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• 1. [Image] SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF POTATOES IN LANGELL VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT

  	P12-200-2677 - Klamath Project, Oregon - SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF POTATOES IN LANGELL VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT. Looking east from county road. (color); July 12, 1962; Photo by Wes Nell
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF POTATOES IN LANGELL VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wes Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2677 - Klamath Project, Oregon - SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF POTATOES IN LANGELL VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT. Looking east from county road. (color); July 12, 1962; Photo by Wes Nell Title: SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF POTATOES IN LANGELL VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wes Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2677 - Klamath Project, Oregon - SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF POTATOES IN LANGELL VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT. Looking east from county road. (color); July 12, 1962; Photo by Wes Nell Close

• 2. [Image] Power & the People: Issue Backgrounder: BPA Irrigation Programs

  	Many of the region's irrigated farms are experiencing production costs which have been increasing faster than farm commodity prices. Farmers are exploring all possible avenues to cut their operating expenses. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Power & the People: Issue Backgrounder: BPA Irrigation Programs Author: Bonneville Power Administration Year: 1984 Many of the region's irrigated farms are experiencing production costs which have been increasing faster than farm commodity prices. Farmers are exploring all possible avenues to cut their operating expenses. They have turned to BPA for ways to cut their electricity bills Title: Power & the People: Issue Backgrounder: BPA Irrigation Programs Author: Bonneville Power Administration Year: 1984 Many of the region's irrigated farms are experiencing production costs which have been increasing faster than farm commodity prices. Farmers are exploring all possible avenues to cut their operating expenses. They have turned to BPA for ways to cut their electricity bills Close

• 3. [Image] TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - J-1 Lateral about Sta. 150

  	KP-2478-R2 Klamath Project - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT. View of turnout showing Armco corrugated metal headwall and Armco gate. Installation by Tulelake Irrigation District; October 21, 1958; Photo ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - J-1 Lateral about Sta. 150 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2478-R2 Klamath Project - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT. View of turnout showing Armco corrugated metal headwall and Armco gate. Installation by Tulelake Irrigation District; October 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - J-1 Lateral about Sta. 150 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2478-R2 Klamath Project - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT. View of turnout showing Armco corrugated metal headwall and Armco gate. Installation by Tulelake Irrigation District; October 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 4. [Image] Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1990-92

  	Physical, chemical, and biological data were collected between 1990 and 1992 as part of a detailed study by the U.S. Department of the Interior of the effects of irrigation drainage on aquatic resources ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1990-92 Author: MacCoy, Dorene E. Year: 1994, 2005 Physical, chemical, and biological data were collected between 1990 and 1992 as part of a detailed study by the U.S. Department of the Interior of the effects of irrigation drainage on aquatic resources in the Klamath Basin of California and Oregon. Most of the sites for data collection were in and around the upper and lower sump of Tule Lake, in Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, and along major drains in Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge... In response to increasing concern about the effects of contaminated irrigation drainwater on human health, fish, and wildlife, the U.S. Department of the Interior established the Irrigation Water Quality Program to investigate irrigation-related water-quality problems at National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) and migratory bird use areas potentially affected by irrigation projects constructed or managed by the Department of the Interior. The Klamath Basin was one of the areas chosen for investigation Title: Physical, chemical, and biological data for detailed study of irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1990-92 Author: MacCoy, Dorene E. Year: 1994, 2005 Physical, chemical, and biological data were collected between 1990 and 1992 as part of a detailed study by the U.S. Department of the Interior of the effects of irrigation drainage on aquatic resources in the Klamath Basin of California and Oregon. Most of the sites for data collection were in and around the upper and lower sump of Tule Lake, in Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, and along major drains in Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge... In response to increasing concern about the effects of contaminated irrigation drainwater on human health, fish, and wildlife, the U.S. Department of the Interior established the Irrigation Water Quality Program to investigate irrigation-related water-quality problems at National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) and migratory bird use areas potentially affected by irrigation projects constructed or managed by the Department of the Interior. The Klamath Basin was one of the areas chosen for investigation Close

• 5. [Image] KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT - C CANAL

  	KP-2482-R2 - Klamath Project - KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT "C" CANAL - Timber check in Section 33, T 40 S, R 10 E, has been removed by District. Excavating for new concrete check is in progress; October ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT - C CANAL Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2482-R2 - Klamath Project - KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT "C" CANAL - Timber check in Section 33, T 40 S, R 10 E, has been removed by District. Excavating for new concrete check is in progress; October 22, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT - C CANAL Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2482-R2 - Klamath Project - KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT "C" CANAL - Timber check in Section 33, T 40 S, R 10 E, has been removed by District. Excavating for new concrete check is in progress; October 22, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 6. [Image] M-CANAL WASTEWAY, Tulelake Irrigation District

  	KP-2500-R2- Klamath Project - M-CANAL WASTEWAY, Tulelake Irrigation District. View looking east showing wasteway, modified under Specifications 200C-393 to raise water serface in M-Canal; March 23, 1959; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: M-CANAL WASTEWAY, Tulelake Irrigation District Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2500-R2- Klamath Project - M-CANAL WASTEWAY, Tulelake Irrigation District. View looking east showing wasteway, modified under Specifications 200C-393 to raise water serface in M-Canal; March 23, 1959; Photo by K.J.Greene Title: M-CANAL WASTEWAY, Tulelake Irrigation District Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2500-R2- Klamath Project - M-CANAL WASTEWAY, Tulelake Irrigation District. View looking east showing wasteway, modified under Specifications 200C-393 to raise water serface in M-Canal; March 23, 1959; Photo by K.J.Greene Close

• 7. [Image] Butte Valley - Showing typical irrigation well

  	KP-2322-R2 - Klamath Project--Butte Valley. Showing typical irrigation well in Butte Valley Irrigation District; April 29, 1956; Photo by Wesley Nell
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Butte Valley - Showing typical irrigation well Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wesley Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2322-R2 - Klamath Project--Butte Valley. Showing typical irrigation well in Butte Valley Irrigation District; April 29, 1956; Photo by Wesley Nell Title: Butte Valley - Showing typical irrigation well Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wesley Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2322-R2 - Klamath Project--Butte Valley. Showing typical irrigation well in Butte Valley Irrigation District; April 29, 1956; Photo by Wesley Nell Close

• 8. [Image] Butte Valley - Showing typical irrigation ditch and drain

  	KP_2323-R-2 - Klamath Project--Butte Valley. Showing typical irrigation ditch and drain in Butte Valley Irrigation District; April 29, 1956; Photo by Wesley Nell
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Butte Valley - Showing typical irrigation ditch and drain Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wesley Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP_2323-R-2 - Klamath Project--Butte Valley. Showing typical irrigation ditch and drain in Butte Valley Irrigation District; April 29, 1956; Photo by Wesley Nell Title: Butte Valley - Showing typical irrigation ditch and drain Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wesley Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP_2323-R-2 - Klamath Project--Butte Valley. Showing typical irrigation ditch and drain in Butte Valley Irrigation District; April 29, 1956; Photo by Wesley Nell Close

• 9. [Image] Products raised under irrigation in the Klamath Valley

  	October 21, 1907
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Products raised under irrigation in the Klamath Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1907, 2005, 2004 October 21, 1907 Title: Products raised under irrigation in the Klamath Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1907, 2005, 2004 October 21, 1907 Close

• 10. [Image] Border irrigation - raw land prepared, showing method of application

  	June 30, 1929
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Border irrigation - raw land prepared, showing method of application Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1929, 2006, 2005 June 30, 1929 Title: Border irrigation - raw land prepared, showing method of application Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1929, 2006, 2005 June 30, 1929 Close

• 11. [Image] Alfalfa land prepared and being irrigated by border method

  	June 30, 1929
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Alfalfa land prepared and being irrigated by border method Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1929, 2006, 2005 June 30, 1929 Title: Alfalfa land prepared and being irrigated by border method Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1929, 2006, 2005 June 30, 1929 Close

• 12. [Image] Panorama view of the head of Poe Valley, Ore.

  	June 11, 1905 ; Showing a glimpse of Lost River with irrigable lands on both sides of the river, proposed lands to be irrigated under the Klamath River Project. (Also a part of private companies cana...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Panorama view of the head of Poe Valley, Ore. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 11, 1905 ; Showing a glimpse of Lost River with irrigable lands on both sides of the river, proposed lands to be irrigated under the Klamath River Project. (Also a part of private companies canal) Title: Panorama view of the head of Poe Valley, Ore. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 11, 1905 ; Showing a glimpse of Lost River with irrigable lands on both sides of the river, proposed lands to be irrigated under the Klamath River Project. (Also a part of private companies canal) Close

• 13. [Image] TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - 100-D-1 Drain at Sta. 24

  	KP-2479-R2 - Klamath Project - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT. View looking east showing excavation for drain and excavation for Pumping Plant "V" in background. Drain will carry water supply to pumping ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - 100-D-1 Drain at Sta. 24 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2479-R2 - Klamath Project - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT. View looking east showing excavation for drain and excavation for Pumping Plant "V" in background. Drain will carry water supply to pumping plant; October 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - 100-D-1 Drain at Sta. 24 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2479-R2 - Klamath Project - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT. View looking east showing excavation for drain and excavation for Pumping Plant "V" in background. Drain will carry water supply to pumping plant; October 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 14. [Image] TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - PUMPING PLANT V

  	KP-2480-R2 - Klamath Project - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT PUMPING PLANT "V". View looking north showing excavation for pumping plant. Rock in drain has not been removed to grade; October 21, 1958; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - PUMPING PLANT V Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2480-R2 - Klamath Project - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT PUMPING PLANT "V". View looking north showing excavation for pumping plant. Rock in drain has not been removed to grade; October 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - PUMPING PLANT V Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2480-R2 - Klamath Project - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT PUMPING PLANT "V". View looking north showing excavation for pumping plant. Rock in drain has not been removed to grade; October 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 15. [Image] PUMPING PLANT "U", Tulelake Irrigation District

  	KP-2497-R2 - Klamath Project - PUMPING PLANT "U", Tulelake Irrigation District. Completed Pumping Plant with one 10 c.f.s. vertical pumping unit; March 11, 1959; Photo by L. McAnulty
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PUMPING PLANT "U", Tulelake Irrigation District Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, McAnulty, L. Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2497-R2 - Klamath Project - PUMPING PLANT "U", Tulelake Irrigation District. Completed Pumping Plant with one 10 c.f.s. vertical pumping unit; March 11, 1959; Photo by L. McAnulty Title: PUMPING PLANT "U", Tulelake Irrigation District Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, McAnulty, L. Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2497-R2 - Klamath Project - PUMPING PLANT "U", Tulelake Irrigation District. Completed Pumping Plant with one 10 c.f.s. vertical pumping unit; March 11, 1959; Photo by L. McAnulty Close

• 16. [Image] PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District

  	KP-2498-R2- Klamath Project - PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District. Completed Pumping Plant with two 10 c.f.s. vertical pumping units; March 11, 1959; Photo by L. McAnulty
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, McAnulty, L. Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2498-R2- Klamath Project - PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District. Completed Pumping Plant with two 10 c.f.s. vertical pumping units; March 11, 1959; Photo by L. McAnulty Title: PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, McAnulty, L. Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2498-R2- Klamath Project - PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District. Completed Pumping Plant with two 10 c.f.s. vertical pumping units; March 11, 1959; Photo by L. McAnulty Close

• 17. [Image] Topographic and irrigation map, upper and lower Klamath projects, California-Oregon

  	Scale 1:48,000 ; Relief shown by contours and spot heights ; "Topography of valleys and reservoir sites from surveys by the U.S. Reclamation Service in 1905, contour interval 1 to 10 feet. Topography of ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Topographic and irrigation map, upper and lower Klamath projects, California-Oregon Author: United States Reclamation Service Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 Scale 1:48,000 ; Relief shown by contours and spot heights ; "Topography of valleys and reservoir sites from surveys by the U.S. Reclamation Service in 1905, contour interval 1 to 10 feet. Topography of uplands from surveys by the U.S. Geological Survey, contour interval 50 feet." ; Includes diagram of 1905 surveyed areas, and an index map Title: Topographic and irrigation map, upper and lower Klamath projects, California-Oregon Author: United States Reclamation Service Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 Scale 1:48,000 ; Relief shown by contours and spot heights ; "Topography of valleys and reservoir sites from surveys by the U.S. Reclamation Service in 1905, contour interval 1 to 10 feet. Topography of uplands from surveys by the U.S. Geological Survey, contour interval 50 feet." ; Includes diagram of 1905 surveyed areas, and an index map Close

• 18. [Image] Chemical treatment of moss in an irrigation ditch

  	KP-1126-R2 - Klamath Project; View of crowd watching the demonstration for the chemical treatment of moss in irrigation ditches and drains; July 12, 1945; Photo by R. S. Hopkins
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Chemical treatment of moss in an irrigation ditch Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1045, 2006, 2005 KP-1126-R2 - Klamath Project; View of crowd watching the demonstration for the chemical treatment of moss in irrigation ditches and drains; July 12, 1945; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Title: Chemical treatment of moss in an irrigation ditch Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1045, 2006, 2005 KP-1126-R2 - Klamath Project; View of crowd watching the demonstration for the chemical treatment of moss in irrigation ditches and drains; July 12, 1945; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Close

• 19. [Image] PASTURE AND SILOS ON FARM IN HORSEFLY IRRIGATION DISTRICT

  	P12-200-2673 - Klamath Project, Oregon - PASTURE AND SILOS ON FARM IN HORSEFLY IRRIGATION DISTRICT. Looking south from county road. (color); July 12, 1962; Photo by Wes Nell
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PASTURE AND SILOS ON FARM IN HORSEFLY IRRIGATION DISTRICT Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wes Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2673 - Klamath Project, Oregon - PASTURE AND SILOS ON FARM IN HORSEFLY IRRIGATION DISTRICT. Looking south from county road. (color); July 12, 1962; Photo by Wes Nell Title: PASTURE AND SILOS ON FARM IN HORSEFLY IRRIGATION DISTRICT Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wes Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2673 - Klamath Project, Oregon - PASTURE AND SILOS ON FARM IN HORSEFLY IRRIGATION DISTRICT. Looking south from county road. (color); July 12, 1962; Photo by Wes Nell Close

• 20. [Image] TUBE IRRIGATION OF POTATOES ON B.M. HAYNES HOMESTEAD IN TULE LAKE AREA

  	P12-200-2676 - Klamath Project, California - TUBE IRRIGATION OF POTATOES ON B.M. HAYNES HOMESTEAD IN TULE LAKE AREA. (color); July 12, 1962; Photo by Wes Nell
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TUBE IRRIGATION OF POTATOES ON B.M. HAYNES HOMESTEAD IN TULE LAKE AREA Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wes Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2676 - Klamath Project, California - TUBE IRRIGATION OF POTATOES ON B.M. HAYNES HOMESTEAD IN TULE LAKE AREA. (color); July 12, 1962; Photo by Wes Nell Title: TUBE IRRIGATION OF POTATOES ON B.M. HAYNES HOMESTEAD IN TULE LAKE AREA Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Nell, Wes Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2676 - Klamath Project, California - TUBE IRRIGATION OF POTATOES ON B.M. HAYNES HOMESTEAD IN TULE LAKE AREA. (color); July 12, 1962; Photo by Wes Nell Close

• 21. [Image] TULE LAKE SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307

  	KP-2628-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307. Potato field, Lease unit No. 39, irrigated from irrigation system constructed in 1960; July 14, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2628-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307. Potato field, Lease unit No. 39, irrigated from irrigation system constructed in 1960; July 14, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2628-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 2, Specifications DC-5307. Potato field, Lease unit No. 39, irrigated from irrigation system constructed in 1960; July 14, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Close

• 22. [Image] Langell Valley Irrigation District

  	KP-2118-R2. Langell Valley Irrigation District. Farm ditch division box. Constructed of brick. M. L. Lindsay farm; April 17, 1952; Photo by C. O. Wamstad
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Langell Valley Irrigation District Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Wamstad, C. O. Year: 1952, 2007, 2006 KP-2118-R2. Langell Valley Irrigation District. Farm ditch division box. Constructed of brick. M. L. Lindsay farm; April 17, 1952; Photo by C. O. Wamstad Title: Langell Valley Irrigation District Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Wamstad, C. O. Year: 1952, 2007, 2006 KP-2118-R2. Langell Valley Irrigation District. Farm ditch division box. Constructed of brick. M. L. Lindsay farm; April 17, 1952; Photo by C. O. Wamstad Close

• 23. [Image] Upper Klamath Basin : opportunities for conserving and sustaining natural resources on private lands

  	1 i California Oregon Cover Photo: Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge at sunset Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS Map Detail Area: Upper Klamath River Basin ii T he Klamath River Basin presents numerous ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Klamath Basin : opportunities for conserving and sustaining natural resources on private lands Author: United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service Year: 2004, 2005 1 i California Oregon Cover Photo: Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge at sunset Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS Map Detail Area: Upper Klamath River Basin ii T he Klamath River Basin presents numerous challenges as well as opportunities for its many water users. For years, farmers and ranchers in the basin have recognized the vital role they play in the health of their watershed. Working with conservation districts, the Natural Resources Conservation Service ( NRCS) and others, land managers continue to proactively find ways to enhance natural resources in the basin, benefiting wildlife and the environment. However, as it has across the western United States, drought hit home in the Klamath for those who depend on every drop of water to sustain their livelihood, culture and community. In the spring of 2001, the combination of drought and the impact of the Endangered Species Act triggered a shutdown of irrigation water during the growing season, drying up water resources to more than 2,000 farms and ranches. NRCS, in cooperation with local conservation districts, provided a quick infusion of technical assistance and $ 2 million in cost- share funding for cover crops through the Emergency Watershed Protection Program. As cover crops took hold, the seeds of a long- term solution took root in the NRCS/ conservation district partnership. The ability of the local office to receive funding, engage community members and other partners, plan resource improvements, implement actions, and monitor success proved to be an invaluable asset for the community. Helping private landowners develop and apply practical, common- sense solutions to complex resource issues will be the challenge of the conservation partnership well into the future. USDA, in concert with the locally led conservation districts, will continue to play a critical role by delivering technical and financial assistance to Klamath Basin farmers and ranchers. The Rapid Subbasin Assessments that follow are the first step in that process. The assessments are designed to help local decision- makers determine where investments in conservation will best benefit wildlife habitat, agriculture and other land uses in a compatible manner. It is our goal to provide a comprehensive overview of resource challenges and opportunities in the basin, and help decision- makers to prioritize their investments in areas that will best sustain multiple use of natural resources in the basin now and in the future. Sincerely, Robert J. Graham Charles W. Bell, State Conservationist State Conservationist Oregon NRCS California NRCS iii iv Table of Contents Map of the Upper Klamath Basin ................................ i Letter from OR and CA State Conservationists .......... ii Overview of the Upper Klamath Basin ........................ 1 Background ................................................................................... 1 Upper Klamath Basin Description ............................................ 2 The Role of Agriculture in the Basin ........................................ 3 Rapid Subbasin Assessments ...................................................... 4 Private Lands Conservation Accomplishments ...................... 6 Summary of Conservation Opportunities ............................... 7 Water Conservation ...................................................................... 8 Improving Water Quality ........................................................... 10 Increasing Water Storage/ Yield ............................................... 11 Enhancing Fish and Wildlife Habitat ...................................... 12 Overview of Conservation Effectiveness .............................. 13 Comparative Benefit: Water Demand ..................................... 15 Comparative Benefit: Water Quality ....................................... 15 Comparative Benefit: Water Storage/ Yield ............................ 16 Comparative Benefit: Habitat/ Fish Survival .......................... 16 Sprague River Subbasin .............................................. 18 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 19 Conservation Opportunities ..................................................... 20 Williamson River Subbasin ......................................... 22 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 23 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 24 Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin .................................. 26 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 27 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 28 Upper Lost River Subbasin ......................................... 30 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 31 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 32 Middle Lost River Subbasin ....................................... 34 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 35 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 36 Tulelake Subbasin ...................................................... 38 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 39 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 40 Butte Valley Subbasin ................................................. 42 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 43 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 44 Upper Klamath River East Subbasin .......................... 46 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 47 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 48 1 Overview of the Upper Klamath Basin Upper Klamath Basin Quick Facts • The Upper Klamath Basin includes the Klamath, Williamson, Sprague, Lost, and Wood rivers, among others • Several state and federal wildlife refuges are a part of the Upper Klamath Basin • Migratory birds like the American White Pelican and the Red- necked Grebe use croplands in the Klamath Basin as a stop on the Pacific Flyway • Deer and elk graze on wheat and barley fields and pheasants use both crop and rangelands for their nesting and feeding grounds Background In a landscape formed by seemingly endless cycles of drought and flood, it’s no wonder that for hundreds of years, competition for water has dominated the landscape of the West. Stretching across southern Oregon and northern California, the Klamath Basin has become synonymous with the water challenges that western water users face. As one example, agricultural commodities that need irrigation water to thrive – providing Americans with the cheapest domestic food supply in the world, face competition from the critical water needs of sucker fish, salmon and other threatened and endangered species. While that competition is understandable, more and more, conservation leaders in all industries have come to recognize that these water needs aren’t necessarily at odds with one another, and can in fact be compatible. While an example of the challenges today’s agricultural producers and conservationists face, the Klamath Basin has emerged as an example of how diverse interests can work together successfully. 2 Overview of the Upper Klamath Basin Upper Klamath Basin Description The Upper Klamath Basin is an area of high desert, wetlands, and the Klamath River. The river extends 250 miles from its headwaters at Upper Klamath Lake in south central Oregon to the west coast of northern California. The Upper Klamath Basin includes the US Bureau of Reclamation’s ( USBR) Klamath Project Area and the drainage area above Irongate Dam on the Klamath River. The basin’s lakes, marshes, and wetlands host an abundance of plant and animal species and include national wildlife refuges, parks, and forests. Agricultural production began around the turn of the 20th century, and with the creation of the Klamath Irrigation District in 1905, water diversions for irrigation began in earnest. A portion of these irrigated lands are in the USBR’s irrigation project. The ‘ project area,’ as it is commonly called, includes 188,000 of the 502,000 acres of private irrigated land in the basin. This includes lands leased from the various wildlife refuges that are supplied with water by the USBR. Privately irrigated acreages can vary from year to year, depending on USBR contracts and annual cropping cycles. In comparison, the majority of the private irrigated land - about 314,000 acres - in the basin is located outside the project area. Upper Klamath Basin Quick Facts: • Over 2.2 million acres are privately owned in the Upper Klamath Basin • 188,000 of the irrigated acres are in the US Bureau of Reclamation’s Irrigation Project • Approximately 502,000 acres of privately owned lands are irrigated • 314,000 acres of irrigated lands are outside the Project area 3 Overview of the Upper Klamath Basin The Role of Agriculture in the Basin Agricultural lands play a key role in a healthy ecosystem. Located on the Pacific Flyway, migratory birds like the American White Pelican and the Red- Necked Grebe use croplands in the Klamath Basin as an important feeding and resting stop. Deer graze on wheat and barley fields, and pheasants use both crop and rangelands for their nesting and feeding grounds. Progressive conservation leaders recognize that farming and fish and wildlife habitat are not mutually exclusive. Well- maintained farmland creates fish and wildlife habitat, contributing to a healthy watershed. They also recognize that opportunities will always exist to improve the condition of natural resources in the basin. To address those opportunities, conservation leaders in Oregon’s Klamath Falls Soil and Water Conservation District and California’s Lava Beds/ Butte Valley Resource Conservation District have proactively identified four key priorities tied to natural resource conservation. The districts asked experts at the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service to help them develop a plan to determine what could be done on- farm to conserve water, increase water storage, improve water quality, and enhance fish and wildlife habitat. While so much of the attention to date in the Klamath Basin has been focused on water demand, these conservation leaders recognize demand is only one piece of the puzzle. Comprehensive solutions must also address water quality, storage and wildlife habitat. Conservation District Priorities 1) Conserve Water 2) Increase Water Storage 3) Improve Water Quality 4) Enhance Fish & Wildlife Habitat 4 Rapid Subbasin Assessments Conserving natural resources is the ultimate goal throughout the basin, and its success hinges on long- term solutions. At the request of local conservation districts, NRCS undertook an 18- month study of resource concerns, challenges and opportunities throughout the Upper Klamath Basin. The study was not intended to provide a detailed, quantitative analysis of the impacts of conservation work, but rather, to provide an initial estimate of where conservation investments would best address the districts’ four priority resource concerns. Beginning in the spring of 2002, NRCS planners collected information to enable the conservation districts, agencies, organizations, farmers, ranchers and others to make informed decisions in a timely manner about conservation and resource management in the basin. These Rapid Subbasin Assessments are intended to help leaders set priorities and determine the best actions to achieve their goals. As a part of the rapid subbasin assessment process, eight subbasins were delineated ( see map at left). A watershed planning team traveled through each subbasin, inventorying agricultural areas, identifying conservation opportunities and current levels of resource management, and estimating the impacts of these opportunities on the Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin 5 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin conservation districts’ priority resource concerns. They focused their recommendations on areas that would provide the best benefit to the wide array of stakeholders in the Upper Klamath Basin. They also identified a number of socio- economic factors that must be taken into consideration when helping producers adapt to new management styles and conservation activities. Through NRCS, conservation districts and other federal, state and local entities, private land managers are working to identify ways they can more efficiently use – and share – the water they need. In the face of increasingly complex and politically polarized circumstances, a clear purpose and direction has arisen. The commitment of the local conservation partnership to identify the impacts of water shortages and to find solutions that will improve natural resource conservation will be key to the long- term viability of both endangered species and industries in the Upper Klamath Basin. The information that follows provides a summary of the conservation challenges and opportunities that NRCS staff found in their assessment. Recommendations for where financial and other resources can best be invested to improve natural resources, while sustaining the economy of the Upper Klamath Basin, are also identified. 6 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Private Lands Conservation Accomplishments One component necessary to understanding future conservation opportunities in the basin is to recognize the current conservation work of private land managers. An indicator of these efforts is the work that has been undertaken in partnership with NRCS and the local conservation districts. In federal fiscal years 2002 and 2003, Upper Klamath Basin farmers and ranchers improved resource conditions on 18,877 acres of privately owned agricultural lands, with assistance from NRCS and the conservation districts. During this time, private land managers have worked with the conservation districts in the basin to: • improve the condition of 11,800 acres of grazing lands • conserve water and improve water quality on 13,656 acres • restore and establish 4,138 acres of wetlands and riparian areas • improve 281 acres of forest stands • establish resource management systems on 1,351 acres of cropland These conservation efforts were accomplished with a combination of private, state and federal funding. 7 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Summary of Conservation Opportunities In addition to recognizing current conservation activities, the assessments define what can be accomplished with a strong conservation partnership in the Upper Klamath Basin. All too often, the debate about multi- use of water in the basin has focused on ways to reduce water demand. However, the basin’s many water users - including fish and wildlife - benefit just as much from improvements to water quality, water storage and wildlife habitat. Taken together, the recommendations that follow seek to utilize a comprehensive approach to all four resource priorities - with the goal of contributing to a sustainable, multi- use water system. While quantification of the results of conservation work in these four areas is difficult, there is no question that a comprehensive approach to natural resource improvement in the Upper Klamath Basin will result in accumulative long- term benefits for endangered fish species, wildlife habitat, agriculture, urban and other water uses. Agriculture cannot undertake these efforts alone. Private landowners and the general public both benefit from natural resources conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin. Because of this, public and private sources of funding from in and outside the region are necessary. Solutions of this magnitude also come with other social, political, and cultural costs. Upper Klamath Basin Quick Facts: • 1,400 farm families live in the Upper Klamath Basin • The Upper Klamath Basin is home to sucker fish, bull trout and redband trout 8 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin For example, all stakeholders in the Upper Klamath Basin need to identify and address social, economic, and cultural resource- based values they have historically enjoyed. Politically, there must be resolution and agreement on water rights, endangered species, and water quality. Water Conservation Because few water use measurements have been taken in the past, it is difficult to quantify where specific water efficiencies can be gained. Throughout the Upper Klamath Basin, water that leaves one irrigated field generally re- enters streams or enters the groundwater, providing the opportunity for it to be utilized again later. Because of this, water delivery systems both in and outside the USBR project area are generally efficient. As a result, the most significant benefit of reducing water demand on individual farms is an improvement in water quality and reduction in water temperatures, rather than an increase in available water. 9 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Conservation measures that reduce water demand on private agricultural lands can be accomplished in a variety of ways. New technologies for managing when and where water is applied on crop and pasture lands will help to ensure that water is only applied when it is of the best benefit to the plant. Water conservation opportunities include improving irrigation water-use efficiency, retaining and conserving drainage water, and making use of new technologies that more accurately forecast the impacts of drought and floods. The subbasin assessments indicate an opportunity to conserve water and improve water quality on 130,000 acres of irrigated lands within the USBR project. Outside the project area there is an opportunity for water conservation on approximately 220,000 irrigated acres. If all potential conservation practices are implemented on all irrigated lands, on- farm water use efficiency could increase by up to 25 percent in the Upper Klamath Basin. A potential two to five percent increase in water yield could be achieved by increasing management in upland range and forestland areas. In all cases, these are preliminary estimates and require validation. This estimate does not account for evaporation, transpiration, seepage or other loses that may occur at the sites receiving conserved water nor does it evaluate irrigation delivery or conveyance efficiencies. Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 10 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin This level of water conservation cannot be reached without a concerted federal/ state/ private partnership that works together to apply water conservation practices in targeted areas throughout the Upper Klamath Basin. Improving Water Quality Water quality has a direct impact on many fish and wildlife species. Within the Upper Klamath Basin, most rivers and lakes do not meet federally mandated Clean Water Act standards for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, or other pollutants. Water quality is affected by water temperature, low in- stream flows and the condition of adjacent land riparian areas, among other items. Private landowners are just one of many groups who have an opportunity to improve water quality throughout the basin. Water quality improvement opportunities on private agricultural lands in the basin range from improving the management of livestock near streams and rivers to utilizing new technologies that track pest and weed cycles to ensure that pesticides are only applied when they will be most effective. Water conservation practices that reduce tailwater runoff from irrigated fields can provide extensive improvements in water quality. 11 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Increasing Water Storage/ Yield In recent years, drought has been a large contributing factor to reduced water levels in the Upper Klamath Basin. One solution to address low water flows would be to store water for times of water shortage. There are at least two challenges to this solution: finding a place to store water and finding water to store. To evaluate this option, potential storage values were calculated for 41 years of record from 1961 to 2002. This analysis reinforced the observation that, as has been seen in recent years, drought years normally occur in a multi- year cycle. Because of this, in the years where extra water is most needed, it is often not available from previous years to store. One promising, small- scale, water storage solution may lie in subsurface irrigation water storage in suitable locations, such as the Tulelake Subbasin. In this scenario, there exists a potential to store water in the soil profile and reduce irrigation water demand during the irrigation season. Another option for subsurface storage of water includes the restoration of streams and their surrounding wetlands and riparian areas. This can increase the “ sponge” effect allowing for the slow release of water through the long, dry summer months. Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 12 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Enhancing Fish and Wildlife Habitat The Upper Klamath Basin is home to a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial species of wildlife and fish. Much of the water used in the Klamath wildlife refuges and associated marshes, ponds, streams and wetlands originates in the Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin. The Klamath Basin wildlife refuges provide a stopover for 85 percent of the ducks, geese, and other birds that migrate through the Pacific Flyway from Alaska to South America. Streams in the Upper Klamath Basin provide spawning and rearing habitat to threatened and endangered suckers and bull trout, as well as redband trout, which is listed as a species of concern by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Several streams are highly valued “ catch and release” sport fisheries. There is high landowner and public interest in restoring and maintaining riparian habitat along these streams. Many of the conservation opportunities outlined under water conservation and water quality provide direct benefits to fish and wildlife as well. In addition, creating and restoring wetland areas, planting trees and developing wildlife habitat along the edges of crop fields all contribute to enhancing wildlife habitat in the basin. Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 13 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Overview of Conservation Effectiveness In order for the Upper Klamath Basin to successfully move forward with solutions, agriculturists, environmentalists, Tribes, government agencies, organizations, and others need to develop unified leadership to arrive at a common vision for the future. In addition, stakeholders and others must commit to a long- term investment of public and private funding as well as other resources. Based on the Upper Klamath Basin Rapid Subbasin Assessments, the Oregon and California NRCS planning staff rated the potential benefit of recommended conservation practices and resource management systems based on the conservation districts’ four resource priorities. Many state and federal agencies have invested in conservation work throughout the basin. While the recommendations in this document focus on private land and agriculture, the assessments can also be applied to help prioritize conservation practices on other land uses basin- wide. Overall, based on the planning team’s analysis, conservation activities in the Sprague River Subbasin would produce the greatest benefit, and conservation practices in the Upper Klamath River East Subbasin would yield the least Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS overall benefit based on the conservation district’s priorities. 14 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin While recognizing that any science- based conservation focus in the Upper Klamath Basin would be beneficial, the charts on pages 18- 19 specifically focus on work that can be accomplished on private lands. They provide a breakdown of recommended conservation practices on each of the conservation districts’ priorities by subbasin. For example, the water demand chart shows that investing in conservation practices in the Sprague River Subbasin has the greatest potential for reducing agriculture’s water demand by implementing improved irrigation practices. The Sprague also provides the best opportunity to address water quality and wildlife habitat. Investment in conservation activities in the Tulelake and the Upper Klamath Lake subbasins offers the greatest potential to address water storage/ yield. Investing in Conservation: Enabling farmers, ranchers and other private land managers to successfully address the four resource priorities will require: • The adoption of conservation on 350,000 acres of private farmland, range, and forests, • Financial resources estimated at $ 200 million for installation and another $ 27 million annually to operate, and • Twenty or more years to complete with the current financial and technical resources available. Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 15 Water Demand Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices by Subbasin Upper Klamath River East Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Williamson Upper Klamath Lake Upper Lost River Butte Valley Middle Lost River Tulelake Sprague Sprague Upper Klamath Lake Williamson Butte Valley Tulelake Middle Lost River Upper Lost River Upper Klamath River East Water Quality Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices by Subbasin Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Comparative Benefit: Water Demand The chart at left provides an overview of the comparative benefit by subbasin of various conservation practices that reduce water demand. Based on research completed by NRCS planning staff, the greatest potential to reduce water demand exists by implementing irrigation and riparian/ wetland conservation practices in the Sprague Subbasin. This is followed by implementing agronomic and irrigation conservation practices in Tulelake. There is no measurable water demand benefit achieved by implementing conservation practices in the Upper Klamath River East Subbasin. Comparative Benefit: Water Quality The chart at left provides an overview of the comparative benefit by subbasin of various conservation practices that improve water quality. Based on research completed by NRCS planning staff, the greatest potential to improve water quality occurs when riparian/ wetland, grazing and irrigation conservation practices are implemented in the Sprague Subbasin. In comparison, no measurable water quality benefits are achieved by implementing conservation practices in Butte Valley or the Upper Klamath River East subbasins. Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin 16 Wildlife Habitat Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices by Subbasin Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Williamson Sprague Butte Valley Tulelake Middle Lost River Upper Lost River Upper Klamath Lake Upper Klamath River East Upper Klamath River East Williamson Sprague Upper Klamath Lake Tulelake Middle Lost River Upper Lost River Butte Valley Water Storage Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices by Subbasin Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Comparative Benefit: Water Storage/ Yield The chart at right provides an overview of the comparative benefit by subbasin of various conservation practices that enhance water storage and yield. Based on research completed by NRCS planning staff, the greatest potential to enhance water storage and yield occurs by implementing riparian/ wetland, forest and range conservation practices in the Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin. In comparison, the Tulelake Subbasin gains water yield through agronomic practices like subsurface drains to allow for winter irrigation. Overall, implementing forest and range practices in most subbasins will result in greater water yield within the soil profile and water table. Comparative Benefit: Habitat/ Fish Survival The chart at right provides an overview of the comparative benefit by subbasin of various conservation practices that improve wildlife habitat and fish survival. Based on research completed by NRCS planning staff, the greatest potential to improve habitat is in the Sprague Subbasin, using wetland/ riparian, forest, range and irrigation practices. In comparison, no measurable habitat benefits are achieved by implementing additional conservation practices in the Middle Lost River, Tulelake, Butte Valley or Upper Klamath River subbasins. Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin 17 Tim McCabe/ NRCS 18 The Sprague River Subbasin is located 25 miles northeast of Klamath Falls and covers approximately 1.02 million acres. Forested mountain ridges enclose the Sprague River Valley, which includes large marshes, meadows and irrigated pasture. Juniper and sagebrush steppes dominate rangeland. Irrigated Pasture is the predominant land use in the Sprague River Valley. Approximately 65 percent of the water used for irrigation is diverted from streams, and 35 percent is pumped from wells. Flooding is the most common form of irrigation. Most diversions do not have fish screens and lack devices to measure water deliveries. Overall irrigation application efficiencies are low. Private forest and rangelands in the Sprague River subbasin are generally used for livestock grazing. Most forest stands are significantly overstocked with trees, and rangeland has been heavily encroached by Western Juniper. Pasture condition is generally poor to fair. The riparian areas within pastures have little to no riparian vegetation and high, eroding banks. Wildlife habitat in most of the upper reaches of the Sprague River and its major tributaries appears to be fairly stable, indicating good watershed condition. However, there are considerable habitat improvements that can be made in the lower portion of the basin. Sprague River Subbasin Water & Wetlands: 2,949 Range: 137,869 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay: 81,650 Forest/ Mixed: 240,050 Sprague River Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover 19 Resource Concerns Water quality is the major resource concern in the Sprague River Subbasin, directly impacting fish and wildlife habitat throughout the Upper Klamath Basin. Lost River and shortnose suckers, interior redband and bull trout are key fish species present in the subbasin. All species are listed as Endangered Species Act threatened, candidate, or species of concern. The Sprague River has been identified as an important stream for both spawning and rearing habitat for suckers. Loss of riparian habitat, fish entrapment and fish migration impediments have also been identified as resource concerns in the Sprague River Subbasin. Conservation Accomplishments In the Sprague River Subbasin during the last two years, significant conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, land managers have improved the condition of 2,153 acres of grazing land, improved irrigation water management on 903 acres of irrigated land, and have restored 1,644 acres of riparian and wetlands areas. Fencing and riparian area restoration has been initiated or installed by private land managers with assistance from NRCS, US Fish & Wildlife Service and others on approximately 50 miles of stream and several thousand additional riparian and wetland acres. Sprague River Subbasin Land Ownership Private Lands 448,200 Public Lands 573,100 Total Land Area: 1,021,300 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 0 Non- USBR: 61,600 Total: 61,600 20 Conservation Opportunities Water Quality & Wildlife Habitat: Riparian restoration can be accomplished by converting pastures to permanent riparian wildlife lands or establishing riparian vegetation. Riparian pasture units should be managed as a part of an overall grazing plan with cross- fencing and off- stream water for livestock. Forest stands should be managed to ensure optimum health of both the trees and grazed understory. Thinning overstocked trees and controlling juniper on rangelands are both effective management opportunities. Water Demand: Irrigation water management, including measuring water use and scheduling irrigation will help managers to maintain base river flows through late summer and early fall. Efficiencies can also be gained by leveling land, lining or piping irrigation ditches and incorporating tailwater recovery systems. Conversion from flood to sprinkler irrigation is also beneficial. Sprague River Subbasin Sprague River Subbasin Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 34,500 Range & Forestland 164,400 Wildlife Habitat ........... 2,400 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 10,948,000 Range & Forestland .......................$ 31,305,000 Wildlife Habitat .........................$ 4,779,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 1,768,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 1,665,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 133,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 21 Tim McCabe/ NRCS 22 Covering about 928,000 acres, the Williamson River Subbasin is the principal tributary for Upper Klamath Lake. Combined, the Williamson and Sprague River subbasins make up 79 percent of the lake’s total drainage area. The Winema National Forest and Klamath Falls National Wildlife Refuge account for most of the public land in the subbasin. Irrigated pasture is the dominant private agricultural land use. Pasture is almost entirely flood irrigated. Ninety percent is diverted from streams, while groundwater supplies ten percent. Most diversions do not have fish screens and lack devices to measure water deliveries. Although overall irrigation application efficiency is low, additional water in the water table helps to subirrigate pastures. In addition, the proximity of these pastures to rivers and streams allows most excess diverted water to return to the system for reuse. Private forest and rangelands make up most of the private land in the basin. Approximately 80 percent of forestlands are used for grazing. Private forestland is in poor to fair condition; over half of the stands are significantly overstocked with trees. Wildlife habitat has faced considerable degradation in the past. Of the 48 miles of stream that are degraded in the subbasin, restoration efforts have been initiated on approximately 23 miles. Williamson River Subbasin Water & Wetlands: 19,700 Range: 2,600 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay: 81,650 Forest/ Mixed: 225,300 Williamson River Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Alfalfa: 1,100 23 Water quality relating to elevated stream temperatures is a major resource concern in the Williamson River Subbasin, directly impacting fish and wildlife habitat throughout the Upper Klamath Basin. In 1988, when the Lost River and Shortnose suckers were listed as endangered, the Williamson and Sprague River runs were estimated to have declined by as much as 95 percent during the previous twenty- year period. Important sucker habitat has diminished by nearly 50 percent in the lower reaches and near the mouth of the Williamson River. This has reduced the amount of larval sucker spawning and rearing habitat. Conservation Accomplishments Significant conservation progress has been made in this subbasin. Land managers have improved 500 acres of grazing lands, 1,000 acres of irrigated lands, 235 acres of forestlands and have restored 112 acres of riparian and wetland areas. Heightened landowner awareness of resource concerns and increasing agency, organization, and individual efforts will help this trend to continue. Of the 48 miles of stream that are degraded in the subbasin, private land managers are working with the US Fish and Wildlife Service and others to restore 23 miles. The Nature Conservancy is restoring approximately 3,200 acres of wetlands, and plans to restore another 3,411 acres at the mouth of the Williamson River. Williamson River Subbasin Resource Concerns Land Ownership Private Lands 309,400 Public Lands 618,800 Total Land Area: 928,200 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 0 Non- USBR: 65,100 Total: 65,100 24 Williamson River Subbasin Williamson River Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Wildlife Habitat & Water Quality: Riparian area and wetland habitat restoration and management provide the best opportunity to improve water quality in the Williamson River Subbasin. This can be accomplished by converting lands from irrigated agriculture to wildlife habitat or creating riparian pasture systems. Wetland and riparian areas still utilize water. However, this work may reduce total water demand depending on how lands are managed. Water Demand: Thinning forest stands and managing grazing areas by adding cross fences and off- stream water for livestock can yield more water to meet downstream needs. This will also result in enhanced wildlife habitat and improved water quality in area streams. In addition, forest stand improvements reduce the potential for catastrophic fire. Priority Conservation Opportunities Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 52,300 Range & Forestland ... 71,200 Wildlife Habitat .............. 200 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 12,863,000 Range & Forestland .......................$ 17,290,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 338,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 2,663,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 669,000 Wildlife Habitat ..............................$ 11,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 25 Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 26 The Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin covers 465,300 acres from Crater Lake to the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake into the Link River. Historically, some 43,000 acres of wetlands surrounded Agency and Upper Klamath Lake. Today, 17,000 acres have been preserved as part of the Upper Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Another 11,000 acres have been acquired for restoration. Irrigated agriculture is primarily pasture. Livestock are generally stocker cattle, who graze between April and November. Pasture condition is generally fair. Most livestock obtain water from streams and ditches. Irrigation water is diverted from streams or pumped from the lake. Most diversions do not have fish screens or devices to measure water. Although overall irrigation application efficiency is low, the additional water raises the water table and subirrigated pastures. Some acreages of hay and cereal crops are grown, and irrigation efficiencies are higher than for pasture. However, most require maintenance and re- leveling. Forestlands are primarily pine and mixed fir and hemlock. Most private lands in the subbasin are forest or rangelands, with approximately 80 percent used for grazing. More than half of the forest stands are significantly overstocked with trees. Wildlife habitat varies in condition. Of 70 total miles, 21 miles of streamside riparian areas are in good condition and another 12 miles are being restored. Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin Water & Wetlands: 76,568 Range: 2,404 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay: 48,856 Forest/ Mixed: 100,311 Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Crop/ Alfalfa: 3,396 27 Resource Concerns Water quality in the Upper Klamath Lake is a major resource concern, affecting subbasin fish survival, with phosphorus loading as the greatest factor. The loss of wetland vegetation around the lake has also been linked to lower survival rates for endangered suckers. The lower reaches of the Wood River and Sevenmile Creek provide some rearing habitat for larval and juvenile suckers. The Wood River, Sevenmile Creek and their tributaries support populations of bull and interior redband trout. A highly valued “ catch and release” sport fishery occurs on the Wood River and several of its tributaries. There is significant interest in enhancing riparian habitat along these streams to protect and promote these fisheries. Conservation Accomplishments In the Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin during the last two years, some conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, land managers have improved 12 acres of grazing lands and improved water quality and quantity on 12 acres of irrigated land. Several thousand more acres of wetland restoration are in the process of being planned or implemented around Upper Klamath Lake. Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin Land Ownership Private Lands 235,100 Public Lands 230,200 Total Land Area: 465,300 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 0 Non- USBR: 52,300 Total: 52,300 28 Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Quality: The most effective conservation includes practices that restore riparian areas, improve grazing management and increase irrigation efficiency. This can be accomplished by either converting pastures to permanent wildlife habitat or by creating riparian pastures. While most pastures are being inefficiently irrigated, conditions do not warrant extensive changes from current flood irrigation systems since water is reused or enters the soil profile Water Storage: In the Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin, the potential for non- traditional water storage presents a unique conservation opportunity. Restoring drained wetlands, still farmed around Upper Klamath Lake, could produce positive benefits for all four resource concerns. By actively managing areas for both seasonal wetlands and farming, water can be both filtered to improve water quality and stored in wetland areas for future use. Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin Upper Klamath Lake Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 42,500 Range & Forestland ... 36,300 Wildlife Habitat ........... 2,900 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 10,462,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 7,254,000 Wildlife Habitat .........................$ 4,113,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 2,017,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 308,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 130,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 29 Table of Contents Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 30 Irrigated Crop 4,209 The Lost River Subbasin originates above Clear Lake and passes through several agricultural valleys, ending in Tulelake. The valley once supported a vast network of wet meadows and marshes. This subbasin covers approximately 1.2 million acres and is split from the Middle Lost River Subbasin near Olene. Irrigated agriculture generally occurs in the warmer valleys. Flood is the most common pasture irrigation method, with about 50 percent of the water coming from the USBR project. Pasture condition is fair, and most pastures have not been renovated or re- leveled for some time. Maintenance would increase the efficiencies of 60 to 80 percent of the systems. Alfalfa is customarily sprinkler- irrigated and well- managed. Although irrigation efficiencies are higher than for pasture, many sprinkler systems still need upgrading. Several irrigated crops are grown in the subbasin including cereal grains, potatoes, and strawberry plants. Forestland, range and pasture are grazed by livestock. Rangelands are comprised of juniper and sagebrush steppes. Forestlands are generally mixed conifer. Livestock operations include cow/ calf, stockers and dairies. Confined livestock operations are located throughout the subbasin. The location and duration of confinement may pose a potential risk to water quality. Seven dairies located within the subbasin have existing liquid and dry livestock waste storage facilities. Upper Lost River Subbasin Water & Wetlands 13,250 Range 72,630 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay 41,352 Forest/ Mixed 204,420 Upper Lost River Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Alfalfa 38,943 31 Resource Concerns Wildlife habitat and water quality are two of the major resource concerns in the subbasin. High water temperatures are usually linked to lack of shade, irrigation return flow or other warm water inputs. As measured by total phosphorus, water quality appears to be gradually improving over the last 10 to 20 years. While agriculture is the dominant land use in this subbasin, other sources of phosphorus and other pollutants exist. Sewage treatment outfalls, on- site sewage disposal systems, wildlife, and natural inputs also contribute nutrients and other pollutants to the system. While historically the river had significant fish runs, it currently supports only a small population of Shortnose and Lost River suckers. Conservation Accomplishments In the Upper Lost River Subbasin during the last two years, significant conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, land managers have improved resource conditions on 234 acres of croplands and 5,282 acres of grazing lands, and have improved their management of irrigation water on 5,596 acres of irrigated lands. In addition, 846 acres of riparian and wetland areas have been restored. Upper Lost River Subbasin Land Ownership Private Lands 407,500 Public Lands 771,300 Total Land Area: 1,178,800 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 40,400 Non- USBR: 44,100 Total: 84,500 32 Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Quality: Rotating livestock through smaller pastures will increase forage production, reduce soil compaction and improve water quality. On cropland, integrated pest management, irrigation scheduling, increasing crop residue or installing filter strips will minimize risks associated with some pesticides used on cereal grains, potatoes, onions and other crops. Implementing practices like diverting clean water before it flows through livestock confinement areas near water sources, will reduce the risk of polluted runoff. Water Demand: On both surface-irrigated pastures and cropland areas, there are opportunities for land leveling or smoothing, lining or piping irrigation delivery ditches, upgrading irrigation systems and developing tailwater recovery systems to improve water use efficiency. Upper Lost River Subbasin Upper Lost River Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 58,100 Range & Forestland 147,400 Wildlife Habitat ........... 1,200 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 10,993,000 Range & Forestland .......................$ 20,397,000 Wildlife Habitat .........................$ 1,945,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 3,667,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 1,384,000 Wildlife Habitat ..............................$ 66,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 33 Gary Kramer/ NRCS 34 The Middle Lost River Subbasin covers 454,500 acres and is the center of the USBR Klamath Project. Farms near Klamath Falls tend to be smaller, indicating part- time or hobby operations. The area includes 12 irrigation districts and leased lands on the Lower Klamath Wildlife Refuge that receive water supplied by the USBR Klamath Project. Public lands include the refuge, and parts of Modoc and Klamath national forests. Irrigated agriculture includes pasture, alfalfa, cereal grain, potatoes, onions and mint. Roughly 70 percent is irrigated with USBR- supplied water; the rest is obtained from groundwater, individual surface water rights or special USBR contracts. Many fields are either flood or sprinkler irrigated depending on the year and crop. Most farm irrigation diversions lack a means to measure water delivery. Livestock operations include several dairies and cattle feeding operations. Substantial range acreage is used for livestock grazing. Pasture condition is fair and most pastures have not been renovated or re- leveled for some time. Pastures associated with smaller livestock operations in and around Klamath Falls appear to be in the most need of improved pastures and irrigation systems. Wildlife habitat: Ten river miles are in relatively good riparian condition given the river is used for conveying irrigation water. Some 13 miles of stream lack adequate riparian vegetation and streambank protection. Middle Lost River Subbasin Water & Wetlands 10,766 Range 121,713 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay 40,230 Middle Lost River Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Alfalfa 34,866 Irrigated Crop 41,837 35 Resource Concerns The primary concern is maintaining a reliable water supply that meets the needs of all users. Drought conditions and increased competition for available water have increased economic, social, political and environmental concerns and uncertainty over the future. Habitat and water quality are two additional major resource concerns in the subbasin. High water temperatures are usually linked to lack of shade, irrigation return flow or other warm water inputs. As measured by total phosphorus, water quality appears to be gradually improving. Agriculture is the dominant land use in this subbasin, but other pollutant sources exist. While the river had significant historic fish runs, it currently supports only a small sucker population. Conservation Accomplishments In the last two years, the Middle Lost River Subbasin has seen significant conservation progress. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, land managers have improved the condition of natural resources on 489 acres of cropland and 3,521 grazing land acres. In addition, 564 acres of riparian and wetland areas have been restored, and water use efficiency has been increased on 3,731 acres of irrigated lands. Middle Lost River Subbasin Land Ownership Private Lands 272,900 Public Lands 181,600 Total Land Area: 454,500 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 84,700 Non- USBR: 32,300 Total: 117,000 36 Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Demand: Providing irrigators with water measurement tools and training on irrigation scheduling would improve their ability to apply irrigation water more efficiently. Highly effective conservation measures on hay and cropland should focus on updating existing irrigation systems and improving irrigation water management. Water Quality: The use of grazing systems that rotate livestock through smaller pastures will increase forage production, reduce soil compaction and improve water quality. While fishery benefits from restoring riparian areas are minimal, streamside buffers will improve water quality and provide habitat for other wildlife. On cropland, integrated pest management, irrigation scheduling, increasing crop residue or installing filter strips will minimize risks associated with some pesticides used on cereal grains, potatoes, onions and other crops. Middle Lost River Subbasin Middle Lost River Subbasin Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 80,400 Range & Forestland ... 85,200 Wildlife Habitat .............. 400 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 18,859,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 6,797,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 195,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 5,585,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 902,000 Wildlife Habitat ................................$ 8,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 37 38 The Tulelake Subbasin covers 296,600 acres, bordered by the J Canal and the Lava Beds National Monument. The Tulelake Irrigation District and the Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge receive water from the USBR Klamath Project. Tulelake is a remnant of historic Lake Modoc that once connected the subbasin with both Lower and Upper Klamath Lake. The Lost River watershed was once a closed basin. Runoff flowed into Tulelake and evaporated. Pumping plants and drains constructed as a part of the project have provided an outlet from Tulelake, which now functions as an open basin. Irrigated agriculture is generally supplied by the USBR. Alfalfa, grain, potatoes, onions, mint and pasture are the principal crops. Fields are flood or sprinkler irrigated depending on the year and crop. Often diversions lack devices to measure water delivery. Pasture condition is fair, and most have not been renovated for some time. Groundwater provides 40- 50 percent of water for irrigated pastures, and most excess water is reused. Rangeland is the other significant land use. Most ranches are cow/ calf operations that have winter holdings in the subbasin. Rangelands are generally encroached with juniper. Wildlife habitat along the Lost River has reeds and bullrush, providing some habitat for waterfowl and songbirds. Suckers have been located in the river and Tulelake; however, it is not known whether they are successfully reproducing. There are few opportunities to improve habitat along this heavily manipulated reach of the river. Tulelake Subbasin Water & Wetlands 13,285 Range 36,229 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay 4,050 Tulelake Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Alfalfa 12,334 Irrigated Crop 48,481 Forest/ Mixed 4,492 39 Resource Concerns The Tulelake Subbasin is at the tail- end of the USBR Klamath Project. Irrigators depend on water- use decisions made by fellow irrigators and resource managers for their irrigation needs. Drought and increased competition for water leads to the primary resource concern in the basin - a reliable supply of water to meet agriculture, wildlife and other resource needs. Water quality deteriorates as it moves through the USBR project. As measured by total phosphorus, water quality appears to be gradually improving. Agriculture is the dominant land use in this subbasin, but other sources of phosphorus and other pollutants exist. The presence of ESA- listed suckers creates concerns for improving habitat and water quality. The two national wildlife refuges support large waterfowl populations. Farmland on the refuges is leased to farmers to supply grain for waterfowl and shorebirds. These populations depend on refuges, leased lands and adjacent farms during the fall and spring migratory periods. Both refuges depend upon tailwater from the USBR project to maintain their marshes and ponds. Conservation Accomplishments In the Tulelake Subbasin during the last two years, significant conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, local land managers have improved the condition of natural resources on 72 cropland acres and 1,854 irrigated land acres, and have restored 21 acres of riparian and wetland areas. Tulelake Subbasin Land Ownership Private Lands 131,600 Public Lands 165,000 Total Land Area: 296,600 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 62,600 Non- USBR: 2,200 Total: 64,800 40 Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Demand: On hay and croplands, upgrading existing irrigation systems and improving irrigation water management will decrease water demand. Subsurface drainage could be added before re- establishing alfalfa stands, permitting better control of water table and soil moisture levels. During years that alfalfa fields are rotated to grain, winter flooding or pre- season irrigation could be used to reduce water demand. Water Storage/ Yield: Adding subsurface drainage may be the most significant practice to implement on cropland acres. Subsurface drains would allow farmers to winter flood or pre-irrigate fields, thereby reducing their demand for water during the irrigation season. If pre- irrigated, farmers could grow a cereal crop even if water deliveries are cut off during drought years. In addition, juniper control on rangelands will yield additional water to meet downstream needs. Tulelake Subbasin Tulelake Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 45,400 Range & Forestland ... 28,500 Wildlife Habitat ........... 1,700 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 18,263,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 1,741,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 298,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 2,590,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 257,000 Wildlife Habitat ..............................$ 25,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 41 Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 42 The Butte Valley Subbasin lies southwest of Lower Klamath Lake. While part of the Upper Klamath Basin, it is an internal drainage basin with only an artificial outlet. Groundwater flows from west to east out of the subbasin under the Mahogany Mountains toward the lake. A channel and pump plant were built to remove floodwaters. This channel is used infrequently and for only short durations. The Klamath National Forest, Butte Valley National Grassland, and the Butte Valley Wildlife Area make up the majority of the public lands. Irrigated agriculture includes alfalfa hay as the predominate crop. Cereal grains, potatoes and strawberry plants are also grown. Crops are usually sprinkler irrigated, and sprinklers are well maintained. Few irrigators measure water applied or schedule irrigation. Cattle operations graze irrigated pastures and meadows scattered throughout the subbasin along with range and forestlands. Pastures are generally flood irrigated and are supplied by streams. Most farm irrigation diversions lack water measuring devices. Mixed conifer forests are found at higher elevations and are generally operated as industrial forests. Range sites are dominated by Western Juniper and are generally in poor condition. Wildlife habitat is generally wetlands in the state wildlife refuge or on national grasslands. Approximately 26 miles of streams on private lands have inadequate riparian vegetation. Butte Valley Subbasin Water & Wetlands 9,488 Range 73,891 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay 10,355 Butte Valley Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Alfalfa 30,361 Irrigated Crop 11,490 Forest/ Mixed 52,031 43 Butte Valley Subbasin Resource Concerns The expense of deepening wells and pumping from deeper elevations for irrigation water is a major resource concern. Generally, streams in the upper portions of the subbasin support good populations of Brown and Rainbow trout. The Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuge support large populations of migratory and permanent waterfowl. Farmland on the refuges is leased to area farmers to supply grain for the waterfowl and shorebirds. The large bird populations depend on the refuges, leased lands and adjacent farms throughout the fall and spring migratory periods for habitat. Both refuges depend upon tailwater from the USBR project to maintain their marshes and ponds. Conservation Accomplishments In the Butte Valley Subbasin during the last two years, some conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, local land managers have restored 27 acres of riparian and wetland areas in the last two years. Land Ownership Private Lands 188,400 Public Lands 199,700 Total Land Area: 388,100 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 0 Non- USBR: 52,300 Total: 52,300 44 Butte Valley Subbasin Butte Valley Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Demand: Butte Valley is an internal drainage basin. Other than limited contributions to groundwater in the Upper Klamath Basin, reductions in water demand only benefit the subbasin. Sprinkler- irrigated hay, cereal crops and row crops dominate land use on the better soils. Highly effective conservation on hay and cropland should focus on improving the overall irrigation efficiency of existing systems. This can be accomplished by upgrading systems and scheduling irrigation. An estimated 40 percent of the existing systems would benefit from maintenance. On controlled flood irrigated pastures, there are opportunities for land leveling or smoothing, lining or piping delivery ditches, and recovering tailwater. Additional water savings and water quality benefits could be gained by converting existing surface irrigation to sprinklers if power is available and affordable. On rangelands, juniper control and improved grazing management are the primary conservation opportunities. Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 35,000 Range & Forestland ... 49,400 Wildlife Habitat ................ 55 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 6,652,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 5,243,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 109,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 1,569,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 625,000 Wildlife Habitat ................................$ 3,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 45 46 The Upper Klamath River East Subbasin covers the Klamath River drainage between Iron Gate and Keno dams. Nearly half of the area is in public ownership. Iron Gate and Copco reservoirs are used extensively for recreational fishing, boating and camping. Whitewater rafting and kayaking are popular below the KC Boyle Dam. The KC Boyle, Copco and Iron Gate dams are used and regulated for power generation. Irrigated agriculture occurs on only 4,000 acres of pasture. Only a few isolated ranches are located in this subbasin. Cattle operations rotate grazing of irrigated pastures with significant acreage of grazed range and forest. Pastures are surface irrigated with a mix of controlled and flood irrigation. All irrigation water is diverted from the river or tributary streams. Most farm irrigation diversions lack devices to measure water. Even though overall irrigation application efficiency is low, the proximity of irrigated pastures to the river allows most excess water diverted to be reused downstream. Private forest and rangelands make up most of the private land, nearly all of which is used for livestock grazing. Much of the rangeland is in poor condition, with heavy juniper encroachment. More than half of the forest stands are overstocked with trees. Wildlife habitat along riparian areas is generally in good condition. Of the 12 miles of riparian areas surveyed, five would benefit from some restoration. Upper Klamath River East Subbasin Water & Wetlands 4,552 Forestlands 195,516 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay 4,044 Upper Klamath River East Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Range 52,366 47 Upper Klamath River East Subbasin Resource Concerns The need to increase water availability to downstream users is the main resource concern along this stretch of the river. Water withdrawals are insignificant along this stretch of the river. Salmon and steelhead are blocked at Iron Gate Dam from upstream passage. Several resident trout species exist, supporting a recreational fishery. Conservation Accomplishments In the Klamath River East Subbasin during the last two years, some conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, land managers have improved the condition of natural resources on 56 acres of cropland, 332 acres of grazing land, and 560 acres of irrigated lands. They have also improved forestland health on 46 acres and have restored 924 acres of riparian and wetland areas. Land Ownership Private Lands 256,500 Public Lands 162,900 Total Land Area: 419,400 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 0 Non- USBR: 4,000 Total: 4,000 48 Upper Klamath River East Subbasin Upper Klamath River East Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Demand/ Yield: Juniper control, thinning forest stands, managing grazing lands by cross- fencing and providing off- stream water for livestock will improve hydrologic conditions, yielding more water to meet downstream needs. This will also improve forage production, habitat condition and water quality in area streams, as well as reduce the opportunity for a catastrophic fire. There are opportunities for land smoothing and tailwater recovery systems to improve overall irrigation efficiency and effectiveness. Additional water savings and water quality benefits would be gained by converting from surface irrigation to sprinklers if power is available and affordable. Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land .............. 1,700 Range & Forestland ... 44,800 Wildlife Habitat .................. 5 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land ............................$ 454,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 4,769,000 Wildlife Habitat ..............................$ 13,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land ..............................$ 86,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 406,000 Wildlife Habitat .......................................$ 0 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 49 USDA Nondiscrimination Statement “ The U. S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. ( Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information ( Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at ( 202) 720- 2600 ( voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326- W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250- 9410, or call ( 202) 720- 5964 ( voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.” 50 Upper Klamath Basin 51 Developed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service September, 2004 Title: Upper Klamath Basin : opportunities for conserving and sustaining natural resources on private lands Author: United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service Year: 2004, 2005 1 i California Oregon Cover Photo: Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge at sunset Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS Map Detail Area: Upper Klamath River Basin ii T he Klamath River Basin presents numerous challenges as well as opportunities for its many water users. For years, farmers and ranchers in the basin have recognized the vital role they play in the health of their watershed. Working with conservation districts, the Natural Resources Conservation Service ( NRCS) and others, land managers continue to proactively find ways to enhance natural resources in the basin, benefiting wildlife and the environment. However, as it has across the western United States, drought hit home in the Klamath for those who depend on every drop of water to sustain their livelihood, culture and community. In the spring of 2001, the combination of drought and the impact of the Endangered Species Act triggered a shutdown of irrigation water during the growing season, drying up water resources to more than 2,000 farms and ranches. NRCS, in cooperation with local conservation districts, provided a quick infusion of technical assistance and $ 2 million in cost- share funding for cover crops through the Emergency Watershed Protection Program. As cover crops took hold, the seeds of a long- term solution took root in the NRCS/ conservation district partnership. The ability of the local office to receive funding, engage community members and other partners, plan resource improvements, implement actions, and monitor success proved to be an invaluable asset for the community. Helping private landowners develop and apply practical, common- sense solutions to complex resource issues will be the challenge of the conservation partnership well into the future. USDA, in concert with the locally led conservation districts, will continue to play a critical role by delivering technical and financial assistance to Klamath Basin farmers and ranchers. The Rapid Subbasin Assessments that follow are the first step in that process. The assessments are designed to help local decision- makers determine where investments in conservation will best benefit wildlife habitat, agriculture and other land uses in a compatible manner. It is our goal to provide a comprehensive overview of resource challenges and opportunities in the basin, and help decision- makers to prioritize their investments in areas that will best sustain multiple use of natural resources in the basin now and in the future. Sincerely, Robert J. Graham Charles W. Bell, State Conservationist State Conservationist Oregon NRCS California NRCS iii iv Table of Contents Map of the Upper Klamath Basin ................................ i Letter from OR and CA State Conservationists .......... ii Overview of the Upper Klamath Basin ........................ 1 Background ................................................................................... 1 Upper Klamath Basin Description ............................................ 2 The Role of Agriculture in the Basin ........................................ 3 Rapid Subbasin Assessments ...................................................... 4 Private Lands Conservation Accomplishments ...................... 6 Summary of Conservation Opportunities ............................... 7 Water Conservation ...................................................................... 8 Improving Water Quality ........................................................... 10 Increasing Water Storage/ Yield ............................................... 11 Enhancing Fish and Wildlife Habitat ...................................... 12 Overview of Conservation Effectiveness .............................. 13 Comparative Benefit: Water Demand ..................................... 15 Comparative Benefit: Water Quality ....................................... 15 Comparative Benefit: Water Storage/ Yield ............................ 16 Comparative Benefit: Habitat/ Fish Survival .......................... 16 Sprague River Subbasin .............................................. 18 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 19 Conservation Opportunities ..................................................... 20 Williamson River Subbasin ......................................... 22 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 23 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 24 Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin .................................. 26 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 27 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 28 Upper Lost River Subbasin ......................................... 30 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 31 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 32 Middle Lost River Subbasin ....................................... 34 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 35 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 36 Tulelake Subbasin ...................................................... 38 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 39 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 40 Butte Valley Subbasin ................................................. 42 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 43 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 44 Upper Klamath River East Subbasin .......................... 46 Resource Concerns & Conservation Accomplishments ...... 47 Priority Conservation Opportunities ....................................... 48 1 Overview of the Upper Klamath Basin Upper Klamath Basin Quick Facts • The Upper Klamath Basin includes the Klamath, Williamson, Sprague, Lost, and Wood rivers, among others • Several state and federal wildlife refuges are a part of the Upper Klamath Basin • Migratory birds like the American White Pelican and the Red- necked Grebe use croplands in the Klamath Basin as a stop on the Pacific Flyway • Deer and elk graze on wheat and barley fields and pheasants use both crop and rangelands for their nesting and feeding grounds Background In a landscape formed by seemingly endless cycles of drought and flood, it’s no wonder that for hundreds of years, competition for water has dominated the landscape of the West. Stretching across southern Oregon and northern California, the Klamath Basin has become synonymous with the water challenges that western water users face. As one example, agricultural commodities that need irrigation water to thrive – providing Americans with the cheapest domestic food supply in the world, face competition from the critical water needs of sucker fish, salmon and other threatened and endangered species. While that competition is understandable, more and more, conservation leaders in all industries have come to recognize that these water needs aren’t necessarily at odds with one another, and can in fact be compatible. While an example of the challenges today’s agricultural producers and conservationists face, the Klamath Basin has emerged as an example of how diverse interests can work together successfully. 2 Overview of the Upper Klamath Basin Upper Klamath Basin Description The Upper Klamath Basin is an area of high desert, wetlands, and the Klamath River. The river extends 250 miles from its headwaters at Upper Klamath Lake in south central Oregon to the west coast of northern California. The Upper Klamath Basin includes the US Bureau of Reclamation’s ( USBR) Klamath Project Area and the drainage area above Irongate Dam on the Klamath River. The basin’s lakes, marshes, and wetlands host an abundance of plant and animal species and include national wildlife refuges, parks, and forests. Agricultural production began around the turn of the 20th century, and with the creation of the Klamath Irrigation District in 1905, water diversions for irrigation began in earnest. A portion of these irrigated lands are in the USBR’s irrigation project. The ‘ project area,’ as it is commonly called, includes 188,000 of the 502,000 acres of private irrigated land in the basin. This includes lands leased from the various wildlife refuges that are supplied with water by the USBR. Privately irrigated acreages can vary from year to year, depending on USBR contracts and annual cropping cycles. In comparison, the majority of the private irrigated land - about 314,000 acres - in the basin is located outside the project area. Upper Klamath Basin Quick Facts: • Over 2.2 million acres are privately owned in the Upper Klamath Basin • 188,000 of the irrigated acres are in the US Bureau of Reclamation’s Irrigation Project • Approximately 502,000 acres of privately owned lands are irrigated • 314,000 acres of irrigated lands are outside the Project area 3 Overview of the Upper Klamath Basin The Role of Agriculture in the Basin Agricultural lands play a key role in a healthy ecosystem. Located on the Pacific Flyway, migratory birds like the American White Pelican and the Red- Necked Grebe use croplands in the Klamath Basin as an important feeding and resting stop. Deer graze on wheat and barley fields, and pheasants use both crop and rangelands for their nesting and feeding grounds. Progressive conservation leaders recognize that farming and fish and wildlife habitat are not mutually exclusive. Well- maintained farmland creates fish and wildlife habitat, contributing to a healthy watershed. They also recognize that opportunities will always exist to improve the condition of natural resources in the basin. To address those opportunities, conservation leaders in Oregon’s Klamath Falls Soil and Water Conservation District and California’s Lava Beds/ Butte Valley Resource Conservation District have proactively identified four key priorities tied to natural resource conservation. The districts asked experts at the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service to help them develop a plan to determine what could be done on- farm to conserve water, increase water storage, improve water quality, and enhance fish and wildlife habitat. While so much of the attention to date in the Klamath Basin has been focused on water demand, these conservation leaders recognize demand is only one piece of the puzzle. Comprehensive solutions must also address water quality, storage and wildlife habitat. Conservation District Priorities 1) Conserve Water 2) Increase Water Storage 3) Improve Water Quality 4) Enhance Fish & Wildlife Habitat 4 Rapid Subbasin Assessments Conserving natural resources is the ultimate goal throughout the basin, and its success hinges on long- term solutions. At the request of local conservation districts, NRCS undertook an 18- month study of resource concerns, challenges and opportunities throughout the Upper Klamath Basin. The study was not intended to provide a detailed, quantitative analysis of the impacts of conservation work, but rather, to provide an initial estimate of where conservation investments would best address the districts’ four priority resource concerns. Beginning in the spring of 2002, NRCS planners collected information to enable the conservation districts, agencies, organizations, farmers, ranchers and others to make informed decisions in a timely manner about conservation and resource management in the basin. These Rapid Subbasin Assessments are intended to help leaders set priorities and determine the best actions to achieve their goals. As a part of the rapid subbasin assessment process, eight subbasins were delineated ( see map at left). A watershed planning team traveled through each subbasin, inventorying agricultural areas, identifying conservation opportunities and current levels of resource management, and estimating the impacts of these opportunities on the Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin 5 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin conservation districts’ priority resource concerns. They focused their recommendations on areas that would provide the best benefit to the wide array of stakeholders in the Upper Klamath Basin. They also identified a number of socio- economic factors that must be taken into consideration when helping producers adapt to new management styles and conservation activities. Through NRCS, conservation districts and other federal, state and local entities, private land managers are working to identify ways they can more efficiently use – and share – the water they need. In the face of increasingly complex and politically polarized circumstances, a clear purpose and direction has arisen. The commitment of the local conservation partnership to identify the impacts of water shortages and to find solutions that will improve natural resource conservation will be key to the long- term viability of both endangered species and industries in the Upper Klamath Basin. The information that follows provides a summary of the conservation challenges and opportunities that NRCS staff found in their assessment. Recommendations for where financial and other resources can best be invested to improve natural resources, while sustaining the economy of the Upper Klamath Basin, are also identified. 6 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Private Lands Conservation Accomplishments One component necessary to understanding future conservation opportunities in the basin is to recognize the current conservation work of private land managers. An indicator of these efforts is the work that has been undertaken in partnership with NRCS and the local conservation districts. In federal fiscal years 2002 and 2003, Upper Klamath Basin farmers and ranchers improved resource conditions on 18,877 acres of privately owned agricultural lands, with assistance from NRCS and the conservation districts. During this time, private land managers have worked with the conservation districts in the basin to: • improve the condition of 11,800 acres of grazing lands • conserve water and improve water quality on 13,656 acres • restore and establish 4,138 acres of wetlands and riparian areas • improve 281 acres of forest stands • establish resource management systems on 1,351 acres of cropland These conservation efforts were accomplished with a combination of private, state and federal funding. 7 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Summary of Conservation Opportunities In addition to recognizing current conservation activities, the assessments define what can be accomplished with a strong conservation partnership in the Upper Klamath Basin. All too often, the debate about multi- use of water in the basin has focused on ways to reduce water demand. However, the basin’s many water users - including fish and wildlife - benefit just as much from improvements to water quality, water storage and wildlife habitat. Taken together, the recommendations that follow seek to utilize a comprehensive approach to all four resource priorities - with the goal of contributing to a sustainable, multi- use water system. While quantification of the results of conservation work in these four areas is difficult, there is no question that a comprehensive approach to natural resource improvement in the Upper Klamath Basin will result in accumulative long- term benefits for endangered fish species, wildlife habitat, agriculture, urban and other water uses. Agriculture cannot undertake these efforts alone. Private landowners and the general public both benefit from natural resources conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin. Because of this, public and private sources of funding from in and outside the region are necessary. Solutions of this magnitude also come with other social, political, and cultural costs. Upper Klamath Basin Quick Facts: • 1,400 farm families live in the Upper Klamath Basin • The Upper Klamath Basin is home to sucker fish, bull trout and redband trout 8 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin For example, all stakeholders in the Upper Klamath Basin need to identify and address social, economic, and cultural resource- based values they have historically enjoyed. Politically, there must be resolution and agreement on water rights, endangered species, and water quality. Water Conservation Because few water use measurements have been taken in the past, it is difficult to quantify where specific water efficiencies can be gained. Throughout the Upper Klamath Basin, water that leaves one irrigated field generally re- enters streams or enters the groundwater, providing the opportunity for it to be utilized again later. Because of this, water delivery systems both in and outside the USBR project area are generally efficient. As a result, the most significant benefit of reducing water demand on individual farms is an improvement in water quality and reduction in water temperatures, rather than an increase in available water. 9 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Conservation measures that reduce water demand on private agricultural lands can be accomplished in a variety of ways. New technologies for managing when and where water is applied on crop and pasture lands will help to ensure that water is only applied when it is of the best benefit to the plant. Water conservation opportunities include improving irrigation water-use efficiency, retaining and conserving drainage water, and making use of new technologies that more accurately forecast the impacts of drought and floods. The subbasin assessments indicate an opportunity to conserve water and improve water quality on 130,000 acres of irrigated lands within the USBR project. Outside the project area there is an opportunity for water conservation on approximately 220,000 irrigated acres. If all potential conservation practices are implemented on all irrigated lands, on- farm water use efficiency could increase by up to 25 percent in the Upper Klamath Basin. A potential two to five percent increase in water yield could be achieved by increasing management in upland range and forestland areas. In all cases, these are preliminary estimates and require validation. This estimate does not account for evaporation, transpiration, seepage or other loses that may occur at the sites receiving conserved water nor does it evaluate irrigation delivery or conveyance efficiencies. Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 10 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin This level of water conservation cannot be reached without a concerted federal/ state/ private partnership that works together to apply water conservation practices in targeted areas throughout the Upper Klamath Basin. Improving Water Quality Water quality has a direct impact on many fish and wildlife species. Within the Upper Klamath Basin, most rivers and lakes do not meet federally mandated Clean Water Act standards for temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, or other pollutants. Water quality is affected by water temperature, low in- stream flows and the condition of adjacent land riparian areas, among other items. Private landowners are just one of many groups who have an opportunity to improve water quality throughout the basin. Water quality improvement opportunities on private agricultural lands in the basin range from improving the management of livestock near streams and rivers to utilizing new technologies that track pest and weed cycles to ensure that pesticides are only applied when they will be most effective. Water conservation practices that reduce tailwater runoff from irrigated fields can provide extensive improvements in water quality. 11 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Increasing Water Storage/ Yield In recent years, drought has been a large contributing factor to reduced water levels in the Upper Klamath Basin. One solution to address low water flows would be to store water for times of water shortage. There are at least two challenges to this solution: finding a place to store water and finding water to store. To evaluate this option, potential storage values were calculated for 41 years of record from 1961 to 2002. This analysis reinforced the observation that, as has been seen in recent years, drought years normally occur in a multi- year cycle. Because of this, in the years where extra water is most needed, it is often not available from previous years to store. One promising, small- scale, water storage solution may lie in subsurface irrigation water storage in suitable locations, such as the Tulelake Subbasin. In this scenario, there exists a potential to store water in the soil profile and reduce irrigation water demand during the irrigation season. Another option for subsurface storage of water includes the restoration of streams and their surrounding wetlands and riparian areas. This can increase the “ sponge” effect allowing for the slow release of water through the long, dry summer months. Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 12 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Enhancing Fish and Wildlife Habitat The Upper Klamath Basin is home to a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial species of wildlife and fish. Much of the water used in the Klamath wildlife refuges and associated marshes, ponds, streams and wetlands originates in the Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin. The Klamath Basin wildlife refuges provide a stopover for 85 percent of the ducks, geese, and other birds that migrate through the Pacific Flyway from Alaska to South America. Streams in the Upper Klamath Basin provide spawning and rearing habitat to threatened and endangered suckers and bull trout, as well as redband trout, which is listed as a species of concern by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Several streams are highly valued “ catch and release” sport fisheries. There is high landowner and public interest in restoring and maintaining riparian habitat along these streams. Many of the conservation opportunities outlined under water conservation and water quality provide direct benefits to fish and wildlife as well. In addition, creating and restoring wetland areas, planting trees and developing wildlife habitat along the edges of crop fields all contribute to enhancing wildlife habitat in the basin. Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 13 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin Overview of Conservation Effectiveness In order for the Upper Klamath Basin to successfully move forward with solutions, agriculturists, environmentalists, Tribes, government agencies, organizations, and others need to develop unified leadership to arrive at a common vision for the future. In addition, stakeholders and others must commit to a long- term investment of public and private funding as well as other resources. Based on the Upper Klamath Basin Rapid Subbasin Assessments, the Oregon and California NRCS planning staff rated the potential benefit of recommended conservation practices and resource management systems based on the conservation districts’ four resource priorities. Many state and federal agencies have invested in conservation work throughout the basin. While the recommendations in this document focus on private land and agriculture, the assessments can also be applied to help prioritize conservation practices on other land uses basin- wide. Overall, based on the planning team’s analysis, conservation activities in the Sprague River Subbasin would produce the greatest benefit, and conservation practices in the Upper Klamath River East Subbasin would yield the least Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS overall benefit based on the conservation district’s priorities. 14 Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin While recognizing that any science- based conservation focus in the Upper Klamath Basin would be beneficial, the charts on pages 18- 19 specifically focus on work that can be accomplished on private lands. They provide a breakdown of recommended conservation practices on each of the conservation districts’ priorities by subbasin. For example, the water demand chart shows that investing in conservation practices in the Sprague River Subbasin has the greatest potential for reducing agriculture’s water demand by implementing improved irrigation practices. The Sprague also provides the best opportunity to address water quality and wildlife habitat. Investment in conservation activities in the Tulelake and the Upper Klamath Lake subbasins offers the greatest potential to address water storage/ yield. Investing in Conservation: Enabling farmers, ranchers and other private land managers to successfully address the four resource priorities will require: • The adoption of conservation on 350,000 acres of private farmland, range, and forests, • Financial resources estimated at $ 200 million for installation and another $ 27 million annually to operate, and • Twenty or more years to complete with the current financial and technical resources available. Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 15 Water Demand Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices by Subbasin Upper Klamath River East Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Williamson Upper Klamath Lake Upper Lost River Butte Valley Middle Lost River Tulelake Sprague Sprague Upper Klamath Lake Williamson Butte Valley Tulelake Middle Lost River Upper Lost River Upper Klamath River East Water Quality Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices by Subbasin Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Comparative Benefit: Water Demand The chart at left provides an overview of the comparative benefit by subbasin of various conservation practices that reduce water demand. Based on research completed by NRCS planning staff, the greatest potential to reduce water demand exists by implementing irrigation and riparian/ wetland conservation practices in the Sprague Subbasin. This is followed by implementing agronomic and irrigation conservation practices in Tulelake. There is no measurable water demand benefit achieved by implementing conservation practices in the Upper Klamath River East Subbasin. Comparative Benefit: Water Quality The chart at left provides an overview of the comparative benefit by subbasin of various conservation practices that improve water quality. Based on research completed by NRCS planning staff, the greatest potential to improve water quality occurs when riparian/ wetland, grazing and irrigation conservation practices are implemented in the Sprague Subbasin. In comparison, no measurable water quality benefits are achieved by implementing conservation practices in Butte Valley or the Upper Klamath River East subbasins. Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin 16 Wildlife Habitat Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices by Subbasin Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Williamson Sprague Butte Valley Tulelake Middle Lost River Upper Lost River Upper Klamath Lake Upper Klamath River East Upper Klamath River East Williamson Sprague Upper Klamath Lake Tulelake Middle Lost River Upper Lost River Butte Valley Water Storage Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices by Subbasin Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Comparative Benefit: Water Storage/ Yield The chart at right provides an overview of the comparative benefit by subbasin of various conservation practices that enhance water storage and yield. Based on research completed by NRCS planning staff, the greatest potential to enhance water storage and yield occurs by implementing riparian/ wetland, forest and range conservation practices in the Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin. In comparison, the Tulelake Subbasin gains water yield through agronomic practices like subsurface drains to allow for winter irrigation. Overall, implementing forest and range practices in most subbasins will result in greater water yield within the soil profile and water table. Comparative Benefit: Habitat/ Fish Survival The chart at right provides an overview of the comparative benefit by subbasin of various conservation practices that improve wildlife habitat and fish survival. Based on research completed by NRCS planning staff, the greatest potential to improve habitat is in the Sprague Subbasin, using wetland/ riparian, forest, range and irrigation practices. In comparison, no measurable habitat benefits are achieved by implementing additional conservation practices in the Middle Lost River, Tulelake, Butte Valley or Upper Klamath River subbasins. Conservation in the Upper Klamath Basin 17 Tim McCabe/ NRCS 18 The Sprague River Subbasin is located 25 miles northeast of Klamath Falls and covers approximately 1.02 million acres. Forested mountain ridges enclose the Sprague River Valley, which includes large marshes, meadows and irrigated pasture. Juniper and sagebrush steppes dominate rangeland. Irrigated Pasture is the predominant land use in the Sprague River Valley. Approximately 65 percent of the water used for irrigation is diverted from streams, and 35 percent is pumped from wells. Flooding is the most common form of irrigation. Most diversions do not have fish screens and lack devices to measure water deliveries. Overall irrigation application efficiencies are low. Private forest and rangelands in the Sprague River subbasin are generally used for livestock grazing. Most forest stands are significantly overstocked with trees, and rangeland has been heavily encroached by Western Juniper. Pasture condition is generally poor to fair. The riparian areas within pastures have little to no riparian vegetation and high, eroding banks. Wildlife habitat in most of the upper reaches of the Sprague River and its major tributaries appears to be fairly stable, indicating good watershed condition. However, there are considerable habitat improvements that can be made in the lower portion of the basin. Sprague River Subbasin Water & Wetlands: 2,949 Range: 137,869 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay: 81,650 Forest/ Mixed: 240,050 Sprague River Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover 19 Resource Concerns Water quality is the major resource concern in the Sprague River Subbasin, directly impacting fish and wildlife habitat throughout the Upper Klamath Basin. Lost River and shortnose suckers, interior redband and bull trout are key fish species present in the subbasin. All species are listed as Endangered Species Act threatened, candidate, or species of concern. The Sprague River has been identified as an important stream for both spawning and rearing habitat for suckers. Loss of riparian habitat, fish entrapment and fish migration impediments have also been identified as resource concerns in the Sprague River Subbasin. Conservation Accomplishments In the Sprague River Subbasin during the last two years, significant conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, land managers have improved the condition of 2,153 acres of grazing land, improved irrigation water management on 903 acres of irrigated land, and have restored 1,644 acres of riparian and wetlands areas. Fencing and riparian area restoration has been initiated or installed by private land managers with assistance from NRCS, US Fish & Wildlife Service and others on approximately 50 miles of stream and several thousand additional riparian and wetland acres. Sprague River Subbasin Land Ownership Private Lands 448,200 Public Lands 573,100 Total Land Area: 1,021,300 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 0 Non- USBR: 61,600 Total: 61,600 20 Conservation Opportunities Water Quality & Wildlife Habitat: Riparian restoration can be accomplished by converting pastures to permanent riparian wildlife lands or establishing riparian vegetation. Riparian pasture units should be managed as a part of an overall grazing plan with cross- fencing and off- stream water for livestock. Forest stands should be managed to ensure optimum health of both the trees and grazed understory. Thinning overstocked trees and controlling juniper on rangelands are both effective management opportunities. Water Demand: Irrigation water management, including measuring water use and scheduling irrigation will help managers to maintain base river flows through late summer and early fall. Efficiencies can also be gained by leveling land, lining or piping irrigation ditches and incorporating tailwater recovery systems. Conversion from flood to sprinkler irrigation is also beneficial. Sprague River Subbasin Sprague River Subbasin Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 34,500 Range & Forestland 164,400 Wildlife Habitat ........... 2,400 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 10,948,000 Range & Forestland .......................$ 31,305,000 Wildlife Habitat .........................$ 4,779,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 1,768,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 1,665,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 133,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 21 Tim McCabe/ NRCS 22 Covering about 928,000 acres, the Williamson River Subbasin is the principal tributary for Upper Klamath Lake. Combined, the Williamson and Sprague River subbasins make up 79 percent of the lake’s total drainage area. The Winema National Forest and Klamath Falls National Wildlife Refuge account for most of the public land in the subbasin. Irrigated pasture is the dominant private agricultural land use. Pasture is almost entirely flood irrigated. Ninety percent is diverted from streams, while groundwater supplies ten percent. Most diversions do not have fish screens and lack devices to measure water deliveries. Although overall irrigation application efficiency is low, additional water in the water table helps to subirrigate pastures. In addition, the proximity of these pastures to rivers and streams allows most excess diverted water to return to the system for reuse. Private forest and rangelands make up most of the private land in the basin. Approximately 80 percent of forestlands are used for grazing. Private forestland is in poor to fair condition; over half of the stands are significantly overstocked with trees. Wildlife habitat has faced considerable degradation in the past. Of the 48 miles of stream that are degraded in the subbasin, restoration efforts have been initiated on approximately 23 miles. Williamson River Subbasin Water & Wetlands: 19,700 Range: 2,600 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay: 81,650 Forest/ Mixed: 225,300 Williamson River Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Alfalfa: 1,100 23 Water quality relating to elevated stream temperatures is a major resource concern in the Williamson River Subbasin, directly impacting fish and wildlife habitat throughout the Upper Klamath Basin. In 1988, when the Lost River and Shortnose suckers were listed as endangered, the Williamson and Sprague River runs were estimated to have declined by as much as 95 percent during the previous twenty- year period. Important sucker habitat has diminished by nearly 50 percent in the lower reaches and near the mouth of the Williamson River. This has reduced the amount of larval sucker spawning and rearing habitat. Conservation Accomplishments Significant conservation progress has been made in this subbasin. Land managers have improved 500 acres of grazing lands, 1,000 acres of irrigated lands, 235 acres of forestlands and have restored 112 acres of riparian and wetland areas. Heightened landowner awareness of resource concerns and increasing agency, organization, and individual efforts will help this trend to continue. Of the 48 miles of stream that are degraded in the subbasin, private land managers are working with the US Fish and Wildlife Service and others to restore 23 miles. The Nature Conservancy is restoring approximately 3,200 acres of wetlands, and plans to restore another 3,411 acres at the mouth of the Williamson River. Williamson River Subbasin Resource Concerns Land Ownership Private Lands 309,400 Public Lands 618,800 Total Land Area: 928,200 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 0 Non- USBR: 65,100 Total: 65,100 24 Williamson River Subbasin Williamson River Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Wildlife Habitat & Water Quality: Riparian area and wetland habitat restoration and management provide the best opportunity to improve water quality in the Williamson River Subbasin. This can be accomplished by converting lands from irrigated agriculture to wildlife habitat or creating riparian pasture systems. Wetland and riparian areas still utilize water. However, this work may reduce total water demand depending on how lands are managed. Water Demand: Thinning forest stands and managing grazing areas by adding cross fences and off- stream water for livestock can yield more water to meet downstream needs. This will also result in enhanced wildlife habitat and improved water quality in area streams. In addition, forest stand improvements reduce the potential for catastrophic fire. Priority Conservation Opportunities Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 52,300 Range & Forestland ... 71,200 Wildlife Habitat .............. 200 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 12,863,000 Range & Forestland .......................$ 17,290,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 338,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 2,663,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 669,000 Wildlife Habitat ..............................$ 11,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 25 Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 26 The Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin covers 465,300 acres from Crater Lake to the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake into the Link River. Historically, some 43,000 acres of wetlands surrounded Agency and Upper Klamath Lake. Today, 17,000 acres have been preserved as part of the Upper Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Another 11,000 acres have been acquired for restoration. Irrigated agriculture is primarily pasture. Livestock are generally stocker cattle, who graze between April and November. Pasture condition is generally fair. Most livestock obtain water from streams and ditches. Irrigation water is diverted from streams or pumped from the lake. Most diversions do not have fish screens or devices to measure water. Although overall irrigation application efficiency is low, the additional water raises the water table and subirrigated pastures. Some acreages of hay and cereal crops are grown, and irrigation efficiencies are higher than for pasture. However, most require maintenance and re- leveling. Forestlands are primarily pine and mixed fir and hemlock. Most private lands in the subbasin are forest or rangelands, with approximately 80 percent used for grazing. More than half of the forest stands are significantly overstocked with trees. Wildlife habitat varies in condition. Of 70 total miles, 21 miles of streamside riparian areas are in good condition and another 12 miles are being restored. Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin Water & Wetlands: 76,568 Range: 2,404 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay: 48,856 Forest/ Mixed: 100,311 Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Crop/ Alfalfa: 3,396 27 Resource Concerns Water quality in the Upper Klamath Lake is a major resource concern, affecting subbasin fish survival, with phosphorus loading as the greatest factor. The loss of wetland vegetation around the lake has also been linked to lower survival rates for endangered suckers. The lower reaches of the Wood River and Sevenmile Creek provide some rearing habitat for larval and juvenile suckers. The Wood River, Sevenmile Creek and their tributaries support populations of bull and interior redband trout. A highly valued “ catch and release” sport fishery occurs on the Wood River and several of its tributaries. There is significant interest in enhancing riparian habitat along these streams to protect and promote these fisheries. Conservation Accomplishments In the Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin during the last two years, some conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, land managers have improved 12 acres of grazing lands and improved water quality and quantity on 12 acres of irrigated land. Several thousand more acres of wetland restoration are in the process of being planned or implemented around Upper Klamath Lake. Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin Land Ownership Private Lands 235,100 Public Lands 230,200 Total Land Area: 465,300 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 0 Non- USBR: 52,300 Total: 52,300 28 Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Quality: The most effective conservation includes practices that restore riparian areas, improve grazing management and increase irrigation efficiency. This can be accomplished by either converting pastures to permanent wildlife habitat or by creating riparian pastures. While most pastures are being inefficiently irrigated, conditions do not warrant extensive changes from current flood irrigation systems since water is reused or enters the soil profile Water Storage: In the Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin, the potential for non- traditional water storage presents a unique conservation opportunity. Restoring drained wetlands, still farmed around Upper Klamath Lake, could produce positive benefits for all four resource concerns. By actively managing areas for both seasonal wetlands and farming, water can be both filtered to improve water quality and stored in wetland areas for future use. Upper Klamath Lake Subbasin Upper Klamath Lake Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 42,500 Range & Forestland ... 36,300 Wildlife Habitat ........... 2,900 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 10,462,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 7,254,000 Wildlife Habitat .........................$ 4,113,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 2,017,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 308,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 130,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 29 Table of Contents Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 30 Irrigated Crop 4,209 The Lost River Subbasin originates above Clear Lake and passes through several agricultural valleys, ending in Tulelake. The valley once supported a vast network of wet meadows and marshes. This subbasin covers approximately 1.2 million acres and is split from the Middle Lost River Subbasin near Olene. Irrigated agriculture generally occurs in the warmer valleys. Flood is the most common pasture irrigation method, with about 50 percent of the water coming from the USBR project. Pasture condition is fair, and most pastures have not been renovated or re- leveled for some time. Maintenance would increase the efficiencies of 60 to 80 percent of the systems. Alfalfa is customarily sprinkler- irrigated and well- managed. Although irrigation efficiencies are higher than for pasture, many sprinkler systems still need upgrading. Several irrigated crops are grown in the subbasin including cereal grains, potatoes, and strawberry plants. Forestland, range and pasture are grazed by livestock. Rangelands are comprised of juniper and sagebrush steppes. Forestlands are generally mixed conifer. Livestock operations include cow/ calf, stockers and dairies. Confined livestock operations are located throughout the subbasin. The location and duration of confinement may pose a potential risk to water quality. Seven dairies located within the subbasin have existing liquid and dry livestock waste storage facilities. Upper Lost River Subbasin Water & Wetlands 13,250 Range 72,630 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay 41,352 Forest/ Mixed 204,420 Upper Lost River Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Alfalfa 38,943 31 Resource Concerns Wildlife habitat and water quality are two of the major resource concerns in the subbasin. High water temperatures are usually linked to lack of shade, irrigation return flow or other warm water inputs. As measured by total phosphorus, water quality appears to be gradually improving over the last 10 to 20 years. While agriculture is the dominant land use in this subbasin, other sources of phosphorus and other pollutants exist. Sewage treatment outfalls, on- site sewage disposal systems, wildlife, and natural inputs also contribute nutrients and other pollutants to the system. While historically the river had significant fish runs, it currently supports only a small population of Shortnose and Lost River suckers. Conservation Accomplishments In the Upper Lost River Subbasin during the last two years, significant conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, land managers have improved resource conditions on 234 acres of croplands and 5,282 acres of grazing lands, and have improved their management of irrigation water on 5,596 acres of irrigated lands. In addition, 846 acres of riparian and wetland areas have been restored. Upper Lost River Subbasin Land Ownership Private Lands 407,500 Public Lands 771,300 Total Land Area: 1,178,800 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 40,400 Non- USBR: 44,100 Total: 84,500 32 Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Quality: Rotating livestock through smaller pastures will increase forage production, reduce soil compaction and improve water quality. On cropland, integrated pest management, irrigation scheduling, increasing crop residue or installing filter strips will minimize risks associated with some pesticides used on cereal grains, potatoes, onions and other crops. Implementing practices like diverting clean water before it flows through livestock confinement areas near water sources, will reduce the risk of polluted runoff. Water Demand: On both surface-irrigated pastures and cropland areas, there are opportunities for land leveling or smoothing, lining or piping irrigation delivery ditches, upgrading irrigation systems and developing tailwater recovery systems to improve water use efficiency. Upper Lost River Subbasin Upper Lost River Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 58,100 Range & Forestland 147,400 Wildlife Habitat ........... 1,200 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 10,993,000 Range & Forestland .......................$ 20,397,000 Wildlife Habitat .........................$ 1,945,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 3,667,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 1,384,000 Wildlife Habitat ..............................$ 66,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 33 Gary Kramer/ NRCS 34 The Middle Lost River Subbasin covers 454,500 acres and is the center of the USBR Klamath Project. Farms near Klamath Falls tend to be smaller, indicating part- time or hobby operations. The area includes 12 irrigation districts and leased lands on the Lower Klamath Wildlife Refuge that receive water supplied by the USBR Klamath Project. Public lands include the refuge, and parts of Modoc and Klamath national forests. Irrigated agriculture includes pasture, alfalfa, cereal grain, potatoes, onions and mint. Roughly 70 percent is irrigated with USBR- supplied water; the rest is obtained from groundwater, individual surface water rights or special USBR contracts. Many fields are either flood or sprinkler irrigated depending on the year and crop. Most farm irrigation diversions lack a means to measure water delivery. Livestock operations include several dairies and cattle feeding operations. Substantial range acreage is used for livestock grazing. Pasture condition is fair and most pastures have not been renovated or re- leveled for some time. Pastures associated with smaller livestock operations in and around Klamath Falls appear to be in the most need of improved pastures and irrigation systems. Wildlife habitat: Ten river miles are in relatively good riparian condition given the river is used for conveying irrigation water. Some 13 miles of stream lack adequate riparian vegetation and streambank protection. Middle Lost River Subbasin Water & Wetlands 10,766 Range 121,713 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay 40,230 Middle Lost River Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Alfalfa 34,866 Irrigated Crop 41,837 35 Resource Concerns The primary concern is maintaining a reliable water supply that meets the needs of all users. Drought conditions and increased competition for available water have increased economic, social, political and environmental concerns and uncertainty over the future. Habitat and water quality are two additional major resource concerns in the subbasin. High water temperatures are usually linked to lack of shade, irrigation return flow or other warm water inputs. As measured by total phosphorus, water quality appears to be gradually improving. Agriculture is the dominant land use in this subbasin, but other pollutant sources exist. While the river had significant historic fish runs, it currently supports only a small sucker population. Conservation Accomplishments In the last two years, the Middle Lost River Subbasin has seen significant conservation progress. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, land managers have improved the condition of natural resources on 489 acres of cropland and 3,521 grazing land acres. In addition, 564 acres of riparian and wetland areas have been restored, and water use efficiency has been increased on 3,731 acres of irrigated lands. Middle Lost River Subbasin Land Ownership Private Lands 272,900 Public Lands 181,600 Total Land Area: 454,500 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 84,700 Non- USBR: 32,300 Total: 117,000 36 Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Demand: Providing irrigators with water measurement tools and training on irrigation scheduling would improve their ability to apply irrigation water more efficiently. Highly effective conservation measures on hay and cropland should focus on updating existing irrigation systems and improving irrigation water management. Water Quality: The use of grazing systems that rotate livestock through smaller pastures will increase forage production, reduce soil compaction and improve water quality. While fishery benefits from restoring riparian areas are minimal, streamside buffers will improve water quality and provide habitat for other wildlife. On cropland, integrated pest management, irrigation scheduling, increasing crop residue or installing filter strips will minimize risks associated with some pesticides used on cereal grains, potatoes, onions and other crops. Middle Lost River Subbasin Middle Lost River Subbasin Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 80,400 Range & Forestland ... 85,200 Wildlife Habitat .............. 400 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 18,859,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 6,797,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 195,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 5,585,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 902,000 Wildlife Habitat ................................$ 8,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 37 38 The Tulelake Subbasin covers 296,600 acres, bordered by the J Canal and the Lava Beds National Monument. The Tulelake Irrigation District and the Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge receive water from the USBR Klamath Project. Tulelake is a remnant of historic Lake Modoc that once connected the subbasin with both Lower and Upper Klamath Lake. The Lost River watershed was once a closed basin. Runoff flowed into Tulelake and evaporated. Pumping plants and drains constructed as a part of the project have provided an outlet from Tulelake, which now functions as an open basin. Irrigated agriculture is generally supplied by the USBR. Alfalfa, grain, potatoes, onions, mint and pasture are the principal crops. Fields are flood or sprinkler irrigated depending on the year and crop. Often diversions lack devices to measure water delivery. Pasture condition is fair, and most have not been renovated for some time. Groundwater provides 40- 50 percent of water for irrigated pastures, and most excess water is reused. Rangeland is the other significant land use. Most ranches are cow/ calf operations that have winter holdings in the subbasin. Rangelands are generally encroached with juniper. Wildlife habitat along the Lost River has reeds and bullrush, providing some habitat for waterfowl and songbirds. Suckers have been located in the river and Tulelake; however, it is not known whether they are successfully reproducing. There are few opportunities to improve habitat along this heavily manipulated reach of the river. Tulelake Subbasin Water & Wetlands 13,285 Range 36,229 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay 4,050 Tulelake Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Alfalfa 12,334 Irrigated Crop 48,481 Forest/ Mixed 4,492 39 Resource Concerns The Tulelake Subbasin is at the tail- end of the USBR Klamath Project. Irrigators depend on water- use decisions made by fellow irrigators and resource managers for their irrigation needs. Drought and increased competition for water leads to the primary resource concern in the basin - a reliable supply of water to meet agriculture, wildlife and other resource needs. Water quality deteriorates as it moves through the USBR project. As measured by total phosphorus, water quality appears to be gradually improving. Agriculture is the dominant land use in this subbasin, but other sources of phosphorus and other pollutants exist. The presence of ESA- listed suckers creates concerns for improving habitat and water quality. The two national wildlife refuges support large waterfowl populations. Farmland on the refuges is leased to farmers to supply grain for waterfowl and shorebirds. These populations depend on refuges, leased lands and adjacent farms during the fall and spring migratory periods. Both refuges depend upon tailwater from the USBR project to maintain their marshes and ponds. Conservation Accomplishments In the Tulelake Subbasin during the last two years, significant conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, local land managers have improved the condition of natural resources on 72 cropland acres and 1,854 irrigated land acres, and have restored 21 acres of riparian and wetland areas. Tulelake Subbasin Land Ownership Private Lands 131,600 Public Lands 165,000 Total Land Area: 296,600 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 62,600 Non- USBR: 2,200 Total: 64,800 40 Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Demand: On hay and croplands, upgrading existing irrigation systems and improving irrigation water management will decrease water demand. Subsurface drainage could be added before re- establishing alfalfa stands, permitting better control of water table and soil moisture levels. During years that alfalfa fields are rotated to grain, winter flooding or pre- season irrigation could be used to reduce water demand. Water Storage/ Yield: Adding subsurface drainage may be the most significant practice to implement on cropland acres. Subsurface drains would allow farmers to winter flood or pre-irrigate fields, thereby reducing their demand for water during the irrigation season. If pre- irrigated, farmers could grow a cereal crop even if water deliveries are cut off during drought years. In addition, juniper control on rangelands will yield additional water to meet downstream needs. Tulelake Subbasin Tulelake Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 45,400 Range & Forestland ... 28,500 Wildlife Habitat ........... 1,700 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .......................$ 18,263,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 1,741,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 298,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 2,590,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 257,000 Wildlife Habitat ..............................$ 25,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 41 Tupper Ansel Blake/ USFWS 42 The Butte Valley Subbasin lies southwest of Lower Klamath Lake. While part of the Upper Klamath Basin, it is an internal drainage basin with only an artificial outlet. Groundwater flows from west to east out of the subbasin under the Mahogany Mountains toward the lake. A channel and pump plant were built to remove floodwaters. This channel is used infrequently and for only short durations. The Klamath National Forest, Butte Valley National Grassland, and the Butte Valley Wildlife Area make up the majority of the public lands. Irrigated agriculture includes alfalfa hay as the predominate crop. Cereal grains, potatoes and strawberry plants are also grown. Crops are usually sprinkler irrigated, and sprinklers are well maintained. Few irrigators measure water applied or schedule irrigation. Cattle operations graze irrigated pastures and meadows scattered throughout the subbasin along with range and forestlands. Pastures are generally flood irrigated and are supplied by streams. Most farm irrigation diversions lack water measuring devices. Mixed conifer forests are found at higher elevations and are generally operated as industrial forests. Range sites are dominated by Western Juniper and are generally in poor condition. Wildlife habitat is generally wetlands in the state wildlife refuge or on national grasslands. Approximately 26 miles of streams on private lands have inadequate riparian vegetation. Butte Valley Subbasin Water & Wetlands 9,488 Range 73,891 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay 10,355 Butte Valley Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Irrigated Alfalfa 30,361 Irrigated Crop 11,490 Forest/ Mixed 52,031 43 Butte Valley Subbasin Resource Concerns The expense of deepening wells and pumping from deeper elevations for irrigation water is a major resource concern. Generally, streams in the upper portions of the subbasin support good populations of Brown and Rainbow trout. The Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuge support large populations of migratory and permanent waterfowl. Farmland on the refuges is leased to area farmers to supply grain for the waterfowl and shorebirds. The large bird populations depend on the refuges, leased lands and adjacent farms throughout the fall and spring migratory periods for habitat. Both refuges depend upon tailwater from the USBR project to maintain their marshes and ponds. Conservation Accomplishments In the Butte Valley Subbasin during the last two years, some conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, local land managers have restored 27 acres of riparian and wetland areas in the last two years. Land Ownership Private Lands 188,400 Public Lands 199,700 Total Land Area: 388,100 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 0 Non- USBR: 52,300 Total: 52,300 44 Butte Valley Subbasin Butte Valley Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Storage Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Demand: Butte Valley is an internal drainage basin. Other than limited contributions to groundwater in the Upper Klamath Basin, reductions in water demand only benefit the subbasin. Sprinkler- irrigated hay, cereal crops and row crops dominate land use on the better soils. Highly effective conservation on hay and cropland should focus on improving the overall irrigation efficiency of existing systems. This can be accomplished by upgrading systems and scheduling irrigation. An estimated 40 percent of the existing systems would benefit from maintenance. On controlled flood irrigated pastures, there are opportunities for land leveling or smoothing, lining or piping delivery ditches, and recovering tailwater. Additional water savings and water quality benefits could be gained by converting existing surface irrigation to sprinklers if power is available and affordable. On rangelands, juniper control and improved grazing management are the primary conservation opportunities. Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land ............ 35,000 Range & Forestland ... 49,400 Wildlife Habitat ................ 55 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 6,652,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 5,243,000 Wildlife Habitat ............................$ 109,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land .........................$ 1,569,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 625,000 Wildlife Habitat ................................$ 3,000 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 45 46 The Upper Klamath River East Subbasin covers the Klamath River drainage between Iron Gate and Keno dams. Nearly half of the area is in public ownership. Iron Gate and Copco reservoirs are used extensively for recreational fishing, boating and camping. Whitewater rafting and kayaking are popular below the KC Boyle Dam. The KC Boyle, Copco and Iron Gate dams are used and regulated for power generation. Irrigated agriculture occurs on only 4,000 acres of pasture. Only a few isolated ranches are located in this subbasin. Cattle operations rotate grazing of irrigated pastures with significant acreage of grazed range and forest. Pastures are surface irrigated with a mix of controlled and flood irrigation. All irrigation water is diverted from the river or tributary streams. Most farm irrigation diversions lack devices to measure water. Even though overall irrigation application efficiency is low, the proximity of irrigated pastures to the river allows most excess water diverted to be reused downstream. Private forest and rangelands make up most of the private land, nearly all of which is used for livestock grazing. Much of the rangeland is in poor condition, with heavy juniper encroachment. More than half of the forest stands are overstocked with trees. Wildlife habitat along riparian areas is generally in good condition. Of the 12 miles of riparian areas surveyed, five would benefit from some restoration. Upper Klamath River East Subbasin Water & Wetlands 4,552 Forestlands 195,516 Irrigated Pasture/ Grass Hay 4,044 Upper Klamath River East Subbasin Agricultural Land Use/ Cover Range 52,366 47 Upper Klamath River East Subbasin Resource Concerns The need to increase water availability to downstream users is the main resource concern along this stretch of the river. Water withdrawals are insignificant along this stretch of the river. Salmon and steelhead are blocked at Iron Gate Dam from upstream passage. Several resident trout species exist, supporting a recreational fishery. Conservation Accomplishments In the Klamath River East Subbasin during the last two years, some conservation progress has been made. With assistance from NRCS and local conservation districts, land managers have improved the condition of natural resources on 56 acres of cropland, 332 acres of grazing land, and 560 acres of irrigated lands. They have also improved forestland health on 46 acres and have restored 924 acres of riparian and wetland areas. Land Ownership Private Lands 256,500 Public Lands 162,900 Total Land Area: 419,400 Irrigated Acres USBR Project: 0 Non- USBR: 4,000 Total: 4,000 48 Upper Klamath River East Subbasin Upper Klamath River East Comparative Benefit of Applied Conservation Practices Water Demand Wildlife Habitat Water Quality Riparian/ Wetland Agronomic Forest & Range Grazing Irrigation Conservation Practices Priority Conservation Opportunities Water Demand/ Yield: Juniper control, thinning forest stands, managing grazing lands by cross- fencing and providing off- stream water for livestock will improve hydrologic conditions, yielding more water to meet downstream needs. This will also improve forage production, habitat condition and water quality in area streams, as well as reduce the opportunity for a catastrophic fire. There are opportunities for land smoothing and tailwater recovery systems to improve overall irrigation efficiency and effectiveness. Additional water savings and water quality benefits would be gained by converting from surface irrigation to sprinklers if power is available and affordable. Conservation Investment Projected Conservation Acres to be Treated* Irrigated Land .............. 1,700 Range & Forestland ... 44,800 Wildlife Habitat .................. 5 Estimated Installation Cost Irrigated Land ............................$ 454,000 Range & Forestland .........................$ 4,769,000 Wildlife Habitat ..............................$ 13,000 Estimated Annual Operation, Maintenance & Management Cost Irrigated Land ..............................$ 86,000 Range & Forestland ............................$ 406,000 Wildlife Habitat .......................................$ 0 * Based on conservation need and projected participation rates. 49 USDA Nondiscrimination Statement “ The U. S. Department of Agriculture ( USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. ( Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information ( Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at ( 202) 720- 2600 ( voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326- W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250- 9410, or call ( 202) 720- 5964 ( voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.” 50 Upper Klamath Basin 51 Developed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service September, 2004 Close

• 24. [Image] Energy pricing and irrigated agriculture in the Upper Klamath Basin

  	Title from Web page (viewed on October 12, 2004).; "July 2004." ; Includes bibliographical references.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Energy pricing and irrigated agriculture in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Jaeger, William K. (William Kenneth) Year: 2004, 2008, 2005 Title from Web page (viewed on October 12, 2004).; "July 2004." ; Includes bibliographical references. Title: Energy pricing and irrigated agriculture in the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Jaeger, William K. (William Kenneth) Year: 2004, 2008, 2005 Title from Web page (viewed on October 12, 2004).; "July 2004." ; Includes bibliographical references. Close

• 25. [Image] Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1988-89

  	"This report describes results of a reconnaissance level field investigation of the quality of irrigation drain water and the effects of its use on federally managed wildlife refuges in the Klamath Basin, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1988-89 Author: Sorenson, Stephen K. Year: 1991, 2005 "This report describes results of a reconnaissance level field investigation of the quality of irrigation drain water and the effects of its use on federally managed wildlife refuges in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon. The investigation was designed to indicate the magnitude and extent of any water-quality problems that could threaten wildlife and human health. The investigation also was designed to use similar sampling strategies and sampling media as was used in all Department of the Interior reconnaissance studies throughout the Western United States, thus providing a consistency that would allow comparison between studies. Information provided by this investigation will be used by the DOI Task Group on Irrigation Drainage to evaluate the need for more detailed study. Samples of water, bottom sediment, and biological tissues were collected in 1988 at various locations on or near the refuges and analyzed for selected chemical constituents. The results of the chemical analysis were compared to various standards and criteria, baseline data, and toxicological studies. These comparisons are discussed in the context of the geological, hydrological, and biological systems in the study area"--P. 2,3 [8,9]. Title: Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon, 1988-89 Author: Sorenson, Stephen K. Year: 1991, 2005 "This report describes results of a reconnaissance level field investigation of the quality of irrigation drain water and the effects of its use on federally managed wildlife refuges in the Klamath Basin, California and Oregon. The investigation was designed to indicate the magnitude and extent of any water-quality problems that could threaten wildlife and human health. The investigation also was designed to use similar sampling strategies and sampling media as was used in all Department of the Interior reconnaissance studies throughout the Western United States, thus providing a consistency that would allow comparison between studies. Information provided by this investigation will be used by the DOI Task Group on Irrigation Drainage to evaluate the need for more detailed study. Samples of water, bottom sediment, and biological tissues were collected in 1988 at various locations on or near the refuges and analyzed for selected chemical constituents. The results of the chemical analysis were compared to various standards and criteria, baseline data, and toxicological studies. These comparisons are discussed in the context of the geological, hydrological, and biological systems in the study area"--P. 2,3 [8,9]. Close

• 26. [Image] KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT - E Canal

  	KP-2481-R2 - Klamath Project - KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT "E" Canal - View looking north at fill being placed by District for replacement of flume in Section 27, T 39 S, R 11 1/2 E. Flume was about 2200 ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT - E Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2481-R2 - Klamath Project - KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT "E" Canal - View looking north at fill being placed by District for replacement of flume in Section 27, T 39 S, R 11 1/2 E. Flume was about 2200 ft. long, made of redwood, and was about 25 years old; October 22, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT - E Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2481-R2 - Klamath Project - KLAMATH IRRIGATION DISTRICT "E" Canal - View looking north at fill being placed by District for replacement of flume in Section 27, T 39 S, R 11 1/2 E. Flume was about 2200 ft. long, made of redwood, and was about 25 years old; October 22, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 27. [Image] BUTTE VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT - Concrete-lined ditch

  	KP-2354-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT. Concrete-lined ditch; 8 yrs. old; 2 in. thick concrete. Butte Valley aggregate in good condition. NE Corner Sec. 25, R. 2 W., T. 46 N.; August ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: BUTTE VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT - Concrete-lined ditch Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2354-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT. Concrete-lined ditch; 8 yrs. old; 2 in. thick concrete. Butte Valley aggregate in good condition. NE Corner Sec. 25, R. 2 W., T. 46 N.; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: BUTTE VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT - Concrete-lined ditch Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2354-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY IRRIGATION DISTRICT. Concrete-lined ditch; 8 yrs. old; 2 in. thick concrete. Butte Valley aggregate in good condition. NE Corner Sec. 25, R. 2 W., T. 46 N.; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 28. [Image] View showing irrigable lands in the Alkali Valley, Ore.

  	June 11, 1905
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: View showing irrigable lands in the Alkali Valley, Ore. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 11, 1905 Title: View showing irrigable lands in the Alkali Valley, Ore. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 11, 1905 Close

• 29. [Image] Little Klamath's Irrigation Co's. Ditch (Adam's Ditch)

  	1904?
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Little Klamath's Irrigation Co's. Ditch (Adam's Ditch) Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1904, 2005, 2004 1904? Title: Little Klamath's Irrigation Co's. Ditch (Adam's Ditch) Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1904, 2005, 2004 1904? Close

• 30. [Image] Panorama view of irrigable lands in the Klamath Valley, Ore.

  	June 8, 1905
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Panorama view of irrigable lands in the Klamath Valley, Ore. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 8, 1905 Title: Panorama view of irrigable lands in the Klamath Valley, Ore. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 8, 1905 Close

• 31. [Image] Hooper Pump

  	1035 - Klamath; August 13, 1943
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hooper Pump Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1943, 2006, 2005 1035 - Klamath; August 13, 1943 Title: Hooper Pump Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1943, 2006, 2005 1035 - Klamath; August 13, 1943 Close

• 32. [Image] Panorama view of irrigable lands in the Bonanza Valley, also the lower end of Alakli [sic] Valley, Ore.

  	June 10, 1905
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Panorama view of irrigable lands in the Bonanza Valley, also the lower end of Alakli [sic] Valley, Ore. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 10, 1905 Title: Panorama view of irrigable lands in the Bonanza Valley, also the lower end of Alakli [sic] Valley, Ore. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 10, 1905 Close

• 33. [Image] The National Irrigation Congress

  	An article summarizing the irrigation projects and plans of Idaho
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The National Irrigation Congress Author: Booth, W.T. Year: 1906, 2004 An article summarizing the irrigation projects and plans of Idaho Title: The National Irrigation Congress Author: Booth, W.T. Year: 1906, 2004 An article summarizing the irrigation projects and plans of Idaho Close

• 34. [Image] Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation

  	Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation Author: Henderson, C.A. Year: 1930, 2005 Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project Title: Agricultural information on Klamath County irrigation Author: Henderson, C.A. Year: 1930, 2005 Pamphlet, compiled by the Klamath County Agricultural Agent, describing the history and status of the Klamath Project Close

• 35. [Image] BUTTE VALLEY - Irrigated Clover Field

  	KP-2353-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY. Irrigated Clover field, N1/2 NW1/4 NE1/4, Sec. 30, T 46 N, R 1 W.; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: BUTTE VALLEY - Irrigated Clover Field Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2353-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY. Irrigated Clover field, N1/2 NW1/4 NE1/4, Sec. 30, T 46 N, R 1 W.; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: BUTTE VALLEY - Irrigated Clover Field Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2353-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY. Irrigated Clover field, N1/2 NW1/4 NE1/4, Sec. 30, T 46 N, R 1 W.; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 36. [Image] Barton Bros., irrigating 65 acre field of potatoes; showing application

  	July 1, 1929
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Barton Bros., irrigating 65 acre field of potatoes; showing application Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1929, 2006, 2005 July 1, 1929 Title: Barton Bros., irrigating 65 acre field of potatoes; showing application Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1929, 2006, 2005 July 1, 1929 Close

• 37. [Image] Pre-irrigation on lease lots in the Frog Pond area

  	CN-12-201-456NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; April 1973; USBR photo by J. W. Legg
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pre-irrigation on lease lots in the Frog Pond area Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1973, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-456NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; April 1973; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Title: Pre-irrigation on lease lots in the Frog Pond area Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1973, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-456NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; April 1973; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Close

• 38. [Image] Secondary drain fill washed dirt during pre-irrigation on Lots 96 and 97 in Frog Pond

  	CN-12-201-458NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; April 1973; USBR photo by J. W. Legg
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Secondary drain fill washed dirt during pre-irrigation on Lots 96 and 97 in Frog Pond Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1973, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-458NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; April 1973; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Title: Secondary drain fill washed dirt during pre-irrigation on Lots 96 and 97 in Frog Pond Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1973, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-458NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; April 1973; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Close

• 39. [Image] Shasta View Irrigation District R&B System

  	CN-12-201-526NA Klamath Project. View of inlet structure to main pumps; May 15, 1975; USBR photo by D. W. Stein
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shasta View Irrigation District R&B System Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-526NA Klamath Project. View of inlet structure to main pumps; May 15, 1975; USBR photo by D. W. Stein Title: Shasta View Irrigation District R&B System Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-526NA Klamath Project. View of inlet structure to main pumps; May 15, 1975; USBR photo by D. W. Stein Close

• 40. [Image] Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1962

  	Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1962 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for irrigation and drainage and water storage and distributions, list of steam gaging stations, weather conditions, list of evaporation stations, quality of irrigation water at pumping plants, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1954-1962; Description is based on: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1962 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 Ill., maps (some color), photographs; Includes fiscal year financials, maps, photographs, agricultural economics and crop yield, some grazing financial information with cost of water usage, tables for irrigation and drainage and water storage and distributions, list of steam gaging stations, weather conditions, list of evaporation stations, quality of irrigation water at pumping plants, etc.; Title covers: calendar years for 1954-1962; Description is based on: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California 1954; Dates of the beginning year(s) of publication are derived from May 1, 1903 to December 31, 1912, History of the Klamath Project and from the volume information on later volumes (v. 35) Klamath District and Klamath Project annual history for 1945, dated December 1, 1946 Close

• 41. [Image] The necessity for irrigation

  	An article espousing the efficiency and benefits of irrigation in agriculture. Includes photos of "Waiting for water: scene on the Truckee-Carson Project" and "Irrigation in southern California"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The necessity for irrigation Author: Pardee, George C. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article espousing the efficiency and benefits of irrigation in agriculture. Includes photos of "Waiting for water: scene on the Truckee-Carson Project" and "Irrigation in southern California" Title: The necessity for irrigation Author: Pardee, George C. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article espousing the efficiency and benefits of irrigation in agriculture. Includes photos of "Waiting for water: scene on the Truckee-Carson Project" and "Irrigation in southern California" Close

• 42. [Image] PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District

  	KP-2499-R2- Klamath Project - PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District. View looking across 100-D-1 drain to pumping plant constructed under Specifications 200C-393. Outlet box is near automobile; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2499-R2- Klamath Project - PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District. View looking across 100-D-1 drain to pumping plant constructed under Specifications 200C-393. Outlet box is near automobile; March 23, 1959; Photo by K.J. Greene Title: PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1959, 2008, 2006 KP-2499-R2- Klamath Project - PUMPING PLANT "V", Tulelake Irrigation District. View looking across 100-D-1 drain to pumping plant constructed under Specifications 200C-393. Outlet box is near automobile; March 23, 1959; Photo by K.J. Greene Close

• 43. [Image] TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - Small pumping plant

  	KP-2408-R2 - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - Klamath Project. Small pumping plant which pumps water from No. 45 drain into J-11 lateral. This type is called a "box pump" locally. The vertical column is ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - Small pumping plant Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1957, 2008, 2006 KP-2408-R2 - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - Klamath Project. Small pumping plant which pumps water from No. 45 drain into J-11 lateral. This type is called a "box pump" locally. The vertical column is a corrugated metal pipe housing a vertical shaft attached to a steel fabricated impeller rotating about 350 r.p.m.; October 24, 1957; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - Small pumping plant Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1957, 2008, 2006 KP-2408-R2 - TULELAKE IRRIGATION DISTRICT - Klamath Project. Small pumping plant which pumps water from No. 45 drain into J-11 lateral. This type is called a "box pump" locally. The vertical column is a corrugated metal pipe housing a vertical shaft attached to a steel fabricated impeller rotating about 350 r.p.m.; October 24, 1957; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 44. [Image] TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-1 LATERAL

  	KP-2620-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-1 LATERAL. View looking north showing completed lateral, 101-C-1 Drain and east-west secondary drains. North-south lines in fields are farmers' irrigation ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-1 LATERAL Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2620-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-1 LATERAL. View looking north showing completed lateral, 101-C-1 Drain and east-west secondary drains. North-south lines in fields are farmers' irrigation ditches; July 7, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-1 LATERAL Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2620-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-1 LATERAL. View looking north showing completed lateral, 101-C-1 Drain and east-west secondary drains. North-south lines in fields are farmers' irrigation ditches; July 7, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Close

• 45. [Image] TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-8 LATERAL

  	KP-2621-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-8 LATERAL. View looking north showing reconstruction of lateral under Specs. DC-5389. East bank of existing lateral is being moved to form west bank of ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-8 LATERAL Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2621-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-8 LATERAL. View looking north showing reconstruction of lateral under Specs. DC-5389. East bank of existing lateral is being moved to form west bank of new lateral to provide more separation from drain for stability. Lining material is being hauled from east-west secondary drains. Small north-south ditches are farmers' irrigation head ditches; July 7, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-8 LATERAL Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2621-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-8 LATERAL. View looking north showing reconstruction of lateral under Specs. DC-5389. East bank of existing lateral is being moved to form west bank of new lateral to provide more separation from drain for stability. Lining material is being hauled from east-west secondary drains. Small north-south ditches are farmers' irrigation head ditches; July 7, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Close

• 46. [Image] TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-13 Lateral Specifications DC-5686

  	P12-200-2649 - Klamath Project, California - TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-13 Lateral Specifications DC-5686. View looking west from N-Canal bank. Bottom lining, south lining and bank are completed. Lining on north ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-13 Lateral Specifications DC-5686 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2649 - Klamath Project, California - TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-13 Lateral Specifications DC-5686. View looking west from N-Canal bank. Bottom lining, south lining and bank are completed. Lining on north side is being installed. Temporary flume for irrigation in foreground; April 13, 1962; Photo by K.J. Greene Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-13 Lateral Specifications DC-5686 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2649 - Klamath Project, California - TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-13 Lateral Specifications DC-5686. View looking west from N-Canal bank. Bottom lining, south lining and bank are completed. Lining on north side is being installed. Temporary flume for irrigation in foreground; April 13, 1962; Photo by K.J. Greene Close

• 47. [Image] Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project Service Area south of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4275 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). The Lost River Diversion channel, in the middle of the photo extends ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project Service Area south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4275 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). The Lost River Diversion channel, in the middle of the photo extends 7.8 miles from the Lost River Diversion Dam to the Klamath River carrying excess water and also supply irrigation water from the river by reverse flow; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project Service Area south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4275 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). The Lost River Diversion channel, in the middle of the photo extends 7.8 miles from the Lost River Diversion Dam to the Klamath River carrying excess water and also supply irrigation water from the river by reverse flow; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 48. [Image] Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project service area south of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4276 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). The Lost River Diversion channel, in the middle of the photo extends ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project service area south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4276 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). The Lost River Diversion channel, in the middle of the photo extends 7.8 miles from the Lost River Diversion Dam to the Klamath River carrying excess water and also supply irrigation water from the river by reverse flow; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project service area south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4276 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). The Lost River Diversion channel, in the middle of the photo extends 7.8 miles from the Lost River Diversion Dam to the Klamath River carrying excess water and also supply irrigation water from the river by reverse flow; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 49. [Image] Closed Drain Construction - Tule Lake Sump 3 - Specs. No. 200C-842, Patterson Constr. Co., Contractor

  	CN-12-201-279NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. Motor patrol is placing a dike on either side of the road. This dike is meant to protect the roadway from wave action when the adjacent fields are flood ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Closed Drain Construction - Tule Lake Sump 3 - Specs. No. 200C-842, Patterson Constr. Co., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1973, 2009, 2007 CN-12-201-279NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. Motor patrol is placing a dike on either side of the road. This dike is meant to protect the roadway from wave action when the adjacent fields are flood irrigated. It was feared that irrigation in the adjacent fields would cause both subsidence and erosion on the road base; March 1973; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. Stein Title: Closed Drain Construction - Tule Lake Sump 3 - Specs. No. 200C-842, Patterson Constr. Co., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1973, 2009, 2007 CN-12-201-279NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. Motor patrol is placing a dike on either side of the road. This dike is meant to protect the roadway from wave action when the adjacent fields are flood irrigated. It was feared that irrigation in the adjacent fields would cause both subsidence and erosion on the road base; March 1973; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. Stein Close

• 50. [Image] Jack Wynant, ditchrider, and R.S. Hopkins, Irrigation Manager, Klamath Project

  	KP-2117-R2. Jack Wynant, ditchrider, receiving incentive award check from R. S. Hopkins, Irrigation Manager, Klamath Project, for the use of water on saw in cutting rolled asphalt material; April 9, 1952; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Jack Wynant, ditchrider, and R.S. Hopkins, Irrigation Manager, Klamath Project Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Thomas, Joe J. Year: 1952, 2007, 2006 KP-2117-R2. Jack Wynant, ditchrider, receiving incentive award check from R. S. Hopkins, Irrigation Manager, Klamath Project, for the use of water on saw in cutting rolled asphalt material; April 9, 1952; Photo by Joe J. Thomas Title: Jack Wynant, ditchrider, and R.S. Hopkins, Irrigation Manager, Klamath Project Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Thomas, Joe J. Year: 1952, 2007, 2006 KP-2117-R2. Jack Wynant, ditchrider, receiving incentive award check from R. S. Hopkins, Irrigation Manager, Klamath Project, for the use of water on saw in cutting rolled asphalt material; April 9, 1952; Photo by Joe J. Thomas Close

• 51. [Image] Weather based technologies for residential irrigation scheduling: technical review report: prepared for Municipal Water District

  	"May 2004"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Weather based technologies for residential irrigation scheduling: technical review report: prepared for Municipal Water District Year: 2004, 2005 "May 2004" Title: Weather based technologies for residential irrigation scheduling: technical review report: prepared for Municipal Water District Year: 2004, 2005 "May 2004" Close

• 52. [Image] Annual project history and O. & M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1931

  	Information Of Interest Source of water supply: Upper Klamath Lake, Lost River and Clear Lake. Area of drainage basin: 3,700 square miles. Length of irrigation season: From April 15 to September ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history and O. & M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1931 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1931, 2008, 2006 Information Of Interest Source of water supply: Upper Klamath Lake, Lost River and Clear Lake. Area of drainage basin: 3,700 square miles. Length of irrigation season: From April 15 to September 30 - 168 days. Average elevation of irrigable area: 4,100 feet above sea level. Average annual rainfall on irrigable area: 12.7 inches. Average of recorded temperatures, 12 years: highest 97, lowest -4 F Character of soil of irragable area: Disintegrated basalt, volcanic ash, and diatomaceous eart, being largely classifid as Yakima sandy loam. Principal products: Alfalfa, hay, grain and vegetables; stock,poultry, and dairy products. Principa; markets: Portland Oregon; Sacramento and San Francisco, Ca. Limit of area of farm units: 160 acres. The irrigation plan of the Klamath Project provides for the storage of water in Upper Klamath Lake, lying just North of Klamath Falls, Oregon, and in Clear Lake Reservoir, California, at the head of Lost River. Water for lands in Langell Valley and in the vicinity of Bonanza will be supplied from Clear Lake Reservoir and from Gerber Reservoir. Water for all other lands will be supplied from Klamath Lake. Water is diverted from the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake just above the Link River Dam, into the "A" Canal which extends nine miles in a southeasterly direction, and supplies the canals on both sides of Lost River. Water for the Tule Lake lands, which are served by the "J" Canal, is discharged into Lost River from the C-G Canal and from this point to the diversion dam two miles southeast of Merrill; Lost River being used as a carrier. At the diversion dam, the water is diverted into the "J" Canal. One of the principal features of the Klamath Project is the reclamation of the lands in the bed of Tule Lake. These lands are being reclaimed in a double sense: first, by causing the waater recede and, second, by constructing irrigation works to irrigate the lands uncovered. The lowering of the water surface in Tule Lake is being brought about by evaporation from the lake itself and by preventing inflow. The works designed to prevent inflow consists of Clear Lake Reservaoir, and the Lost River diversion canal. Clear Lake Reservoir is located at the head of Lost River and stops the flood waters coming in from abouve. Flood waters coming in Lost River below Clear Lake are diverted from Lost River int the Klamath River through the diversion canal. The works designed to provede irrigation service for the uncovered lands consist of a diversion dam on Lost River tow miles southeast of Merrill, the "J" Canal and lateral system. The Keno Canal has been constructed on the West side of Link River and extends from the Link River Dam to a point about one mile below; the river in this distance makes a drop of about 50 feet. The Keno Canal was designed to develop power and to supply water for irrigation to lands on the west of Klamath River, also, to the marsh lands around Lower Klamath Lake. Irrigation from the Keno Canal has now been abandoned and the United States has installed no power plant. The Keno Canal has been leased to the California-Oregon Power Company. The Pricipal features of the project are the Clear Lake Reservoir, the Gerber Reservoir, the Link River Dam, the Main "A" Canal with a tunnel 3300 feet long, the precast concrete flume 4300 feet long on the "C" Canal, the di2 diversion dams on the Lost River, the Lost River pipe lines on the C-G Canal and the main canals and laterals and 128 miles of open drains. Irrigation service may now be provided for about 101,000 acres or irrigable land. Title: Annual project history and O. & M. report of the Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1931 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1931, 2008, 2006 Information Of Interest Source of water supply: Upper Klamath Lake, Lost River and Clear Lake. Area of drainage basin: 3,700 square miles. Length of irrigation season: From April 15 to September 30 - 168 days. Average elevation of irrigable area: 4,100 feet above sea level. Average annual rainfall on irrigable area: 12.7 inches. Average of recorded temperatures, 12 years: highest 97, lowest -4 F Character of soil of irragable area: Disintegrated basalt, volcanic ash, and diatomaceous eart, being largely classifid as Yakima sandy loam. Principal products: Alfalfa, hay, grain and vegetables; stock,poultry, and dairy products. Principa; markets: Portland Oregon; Sacramento and San Francisco, Ca. Limit of area of farm units: 160 acres. The irrigation plan of the Klamath Project provides for the storage of water in Upper Klamath Lake, lying just North of Klamath Falls, Oregon, and in Clear Lake Reservoir, California, at the head of Lost River. Water for lands in Langell Valley and in the vicinity of Bonanza will be supplied from Clear Lake Reservoir and from Gerber Reservoir. Water for all other lands will be supplied from Klamath Lake. Water is diverted from the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake just above the Link River Dam, into the "A" Canal which extends nine miles in a southeasterly direction, and supplies the canals on both sides of Lost River. Water for the Tule Lake lands, which are served by the "J" Canal, is discharged into Lost River from the C-G Canal and from this point to the diversion dam two miles southeast of Merrill; Lost River being used as a carrier. At the diversion dam, the water is diverted into the "J" Canal. One of the principal features of the Klamath Project is the reclamation of the lands in the bed of Tule Lake. These lands are being reclaimed in a double sense: first, by causing the waater recede and, second, by constructing irrigation works to irrigate the lands uncovered. The lowering of the water surface in Tule Lake is being brought about by evaporation from the lake itself and by preventing inflow. The works designed to prevent inflow consists of Clear Lake Reservaoir, and the Lost River diversion canal. Clear Lake Reservoir is located at the head of Lost River and stops the flood waters coming in from abouve. Flood waters coming in Lost River below Clear Lake are diverted from Lost River int the Klamath River through the diversion canal. The works designed to provede irrigation service for the uncovered lands consist of a diversion dam on Lost River tow miles southeast of Merrill, the "J" Canal and lateral system. The Keno Canal has been constructed on the West side of Link River and extends from the Link River Dam to a point about one mile below; the river in this distance makes a drop of about 50 feet. The Keno Canal was designed to develop power and to supply water for irrigation to lands on the west of Klamath River, also, to the marsh lands around Lower Klamath Lake. Irrigation from the Keno Canal has now been abandoned and the United States has installed no power plant. The Keno Canal has been leased to the California-Oregon Power Company. The Pricipal features of the project are the Clear Lake Reservoir, the Gerber Reservoir, the Link River Dam, the Main "A" Canal with a tunnel 3300 feet long, the precast concrete flume 4300 feet long on the "C" Canal, the di2 diversion dams on the Lost River, the Lost River pipe lines on the C-G Canal and the main canals and laterals and 128 miles of open drains. Irrigation service may now be provided for about 101,000 acres or irrigable land. Close

• 53. [Image] Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1958

  	INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL Genex*al Description of the Project Location. The Klamath Project is in the Upper Klamath River Basin, east of the Cascade Range. It is located in Klamath Comity, Oregon, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1958 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL Genex*al Description of the Project Location. The Klamath Project is in the Upper Klamath River Basin, east of the Cascade Range. It is located in Klamath Comity, Oregon, and in Modoc and Siskiyou Counties of California. Project headquarters is located at the principal city of Klamath Falls, Oregon, which has a population of about 3&>^00, including suburbs. Smaller towns on the project in Oregon are Merrill, Malin, and Bonanza. The town of Tulelake, California, was established in 1931 near the center of the Tule Lake Division. Climate ? The mean temperature for the warmest month is 630 F. The coldest month has raez.n temperature of 29? F. Summer nights are cool. The annual rainfall is about 13 inches, of which about 3^ inches fall during the growing season of 90 to 130 days. Topography, soils, and crops. The project area is about U,100 feet elevation above sea level. The surface topography is generally smooth and flat for the large areas of lake bottom, and gently sloping on the higher lands? Peat and muck soils are common in the recent lake bottoms. Soils vary from sandy loam to clay on other parts of the project. The principal crops grown are alfalfa, malting and feed barley, potatoes, clover seed, and irrigated pasture and other forage. Stock raising is an important enterprise. Industry and transportation. Farming and lumbering each provide the major portion of the economy of the Basin. Three major railroad lines, one major highway and many secondary highways, and two airlines serve the project area. Plan and purpose. In 1958 the project provided irrigation service to 21^,500 acres. The water supply is provided by two main water courses, Klamath River and Lost River and their tributaries. Besides storing, diverting, and distributing water for irrigation, project facilities have reclaimed by drainage large areas formerly inundated by Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes. Flood waters of Lost River, which terminates In Tule Lake, are diverted to the Klamath River through the Lost River Diversion Channel. This channel is also used to carry irrigation water in the opposite direction in the summertime. Another principal function of the project is water-level control for the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges. DTERODUCTIOH AND GBNKRAL (Continued) General Description of the Project (Cont.) Upper Klamath Lake on the Klamath River is the principal storage reservoir, having an active capacity of 52^,800 acre-feet. It is controlled by Link River Dam constructed, maintained, and operated by The California Oregon Power Company under an agreement with the project whereby irrigation requirements and rights are protected. The Main, Lower Klamath, and Tule Lake Divisions are served from this source. Gerber Reservoir on Miller Creel; and Clear Lake Reservoir on Lost River provide flood control for the Tule Lake Division and an irrigation supply for the Langell Valley Division. Their active storage capacities are 9*b3OO acre-feet and 513*300 acre-feet, respectively. Federally-financed project works also include the diversion, distribution, and drainage systems for the Main and Tule Lake Divisions; the diversion darn and main canals for the Langell Valley Division; and drainage outlets for the Lower Klamath and Tule Lake Divisions? Title: Annual project history: Klamath Project, Oregon-California, 1958 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL Genex*al Description of the Project Location. The Klamath Project is in the Upper Klamath River Basin, east of the Cascade Range. It is located in Klamath Comity, Oregon, and in Modoc and Siskiyou Counties of California. Project headquarters is located at the principal city of Klamath Falls, Oregon, which has a population of about 3&>^00, including suburbs. Smaller towns on the project in Oregon are Merrill, Malin, and Bonanza. The town of Tulelake, California, was established in 1931 near the center of the Tule Lake Division. Climate ? The mean temperature for the warmest month is 630 F. The coldest month has raez.n temperature of 29? F. Summer nights are cool. The annual rainfall is about 13 inches, of which about 3^ inches fall during the growing season of 90 to 130 days. Topography, soils, and crops. The project area is about U,100 feet elevation above sea level. The surface topography is generally smooth and flat for the large areas of lake bottom, and gently sloping on the higher lands? Peat and muck soils are common in the recent lake bottoms. Soils vary from sandy loam to clay on other parts of the project. The principal crops grown are alfalfa, malting and feed barley, potatoes, clover seed, and irrigated pasture and other forage. Stock raising is an important enterprise. Industry and transportation. Farming and lumbering each provide the major portion of the economy of the Basin. Three major railroad lines, one major highway and many secondary highways, and two airlines serve the project area. Plan and purpose. In 1958 the project provided irrigation service to 21^,500 acres. The water supply is provided by two main water courses, Klamath River and Lost River and their tributaries. Besides storing, diverting, and distributing water for irrigation, project facilities have reclaimed by drainage large areas formerly inundated by Lower Klamath and Tule Lakes. Flood waters of Lost River, which terminates In Tule Lake, are diverted to the Klamath River through the Lost River Diversion Channel. This channel is also used to carry irrigation water in the opposite direction in the summertime. Another principal function of the project is water-level control for the Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake National Wildlife Refuges. DTERODUCTIOH AND GBNKRAL (Continued) General Description of the Project (Cont.) Upper Klamath Lake on the Klamath River is the principal storage reservoir, having an active capacity of 52^,800 acre-feet. It is controlled by Link River Dam constructed, maintained, and operated by The California Oregon Power Company under an agreement with the project whereby irrigation requirements and rights are protected. The Main, Lower Klamath, and Tule Lake Divisions are served from this source. Gerber Reservoir on Miller Creel; and Clear Lake Reservoir on Lost River provide flood control for the Tule Lake Division and an irrigation supply for the Langell Valley Division. Their active storage capacities are 9*b3OO acre-feet and 513*300 acre-feet, respectively. Federally-financed project works also include the diversion, distribution, and drainage systems for the Main and Tule Lake Divisions; the diversion darn and main canals for the Langell Valley Division; and drainage outlets for the Lower Klamath and Tule Lake Divisions? Close

• 54. [Image] Irrigation system maintenance, groundwater quality, and improved production

  	"April 2004"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 3).
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Irrigation system maintenance, groundwater quality, and improved production Author: Selker, John S. Year: 2004, 2005 "April 2004"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 3). Title: Irrigation system maintenance, groundwater quality, and improved production Author: Selker, John S. Year: 2004, 2005 "April 2004"; Includes bibliographical references (p. 3). Close

• 55. [Image] View looking southwest up the Langell Valley, from a point 4 miles west of Lorella, Ore., showing irrigable lands under the Klamath River Project.

  	June 10, 1905 (the incorrect year, 1805, is printed under the photograph, the correct year, 1905, is written in pencil under it
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: View looking southwest up the Langell Valley, from a point 4 miles west of Lorella, Ore., showing irrigable lands under the Klamath River Project. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 10, 1905 (the incorrect year, 1805, is printed under the photograph, the correct year, 1905, is written in pencil under it Title: View looking southwest up the Langell Valley, from a point 4 miles west of Lorella, Ore., showing irrigable lands under the Klamath River Project. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 10, 1905 (the incorrect year, 1805, is printed under the photograph, the correct year, 1905, is written in pencil under it Close

• 56. [Image] Klamath Falls, Oregon : the new Eldorado of the west : always health, wealth and happiness : 1906's year's additions : railroad and steamer connections, and the best U. S. government irrigation-reclamation project on record

  	Fact book on Klamath Falls and Klamath County to market the area for settlers and business prospectors.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls, Oregon : the new Eldorado of the west : always health, wealth and happiness : 1906's year's additions : railroad and steamer connections, and the best U. S. government irrigation-reclamation project on record Author: Klamath County Chamber of Commerce Year: 1906, 2005 Fact book on Klamath Falls and Klamath County to market the area for settlers and business prospectors. Title: Klamath Falls, Oregon : the new Eldorado of the west : always health, wealth and happiness : 1906's year's additions : railroad and steamer connections, and the best U. S. government irrigation-reclamation project on record Author: Klamath County Chamber of Commerce Year: 1906, 2005 Fact book on Klamath Falls and Klamath County to market the area for settlers and business prospectors. Close

• 57. [Image] View looking northwest from a point 3 miles south of Merrill, Ore., showing irrigable lands in the Tule Lake Basin, Ore.

  	June 9, 1905
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: View looking northwest from a point 3 miles south of Merrill, Ore., showing irrigable lands in the Tule Lake Basin, Ore. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 9, 1905 Title: View looking northwest from a point 3 miles south of Merrill, Ore., showing irrigable lands in the Tule Lake Basin, Ore. Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1905, 2005, 2004 June 9, 1905 Close

• 58. [Image] LOWER LOST RIVER DIVERSION DAM

  	KP-2477-R2 Klamath Project - LOWER LOST RIVER DIVERSION DAM. View looking north showing repair of hole washed out at east end of apron. Repair make by the Tulelake Irrigation District; October 21, 1958; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: LOWER LOST RIVER DIVERSION DAM Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2477-R2 Klamath Project - LOWER LOST RIVER DIVERSION DAM. View looking north showing repair of hole washed out at east end of apron. Repair make by the Tulelake Irrigation District; October 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: LOWER LOST RIVER DIVERSION DAM Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2477-R2 Klamath Project - LOWER LOST RIVER DIVERSION DAM. View looking north showing repair of hole washed out at east end of apron. Repair make by the Tulelake Irrigation District; October 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 59. [Image] TULE LAKE DIVISION - Irrigating onion field near Tulelake

  	KP-2346-R2 - Klamath Project--TULE LAKE DIVISION; May 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULE LAKE DIVISION - Irrigating onion field near Tulelake Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2346-R2 - Klamath Project--TULE LAKE DIVISION; May 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: TULE LAKE DIVISION - Irrigating onion field near Tulelake Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2346-R2 - Klamath Project--TULE LAKE DIVISION; May 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 60. [Image] BUTTE VALLEY - Irrigated barley field

  	KP-2351-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY. S1/2NW1/4NE1/4, Sec. 26, R 2 W., T 46 N.; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: BUTTE VALLEY - Irrigated barley field Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2351-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY. S1/2NW1/4NE1/4, Sec. 26, R 2 W., T 46 N.; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: BUTTE VALLEY - Irrigated barley field Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2351-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY. S1/2NW1/4NE1/4, Sec. 26, R 2 W., T 46 N.; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 61. [Image] BUTTE VALLEY - Irrigated potato field, west side

  	KP-2357-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY. Sec. 19, R 1 W, T 46 N; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: BUTTE VALLEY - Irrigated potato field, west side Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2357-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY. Sec. 19, R 1 W, T 46 N; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: BUTTE VALLEY - Irrigated potato field, west side Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2357-R2 - Klamath Project--BUTTE VALLEY. Sec. 19, R 1 W, T 46 N; August 14, 1956; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 62. [Image] ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - View of forebay floor lining

  	KP-2410-R2 - ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - Klamath Project. View of forebay floor lining, looking east to power plant entrance showing damaged and undermined lining. Area about 20' X 30' was undermined during ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - View of forebay floor lining Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, McAnulty, L. Year: 1957, 2008, 2006 KP-2410-R2 - ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - Klamath Project. View of forebay floor lining, looking east to power plant entrance showing damaged and undermined lining. Area about 20' X 30' was undermined during 1957 irrigation season; October 1957; Photo by L. McAnulty Title: ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - View of forebay floor lining Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, McAnulty, L. Year: 1957, 2008, 2006 KP-2410-R2 - ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - Klamath Project. View of forebay floor lining, looking east to power plant entrance showing damaged and undermined lining. Area about 20' X 30' was undermined during 1957 irrigation season; October 1957; Photo by L. McAnulty Close

• 63. [Image] ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - Hole in lining

  	KP-2411-R2 - ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - Klamath Project. Hole in lining on east side of forebay eroded during 1957 irrigation season. Upper part of hole was repaired during flow of water; October 1957; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - Hole in lining Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, McAnulty, L. Year: 1957, 2008, 2006 KP-2411-R2 - ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - Klamath Project. Hole in lining on east side of forebay eroded during 1957 irrigation season. Upper part of hole was repaired during flow of water; October 1957; Photo by L. McAnulty Title: ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - Hole in lining Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, McAnulty, L. Year: 1957, 2008, 2006 KP-2411-R2 - ENTERPRISE POWER PLANT - Klamath Project. Hole in lining on east side of forebay eroded during 1957 irrigation season. Upper part of hole was repaired during flow of water; October 1957; Photo by L. McAnulty Close

• 64. [Image] POE VALLEY - Sprinkler system in alfalfa field

  	KP-2422-R2 - POE VALLEY - Klamath Project. Sprinkler system in alfalfa field on farm in southeastern part of valley. Irrigation well is left in background.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: POE VALLEY - Sprinkler system in alfalfa field Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1957, 2008, 2006 KP-2422-R2 - POE VALLEY - Klamath Project. Sprinkler system in alfalfa field on farm in southeastern part of valley. Irrigation well is left in background. Title: POE VALLEY - Sprinkler system in alfalfa field Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1957, 2008, 2006 KP-2422-R2 - POE VALLEY - Klamath Project. Sprinkler system in alfalfa field on farm in southeastern part of valley. Irrigation well is left in background. Close

• 65. [Image] "M" Canal Lining, Station 131, looking Northeast, placing concrete lining with completed panels on each side

  	KP-1504-Klamath Project; Time 1:20 P. M., July 18, 1947; Stacy, contractor; Photo by H. W. Sexton
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "M" Canal Lining, Station 131, looking Northeast, placing concrete lining with completed panels on each side Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Sexton, H.W. Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1504-Klamath Project; Time 1:20 P. M., July 18, 1947; Stacy, contractor; Photo by H. W. Sexton Title: "M" Canal Lining, Station 131, looking Northeast, placing concrete lining with completed panels on each side Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Sexton, H.W. Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1504-Klamath Project; Time 1:20 P. M., July 18, 1947; Stacy, contractor; Photo by H. W. Sexton Close

• 66. [Image] Completed compacted fill portion of Type "A" earth lining on M-2-a-2 Lateral

  	KP-1512-R2 - Klamath Project; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Completed compacted fill portion of Type "A" earth lining on M-2-a-2 Lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1512-R2 - Klamath Project; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: Completed compacted fill portion of Type "A" earth lining on M-2-a-2 Lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1512-R2 - Klamath Project; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 67. [Image] Junction of Type "A" and Type "C" earth lining on M-2-a-2 Lateral

  	KP-1513-R2 - Klamath Project; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Junction of Type "A" and Type "C" earth lining on M-2-a-2 Lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1513-R2 - Klamath Project; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: Junction of Type "A" and Type "C" earth lining on M-2-a-2 Lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1513-R2 - Klamath Project; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 68. [Image] Type "C" earth lining test section under construction on M-2-a-2 Lateral

  	KP-1514-R2 - Klamath Project; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Type "C" earth lining test section under construction on M-2-a-2 Lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1514-R2 - Klamath Project; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: Type "C" earth lining test section under construction on M-2-a-2 Lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1514-R2 - Klamath Project; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 69. [Image] Shaping M-2-a-2 Lateral embankment by means of blade grader

  	KP-1516-R2 - Klamath Project. Preparation for compaction of Type "C" earth lining; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shaping M-2-a-2 Lateral embankment by means of blade grader Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1516-R2 - Klamath Project. Preparation for compaction of Type "C" earth lining; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: Shaping M-2-a-2 Lateral embankment by means of blade grader Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1516-R2 - Klamath Project. Preparation for compaction of Type "C" earth lining; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 70. [Image] Shaping M-2-a-2 Lateral embankment by means of blade grader

  	KP-1517-R2 - Klamath Project. Preparation for compaction of Type "C" earth lining; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Shaping M-2-a-2 Lateral embankment by means of blade grader Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1517-R2 - Klamath Project. Preparation for compaction of Type "C" earth lining; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: Shaping M-2-a-2 Lateral embankment by means of blade grader Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1517-R2 - Klamath Project. Preparation for compaction of Type "C" earth lining; July 25, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 71. [Image] M-2-a-2 Lateral thoroughly prepared for asphalt membrane lining, Coppock Bay, California

  	KP-1552 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral thoroughly prepared for asphalt membrane lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1552 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral thoroughly prepared for asphalt membrane lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1552 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 72. [Image] Complete section of M-2-a-2 lateral to be asphalt lined, Coppock Bay, California

  	KP-1553 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Complete section of M-2-a-2 lateral to be asphalt lined, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1553 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: Complete section of M-2-a-2 lateral to be asphalt lined, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1553 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 73. [Image] Asphalt Heating Tank, Coppock Bay, California

  	KP-1554 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Asphalt Heating Tank, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1554 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: Asphalt Heating Tank, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1554 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 74. [Image] M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California

  	KP-1556 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay. Showing asphalt applied to both side slopes, with lateral bottom left open for walkway; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1556 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay. Showing asphalt applied to both side slopes, with lateral bottom left open for walkway; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1556 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay. Showing asphalt applied to both side slopes, with lateral bottom left open for walkway; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 75. [Image] M-2-a-2 lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California

  	KP-1557 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay. Applying asphalt to bottom of lateral previously left open for walking; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: M-2-a-2 lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1557 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay. Applying asphalt to bottom of lateral previously left open for walking; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: M-2-a-2 lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1557 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay. Applying asphalt to bottom of lateral previously left open for walking; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 76. [Image] M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California

  	KP-1558 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay. A completed section of asphalt lining; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1558 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay. A completed section of asphalt lining; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1558 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay. A completed section of asphalt lining; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 77. [Image] M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California

  	KP-1559 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay. 12-inch earth cover on asphalt membrane being watered to obtain required density; September 26, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1559 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay. 12-inch earth cover on asphalt membrane being watered to obtain required density; September 26, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1559 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay. 12-inch earth cover on asphalt membrane being watered to obtain required density; September 26, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 78. [Image] M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California

  	KP-1560 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay. Three stages of lining; September 26, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1560 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay. Three stages of lining; September 26, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral Asphalt Membrane Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1560 - Klamath Project. Coppock Bay. Three stages of lining; September 26, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 79. [Image] M-2-a-2 Lateral Type "B" Compacted Earth Lining, Coppock Bay, California

  	KP-1561 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay. Placing material for compacted embankment on previously scored and compacted material; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral Type "B" Compacted Earth Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1561 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay. Placing material for compacted embankment on previously scored and compacted material; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Title: M-2-a-2 Lateral Type "B" Compacted Earth Lining, Coppock Bay, California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Grise, Dorwin Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1561 - Klamath Project - Coppock Bay. Placing material for compacted embankment on previously scored and compacted material; September 24, 1947; Photo by Dorwin Grise Close

• 80. [Image] Telephoto view of Tule Lake lease land before cultivation

  	KP-1112-R2; Tules have been burnt off. Looking southeast from north dike N-Canal, center of Section 11; April 17, 1945; Photo by R. S. Hopkins
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Telephoto view of Tule Lake lease land before cultivation Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1945, 2006, 2005 KP-1112-R2; Tules have been burnt off. Looking southeast from north dike N-Canal, center of Section 11; April 17, 1945; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Title: Telephoto view of Tule Lake lease land before cultivation Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1945, 2006, 2005 KP-1112-R2; Tules have been burnt off. Looking southeast from north dike N-Canal, center of Section 11; April 17, 1945; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Close

• 81. [Image] A view of a potato field in the Klamath Project

  	KP-1201-R2 - Klamath Project. Region II. This is a good example of the many well-tended potato patches that produce the prize Klamath potato in the service area of the Klamath Project. In the distance ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A view of a potato field in the Klamath Project Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Fluharty, J.E. Year: 1946, 2006, 2005 KP-1201-R2 - Klamath Project. Region II. This is a good example of the many well-tended potato patches that produce the prize Klamath potato in the service area of the Klamath Project. In the distance irrigating operations can be seen; June 25, 1946; Photo by J. E. Fluharty Title: A view of a potato field in the Klamath Project Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Fluharty, J.E. Year: 1946, 2006, 2005 KP-1201-R2 - Klamath Project. Region II. This is a good example of the many well-tended potato patches that produce the prize Klamath potato in the service area of the Klamath Project. In the distance irrigating operations can be seen; June 25, 1946; Photo by J. E. Fluharty Close

• 82. [Image] 857 - Klamath

  	May 27, 1939
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 857 - Klamath Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 May 27, 1939 Title: 857 - Klamath Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 May 27, 1939 Close

• 83. [Image] 858 - Klamath

  	June 5, 1939
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: 858 - Klamath Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 June 5, 1939 Title: 858 - Klamath Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 June 5, 1939 Close

• 84. [Image] J Canal lining

  	860 Klamath; June 5, 1939
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: J Canal lining Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 860 Klamath; June 5, 1939 Title: J Canal lining Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 860 Klamath; June 5, 1939 Close

• 85. [Image] Break in C-Canal lining, CCC enrollees repairing the break

  	863 Klamath; June 13, 1939; "CCC" stands for "Civilian Concervation Corps"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Break in C-Canal lining, CCC enrollees repairing the break Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 863 Klamath; June 13, 1939; "CCC" stands for "Civilian Concervation Corps" Title: Break in C-Canal lining, CCC enrollees repairing the break Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 863 Klamath; June 13, 1939; "CCC" stands for "Civilian Concervation Corps" Close

• 86. [Image] Break in C-Canal lining, CCC enrollees repairing the break

  	864 Klamath; June 13, 1939; "CCC" stands for "Civilian Conservation Corps"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Break in C-Canal lining, CCC enrollees repairing the break Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 864 Klamath; June 13, 1939; "CCC" stands for "Civilian Conservation Corps" Title: Break in C-Canal lining, CCC enrollees repairing the break Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 864 Klamath; June 13, 1939; "CCC" stands for "Civilian Conservation Corps" Close

• 87. [Image] Potatoes on irrigation and soil temperature experiments

  	881 Klamath; Oregon Experiment Station; Will Blackman's farm; Nematode control; August 10, [1939?]
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Potatoes on irrigation and soil temperature experiments Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 881 Klamath; Oregon Experiment Station; Will Blackman's farm; Nematode control; August 10, [1939?] Title: Potatoes on irrigation and soil temperature experiments Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1939, 2006, 2005 881 Klamath; Oregon Experiment Station; Will Blackman's farm; Nematode control; August 10, [1939?] Close

• 88. [Image] View showing excavation of pipe trench near the irrigation crossing

  	P12-200-2867NA Klamath Project - Oregon; May 16, 1969; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. K. Bryant
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: View showing excavation of pipe trench near the irrigation crossing Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bryant, J.K. Year: 1965, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2867NA Klamath Project - Oregon; May 16, 1969; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. K. Bryant Title: View showing excavation of pipe trench near the irrigation crossing Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bryant, J.K. Year: 1965, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2867NA Klamath Project - Oregon; May 16, 1969; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. K. Bryant Close

• 89. [Image] Homestead Development - Lawrence W. Hartley homestead

  	KP-2035-R2 - Klamath Project. Homestead Development. Irrigating potatoes, using siphon tubes; July 31, 1950; Photo by Andrew M. Bergloff
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Homestead Development - Lawrence W. Hartley homestead Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bergloff, Andrew M. Year: 1950, 2007, 2005 KP-2035-R2 - Klamath Project. Homestead Development. Irrigating potatoes, using siphon tubes; July 31, 1950; Photo by Andrew M. Bergloff Title: Homestead Development - Lawrence W. Hartley homestead Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bergloff, Andrew M. Year: 1950, 2007, 2005 KP-2035-R2 - Klamath Project. Homestead Development. Irrigating potatoes, using siphon tubes; July 31, 1950; Photo by Andrew M. Bergloff Close

• 90. [Image] TULE LAKE SUMP 2 - Harvesting potatoes

  	KP-2634-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 2. Harvesting potatoes in Lease Unit 31 in area under irrigation and drainage system constructed in 1960 under Specifications DC-5307. Yield about 300 sacks ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 2 - Harvesting potatoes Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2634-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 2. Harvesting potatoes in Lease Unit 31 in area under irrigation and drainage system constructed in 1960 under Specifications DC-5307. Yield about 300 sacks per acre; October 30, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 2 - Harvesting potatoes Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1961, 2008, 2006 KP-2634-R2-Klamath Project -- TULE LAKE SUMP 2. Harvesting potatoes in Lease Unit 31 in area under irrigation and drainage system constructed in 1960 under Specifications DC-5307. Yield about 300 sacks per acre; October 30, 1961; Photo by K.J. Greene Close

• 91. [Image] Damage to unit boundary marker by Tulelake Irrigation District equipment while cleaning lateral

  	CN-12-201-512NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; May 1975; USBR photo by J. W. Legg
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Damage to unit boundary marker by Tulelake Irrigation District equipment while cleaning lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-512NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; May 1975; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Title: Damage to unit boundary marker by Tulelake Irrigation District equipment while cleaning lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-512NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; May 1975; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Close

• 92. [Image] Location of main line and pump for sprinkler, irrigating Experiment Station lease in League of Nations

  	CN-12-201-515NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; May 1975; USBR photo by J. W. Legg
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Location of main line and pump for sprinkler, irrigating Experiment Station lease in League of Nations Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-515NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; May 1975; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Title: Location of main line and pump for sprinkler, irrigating Experiment Station lease in League of Nations Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-515NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; May 1975; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Close

• 93. [Image] Klamath Project, Oregon - California

  	Relief shown by contours and spot heights; Digitized version of the Bureau of Reclamation 1917 version; Includes added color representations for land under irrigation: yellow represents project lands, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Project, Oregon - California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1917, 2007, 2005 Relief shown by contours and spot heights; Digitized version of the Bureau of Reclamation 1917 version; Includes added color representations for land under irrigation: yellow represents project lands, public notice; blue represents water rental and other contracts, gravity; red represents water rental and other contracts, pumping; Part of the Annual Klamath Project History 1921 report housed at the Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls Office Title: Klamath Project, Oregon - California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1917, 2007, 2005 Relief shown by contours and spot heights; Digitized version of the Bureau of Reclamation 1917 version; Includes added color representations for land under irrigation: yellow represents project lands, public notice; blue represents water rental and other contracts, gravity; red represents water rental and other contracts, pumping; Part of the Annual Klamath Project History 1921 report housed at the Bureau of Reclamation, Klamath Falls Office Close

• 94. [Image] TULE LAKE SUMP 3 - Specs. No. DC-5389 - N-1 Lateral

  	C12-200-2706 - Klamath Project - TULE LAKE SUMP 3 - Specs. No. DC-5389 - N-1 Lateral. Recently-discovered crack in bottom of N-1 Lateral. View looking upstream near Sta. 102. Lateral was in use during ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 3 - Specs. No. DC-5389 - N-1 Lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Lawrence, C.D. Year: 1963, 2008, 2006 C12-200-2706 - Klamath Project - TULE LAKE SUMP 3 - Specs. No. DC-5389 - N-1 Lateral. Recently-discovered crack in bottom of N-1 Lateral. View looking upstream near Sta. 102. Lateral was in use during 1962 irrigation season; January 8, 1963; Photo by C. D. Lawrence Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 3 - Specs. No. DC-5389 - N-1 Lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Lawrence, C.D. Year: 1963, 2008, 2006 C12-200-2706 - Klamath Project - TULE LAKE SUMP 3 - Specs. No. DC-5389 - N-1 Lateral. Recently-discovered crack in bottom of N-1 Lateral. View looking upstream near Sta. 102. Lateral was in use during 1962 irrigation season; January 8, 1963; Photo by C. D. Lawrence Close

• 95. [Image] KLAMATH STRAITS DRAIN

  	P12-200-2741A- Klamath Project - KLAMATH STRAITS DRAIN - View of Fish and Wildlife Service dragline cleaning left side and bottom section, Sta. 489, working upstream. Note right side previously cleaned ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: KLAMATH STRAITS DRAIN Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1963, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2741A- Klamath Project - KLAMATH STRAITS DRAIN - View of Fish and Wildlife Service dragline cleaning left side and bottom section, Sta. 489, working upstream. Note right side previously cleaned by Tulelake Irrigation District dragline; September 12, 1963; Photo by D. W. Stein Title: KLAMATH STRAITS DRAIN Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1963, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2741A- Klamath Project - KLAMATH STRAITS DRAIN - View of Fish and Wildlife Service dragline cleaning left side and bottom section, Sta. 489, working upstream. Note right side previously cleaned by Tulelake Irrigation District dragline; September 12, 1963; Photo by D. W. Stein Close

• 96. [Image] Pumping Plant G - General view of Pumping Plant G showing flooded area after irrigation flooding of the farm lands

  	KP-1165-R2 Klamath Project. Power companies (sic) transformer pole toppled over, dropping the transformers into the mud. Dewatering pumps were drowned out. Plant pumps and meters set in place but not ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pumping Plant G - General view of Pumping Plant G showing flooded area after irrigation flooding of the farm lands Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1946, 2006, 2005 KP-1165-R2 Klamath Project. Power companies (sic) transformer pole toppled over, dropping the transformers into the mud. Dewatering pumps were drowned out. Plant pumps and meters set in place but not installed or hooked up; March 14, 1946; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Title: Pumping Plant G - General view of Pumping Plant G showing flooded area after irrigation flooding of the farm lands Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1946, 2006, 2005 KP-1165-R2 Klamath Project. Power companies (sic) transformer pole toppled over, dropping the transformers into the mud. Dewatering pumps were drowned out. Plant pumps and meters set in place but not installed or hooked up; March 14, 1946; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Close

• 97. [Image] Pumping Plant E - View of flooded area about plant E during irrigation flooding

  	KP-1166-R2 - Klamath Project. All construction work at the Plant stopped pending the re-installation of power to contractors' pumps, as a result of the loss of transformers when transformer pole toppled ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pumping Plant E - View of flooded area about plant E during irrigation flooding Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1946, 2006, 2005 KP-1166-R2 - Klamath Project. All construction work at the Plant stopped pending the re-installation of power to contractors' pumps, as a result of the loss of transformers when transformer pole toppled over; March 14, 1946; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Title: Pumping Plant E - View of flooded area about plant E during irrigation flooding Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1946, 2006, 2005 KP-1166-R2 - Klamath Project. All construction work at the Plant stopped pending the re-installation of power to contractors' pumps, as a result of the loss of transformers when transformer pole toppled over; March 14, 1946; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Close

• 98. [Image] General view of the Pumping Plant E, looking south

  	KP-1172-R2 Klamath Project; General view looking south from plant "E" showing power line installations after the flooding operations are over, fields now in grain and the power line straightened up. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: General view of the Pumping Plant E, looking south Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1946, 2006, 2005 KP-1172-R2 Klamath Project; General view looking south from plant "E" showing power line installations after the flooding operations are over, fields now in grain and the power line straightened up. Refer to picture No. KP-1167-R2 which shows the effect of the irrigation flooding on the stability of the soil at a depth sufficient to topple power line; June 6, 1946; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Title: General view of the Pumping Plant E, looking south Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Hopkins, R.S. Year: 1946, 2006, 2005 KP-1172-R2 Klamath Project; General view looking south from plant "E" showing power line installations after the flooding operations are over, fields now in grain and the power line straightened up. Refer to picture No. KP-1167-R2 which shows the effect of the irrigation flooding on the stability of the soil at a depth sufficient to topple power line; June 6, 1946; Photo by R. S. Hopkins Close

• 99. [Image] TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-12-e Lateral, Specifications DC-5686

  	P12-200-2653 - Klamath Project, California - TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-12-e Lateral, Specifications DC-5686. View looking east to 42-inch diameter flume over 101-B Drain. Large amount of return flow from secondary ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-12-e Lateral, Specifications DC-5686 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2653 - Klamath Project, California - TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-12-e Lateral, Specifications DC-5686. View looking east to 42-inch diameter flume over 101-B Drain. Large amount of return flow from secondary drains during peak irrigation period resulted in temporary high stage in drains; April 13, 1962; Photo by K.J. Greene Title: TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-12-e Lateral, Specifications DC-5686 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1962, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2653 - Klamath Project, California - TULE LAKE SUMP 3, N-12-e Lateral, Specifications DC-5686. View looking east to 42-inch diameter flume over 101-B Drain. Large amount of return flow from secondary drains during peak irrigation period resulted in temporary high stage in drains; April 13, 1962; Photo by K.J. Greene Close

• 100. [Image] Photo showing spray damage by Tulelake Irrigation District to grass plantings along east berm of N-4 lateral

  	CN-12-201-473NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; August 7, 1974; USBR photo by J. W. Legg
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Photo showing spray damage by Tulelake Irrigation District to grass plantings along east berm of N-4 lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1974, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-473NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; August 7, 1974; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Title: Photo showing spray damage by Tulelake Irrigation District to grass plantings along east berm of N-4 lateral Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1974, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-473NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; August 7, 1974; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Close