater Lake National Park." - T.p.; Includes bibliographical references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 73. [Image] Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno

  	A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Close

• 74. [Image] Snow survey and water supply forecast assessment : Klamath Intergovernmental Workgroup, November 3, 2004, Portland, Oregon

  	This document is a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation transferred into a .pdf file format and placed onto the Natural Resources Conservation Service web site
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Snow survey and water supply forecast assessment : Klamath Intergovernmental Workgroup, November 3, 2004, Portland, Oregon Author: Pasteris, Phillip Year: 2004, 2005 This document is a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation transferred into a .pdf file format and placed onto the Natural Resources Conservation Service web site Title: Snow survey and water supply forecast assessment : Klamath Intergovernmental Workgroup, November 3, 2004, Portland, Oregon Author: Pasteris, Phillip Year: 2004, 2005 This document is a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation transferred into a .pdf file format and placed onto the Natural Resources Conservation Service web site Close

• 75. [Image] Hydrogeology and paleohydrology in the Williamson River basin, Klamath County, Oregon

  	Abstract An abstract of the thesis of Jeffrey Scott Conaway for the Master of Science in Geology presented December 8, 1999. Title: Hydrogeology and Paleohydrology in the Williamson River Basin, Klamath ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hydrogeology and paleohydrology in the Williamson River basin, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Conaway, Jeffrey Scott Year: 2000, 2008, 2005 Abstract An abstract of the thesis of Jeffrey Scott Conaway for the Master of Science in Geology presented December 8, 1999. Title: Hydrogeology and Paleohydrology in the Williamson River Basin, Klamath County, Oregon. Stress on the water resources of the Williamson River basin has led to their regulation to protect important habitat. Quantification of this resource is required for accurate regulation. A portion of this study is a hydrogeologic reconnaissance that suggests directions for future work. Measured discharge and deuterium isotope data from points above and below the Williamson River canyon indicate that the river receives 99% of its discharge from ground water during periods of low flow. The principle aquifer of the southern Klamath Marsh is a fractured basalt, while continental sediments that are up to 200 m thick provide high artesian yields south of the canyon. The disparity between high precipitation on the basin's western margin and the low and variable discharge of the Williamson River at the Kirk Sill suggests either the presence of a fault zone that interrupts the flow of ground water or deep flow paths that do not surface within Klamath Marsh. Three terraces line the eastern edge of Klamath Marsh at approximate elevations of 1380, 1385, and 1397 m. The lowest terrace is late Holocene and cut into marsh sediment and reworked deposits from the pyroclastic eruptions of Mount Mazama. The middle terrace is planed into bedrock and formed when Pleistocene Lake Chemult occupied this basin. The upper terrace, a strand line, is delineated by a slope break that separates reworked pyroclastic deposits from undisturbed pyroclastic fall. Formation of this terrace occurred when pyroclastic flows from the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama formed a blockage in the Williamson River canyon. Resultant backflooding reworked pyroclastic deposits and rafted pumice up to an approximate elevation of 1400 m. The blockage failed catastrophically from overtopping, draining 5.7 x 109 m3 of water, scouring the canyon and producing an erratic boulder deposit at the mouth of the canyon. Upstream evidence of rapid draining includes linear scour channels incised in pyroclastic-flow deposits and scouring of the broad Pleistocene terrace. Paleohydraulic reconstruction of down stream flooding using a flow-competence equation and a physically based dam-break model yield a peak discharge of 1.3 x 104 m3 s"1. Title: Hydrogeology and paleohydrology in the Williamson River basin, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Conaway, Jeffrey Scott Year: 2000, 2008, 2005 Abstract An abstract of the thesis of Jeffrey Scott Conaway for the Master of Science in Geology presented December 8, 1999. Title: Hydrogeology and Paleohydrology in the Williamson River Basin, Klamath County, Oregon. Stress on the water resources of the Williamson River basin has led to their regulation to protect important habitat. Quantification of this resource is required for accurate regulation. A portion of this study is a hydrogeologic reconnaissance that suggests directions for future work. Measured discharge and deuterium isotope data from points above and below the Williamson River canyon indicate that the river receives 99% of its discharge from ground water during periods of low flow. The principle aquifer of the southern Klamath Marsh is a fractured basalt, while continental sediments that are up to 200 m thick provide high artesian yields south of the canyon. The disparity between high precipitation on the basin's western margin and the low and variable discharge of the Williamson River at the Kirk Sill suggests either the presence of a fault zone that interrupts the flow of ground water or deep flow paths that do not surface within Klamath Marsh. Three terraces line the eastern edge of Klamath Marsh at approximate elevations of 1380, 1385, and 1397 m. The lowest terrace is late Holocene and cut into marsh sediment and reworked deposits from the pyroclastic eruptions of Mount Mazama. The middle terrace is planed into bedrock and formed when Pleistocene Lake Chemult occupied this basin. The upper terrace, a strand line, is delineated by a slope break that separates reworked pyroclastic deposits from undisturbed pyroclastic fall. Formation of this terrace occurred when pyroclastic flows from the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama formed a blockage in the Williamson River canyon. Resultant backflooding reworked pyroclastic deposits and rafted pumice up to an approximate elevation of 1400 m. The blockage failed catastrophically from overtopping, draining 5.7 x 109 m3 of water, scouring the canyon and producing an erratic boulder deposit at the mouth of the canyon. Upstream evidence of rapid draining includes linear scour channels incised in pyroclastic-flow deposits and scouring of the broad Pleistocene terrace. Paleohydraulic reconstruction of down stream flooding using a flow-competence equation and a physically based dam-break model yield a peak discharge of 1.3 x 104 m3 s"1. Close

• 76. [Image] Geology and ground-water resources of the Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area, Klamath County, Oregon

  	Abstract The Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area consists of two intermountain valleys with their subordinate side valleys adjoining slopes, and mountainous boundary ridges, In all the area covered is about 256 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geology and ground-water resources of the Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Meyers, Joseph D. Year: 1952, 2007, 2005 Abstract The Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area consists of two intermountain valleys with their subordinate side valleys adjoining slopes, and mountainous boundary ridges, In all the area covered is about 256 square miles but the essential agricultural sections are restricted to the floors of Swan Lake and Yonna valleys with their respective subsidiary extensions of Pine Flats and Alkali Lake flats, a valley-floor area totaling about 90 square miles The floors of Swan Lake Valley and Yonna Valley lie at an altitude of about U52OO feet but the mountainous boundary ridges rise generally to 6000 feeto Yonna Valley is largely drained to Lost River by Buck Creek but also in part to Alkali Lakeo Swan Lake Valley and Pine Flats have only internal drainage. The Swan Lake Valley floor is the top of a deep alluvial fill, while Yonna Valley floor is mainly an erosional surface sloping to lines of through drainage Precipitation is about lit inches annually on the valley floors 9 but must be much more, possibly 18 to 24 inches, on the higher parts of the drainage basins. The growing season is short and killing frosts do occur in late spring and early fall. The rock units forming the bedrock structure of the area are consolidated or semiconsolidated rocks of Tertiary age and are largely of volcanic-flow and volcanic-sedimentary originc They consist of three main elements, a lower lava-rock unit, a sedimentary and volcanic-sedimentary unit, and an upper lava-rock unito The unconsolidated deposits are the older alluvium of Quaternary (and in part of late-Tertiary) age and the younger alluvium of Quaternary age0 The bedrock is faulted and deformed particularly so along a northwest-southeast set of fault lines that have given a remarkable linearity to the topography. Unpublished records subject to revision Ground water occurs below a regional water table that slopes south-ward to the level of the Lost Rivero The upper lava rocks and the lower lava rocks contain the principal permeable zones that occur beneath the areao Breccia and other porous zones in those rocks in places yield water to wells at a rate as large as 35OOO gallons per minute with but 1 or 2 feet of drawdowno The economical construction of irrigation wells requires the determination of the best possible location at which those rocks may be tapped at shallow depth below the level of the water tableo The ground water in general relatively low in dissolved mineral matter and is but slightly to moderately hard and would be considered chemically satisfactory for most uaeso Irrigation is the principal use of the ground water in the area north of the Horsefly Irrigation Districto There 3? wells supplied about 6,000 acre-feet of water to about 3800 acres of land in 1950. Water-level records obtained since 19U8 and approximations of the probable annual recharge from precipitation indicate that the present withdrawals are considerably less than the annual increment of the ground-water recharge, Rough estimates indicate that an increase in withdrawals of as much as 100 percent or more can take place before ground-water levels, by a persistent lowering, will begin to indicate that the annual replenishment is being exceeded. Title: Geology and ground-water resources of the Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Meyers, Joseph D. Year: 1952, 2007, 2005 Abstract The Swan Lake-Yonna Valleys area consists of two intermountain valleys with their subordinate side valleys adjoining slopes, and mountainous boundary ridges, In all the area covered is about 256 square miles but the essential agricultural sections are restricted to the floors of Swan Lake and Yonna valleys with their respective subsidiary extensions of Pine Flats and Alkali Lake flats, a valley-floor area totaling about 90 square miles The floors of Swan Lake Valley and Yonna Valley lie at an altitude of about U52OO feet but the mountainous boundary ridges rise generally to 6000 feeto Yonna Valley is largely drained to Lost River by Buck Creek but also in part to Alkali Lakeo Swan Lake Valley and Pine Flats have only internal drainage. The Swan Lake Valley floor is the top of a deep alluvial fill, while Yonna Valley floor is mainly an erosional surface sloping to lines of through drainage Precipitation is about lit inches annually on the valley floors 9 but must be much more, possibly 18 to 24 inches, on the higher parts of the drainage basins. The growing season is short and killing frosts do occur in late spring and early fall. The rock units forming the bedrock structure of the area are consolidated or semiconsolidated rocks of Tertiary age and are largely of volcanic-flow and volcanic-sedimentary originc They consist of three main elements, a lower lava-rock unit, a sedimentary and volcanic-sedimentary unit, and an upper lava-rock unito The unconsolidated deposits are the older alluvium of Quaternary (and in part of late-Tertiary) age and the younger alluvium of Quaternary age0 The bedrock is faulted and deformed particularly so along a northwest-southeast set of fault lines that have given a remarkable linearity to the topography. Unpublished records subject to revision Ground water occurs below a regional water table that slopes south-ward to the level of the Lost Rivero The upper lava rocks and the lower lava rocks contain the principal permeable zones that occur beneath the areao Breccia and other porous zones in those rocks in places yield water to wells at a rate as large as 35OOO gallons per minute with but 1 or 2 feet of drawdowno The economical construction of irrigation wells requires the determination of the best possible location at which those rocks may be tapped at shallow depth below the level of the water tableo The ground water in general relatively low in dissolved mineral matter and is but slightly to moderately hard and would be considered chemically satisfactory for most uaeso Irrigation is the principal use of the ground water in the area north of the Horsefly Irrigation Districto There 3? wells supplied about 6,000 acre-feet of water to about 3800 acres of land in 1950. Water-level records obtained since 19U8 and approximations of the probable annual recharge from precipitation indicate that the present withdrawals are considerably less than the annual increment of the ground-water recharge, Rough estimates indicate that an increase in withdrawals of as much as 100 percent or more can take place before ground-water levels, by a persistent lowering, will begin to indicate that the annual replenishment is being exceeded. Close

• 77. [Image] The doctrine of prior appropriation : effects upon water rights in the Upper Klamath Basin

  	Undergraduate student project, Geomatics 466, Boundary Law II
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The doctrine of prior appropriation : effects upon water rights in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Hellebust, Kane Year: 2004, 2005 Undergraduate student project, Geomatics 466, Boundary Law II Title: The doctrine of prior appropriation : effects upon water rights in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Hellebust, Kane Year: 2004, 2005 Undergraduate student project, Geomatics 466, Boundary Law II Close

• 78. [Image] An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1]

  	Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1] Author: Quigley, Thomas Milton; Arbelbide, S. J. (Sylvia J.) Year: 1997, 2008, 2005 Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment). The Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for the biophysical and social systems within the Basin. This information can be used by land managers to develop broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The Assessment area covers about 8 percent of the U.S. land area, 24 percent of the Nation's National Forest System lands, 10 percent of the Nation's BLM-administered lands, and contains about 1.2 percent of the Nation's population. This results in a population density that is less than one-sixth of the U.S. average. The area has experienced recent, rapid population growth and generally has a robust, diverse economy. As compared to historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and disease than under historic conditions. Rangelands are highly susceptible to noxious weed invasion. The disturbance regimes that operate on forest and rangeland have changed substantially, with lethal fires dominating many areas where non-lethal fires were the norm historically. Terrestrial habitats that have experienced the greatest decline include the native grassland, native shrubland, and old forest structures. There are areas within the Assessment area that have higher diversity than others. Aquatic systems are now more fragmented and isolated than historically and the introduction of non-native fish species has complicated current status of native fishes. Core habitat and population centers do remain as building blocks for restoration. Social and economic conditions within the Assessment area vary considerably, depending to a great extent on population, diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. Those counties with the higher population densities and greater diversity of employment opportunities are generally more resilient to economic downturns. This Assessment provides a rich information base, including over 170 mapped themes with associated models and databases, from which future decisions can benefit. Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem. Title: An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins [volume 1] Author: Quigley, Thomas Milton; Arbelbide, S. J. (Sylvia J.) Year: 1997, 2008, 2005 Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the interior Columbia basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 1. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 vol. (Quigley, Thomas M., tech. ed.; The Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment). The Assessment of Ecosystem Components in the Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins provides detailed information about current conditions and trends for the biophysical and social systems within the Basin. This information can be used by land managers to develop broad land management goals and priorities and provides the context for decisions specific to smaller geographic areas. The Assessment area covers about 8 percent of the U.S. land area, 24 percent of the Nation's National Forest System lands, 10 percent of the Nation's BLM-administered lands, and contains about 1.2 percent of the Nation's population. This results in a population density that is less than one-sixth of the U.S. average. The area has experienced recent, rapid population growth and generally has a robust, diverse economy. As compared to historic conditions, the terrestrial, aquatic, forest, and rangeland systems have undergone dramatic changes. Forested landscapes are more susceptible to fire, insect, and disease than under historic conditions. Rangelands are highly susceptible to noxious weed invasion. The disturbance regimes that operate on forest and rangeland have changed substantially, with lethal fires dominating many areas where non-lethal fires were the norm historically. Terrestrial habitats that have experienced the greatest decline include the native grassland, native shrubland, and old forest structures. There are areas within the Assessment area that have higher diversity than others. Aquatic systems are now more fragmented and isolated than historically and the introduction of non-native fish species has complicated current status of native fishes. Core habitat and population centers do remain as building blocks for restoration. Social and economic conditions within the Assessment area vary considerably, depending to a great extent on population, diversity of employment opportunities, and changing demographics. Those counties with the higher population densities and greater diversity of employment opportunities are generally more resilient to economic downturns. This Assessment provides a rich information base, including over 170 mapped themes with associated models and databases, from which future decisions can benefit. Keywords: Columbia basin, biophysical systems, social systems, ecosystem. Close

• 79. [Image] Water availability for Oregon's rivers and streams: Volume 1; Overview

  	Title from cover; "May 1991."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 19)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water availability for Oregon's rivers and streams: Volume 1; Overview Author: Robison, E. George Year: 1991, 2004 Title from cover; "May 1991."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 19) Title: Water availability for Oregon's rivers and streams: Volume 1; Overview Author: Robison, E. George Year: 1991, 2004 Title from cover; "May 1991."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 19) Close

• 80. [Image] Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004

  	CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004 Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, Deputy Undersecretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, Department of Agriculture 26932 Grisoli, Brigadier General William T., Commander, Northwestern Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 26918 Hall, Tex G., President, National Congress of American Indians, and Chair man, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation 26950 Raley, Bennett, Assistant Secretary, Department of the Interior 2695 Uccellini, Dr. Louis, Director, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 26926 APPENDIX Responses to additional questions 2620 67 Title: Western water supply : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, to receive testimony regarding water supply issues in the arid West, March 9, 2004 Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Year: 2004, 2005 CONTENTS STATEMENTS Page American Farm Bureau Federation 26963 Bell, Craig, Executive Director, Western States Water Council 26945 Domenici, Hon. Pete V., U.S. Senator From New Mexico 2691 Gaibler, Floyd, Deputy Undersecretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, Department of Agriculture 26932 Grisoli, Brigadier General William T., Commander, Northwestern Division, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 26918 Hall, Tex G., President, National Congress of American Indians, and Chair man, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation 26950 Raley, Bennett, Assistant Secretary, Department of the Interior 2695 Uccellini, Dr. Louis, Director, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 26926 APPENDIX Responses to additional questions 2620 67 Close

• 81. [Image] Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part

  	Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part Author: Cahoon, Joe Year: 1985, 2006, 2005 Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked and cooperated as a team to complete this project. In this report are many kinds of basic information about the soils in the area. This information can be helpful in making decisions about the management of irrigated soils for optimum crop production, in planning land uses for urban and suburban areas, and in determining the needs for many other uses, for example, forestry, range, wildlife, and recreation. This soil survey has been prepared for many different users. Farmers can use it to help select the most suitable crop for the kind of soil; ranchers can use it to determine amount of forage production and the kinds of plants most suited to range or woodland; foresters can use the survey to find information about kinds of trees, potential for tree growth, and special soil features. Title: Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part Author: Cahoon, Joe Year: 1985, 2006, 2005 Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked and cooperated as a team to complete this project. In this report are many kinds of basic information about the soils in the area. This information can be helpful in making decisions about the management of irrigated soils for optimum crop production, in planning land uses for urban and suburban areas, and in determining the needs for many other uses, for example, forestry, range, wildlife, and recreation. This soil survey has been prepared for many different users. Farmers can use it to help select the most suitable crop for the kind of soil; ranchers can use it to determine amount of forage production and the kinds of plants most suited to range or woodland; foresters can use the survey to find information about kinds of trees, potential for tree growth, and special soil features. Close

• 82. [Image] Natural flow of the upper Klamath River

  	Executive Summary Executive Summary This report presents details of the investigation and results in estimating the natural flow of the upper Klamath River at Keno, Oregon. The area investigated includes ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural flow of the upper Klamath River Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Klamath Basin Area Office Year: 2005, 2008 Executive Summary Executive Summary This report presents details of the investigation and results in estimating the natural flow of the upper Klamath River at Keno, Oregon. The area investigated includes the Klamath River Basin above Keno, Oregon, primarily in Klamath County, with some areas of Siskiyou and Modoc Counties in California. The study area includes the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood River basins, as well as Upper Klamath and Lower Klamath Lakes. Objectives The current purpose of this study is to provide an estimate of the monthly natural flows in the upper Klamath River at Keno. This estimate of the natural flow represents typical flow without agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin, including its tributaries. Study Approach This study used a water budget approach to assess the agricultural depletions and alterations to the natural flow. The approach was to evaluate the changes of agriculture from predevelopment conditions, estimate the effects of these changes, and restore the water budget to natural conditions by reversing the effects of agricultural development. Records used in this empirical assessment were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Water Budget Description The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The water budget assessment includes: ? Natural inflow from the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood Rivers to Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evapotranspiration losses from marshes surrounding Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evaporation losses of the Upper Klamath Lake ? Natural flow at the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake into the Link River at Klamath Falls ? Resulting natural flow at Keno The processes developed in the water budget to evaluate the natural outflow of Upper Klamath Lake accounts for factors related to water resources developments XI Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River in the watershed that have affected inflow to the lake, and for losses due to natural condition of the lake. The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The results of the water budget assessment are given as average annual flows for two important stream gages, one located on the Link River at Klamath Falls and the other on the Klamath River at Keno. Evaluation of Predevelopment Conditions An evaluation of predevelopment conditions included an evaluation of changes to Upper Klamath Lake, agricultural developments in the Wood River, Sprague River, and Williamson River watersheds. Several basic elements were considered in this study: ? How had development changed the system ? Was information available about conditions before the changes occurred ? Were data available to assist in estimating changes to the natural system Evaluation of Current Conditions Period of Record The period of record considered in this investigation is the 52 years from 1949 to 2000. This period of record was chosen because hydrologic and climatological data were limited for the pre-1949 period and data beyond 2000 were not available when the study began. The water year convention (October through September) is used in this report. Crop and Marshland Evapotranspiration Analysis The modified Blaney-Criddle method was used to determine potential net evapotranspiration (ET) from crops, marshlands, and riparian zones. The method is empirical and the calculated values were adjusted based on other recent study findings and water limiting considerations. To estimate net ET water consumption by this method requires the following data: ? Location of irrigated lands, marshlands, and riparian zones ? Types of crops and number of acres for each crop ? Types and acreages of marshland and riparian vegetation, both existing and predevelopment ? Monthly precipitation and monthly average temperature for the period of record for each area Methods to Estimate Natural Flows Natural streamflow development included adjustment of gaged streamflow to natural flow, restoration of missing streamflow and climate data, making natural streamflow estimates in ungaged watersheds, assessing groundwater XII Executive Summary contributions, and estimating transit losses. Not all of these procedures were appropriate or possible in all subbasins of the study area. Records of historic flow may be adjusted to natural flow using crop net consumptive use and marshland evapotranspiration: natural flow = gaged flow + crop net consumptive use - reclaimed natural marshland net evapotranspiration Correlation analysis was used to restore missing values from monthly-value data records used in this study. The method is different from linear least-squares regression estimation. Data records used in this study include precipitation and average temperature histories, in addition to hydrologic records of streamflow and lake stage. Also, natural streamflow histories are required in ungaged watersheds to assess the natural inflow to Upper Klamath Lake. Sparse monthly flow records for streams heading on the east flank of the Cascades and flowing into the Wood River Valley or Pelican Bay area of Upper Klamath Lake required estimation techniques that used gaged histories from nearby river basins. These data were evaluated in statistical applications to yield natural flow estimates for these ungaged portions of the Klamath Basin. In a similar vein, groundwater contributions required temporal adjustments attributable to the climate signature evident in longer term records for similar groundwater discharges in neighboring watersheds. Transit losses for both surface water and groundwater contributions were also estimated in this study. Natural Lake Simulations Implementation of a water budget for Upper Klamath Lake required developing information about (1) the storage and inundation surface area characteristics of the lake, and (2) the discharge characteristics at the outflow point of the lake. These characteristics were evaluated in relation to the elevation, or stage, of the water surface of the lake. Additionally, discharge from the lake was also related to the stage. Estimating the outflow of a natural lake is accomplished using a water budget approach. A monthly summation of all elements in the water budget may be stated by the general form of the hydrologic equation: i = o + As where i = inflow to the lake o = outflow from the lake and As = change in storage of the lake XIII Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River For Upper Klamath Lake, the month-to-month water budget accounts for natural inflow, storage of water within each lake, resulting estimated lake stage, and discharge from each lake. In addition, open water surface evaporation and groundwater discharge to the lake from the regional aquifer were estimated. The water budget assessment was designed to simulate the lake as a natural water body. Materials and Data Researched and Used Data Sources Records used in this analysis were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also developed from published reports, file documents, and maps. Supporting information included documents from: ? Archives of the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Basin Area Office ? Numerous U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Supply Papers regarding stream gaging records ? Compact disk databases containing digital records of gaged flow, lake stage records, and meteorological data Anecdotal items from newspaper articles or clipped from magazines were also reviewed. These sources consisted of narratives of past events or conditions, transcripts of interviews, newspaper accounts, books, diaries, and historical journals. These provided an impression of predevelopment conditions that can be compared to the empirical and scientific information gleaned from other sources. Other reviewed materials included unpublished and out-of-print scientific reports, historical maps, letters, books, journals, and photographs. Modeling Tools Results of the water budget assessment were accomplished using Excel?, a sophisticated spreadsheet available in the Microsoft Office for Windows software package. This model was chosen over other models because this study is unique. The computational modules built as the study developed represent a custom application of Excel? to the solution of estimating the natural flow conditions in the Upper Klamath River Basin. Klamath River at Keno Gaging Station For the simulation period, 1949 to 2000, the water balance for the Upper Klamath River Basin at Keno is described below. The natural outflow (discharge) from Upper Klamath Lake at Link River was computed in the water balance. Discharge at Keno was then calculated using a correlation relationship developed between historic measured Link River and Keno flows. Table S-l presents the estimated water balance and outflow developed for the Link River and Keno gages. XIV Executive Summary Table S-1. Estimated inflow and outflow developed for Link River and Keno gages Upper Klamath Lake Acre-feet Average annual natural inflow Average annual natural net loss 1,605,000 210,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow 1,395,000 Link River to Keno Average annual natural inflow 1,485,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow at Keno gage 1,306,000 Other Factors Considered The focus of this study is agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin and its effects on natural flow conditions. Other watershed factors have changed since predevelopment. Some of these factors were considered, but are unaccounted-for in the assessment, such as changes in forest conditions or an extension of the flow histories before 1949. Model Review and Sensitivity Analysis Although this study uses best available hydrologic methods and data to either measure or estimate all inflows and outflows to the system, additional concerns have arisen in completing the work. Relationships regarding the significance of uncertainty are likely to be spatially and temporally variable. The key factor is the relative importance of each module in the transit losses suffered by inflows to the natural system. The significance of these influences to model sensitivity is related to time of year or length of time over which flows are evaluated. Model sensitivity is related to uncertainty in data regarding the most significant transit losses; namely, marsh evapotranspiration and open water evaporation. The natural flows developed at Keno are realized, in part, through a statistical rule based model rather than a physically based model. This construct within the model is for the segment from the Link River gage below Upper Klamath Lake, to the Keno gage below Lower Klamath Lake. Thus, sensitivity in testing the spatial and temporal variables within the Link River to Keno reach that affect the flow at Keno is problematic. xv Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River Summary Development of the natural flows at the Keno gage was accomplished using a spreadsheet modeling approach to resolve the water budget for the Upper Klamath River Basin under undeveloped watershed conditions. The resulting flow duration for simulated natural average monthly flows for Keno gage are described in Table S-2. The percentiles represent the flow exceedence ranges in monthly natural flow estimates at Keno solely due to record length. These percentiles are estimates for modeled baseline conditions and do not reflect data uncertainties for possible changes in evaporation, evapotranspiration, or other factors. Table S-2. Summary of simulated monthly flows at Keno in cfs % Time <= Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Annual % Time >= 10 648 1088 1216 1408 1647 1577 1670 1408 1168 631 520 560 1188 90 20 769 1159 1352 1472 1767 1689 2017 1721 1358 822 578 616 1429 80 30 857 1255 1453 1667 1925 1907 2125 2051 1664 964 706 720 1528 70 40 974 1342 1625 1845 2016 2040 2477 2280 1890 1228 767 746 1607 60 50 1033 1455 1698 1964 2343 2133 2595 2649 2039 1349 873 854 1773 50 60 1131 1523 1803 2072 2410 2360 3009 2827 2388 1478 998 955 1903 40 70 1224 1576 1984 2196 2615 2703 3146 3131 2657 1706 1154 1049 2169 30 80 1304 1739 2049 2399 2829 3115 3615 3385 3104 2210 1351 1210 2347 20 90 1488 1815 2319 2659 3294 3367 3877 3707 3460 2923 1684 1412 2511 10 A simplified flowchart depicting the overall sources of included inflow and outflow variables has been completed as figure S-l, with average annual values shown from each source. XVI Title: Natural flow of the upper Klamath River Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Klamath Basin Area Office Year: 2005, 2008 Executive Summary Executive Summary This report presents details of the investigation and results in estimating the natural flow of the upper Klamath River at Keno, Oregon. The area investigated includes the Klamath River Basin above Keno, Oregon, primarily in Klamath County, with some areas of Siskiyou and Modoc Counties in California. The study area includes the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood River basins, as well as Upper Klamath and Lower Klamath Lakes. Objectives The current purpose of this study is to provide an estimate of the monthly natural flows in the upper Klamath River at Keno. This estimate of the natural flow represents typical flow without agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin, including its tributaries. Study Approach This study used a water budget approach to assess the agricultural depletions and alterations to the natural flow. The approach was to evaluate the changes of agriculture from predevelopment conditions, estimate the effects of these changes, and restore the water budget to natural conditions by reversing the effects of agricultural development. Records used in this empirical assessment were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Water Budget Description The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The water budget assessment includes: ? Natural inflow from the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood Rivers to Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evapotranspiration losses from marshes surrounding Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evaporation losses of the Upper Klamath Lake ? Natural flow at the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake into the Link River at Klamath Falls ? Resulting natural flow at Keno The processes developed in the water budget to evaluate the natural outflow of Upper Klamath Lake accounts for factors related to water resources developments XI Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River in the watershed that have affected inflow to the lake, and for losses due to natural condition of the lake. The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The results of the water budget assessment are given as average annual flows for two important stream gages, one located on the Link River at Klamath Falls and the other on the Klamath River at Keno. Evaluation of Predevelopment Conditions An evaluation of predevelopment conditions included an evaluation of changes to Upper Klamath Lake, agricultural developments in the Wood River, Sprague River, and Williamson River watersheds. Several basic elements were considered in this study: ? How had development changed the system ? Was information available about conditions before the changes occurred ? Were data available to assist in estimating changes to the natural system Evaluation of Current Conditions Period of Record The period of record considered in this investigation is the 52 years from 1949 to 2000. This period of record was chosen because hydrologic and climatological data were limited for the pre-1949 period and data beyond 2000 were not available when the study began. The water year convention (October through September) is used in this report. Crop and Marshland Evapotranspiration Analysis The modified Blaney-Criddle method was used to determine potential net evapotranspiration (ET) from crops, marshlands, and riparian zones. The method is empirical and the calculated values were adjusted based on other recent study findings and water limiting considerations. To estimate net ET water consumption by this method requires the following data: ? Location of irrigated lands, marshlands, and riparian zones ? Types of crops and number of acres for each crop ? Types and acreages of marshland and riparian vegetation, both existing and predevelopment ? Monthly precipitation and monthly average temperature for the period of record for each area Methods to Estimate Natural Flows Natural streamflow development included adjustment of gaged streamflow to natural flow, restoration of missing streamflow and climate data, making natural streamflow estimates in ungaged watersheds, assessing groundwater XII Executive Summary contributions, and estimating transit losses. Not all of these procedures were appropriate or possible in all subbasins of the study area. Records of historic flow may be adjusted to natural flow using crop net consumptive use and marshland evapotranspiration: natural flow = gaged flow + crop net consumptive use - reclaimed natural marshland net evapotranspiration Correlation analysis was used to restore missing values from monthly-value data records used in this study. The method is different from linear least-squares regression estimation. Data records used in this study include precipitation and average temperature histories, in addition to hydrologic records of streamflow and lake stage. Also, natural streamflow histories are required in ungaged watersheds to assess the natural inflow to Upper Klamath Lake. Sparse monthly flow records for streams heading on the east flank of the Cascades and flowing into the Wood River Valley or Pelican Bay area of Upper Klamath Lake required estimation techniques that used gaged histories from nearby river basins. These data were evaluated in statistical applications to yield natural flow estimates for these ungaged portions of the Klamath Basin. In a similar vein, groundwater contributions required temporal adjustments attributable to the climate signature evident in longer term records for similar groundwater discharges in neighboring watersheds. Transit losses for both surface water and groundwater contributions were also estimated in this study. Natural Lake Simulations Implementation of a water budget for Upper Klamath Lake required developing information about (1) the storage and inundation surface area characteristics of the lake, and (2) the discharge characteristics at the outflow point of the lake. These characteristics were evaluated in relation to the elevation, or stage, of the water surface of the lake. Additionally, discharge from the lake was also related to the stage. Estimating the outflow of a natural lake is accomplished using a water budget approach. A monthly summation of all elements in the water budget may be stated by the general form of the hydrologic equation: i = o + As where i = inflow to the lake o = outflow from the lake and As = change in storage of the lake XIII Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River For Upper Klamath Lake, the month-to-month water budget accounts for natural inflow, storage of water within each lake, resulting estimated lake stage, and discharge from each lake. In addition, open water surface evaporation and groundwater discharge to the lake from the regional aquifer were estimated. The water budget assessment was designed to simulate the lake as a natural water body. Materials and Data Researched and Used Data Sources Records used in this analysis were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also developed from published reports, file documents, and maps. Supporting information included documents from: ? Archives of the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Basin Area Office ? Numerous U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Supply Papers regarding stream gaging records ? Compact disk databases containing digital records of gaged flow, lake stage records, and meteorological data Anecdotal items from newspaper articles or clipped from magazines were also reviewed. These sources consisted of narratives of past events or conditions, transcripts of interviews, newspaper accounts, books, diaries, and historical journals. These provided an impression of predevelopment conditions that can be compared to the empirical and scientific information gleaned from other sources. Other reviewed materials included unpublished and out-of-print scientific reports, historical maps, letters, books, journals, and photographs. Modeling Tools Results of the water budget assessment were accomplished using Excel?, a sophisticated spreadsheet available in the Microsoft Office for Windows software package. This model was chosen over other models because this study is unique. The computational modules built as the study developed represent a custom application of Excel? to the solution of estimating the natural flow conditions in the Upper Klamath River Basin. Klamath River at Keno Gaging Station For the simulation period, 1949 to 2000, the water balance for the Upper Klamath River Basin at Keno is described below. The natural outflow (discharge) from Upper Klamath Lake at Link River was computed in the water balance. Discharge at Keno was then calculated using a correlation relationship developed between historic measured Link River and Keno flows. Table S-l presents the estimated water balance and outflow developed for the Link River and Keno gages. XIV Executive Summary Table S-1. Estimated inflow and outflow developed for Link River and Keno gages Upper Klamath Lake Acre-feet Average annual natural inflow Average annual natural net loss 1,605,000 210,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow 1,395,000 Link River to Keno Average annual natural inflow 1,485,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow at Keno gage 1,306,000 Other Factors Considered The focus of this study is agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin and its effects on natural flow conditions. Other watershed factors have changed since predevelopment. Some of these factors were considered, but are unaccounted-for in the assessment, such as changes in forest conditions or an extension of the flow histories before 1949. Model Review and Sensitivity Analysis Although this study uses best available hydrologic methods and data to either measure or estimate all inflows and outflows to the system, additional concerns have arisen in completing the work. Relationships regarding the significance of uncertainty are likely to be spatially and temporally variable. The key factor is the relative importance of each module in the transit losses suffered by inflows to the natural system. The significance of these influences to model sensitivity is related to time of year or length of time over which flows are evaluated. Model sensitivity is related to uncertainty in data regarding the most significant transit losses; namely, marsh evapotranspiration and open water evaporation. The natural flows developed at Keno are realized, in part, through a statistical rule based model rather than a physically based model. This construct within the model is for the segment from the Link River gage below Upper Klamath Lake, to the Keno gage below Lower Klamath Lake. Thus, sensitivity in testing the spatial and temporal variables within the Link River to Keno reach that affect the flow at Keno is problematic. xv Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River Summary Development of the natural flows at the Keno gage was accomplished using a spreadsheet modeling approach to resolve the water budget for the Upper Klamath River Basin under undeveloped watershed conditions. The resulting flow duration for simulated natural average monthly flows for Keno gage are described in Table S-2. The percentiles represent the flow exceedence ranges in monthly natural flow estimates at Keno solely due to record length. These percentiles are estimates for modeled baseline conditions and do not reflect data uncertainties for possible changes in evaporation, evapotranspiration, or other factors. Table S-2. Summary of simulated monthly flows at Keno in cfs % Time <= Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Annual % Time >= 10 648 1088 1216 1408 1647 1577 1670 1408 1168 631 520 560 1188 90 20 769 1159 1352 1472 1767 1689 2017 1721 1358 822 578 616 1429 80 30 857 1255 1453 1667 1925 1907 2125 2051 1664 964 706 720 1528 70 40 974 1342 1625 1845 2016 2040 2477 2280 1890 1228 767 746 1607 60 50 1033 1455 1698 1964 2343 2133 2595 2649 2039 1349 873 854 1773 50 60 1131 1523 1803 2072 2410 2360 3009 2827 2388 1478 998 955 1903 40 70 1224 1576 1984 2196 2615 2703 3146 3131 2657 1706 1154 1049 2169 30 80 1304 1739 2049 2399 2829 3115 3615 3385 3104 2210 1351 1210 2347 20 90 1488 1815 2319 2659 3294 3367 3877 3707 3460 2923 1684 1412 2511 10 A simplified flowchart depicting the overall sources of included inflow and outflow variables has been completed as figure S-l, with average annual values shown from each source. XVI Close

• 83. [Image] Results of a long-term aquifer at the Ron McVay Irrigation well, Klamath County, Oregon

  	Pages 14-18 blank; "OF - 02 - 004"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Results of a long-term aquifer at the Ron McVay Irrigation well, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Zwart, Michael J. Year: 2002, 2005 Pages 14-18 blank; "OF - 02 - 004" Title: Results of a long-term aquifer at the Ron McVay Irrigation well, Klamath County, Oregon Author: Zwart, Michael J. Year: 2002, 2005 Pages 14-18 blank; "OF - 02 - 004" Close

• 84. [Image] An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, Year: 1977, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references Title: An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Walsh, Stephen Joseph, Year: 1977, 2009 ill., maps; Typescript (photocopy); Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1978; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 85. [Image] Water-resources appraisal of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps; Includes bibliographical references;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water-resources appraisal of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Frank, F. J. Year: 1969, 2008 ill., maps; Includes bibliographical references; Title: Water-resources appraisal of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Frank, F. J. Year: 1969, 2008 ill., maps; Includes bibliographical references; Close

• 86. [Image] Fire-insect-disease relationships of a lodgepole pine ecosystem in south-central Oregon

  	ill.; "July 1985."; "Final report on National Science Foundation Grant DEB-8109813"-- Cover; Includes offprints of several project-related publications by the authors; Includes bibliographical referen...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fire-insect-disease relationships of a lodgepole pine ecosystem in south-central Oregon Author: Gara, Robert I. Year: 1985, 2008 ill.; "July 1985."; "Final report on National Science Foundation Grant DEB-8109813"-- Cover; Includes offprints of several project-related publications by the authors; Includes bibliographical references Title: Fire-insect-disease relationships of a lodgepole pine ecosystem in south-central Oregon Author: Gara, Robert I. Year: 1985, 2008 ill.; "July 1985."; "Final report on National Science Foundation Grant DEB-8109813"-- Cover; Includes offprints of several project-related publications by the authors; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 87. [Image] Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation

  	Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation Author: Henderson, C.A. Year: 1930, 2005 Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project Title: Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation Author: Henderson, C.A. Year: 1930, 2005 Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project Close

• 88. [Image] Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin

  	"Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Braunworth, William S. Year: 2003, 2004 "Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html Title: Water allocation in the Klamath Reclamation Project, 2001 : an assessment of natural resource, economic, social, and institutional issues with a focus on the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Braunworth, William S. Year: 2003, 2004 "Reprinted May 2003."; Includes bibliographical references; Also available at http://eesc.oregonstate.edu/agcomwebfile/edmat/html/sr/sr1037/sr1037.html Close

• 89. [Image] Determining surface water availability in Oregon : open file report SW 02-002

  	Determining Surface Water Availability in Oregon By Richard M. Cooper, PE Abstract The Oregon Water Resources Department (Department or OWRD) limits appropriation from Oregon streams to assure new applicants ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determining surface water availability in Oregon : open file report SW 02-002 Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept. Year: 2002, 2005 Determining Surface Water Availability in Oregon By Richard M. Cooper, PE Abstract The Oregon Water Resources Department (Department or OWRD) limits appropriation from Oregon streams to assure new applicants use of surface water a reasonable amount of time and to minimize regulatory conflict. The standards for new appropriation of water are: (1) consumptive use from allocations for out-of-stream uses can total no more than the 80-percent ex-ceedance natural stream flow, and (2) allocations for in-stream flows can be no more than the 50-percent exceedance natural stream flow. OWRD has created and maintains a database of the amount of surface water available for appropriation for most waters in the state. This database is used to evaluate applications for new uses of water. Water availability (WA) is obtained from natural stream flow (QNSF) by subtracting existing storage (ST), out-of-stream consumptive uses (CU) and in-stream demands (IS). WA = QN -ST-CU-IS Ideally, water availability would be calculated for every watershed above a point of diversion or in-stream demand. Practically, the number of watersheds must be limited. The watersheds selected for analysis are called Water Availability Basins (WABs). Stream flow can be highly variable, and it is useful to characterize it in some way, usually by a statistic, e.g., a monthly or annual mean. For water availability, it is important to know how often water is available. The appropriate statistic in this case is exceedance stream flow. This statistic tells us how often to expect a given rate of stream flow to occur. Exceedance stream flows are determined directly from gage records, or for ungaged streams, by estimation through modeling. When determined from gage records, the exceedance flows must be corrected to a common base period, and then, to natural stream flow. When determined through modeling, the exceedance flows are estimated from statistical models that relate watershed characteristics to natural stream flow. The models are derived by multiple linear regression. Storage is water retained in a reservoir. It is debited from water availability when the water is stored. It diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. Consumptive use is divided into three major categories: irrigation, municipal, and all others e.g., domestic, livestock. These uses are less than 100 percent consumptive. It is assumed the non-consumed part of a diversion is returned to the stream from which it was diverted. Consumptive use from irrigation is from estimates made by the US Geological Survey (Portland). Consumption from other uses is based on the associated water rights. In these cases, consumptive use is obtained by multiplying the maximum diversion rate allowed for the water right by a consumptive use coefficient. Consumptive use diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. There are two types of in-stream demands: in-stream water rights and scenic waterway flows. In-stream demands diminish availability upstream only. Because they are non-consumptive, they do not diminish stream flow downstream as do consumptive uses. Water availability has been calculated for over 2500 WABs. In general, the calculation of water availability at one WAB cannot be considered in isolation from other WABs in the same stream system. For water to be available at any given upstream point, it must be available at all points of calculation downstream. Title: Determining surface water availability in Oregon : open file report SW 02-002 Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept. Year: 2002, 2005 Determining Surface Water Availability in Oregon By Richard M. Cooper, PE Abstract The Oregon Water Resources Department (Department or OWRD) limits appropriation from Oregon streams to assure new applicants use of surface water a reasonable amount of time and to minimize regulatory conflict. The standards for new appropriation of water are: (1) consumptive use from allocations for out-of-stream uses can total no more than the 80-percent ex-ceedance natural stream flow, and (2) allocations for in-stream flows can be no more than the 50-percent exceedance natural stream flow. OWRD has created and maintains a database of the amount of surface water available for appropriation for most waters in the state. This database is used to evaluate applications for new uses of water. Water availability (WA) is obtained from natural stream flow (QNSF) by subtracting existing storage (ST), out-of-stream consumptive uses (CU) and in-stream demands (IS). WA = QN -ST-CU-IS Ideally, water availability would be calculated for every watershed above a point of diversion or in-stream demand. Practically, the number of watersheds must be limited. The watersheds selected for analysis are called Water Availability Basins (WABs). Stream flow can be highly variable, and it is useful to characterize it in some way, usually by a statistic, e.g., a monthly or annual mean. For water availability, it is important to know how often water is available. The appropriate statistic in this case is exceedance stream flow. This statistic tells us how often to expect a given rate of stream flow to occur. Exceedance stream flows are determined directly from gage records, or for ungaged streams, by estimation through modeling. When determined from gage records, the exceedance flows must be corrected to a common base period, and then, to natural stream flow. When determined through modeling, the exceedance flows are estimated from statistical models that relate watershed characteristics to natural stream flow. The models are derived by multiple linear regression. Storage is water retained in a reservoir. It is debited from water availability when the water is stored. It diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. Consumptive use is divided into three major categories: irrigation, municipal, and all others e.g., domestic, livestock. These uses are less than 100 percent consumptive. It is assumed the non-consumed part of a diversion is returned to the stream from which it was diverted. Consumptive use from irrigation is from estimates made by the US Geological Survey (Portland). Consumption from other uses is based on the associated water rights. In these cases, consumptive use is obtained by multiplying the maximum diversion rate allowed for the water right by a consumptive use coefficient. Consumptive use diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. There are two types of in-stream demands: in-stream water rights and scenic waterway flows. In-stream demands diminish availability upstream only. Because they are non-consumptive, they do not diminish stream flow downstream as do consumptive uses. Water availability has been calculated for over 2500 WABs. In general, the calculation of water availability at one WAB cannot be considered in isolation from other WABs in the same stream system. For water to be available at any given upstream point, it must be available at all points of calculation downstream. Close

• 90. [Image] Freshwater supply : states' views of how federal agencies could help them meet the challenges of expected shortages : report to Congressional Requesters

  	"July 2003."; "GAO-03-514."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Freshwater supply : states' views of how federal agencies could help them meet the challenges of expected shortages : report to Congressional Requesters Author: United States. General Accounting Office Year: 2003, 2005 "July 2003."; "GAO-03-514." Title: Freshwater supply : states' views of how federal agencies could help them meet the challenges of expected shortages : report to Congressional Requesters Author: United States. General Accounting Office Year: 2003, 2005 "July 2003."; "GAO-03-514." Close

• 91. [Image] Water resources data. Oregon. Water Year 2002

  	PREFACEThe annual Oregon hydrologic data report is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water resources data. Oregon. Water Year 2002 Author: Geological Survey (U.S.). Water Resources Division Year: 2002, 2004 PREFACEThe annual Oregon hydrologic data report is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks in each State, Puerto Rico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and quality of water provide the hydrologic information needed by State, local and Federal agencies, and the private sector for developing and managing our Nation's land and water resources.The report is the culmination of a concerted effort by dedicated personnel of the U.S. Geological Survey who collected, compiled, analyzed, verified, and organized the data, and who edited and assembled the reports. In addition to the authors, who had primary responsibility for assuring that the information contained herein is accurate, complete, and adheres to Geological Survey policy and established guidelines, the following individuals contributed significantly to the collection, processing, and tabulation of the data: Title: Water resources data. Oregon. Water Year 2002 Author: Geological Survey (U.S.). Water Resources Division Year: 2002, 2004 PREFACEThe annual Oregon hydrologic data report is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks in each State, Puerto Rico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and quality of water provide the hydrologic information needed by State, local and Federal agencies, and the private sector for developing and managing our Nation's land and water resources.The report is the culmination of a concerted effort by dedicated personnel of the U.S. Geological Survey who collected, compiled, analyzed, verified, and organized the data, and who edited and assembled the reports. In addition to the authors, who had primary responsibility for assuring that the information contained herein is accurate, complete, and adheres to Geological Survey policy and established guidelines, the following individuals contributed significantly to the collection, processing, and tabulation of the data: Close

• 92. [Image] Soils of the Klamath Indian Reservation; interim report, June 11, 1958

  	TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 18 - 11 History and ethnology 18 Irrigated area table 19 Cultural geography 19 General physiographic features 262e . .3 Physiographic areas and farming 1d CLIMATE ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soils of the Klamath Indian Reservation; interim report, June 11, 1958 Author: United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs Year: 1958, 2005, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 18 - 11 History and ethnology 18 Irrigated area table 19 Cultural geography 19 General physiographic features 262e . .3 Physiographic areas and farming 1d CLIMATE 182 - 18 Climatic table, Sprague River, Oregon 185 Precipitation table , Chiloquin, Oregon 186 Temperature table, Chiloquin, Oregon 187 Climatic table, Fort Klamath, Oregon 188 VEGETATION 189 - 25 GEOLOGY 196 - 51 Hydrography: rivers, lakes, marshes, ground water 196 Relief and geological formations. 262e .32 Diatomite - tuff formation 262e . 1c4 Pliocene sediments of the Modoc Point area 262e.. 37 Faulted tuff formation 1c9 Pumice tuff formation.. 1d0 Pumice mantle and pumice flows ........ 262e.... .........40 Table of chemical analyses of pumice and scoria 1d5 Geology Map 262e . 262e 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 262e 262e...52 PART II DESCRIPTIONS OF SOILS 223 - 60 Classification and survey 262e 262e.. 262e... 53 Soil profile and nomenclature. .... 262e...53 Chestnut Soils 262e 224 "Western" Brown Forest Soils 225 Regosol Soils . . 262e. 262e......56 Solonetz Soils 262e.....57 Halomorphic Soils 262e 228 Hydromorphic Soils 262e... 229 Soil Association Map 262e 229 KEY TO SOIL SERIES 262e61 - 63 SOIL SERIES AND MAPPING UNIT DESCRIPTIONS 134 ~ 254 APPENDIX 1955 - 297 Soil Series and mapping unit index. 2620. . . . 255 Glossary of terms 263f 262e. . . . 272 Table of soil analyses (Oregon State College)... 1989 Table of irrigation water quality (Oregon State College) 1990 Table of conductivity and reaction. . . . 1991 Table of resistance of saturated paste 262e296 Title: Soils of the Klamath Indian Reservation; interim report, June 11, 1958 Author: United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs Year: 1958, 2005, 2004 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTION 18 - 11 History and ethnology 18 Irrigated area table 19 Cultural geography 19 General physiographic features 262e . .3 Physiographic areas and farming 1d CLIMATE 182 - 18 Climatic table, Sprague River, Oregon 185 Precipitation table , Chiloquin, Oregon 186 Temperature table, Chiloquin, Oregon 187 Climatic table, Fort Klamath, Oregon 188 VEGETATION 189 - 25 GEOLOGY 196 - 51 Hydrography: rivers, lakes, marshes, ground water 196 Relief and geological formations. 262e .32 Diatomite - tuff formation 262e . 1c4 Pliocene sediments of the Modoc Point area 262e.. 37 Faulted tuff formation 1c9 Pumice tuff formation.. 1d0 Pumice mantle and pumice flows ........ 262e.... .........40 Table of chemical analyses of pumice and scoria 1d5 Geology Map 262e . 262e 221 BIBLIOGRAPHY 262e 262e...52 PART II DESCRIPTIONS OF SOILS 223 - 60 Classification and survey 262e 262e.. 262e... 53 Soil profile and nomenclature. .... 262e...53 Chestnut Soils 262e 224 "Western" Brown Forest Soils 225 Regosol Soils . . 262e. 262e......56 Solonetz Soils 262e.....57 Halomorphic Soils 262e 228 Hydromorphic Soils 262e... 229 Soil Association Map 262e 229 KEY TO SOIL SERIES 262e61 - 63 SOIL SERIES AND MAPPING UNIT DESCRIPTIONS 134 ~ 254 APPENDIX 1955 - 297 Soil Series and mapping unit index. 2620. . . . 255 Glossary of terms 263f 262e. . . . 272 Table of soil analyses (Oregon State College)... 1989 Table of irrigation water quality (Oregon State College) 1990 Table of conductivity and reaction. . . . 1991 Table of resistance of saturated paste 262e296 Close

• 93. [Image] Soil survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); 13 folded maps tipped in; Also available via Internet as of April 20, 2005; Includes data tables; Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153) and glossary (p. 1...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service Year: 2008 ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); 13 folded maps tipped in; Also available via Internet as of April 20, 2005; Includes data tables; Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153) and glossary (p. 155-163) Title: Soil survey of Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service Year: 2008 ill. (some col.), maps (some col.); 13 folded maps tipped in; Also available via Internet as of April 20, 2005; Includes data tables; Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-153) and glossary (p. 155-163) Close

• 94. [Image] Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands

  	ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands Author: Oregon. Air Quality Division Year: 1985, 2010 ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51) Title: Visibility in Oregon's wilderness and national park lands Author: Oregon. Air Quality Division Year: 1985, 2010 ill., photos; Cover title; "September, 1985."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51) Close

• 95. [Image] Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Notice of 90-Day Finding on a Petition to Delist the Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker

  	Only portions of issues of the Federal Register are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. Includes bibliographical reference; 50 CFR Part 17; Action: Notice of 90-day petition finding; “FR Doc. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Notice of 90-Day Finding on a Petition to Delist the Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 Only portions of issues of the Federal Register are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. Includes bibliographical reference; 50 CFR Part 17; Action: Notice of 90-day petition finding; “FR Doc. 02-12123 Filed 5-13-02: 8:45 a.m.;” See the Federal Register at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/advanced.html Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Notice of 90-Day Finding on a Petition to Delist the Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 Only portions of issues of the Federal Register are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. Includes bibliographical reference; 50 CFR Part 17; Action: Notice of 90-day petition finding; “FR Doc. 02-12123 Filed 5-13-02: 8:45 a.m.;” See the Federal Register at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/advanced.html Close

• 96. [Image] Geological limnology of Crater Lake, Oregon

  	ill.; Three folded plates in pocket; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1961; Bibliography: leaves 168-175
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geological limnology of Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Nelson, C. Hans (Carlton Hans), 1937- Year: 1961, 2008 ill.; Three folded plates in pocket; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1961; Bibliography: leaves 168-175 Title: Geological limnology of Crater Lake, Oregon Author: Nelson, C. Hans (Carlton Hans), 1937- Year: 1961, 2008 ill.; Three folded plates in pocket; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Minnesota, 1961; Bibliography: leaves 168-175 Close

• 97. [Image] Second annual report on the limnology and water quality monitoring program at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: final

  	1982-2002; ill.; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Second annual report on the limnology and water quality monitoring program at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: final Author: United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; in collaboration with National Park Service and Crater Lake National Park Year: 1983, 2008, 2009 1982-2002; ill.; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Title: Second annual report on the limnology and water quality monitoring program at Crater Lake National Park, Oregon: final Author: United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; in collaboration with National Park Service and Crater Lake National Park Year: 1983, 2008, 2009 1982-2002; ill.; Includes bibliographic references; Issues lack volume numbering Close

• 98. [Image] Crater Lake limnological studies: final report

  	ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crater Lake limnological studies: final report Author: Gary L. Larson; McIntire, David C.; Jacobs, Ruth W; Year: 1993, 2009 ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater Lake limnological studies and a long-term monitoring proposal to investigate new hypotheses. Title: Crater Lake limnological studies: final report Author: Gary L. Larson; McIntire, David C.; Jacobs, Ruth W; Year: 1993, 2009 ill., maps; July 1993."; "Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University."; Includes bibliographical references.; This title is a culmination of the first 10-years of the Crater Lake limnological studies and a long-term monitoring proposal to investigate new hypotheses. Close

• 99. [Image] Report of 1994 Workshop on the Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records of Climate Changes in the Western United States

  	Imprint from transmittal sheet; Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche; Shipping list no.: 97-0071-M; One ill. on 1 folded leaf in pocket; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Report of 1994 Workshop on the Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records of Climate Changes in the Western United States Author: Workshop on the Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records of Climate Changes in the Western U.S. (3rd : 1994 : Watsonville, Calif.) Year: 1996, 2007, 2005 Imprint from transmittal sheet; Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche; Shipping list no.: 97-0071-M; One ill. on 1 folded leaf in pocket; Includes bibliographical references Title: Report of 1994 Workshop on the Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records of Climate Changes in the Western United States Author: Workshop on the Correlation of Marine and Terrestrial Records of Climate Changes in the Western U.S. (3rd : 1994 : Watsonville, Calif.) Year: 1996, 2007, 2005 Imprint from transmittal sheet; Distributed to depository libraries in microfiche; Shipping list no.: 97-0071-M; One ill. on 1 folded leaf in pocket; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 100. [Image] Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S.Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many endemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions differ among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented. Keywords: Macroecology, paleoecology, ecological integrity, terrestrial communities, ecosystems, wildlife, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, endemism, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Title: Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S.Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many endemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions differ among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented. Keywords: Macroecology, paleoecology, ecological integrity, terrestrial communities, ecosystems, wildlife, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, endemism, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Close