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• 201. [Image] Klamath River - Construction of Keno By-Pass Channel near Keno, Oregon

  	P12-200-2791A Klamath River - Klamath Project--Oregon. Employees of M-K Co., under contract with PP&L Co., drilling rock and placing explosive for excavation of 100' X 12' X 3500' channel through Keno ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath River - Construction of Keno By-Pass Channel near Keno, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Lawrence, C.D. Year: 1965, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2791A Klamath River - Klamath Project--Oregon. Employees of M-K Co., under contract with PP&L Co., drilling rock and placing explosive for excavation of 100' X 12' X 3500' channel through Keno reef area to increase capacity of river. Channel will facilitate emergency drainage of flooded lands upstream and later be part of power development; March 3, 1965; Bureau of Reclamation photo by C. D. Lawrence Title: Klamath River - Construction of Keno By-Pass Channel near Keno, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Lawrence, C.D. Year: 1965, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2791A Klamath River - Klamath Project--Oregon. Employees of M-K Co., under contract with PP&L Co., drilling rock and placing explosive for excavation of 100' X 12' X 3500' channel through Keno reef area to increase capacity of river. Channel will facilitate emergency drainage of flooded lands upstream and later be part of power development; March 3, 1965; Bureau of Reclamation photo by C. D. Lawrence Close

• 202. [Image] Tule Lake Dike Repair - "A" Dike, finished to 4083, Sta. 85, looking south

  	P12-200-2800A Tule Lake Dike Repair - Klamath Project--Oregon-California. Fill about 2 1/2 feet. Lake W.S. El. 4035.20. Flooded lands in Sump 2 at right. Sierra Pacific Const. Co., Contractor - Specs. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tule Lake Dike Repair - "A" Dike, finished to 4083, Sta. 85, looking south Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1965, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2800A Tule Lake Dike Repair - Klamath Project--Oregon-California. Fill about 2 1/2 feet. Lake W.S. El. 4035.20. Flooded lands in Sump 2 at right. Sierra Pacific Const. Co., Contractor - Specs. No. DC-6246; March 5, 1965; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. Stein Title: Tule Lake Dike Repair - "A" Dike, finished to 4083, Sta. 85, looking south Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1965, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2800A Tule Lake Dike Repair - Klamath Project--Oregon-California. Fill about 2 1/2 feet. Lake W.S. El. 4035.20. Flooded lands in Sump 2 at right. Sierra Pacific Const. Co., Contractor - Specs. No. DC-6246; March 5, 1965; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. Stein Close

• 203. [Image] Tule Lake Reserve Sump 2 - View near drainage Pumping Plant No. 9

  	P12-200-2811A Tule Lake Reserve Sump 2 - Klamath Project-Oregon-California. View near drainage Pumping Plant No. 9; showing depth of emergency flooding of lease lands. Straw on cross members shows highest ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tule Lake Reserve Sump 2 - View near drainage Pumping Plant No. 9 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1965, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2811A Tule Lake Reserve Sump 2 - Klamath Project-Oregon-California. View near drainage Pumping Plant No. 9; showing depth of emergency flooding of lease lands. Straw on cross members shows highest level 4029.52, about 1.12 feet above water level in picture; March 17, 1965; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. Stein Title: Tule Lake Reserve Sump 2 - View near drainage Pumping Plant No. 9 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1965, 2008, 2006 P12-200-2811A Tule Lake Reserve Sump 2 - Klamath Project-Oregon-California. View near drainage Pumping Plant No. 9; showing depth of emergency flooding of lease lands. Straw on cross members shows highest level 4029.52, about 1.12 feet above water level in picture; March 17, 1965; Bureau of Reclamation photo by D. W. Stein Close

• 204. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles dwonstream (sic) from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4235 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles dwonstream (sic) from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4235 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles dwonstream (sic) from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4235 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 205. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4242 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands if the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4242 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands if the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet high, and has a crest length of 324 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4242 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands if the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet high, and has a crest length of 324 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 206. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley

  	P-12-200-4243 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; September 29, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4243 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4243 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 207. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4251 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4251 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4251 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 208. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4252 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4252 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4252 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 209. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4253 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4253 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4253 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 210. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4254 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4254 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4254 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; September 29, 1976; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 211. [Image] Aerial view of a portion of the Klamath Straits Drain south of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4264 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This facility drains waters from the fish and wildlife refuge in California and agriculture wastewater from leased and private lands adjacent to the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view of a portion of the Klamath Straits Drain south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4264 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This facility drains waters from the fish and wildlife refuge in California and agriculture wastewater from leased and private lands adjacent to the drain into the Klamath River; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view of a portion of the Klamath Straits Drain south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4264 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This facility drains waters from the fish and wildlife refuge in California and agriculture wastewater from leased and private lands adjacent to the drain into the Klamath River; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 212. [Image] Aerial view of a portion of the Klamath Straits Drain south of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4265 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This facility drains waters from the fish and wildlife refuge in California and agriculture wastewater from leased and private lands adjacent to the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view of a portion of the Klamath Straits Drain south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4265 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This facility drains waters from the fish and wildlife refuge in California and agriculture wastewater from leased and private lands adjacent to the drain into the Klamath River; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view of a portion of the Klamath Straits Drain south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4265 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This facility drains waters from the fish and wildlife refuge in California and agriculture wastewater from leased and private lands adjacent to the drain into the Klamath River; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 213. [Image] Aerial view of a portion of the Klamath Straits Drain south of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4266 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This facility drains waters from the fish and wildlife refuge in California and agriculture wastewater from leased and private lands adjacent to the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view of a portion of the Klamath Straits Drain south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4266 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This facility drains waters from the fish and wildlife refuge in California and agriculture wastewater from leased and private lands adjacent to the drain into the Klamath River; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view of a portion of the Klamath Straits Drain south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4266 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This facility drains waters from the fish and wildlife refuge in California and agriculture wastewater from leased and private lands adjacent to the drain into the Klamath River; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 214. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4267 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4267 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet high, and has a crest length of 324 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4267 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet high, and has a crest length of 324 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 215. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4268 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried n "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4268 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried n "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet high, and has a crest length of 324 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4268 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried n "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet high, and has a crest length of 324 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 216. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4269 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4269 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet high, and has a crest length of 324 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4269 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet high, and has a crest length of 324 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 217. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4270 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4270 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet high, and has a crest length of 324 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Lower Lost River Diversion Dam on Lost River 3 miles southeast of Merrill, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4270 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. Diversions at this dam are carried in "J" Canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division. It is a reinforced concrete slab and buttress type, 23 feet high, and has a crest length of 324 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 218. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley

  	P-12-200-4271 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4271 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4271 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 219. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley

  	P-12-200-4272 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4272 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4272 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 220. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley

  	P-12-200-4273 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4273 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4273 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 221. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley

  	P-12-200-4274 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4274 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Miller Diversion Dam on Miller Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverting water to serve lands in Langell Valley Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4274 NA Klamath Project, Califorrnia-Oregon. The Dam is a concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing type structure, with a height of 5 feet, and a crest length of 290 feet; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 222. [Image] Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project service area southerly of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4277 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). A portion of the "J" Canal is seen on the right. Water diversions at ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project service area southerly of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4277 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). A portion of the "J" Canal is seen on the right. Water diversions at the Lower Lost River Diversion Dam are carried in this canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project service area southerly of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4277 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). A portion of the "J" Canal is seen on the right. Water diversions at the Lower Lost River Diversion Dam are carried in this canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 223. [Image] Photo showing Tract 14 with Winema Elevators

  	CN-12-201-384NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. Tract 14 is a remnant tract of Bureau withdrawn land, on which the elevator was built in 1948, while it was leased to Clifford J. Shuck, who received ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Photo showing Tract 14 with Winema Elevators Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1973, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-384NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. Tract 14 is a remnant tract of Bureau withdrawn land, on which the elevator was built in 1948, while it was leased to Clifford J. Shuck, who received it upon assignment from the Jones Bros, in March 1948; December 1973; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. W. Legg Title: Photo showing Tract 14 with Winema Elevators Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1973, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-384NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. Tract 14 is a remnant tract of Bureau withdrawn land, on which the elevator was built in 1948, while it was leased to Clifford J. Shuck, who received it upon assignment from the Jones Bros, in March 1948; December 1973; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. W. Legg Close

• 224. [Image] Weed sprayer purchased for soil & moisture work on Federal withdrawn lands, March 25, 1974

  	CN-12-201-484-NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. 200 gallon tank, #1200 diaphragm pump with 7 H.P. motor. 25 foot 3-piece boom, with 6508 Tee Jets, required valves and 200'3/8" spray hose and needed ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Weed sprayer purchased for soil & moisture work on Federal withdrawn lands, March 25, 1974 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1974, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-484-NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. 200 gallon tank, #1200 diaphragm pump with 7 H.P. motor. 25 foot 3-piece boom, with 6508 Tee Jets, required valves and 200'3/8" spray hose and needed accessories; March 25, 1974; USBR photo by J.W. Legg Title: Weed sprayer purchased for soil & moisture work on Federal withdrawn lands, March 25, 1974 Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1974, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-484-NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California. 200 gallon tank, #1200 diaphragm pump with 7 H.P. motor. 25 foot 3-piece boom, with 6508 Tee Jets, required valves and 200'3/8" spray hose and needed accessories; March 25, 1974; USBR photo by J.W. Legg Close

• 225. [Image] View of Bill Badker (USBR employee), installing 4" steel post for Unit Boundary Marker on Tulelake lease land area

  	CN-12-201-505NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; April 1975; USBR photo by D. W. Stein
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: View of Bill Badker (USBR employee), installing 4" steel post for Unit Boundary Marker on Tulelake lease land area Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-505NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; April 1975; USBR photo by D. W. Stein Title: View of Bill Badker (USBR employee), installing 4" steel post for Unit Boundary Marker on Tulelake lease land area Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Stein, D.W. Year: 1975, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-505NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; April 1975; USBR photo by D. W. Stein Close

• 226. [Image] Lower Lost River Channel Improvement

  	KP-1951 - Klamath Project. Lower Lost River Channel Improvement. Picture shows condition of North Main Dike, also farm land which runs to edge of 40-B Drain; June 5, 1950; Photo by Andrew M. Bergloff...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Lost River Channel Improvement Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bergloff, Andrew M. Year: 1950, 2007, 2005 KP-1951 - Klamath Project. Lower Lost River Channel Improvement. Picture shows condition of North Main Dike, also farm land which runs to edge of 40-B Drain; June 5, 1950; Photo by Andrew M. Bergloff Title: Lower Lost River Channel Improvement Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Bergloff, Andrew M. Year: 1950, 2007, 2005 KP-1951 - Klamath Project. Lower Lost River Channel Improvement. Picture shows condition of North Main Dike, also farm land which runs to edge of 40-B Drain; June 5, 1950; Photo by Andrew M. Bergloff Close

• 227. [Image] Gerber Watershed - Klamath Project, Oregon

  	CN-12-200-19A. Stock pond rehabilitated by the Bureau of Land Management during summer of 1968. This stock pond is located in the SE1/4SE14 of Sec. 26, T. 38 S., R. 13 E., W.M. The overall dimensions ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Watershed - Klamath Project, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Rosten, T.J. Year: 1968, 2010, 2007 CN-12-200-19A. Stock pond rehabilitated by the Bureau of Land Management during summer of 1968. This stock pond is located in the SE1/4SE14 of Sec. 26, T. 38 S., R. 13 E., W.M. The overall dimensions are approximately 120'x80'x6'. The storage capacity approximates 1.0 acre-foot. The slope of both ends is about 4:1. This stock pond lies adjacent to the main road between Gerber Reservoir and Gerber Ranch; September 6, 1968; Bureau of Reclamation photo by T.J. Rosten Title: Gerber Watershed - Klamath Project, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Rosten, T.J. Year: 1968, 2010, 2007 CN-12-200-19A. Stock pond rehabilitated by the Bureau of Land Management during summer of 1968. This stock pond is located in the SE1/4SE14 of Sec. 26, T. 38 S., R. 13 E., W.M. The overall dimensions are approximately 120'x80'x6'. The storage capacity approximates 1.0 acre-foot. The slope of both ends is about 4:1. This stock pond lies adjacent to the main road between Gerber Reservoir and Gerber Ranch; September 6, 1968; Bureau of Reclamation photo by T.J. Rosten Close

• 228. [Image] "Before" Rehabilitation of Pumping Plant "C", serving Tule Lake public lands

  	CN-12-200-38A Klamath Project, Oregon-California. Photo shows old superstructure as designed for housing three indoor motor units and pumps nearly 30 years ago; June 20, 1967; Bureau of Reclamation ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: "Before" Rehabilitation of Pumping Plant "C", serving Tule Lake public lands Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Lawrence, C.D. Year: 1967, 2010, 2007 CN-12-200-38A Klamath Project, Oregon-California. Photo shows old superstructure as designed for housing three indoor motor units and pumps nearly 30 years ago; June 20, 1967; Bureau of Reclamation photo by C.D.Lawrence Title: "Before" Rehabilitation of Pumping Plant "C", serving Tule Lake public lands Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Lawrence, C.D. Year: 1967, 2010, 2007 CN-12-200-38A Klamath Project, Oregon-California. Photo shows old superstructure as designed for housing three indoor motor units and pumps nearly 30 years ago; June 20, 1967; Bureau of Reclamation photo by C.D.Lawrence Close

• 229. [Image] Aerial view of Lower Klamath Lake south of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4019 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. The Klamath Project plan includes the construction of facilities to divert and distribute water for irrigation of basin lands, including the reclamation ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view of Lower Klamath Lake south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1975, 2009, 2006 P-12-200-4019 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. The Klamath Project plan includes the construction of facilities to divert and distribute water for irrigation of basin lands, including the reclamation of Tule and Lower Klamath Lakes, and to control floods in the area; May 7, 1975; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view of Lower Klamath Lake south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1975, 2009, 2006 P-12-200-4019 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. The Klamath Project plan includes the construction of facilities to divert and distribute water for irrigation of basin lands, including the reclamation of Tule and Lower Klamath Lakes, and to control floods in the area; May 7, 1975; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 230. [Image] Aerial view of Lower Klamath Lake south of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4020 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. The Klamath Project plan includes the construction of facilities to divert and distribute water for irrigation of basin lands, including the reclamation ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view of Lower Klamath Lake south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1975, 2009, 2006 P-12-200-4020 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. The Klamath Project plan includes the construction of facilities to divert and distribute water for irrigation of basin lands, including the reclamation of Tule and Lower Klamath Lakes, and to control floods in the area; May 7, 1975; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view of Lower Klamath Lake south of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1975, 2009, 2006 P-12-200-4020 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. The Klamath Project plan includes the construction of facilities to divert and distribute water for irrigation of basin lands, including the reclamation of Tule and Lower Klamath Lakes, and to control floods in the area; May 7, 1975; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 231. [Image] Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4022 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1975, 2009, 2006 P-12-200-4022 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; May 7, 1975; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view looking upstream at Malone Diversion Dam on Lost River, about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, southeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1975, 2009, 2006 P-12-200-4022 NA Klamath Project, California-Oregon. This dam diverts water to serve lands in Langell Valley. It is an earth embankment with a concrete gate structure, 18 feet high and a crest length of 515 feet; May 7, 1975; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 232. [Image] Lower Klamath Lake - Viewed to the northeast

  	KP-2278 - Klamath Project--Lower Klamath Lake. Viewed to the northeast from northern tip of "Big Tableland" showing Lower Klamath Wildlife Refuge Sumps 6 and 12 in center left and center right, respectively, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Klamath Lake - Viewed to the northeast Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Horn, Tom Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2278 - Klamath Project--Lower Klamath Lake. Viewed to the northeast from northern tip of "Big Tableland" showing Lower Klamath Wildlife Refuge Sumps 6 and 12 in center left and center right, respectively, and a portion of Sheepy West and other Oklahoma Flat lands in foreground; April 12, 1956; Photo by Tom Horn Title: Lower Klamath Lake - Viewed to the northeast Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Horn, Tom Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2278 - Klamath Project--Lower Klamath Lake. Viewed to the northeast from northern tip of "Big Tableland" showing Lower Klamath Wildlife Refuge Sumps 6 and 12 in center left and center right, respectively, and a portion of Sheepy West and other Oklahoma Flat lands in foreground; April 12, 1956; Photo by Tom Horn Close

• 233. [Image] Lower Klamath Lake - Viewed from north of Oregon-California border

  	KP-2283 - Klamath Project--Lower Klamath Lake. Viewed from just north of Oregon-California border showing agricultural lands share-cropped for Fish and Wildlife Service at near left, the Wildlife Refuge ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Klamath Lake - Viewed from north of Oregon-California border Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Horn, Tom Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2283 - Klamath Project--Lower Klamath Lake. Viewed from just north of Oregon-California border showing agricultural lands share-cropped for Fish and Wildlife Service at near left, the Wildlife Refuge Sump 3 at near right, and other sumps in background; April 12, 1956; Photo by Tom Horn Title: Lower Klamath Lake - Viewed from north of Oregon-California border Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Horn, Tom Year: 1956, 2007, 2006 KP-2283 - Klamath Project--Lower Klamath Lake. Viewed from just north of Oregon-California border showing agricultural lands share-cropped for Fish and Wildlife Service at near left, the Wildlife Refuge Sump 3 at near right, and other sumps in background; April 12, 1956; Photo by Tom Horn Close

• 234. [Image] Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project service area southerly of Klamath Falls, Oregon

  	P-12-200-4278 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). A portion of the "J" Canal is seen on the right. Water diversions at ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project service area southerly of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4278 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). A portion of the "J" Canal is seen on the right. Water diversions at the Lower Lost River Diversion Dam are carried in this canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Title: Aerial view showing typical agriculture crops in the Klamath Project service area southerly of Klamath Falls, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Dahilig, J.C. Year: 1978, 2009, 2007 P-12-200-4278 NA Klamath Project California-Oregon. (most adaptable are cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures and potatoes). A portion of the "J" Canal is seen on the right. Water diversions at the Lower Lost River Diversion Dam are carried in this canal to serve lands of the Tule Lake Division; June 23, 1978; Bureau of Reclamation photo by J. C. Dahilig Close

• 235. [Image] Kl. Str. Drain Enlargement, Phase II, Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor

  	P-12-201-4302 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Crane moving to second landing to complete second half of Plant EE excavation. View Looking east; December 1976; USBR photo by D. J. Kline
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kl. Str. Drain Enlargement, Phase II, Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-201-4302 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Crane moving to second landing to complete second half of Plant EE excavation. View Looking east; December 1976; USBR photo by D. J. Kline Title: Kl. Str. Drain Enlargement, Phase II, Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1976, 2009, 2007 P-12-201-4302 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Crane moving to second landing to complete second half of Plant EE excavation. View Looking east; December 1976; USBR photo by D. J. Kline Close

• 236. [Image] Kl. Str. Dr. Enlargement, Phase II Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor

  	P12-201-4419 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Flooding of Horsley land northwest of Plants E and EE. Dike built by rancher west of Plant EE. High water due to rancher flooding his field for quackgrass control. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Kl. Str. Dr. Enlargement, Phase II Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1977, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4419 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Flooding of Horsley land northwest of Plants E and EE. Dike built by rancher west of Plant EE. High water due to rancher flooding his field for quackgrass control. Trailer is RHC's construction trailer; September 6, 1977; USBR photo by D.J. Kline Title: Kl. Str. Dr. Enlargement, Phase II Specs. 200C-954- RHC Constr., Inc., Contractor Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Kline, D.J. Year: 1977, 2009, 2007 P12-201-4419 NA Klamath Project, OR-CA. Flooding of Horsley land northwest of Plants E and EE. Dike built by rancher west of Plant EE. High water due to rancher flooding his field for quackgrass control. Trailer is RHC's construction trailer; September 6, 1977; USBR photo by D.J. Kline Close

• 237. [Image] Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods: Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington

  	This field trip guide covers the geology of some of the areas affected by two of the best documented catastrophic events in Earth's history: enormous basaltic lava flows that began to cover the land about ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods: Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington Author: Carson, R.J. Year: 1996 This field trip guide covers the geology of some of the areas affected by two of the best documented catastrophic events in Earth's history: enormous basaltic lava flows that began to cover the land about 17 million years ago (Baksi, 1989) and giant glacier outburst floods (termed jc)kulhlaups) that started about 15,300 years ago (Waitt, 1985). These events are in large part responsible for the shape of the landscape of eastern Washington, where the Earth's youngest basalt plateau was swept by the largest documented floods in geologic history Title: Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods: Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington Author: Carson, R.J. Year: 1996 This field trip guide covers the geology of some of the areas affected by two of the best documented catastrophic events in Earth's history: enormous basaltic lava flows that began to cover the land about 17 million years ago (Baksi, 1989) and giant glacier outburst floods (termed jc)kulhlaups) that started about 15,300 years ago (Waitt, 1985). These events are in large part responsible for the shape of the landscape of eastern Washington, where the Earth's youngest basalt plateau was swept by the largest documented floods in geologic history Close

• 238. [Image] Middle Klamath River sub-basin planning : final report

  	ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Middle Klamath River sub-basin planning : final report Author: Karuk Tribe of California, Dept. of Natural Resources Year: 2001, 2005 ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The objectives of the project include: ? Expanding hands-on field science watershed education. ? Encouraging a sense of resource stewardship among students at all grade levels. ? Collecting quality data for inclusion in the 319h data base. ? Teaching applications of the scientific method. ? Providing on-going inservice training for teachers to increase the effectiveness of the project. Project tasks that were completed include acquisition and analysis of Klamath River Watershed Data, including river water temperatures, river cross sectional profiles and spawning ground surveys. Descriptions of methodology are included in the report. Many other watershed-related projects were undertaken by schools. In some cases the field data was collected and compiled by agency personnel. The spawning ground survey data collected by student volunteers was part of a project conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Forest Service. Although a substantial amount of excellent work has been accomplished by the schools, the opportunity exists to improve the program at all levels. Increased field and technical support is needed to successfully integrate the goals of the project. Computer training for teachers and students is an essential component of the project, which would allow analysis of data and creation of web sites within classrooms. Data analysis and reporting is the critical component of the project that would provide students with a complete understanding of scientific research methodology. Providing a forum for communication between the 319h participants is another important area of the project that needs to be expanded. Travel time, mountainous topography, and intense winter storms can be barriers to travel in Siskiyou County. Communication helps to increase the level of standardization of data collection and transfer and gives teachers a chance to share successful ideas. Communication also sustains the positive momentum of the project, reinforcing the idea of working as a team towards establishing common goals for watershed education. Title: Middle Klamath River sub-basin planning : final report Author: Karuk Tribe of California, Dept. of Natural Resources Year: 2001, 2005 ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The objectives of the project include: ? Expanding hands-on field science watershed education. ? Encouraging a sense of resource stewardship among students at all grade levels. ? Collecting quality data for inclusion in the 319h data base. ? Teaching applications of the scientific method. ? Providing on-going inservice training for teachers to increase the effectiveness of the project. Project tasks that were completed include acquisition and analysis of Klamath River Watershed Data, including river water temperatures, river cross sectional profiles and spawning ground surveys. Descriptions of methodology are included in the report. Many other watershed-related projects were undertaken by schools. In some cases the field data was collected and compiled by agency personnel. The spawning ground survey data collected by student volunteers was part of a project conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Forest Service. Although a substantial amount of excellent work has been accomplished by the schools, the opportunity exists to improve the program at all levels. Increased field and technical support is needed to successfully integrate the goals of the project. Computer training for teachers and students is an essential component of the project, which would allow analysis of data and creation of web sites within classrooms. Data analysis and reporting is the critical component of the project that would provide students with a complete understanding of scientific research methodology. Providing a forum for communication between the 319h participants is another important area of the project that needs to be expanded. Travel time, mountainous topography, and intense winter storms can be barriers to travel in Siskiyou County. Communication helps to increase the level of standardization of data collection and transfer and gives teachers a chance to share successful ideas. Communication also sustains the positive momentum of the project, reinforcing the idea of working as a team towards establishing common goals for watershed education. Close

• 239. [Image] Transcending the ordinary: discerning a CCC Legacy at Crater Lake

  	ill.; Caption title; Includes bibliographic references;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Transcending the ordinary: discerning a CCC Legacy at Crater Lake Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2006, 2010 ill.; Caption title; Includes bibliographic references; Title: Transcending the ordinary: discerning a CCC Legacy at Crater Lake Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2006, 2010 ill.; Caption title; Includes bibliographic references; Close

• 240. [Image] John Baley looking over slurry drop on Peninsula burn

  	CN-12-201-445NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; October 1971; USBR photo by J. W. Legg
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: John Baley looking over slurry drop on Peninsula burn Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1971, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-445NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; October 1971; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Title: John Baley looking over slurry drop on Peninsula burn Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1971, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-445NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; October 1971; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Close

• 241. [Image] Portion of the Peninsula burn looking to the northeast on the Peninsula

  	CN-12-201-446NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; October 1971; USBR photo by J. W. Legg
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Portion of the Peninsula burn looking to the northeast on the Peninsula Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1971, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-446NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; October 1971; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Title: Portion of the Peninsula burn looking to the northeast on the Peninsula Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1971, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-446NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; October 1971; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Close

• 242. [Image] Burn area on Peninsula burn (Aug. 1971), looking south from the J-Canal

  	CN-12-201-449NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; September 1971; USBR photo by J. W. Legg
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Burn area on Peninsula burn (Aug. 1971), looking south from the J-Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1971, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-449NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; September 1971; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Title: Burn area on Peninsula burn (Aug. 1971), looking south from the J-Canal Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Legg, J.W. Year: 1971, 2010, 2007 CN-12-201-449NA Klamath Project - Oregon-California; September 1971; USBR photo by J. W. Legg Close

• 243. [Image] Mid-term evaluation of the Klamath River Basin Fisheries Restoration Program

  	"April, 1999."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mid-term evaluation of the Klamath River Basin Fisheries Restoration Program Year: 1999, 2005 "April, 1999." Title: Mid-term evaluation of the Klamath River Basin Fisheries Restoration Program Year: 1999, 2005 "April, 1999." Close

• 244. [Image] Forest conditions in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon

  	Subject series H. Forestry 6
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Forest conditions in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon Author: Geological Survey (U.S.) Year: 1903, 2007 Subject series H. Forestry 6 Title: Forest conditions in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve, Oregon Author: Geological Survey (U.S.) Year: 1903, 2007 Subject series H. Forestry 6 Close

• 245. [Image] Recovery strategy for California Coho salmon : report to the California Fish and Game Commission

  	"February 2004."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovery strategy for California Coho salmon : report to the California Fish and Game Commission Author: California. Dept. of Fish and Game Year: 2004, 2005 "February 2004." Title: Recovery strategy for California Coho salmon : report to the California Fish and Game Commission Author: California. Dept. of Fish and Game Year: 2004, 2005 "February 2004." Close

• 246. [Image] Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 2, January/February 1980

  	Progress is reviewed in the following aspects of the program: electrical uses; direct-heat uses; leases; outreach and technical assistance; general activities; legal, institutional, and regulatory activities; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 2, January/February 1980 Author: Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Division of Geothermal Resource Management Year: 1980 Progress is reviewed in the following aspects of the program: electrical uses; direct-heat uses; leases; outreach and technical assistance; general activities; legal, institutional, and regulatory activities; and reports and publications (MHR) Title: Geothermal Progress Monitor Report No. 2, January/February 1980 Author: Assistant Secretary for Resource Applications, Division of Geothermal Resource Management Year: 1980 Progress is reviewed in the following aspects of the program: electrical uses; direct-heat uses; leases; outreach and technical assistance; general activities; legal, institutional, and regulatory activities; and reports and publications (MHR) Close

• 247. [Image] Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003

  	The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports Title: Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports Close

• 248. [Image] Technical assistance and the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds: a statewide assessment by the Healthy Streams Partnership

  	"November 2002"; 66 p. in various paginations: ill., form -- Executive summary ([6]p.)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Technical assistance and the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds: a statewide assessment by the Healthy Streams Partnership Author: Healthy Streams Partnership Year: 2002, 2007, 2005 "November 2002"; 66 p. in various paginations: ill., form -- Executive summary ([6]p.) Title: Technical assistance and the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds: a statewide assessment by the Healthy Streams Partnership Author: Healthy Streams Partnership Year: 2002, 2007, 2005 "November 2002"; 66 p. in various paginations: ill., form -- Executive summary ([6]p.) Close

• 249. [Image] Relationship Between Flows in the Klamath River and Lower Klamath Lake Prior to 1910

  	The paper discusses the changes in the hydrology and water use in the Klamath River Watershed and the Lower Klamath Lake prior to and after the Klamath Reclamation Project. Vegetation and soil conditions ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Relationship Between Flows in the Klamath River and Lower Klamath Lake Prior to 1910 Author: Weddell, B. J. Year: 2000 The paper discusses the changes in the hydrology and water use in the Klamath River Watershed and the Lower Klamath Lake prior to and after the Klamath Reclamation Project. Vegetation and soil conditions are covered Title: Relationship Between Flows in the Klamath River and Lower Klamath Lake Prior to 1910 Author: Weddell, B. J. Year: 2000 The paper discusses the changes in the hydrology and water use in the Klamath River Watershed and the Lower Klamath Lake prior to and after the Klamath Reclamation Project. Vegetation and soil conditions are covered Close

• 250. [Image] Defining and evaluating recovery of OCN coho salmon stocks : implications for rebuilding stocks under the Oregon Plan : summary of a workshop organized by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, August 4-5, 1999

  	"December 10, 1999."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Defining and evaluating recovery of OCN coho salmon stocks : implications for rebuilding stocks under the Oregon Plan : summary of a workshop organized by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, August 4-5, 1999 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) Year: 1999, 2005 "December 10, 1999." Title: Defining and evaluating recovery of OCN coho salmon stocks : implications for rebuilding stocks under the Oregon Plan : summary of a workshop organized by the Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, August 4-5, 1999 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) Year: 1999, 2005 "December 10, 1999." Close

• 251. [Image] Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part

  	Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part Author: Cahoon, Joe Year: 1985, 2006, 2005 Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked and cooperated as a team to complete this project. In this report are many kinds of basic information about the soils in the area. This information can be helpful in making decisions about the management of irrigated soils for optimum crop production, in planning land uses for urban and suburban areas, and in determining the needs for many other uses, for example, forestry, range, wildlife, and recreation. This soil survey has been prepared for many different users. Farmers can use it to help select the most suitable crop for the kind of soil; ranchers can use it to determine amount of forage production and the kinds of plants most suited to range or woodland; foresters can use the survey to find information about kinds of trees, potential for tree growth, and special soil features. Title: Soil survey of Klamath County, Oregon, southern part Author: Cahoon, Joe Year: 1985, 2006, 2005 Foreword The Soil Survey of Klamath County, Oregon, Southern Part, is the product of many soil scientists, plant specialists, soil engineers, extension specialists, land owners, and others who worked and cooperated as a team to complete this project. In this report are many kinds of basic information about the soils in the area. This information can be helpful in making decisions about the management of irrigated soils for optimum crop production, in planning land uses for urban and suburban areas, and in determining the needs for many other uses, for example, forestry, range, wildlife, and recreation. This soil survey has been prepared for many different users. Farmers can use it to help select the most suitable crop for the kind of soil; ranchers can use it to determine amount of forage production and the kinds of plants most suited to range or woodland; foresters can use the survey to find information about kinds of trees, potential for tree growth, and special soil features. Close

• 252. [Image] Historic resource study: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill.; "June 1984."; Bibliography: p. 307-317
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historic resource study: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Greene, Linda W. Year: 1984, 2009, 2010 ill.; "June 1984."; Bibliography: p. 307-317 Title: Historic resource study: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Greene, Linda W. Year: 1984, 2009, 2010 ill.; "June 1984."; Bibliography: p. 307-317 Close

• 253. [Image] Evaluation of Interim Instream Flow Needs in the Klamath River Phase II Final Report

  	1 Acknowledgements 2 3 The completion of this work in large part can be attributed to the efforts of the 4 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Arcata Field Office staff and in particular to Mr. 5 Thomas Shaw ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of Interim Instream Flow Needs in the Klamath River Phase II Final Report Author: Hardy, Thomas B; Addley. R. Craig Year: 2001, 2008, 2005 1 Acknowledgements 2 3 The completion of this work in large part can be attributed to the efforts of the 4 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Arcata Field Office staff and in particular to Mr. 5 Thomas Shaw for providing much of the supporting site-specific field data, 6 habitat mapping, and fisheries data used in the analyses. The efforts of the 7 various Tribal fisheries personnel were critical in supplying additional fisheries 8 collection data, and intensive site substrate and cover mapping. In particular, the 9 efforts of Tim Hayden, Charlie Chamberlain and Mike Belchik. USGS personnel 10 from the Midcontinent Ecological Science Center also provided valuable 11 assistance and field data used in the cross section based hydraulic and habitat 12 modeling. Mr. Gary Smith and Mike Rode of the California Department of Fish 13 and Game also provided critical information on site-specific habitat suitability 14 criteria and conceptual foundations for the escape cover analysis used in the 15 habitat simulations. Much of this work was also supported by work of Tim 16 Harden (Harden and Associates). The Bureau of Reclamation also provided 17 valuable input during the Phase II study process on Klamath Project operations. 18 A special thanks is also given to Mr. Mike Deas (U.C. Davis) for providing water 19 temperature simulations below Iron Gate Dam. The Technical Team also 20 provided critical input and review of all technical elements of this work as well as 21 providing reviews of the report. Finally, the completion of this work would not 22 have been possible without the tireless efforts of Jennifer Ludlow, Mark 23 Winkelaar, James Shoemaker, Shannon Clemens, Jerilyn Brunson, William 24 Bradford, Sarah Blake, Brandy Blank, Matt Combes, Leon Basdekas, and Aaron 25 Hardy at the Institute for Natural Systems Engineering, Utah State University. 26 27 Executive Summary 28 29 Previous instream flow recommendations developed as part of Phase I (Hardy, 30 1999) recommended interim instream flows in the main stem Klamath River 31 based on analyses of hydrology data. At that time, site-specific data suitable for 32 analysis and evaluation using habitat based modeling were not available. This 33 report details the analytical approach and modeling results from site-specific 34 studies conducted within the main stem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam 35 downstream to the estuary. Study results are utilized to make revised interim 36 instream flow recommendations necessary to protect the aquatic resources 37 within the main stem Klamath River between Iron Gate and the estuary. This 38 report also makes specific recommendations for future research needs as part of 39 the on-going strategic instream flow studies being undertaken by the U.S. Fish 40 and Wildlife Service and collaborating private, local, state, federal, and tribal 41 entities. 42 43 This report was developed for the Department of the Interior (DOI) who provided 44 access to a technical review team composed of representatives of the U.S. Fish 45 and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. 46 Geological Survey, and the National Marine Fisheries Service. The technical Draft - Subject to Change 1 review team also included participation by the Yurok, Hoopa Valley, and Karuk 2 Tribes given the Departments trust responsibilities and the California Department 3 of Fish and Game as the state level resource management agency. The 4 technical review team provided invaluable assistance in the review of methods 5 and results used in the analysis, provided comments on draft sections of the 6 report, and provided data and supporting material for use in completion of the 7 Phase II report. In addition, several agencies and private individuals provided 8 written comments on the Preliminary Draft Report, which have been addressed in 9 this report where appropriate. 10 11 This report is organized to follow the general process used to implement the 12 technical studies. It first provides important background information on the 13 historical and current conditions of the anadromous species, highlights factors 14 that have contributed to their decline, provides an overview of the Phase I study 15 process and its principal findings. The report then continues with a description of 16 the Phase II technical study process. Key sections address methods and 17 findings for each technical component such as study design, study site selection, 18 field methods, analytical approaches, summary results, and recommended 19 instream flows. 20 21 The Phase II study relied on state-of-the-art field data collection methodologies 22 and modeling of physical habitat for target species and life stages of anadromous 23 fish. The field methods were directed toward achieving a three-dimensional 24 representation of each study site that incorporated between 0.6 to over one mile 25 of river depending on the specific study site. At each study site, a spatially 26 explicit substrate and vegetation map was developed and then integrated with 27 the three-dimensional channel topography in GIS. Fieldwork also involved 28 collection of hydraulic calibration data and fish observation data. The later 29 information was used in the development of habitat suitability criteria, conceptual 30 habitat model development and implementation, and habitat model validation 31 efforts. 32 33 Hydrology in the main stem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam was estimated 34 differently for different purposes in Phase II. For example, we used simulated 35 unimpaired inflows (i.e., no depletions) to Upper Klamath Lake routed to Iron 36 Gate Dam with no Klamath Project imposed water demands. This simulated 37 scenario represents the best available estimates of the unimpaired flows below 38 Iron Gate Dam for the purposes of this study. The remaining flow scenarios 39 included the use of Upper Klamath Lake net inflows, historical Klamath Project 40 water demands, and the USFWS Biological Opinion (2000) target Upper Klamath 41 Lake water elevations. These scenarios represent different potential operational 42 flow scenarios as points of reference to the instream flow recommendations 43 developed as part of Phase II. Differences between these simulated flow 44 scenarios required the use of different models and/or modeling assumptions. 45 The assumptions and modeling tools are described in the appropriate technical 46 sections of the report. The estimated hydrology at each study site was used in Draft - Subject to Change 1 both the physical habitat modeling and temperature simulations using the USGS 2 Systems Impact Assessment Model (SIAM) or its components. 3 4 Physical habitat modeling at each study site relied on two-dimensional hydraulic 5 simulations that were coupled to three-dimensional habitat models. The 6 analytical form of the habitat models varied for spawning, fry, and 'juveniles' (i.e., 7 pre-smolts). These modeling results were compared to available 1-dimensional 8 cross section based hydraulic and habitat modeling at study sites that overlapped 9 between existing USFWS/USGS and Phase II studies. 10 11 Habitat suitability criteria for target species and life stages of anadromous fish 12 were developed from site-specific data for Chinook spawning, Chinook fry, and 13 steelhead 1+. These curves were validated both by field observations using the 14 habitat modeling results as well as by comparison to results from an individual 15 based bioenergetics model for drift feeding salmonids developed at USU. A 16 separate procedure was developed to obtain habitat suitability curves for Chinook 17 juvenile (i.e., pre-smolts), steelhead fry, and coho fry based on available 18 literature data. This approach used a systematic process to construct an 19 'envelope' habitat suitability curve that encompassed the available literature 20 curves. The overall process included a validation component that compared the 21 habitat versus discharge relationships between envelope curves to the site- 22 specific curves for Chinook spawning, Chinook fry, and steelhead 1+. The results 23 validated the use of the envelope curves for use as interim criteria pending 24 further research and development of site-specific curves for these species and 25 life stages within the Klamath River. 26 27 Habitat modeling involved the integration of substrate and cover mapping with 28 the three-dimensional topography and hydraulic properties at each study site with 29 the habitat suitability curves. Habitat modeling was undertaken for Chinook 30 spawning, fry, and juveniles, coho fry and juveniles, and steelhead fry and 31 steelhead 1+. Different habitat models were developed for spawning, fry, and 32 juveniles. The study generated a salmonid fry habitat model that incorporated a 33 distance to escape cover that also required sufficient depth within the escape 34 cover in order for it to be utilized at a given flow rate. This model also 35 incorporated quantitative differences in the type of escape cover. 36 37 The habitat modeling results for each species and life stage were validated 38 against the spatial distribution of each species and life stage surveyed at study 39 sites at different flow rates. These results generally demonstrated that the 40 integrated habitat modeling was validated for the study in terms of spawning and 41 fry life stages. Our assessment of the pre-smolt or juvenile life stage results is 42 that they are consistent for the existing habitat model assumptions. However, we 43 discuss what we perceive to be inherent biases in these results (juveniles) based 44 on the existing habitat model structure and make specific recommendations of 45 what additional work would likely improve the results for this particular life stage. 46 Draft - Subject to Change jjj 1 Temperature simulations based on the unimpaired flow regime below Iron Gate 2 Dam were conducted with HEC5Q as part of the SIAM applications. These 3 results supported the findings in Phase I that flows lower than ~ 1000 cfs during 4 the late summer would likely increase the environmental risk to anadromous 5 species due to almost continual exposure to chronic temperature thresholds. We 6 believe that these simulation results show that there is very little flexibility for 7 reservoir operations at Iron Gate Dam to mitigate deleterious flow dependent 8 temperature effects. This finding has previously been reported by the USGS 9 (Bartholow 1995) and Deas (1999). 10 11 The integration of the habitat modeling with the unimpaired hydrology was used 12 to develop habitat reference values for target species and life stages at each 13 study reach on a monthly basis for flow exceedence ranges between 10 and 90 14 percent. The reference habitat value was computed as the percent of maximum 15 habitat associated with the unimpaired flow values for each species and life 16 stage on a monthly basis. This reference habitat value was used as one 'target' 17 condition to guide the selection of monthly flow recommendations at a given 18 exceedence flow level. 19 20 The flow recommendation process also employed a prioritization of species and 21 life stages to be considered within the year and/or within a specific month. The 22 prioritization of life stages was taken from the life history sequence of 23 anadromous species (i.e., spawning, fry, and then juveniles). The initial priority 24 order for species was defined as Chinook, then coho, and finally steelhead. It is 25 stressed that this initial prioritization was used to conceptually simplify the flow 26 recommendation process only, and that all species and life stages were 27 examined as part of the overall analysis. The process then relied on an iterative 28 procedure to select target flows for each month at a given exceedence level. 29 This procedure attempted to pick a target flow that would simultaneously 30 preserve the underlying characteristics of the seasonal unimpaired hydrograph at 31 that exceedence flow, the underlying relationship of the unimpaired hydrograph 32 between all exceedence flow levels, while striving to maximize habitat for the 33 priority species and life stages relative to the unimpaired habitat reference 34 conditions. The corresponding monthly flow rates at each exceedence level 35 were then used to compute the percent of maximum habitat for all other species 36 and life stages in a given month. These values were then compared to their 37 respective unimpaired habitat values to ensure that adequate protection of 38 habitat for non-priority species and life stages remained reasonable. 39 40 The flow recommendations developed in the Iron Gate to Shasta River Reach 41 were 'propagated' downstream to each successive reach by addition of the reach 42 gains as presently defined by the USGS in their MODSIM module of SIAM. It is 43 recognized that these reach gains reflect existing depletions in tributary systems 44 (e.g., Shasta and Scott Rivers) but are the only estimates presently available for 45 use in the simulation models for the system. The flow recommendations for each 46 river reach were then used to compute the percent of maximum habitat on a Draft - Subject to Change 1 monthly basis for each species and life stage. The recommended flow based 2 calculation of percent of maximum habitat for each species and life stage was 3 then compared against the associated unimpaired flow based habitat values. 4 5 Although flow recommendations were developed for the 10 to 90 percent 6 exceedence range (i.e., nine water year types), five water year types were 7 identified representing Critically Dry, Dry, Average, Wet, and Extremely Wet 8 inflow conditions for Upper Klamath Lake. These water year classifications 9 parallel those developed for the Trinity River and were used as operational 10 definitions in the Phase I report. Furthermore, the USBR KPSIM model was 11 modified to use this five-water year type format for simulating operations under 12 different instream flow requirements below Iron Gate Dam. The 90, 70, 50, 30, 13 and 10 percent exceedence flow levels were assigned to each of these water 14 year types, respectively (i.e., critically dry to extremely wet). This assignment 15 was used to demonstrate several key points regarding the use of 16 recommendations at this level of resolution (i.e., five water year types) and how 17 the existing operational models for the Klamath Project simulate flow scenarios. 18 19 These five water year type dependent recommendations were utilized in the U.S. 20 Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project Simulation Module (KPSIM) to simulate 21 project operations over the 1961 to 1997 period of record. This analysis 22 confirmed that the project could be operated to achieve these recommendations 23 in all but 19 of the 468 simulated months in this period of record. These results 24 also highlighted that an alternative water year 'classification' strategy for 25 specifying instream flows should be considered in lieu of a five water year type 26 scheme. We provide a specific recommendation of how this could be 27 approached based on the instream flow recommendations developed in Phase II. 28 29 30 Draft - Subject to Change Title: Evaluation of Interim Instream Flow Needs in the Klamath River Phase II Final Report Author: Hardy, Thomas B; Addley. R. Craig Year: 2001, 2008, 2005 1 Acknowledgements 2 3 The completion of this work in large part can be attributed to the efforts of the 4 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Arcata Field Office staff and in particular to Mr. 5 Thomas Shaw for providing much of the supporting site-specific field data, 6 habitat mapping, and fisheries data used in the analyses. The efforts of the 7 various Tribal fisheries personnel were critical in supplying additional fisheries 8 collection data, and intensive site substrate and cover mapping. In particular, the 9 efforts of Tim Hayden, Charlie Chamberlain and Mike Belchik. USGS personnel 10 from the Midcontinent Ecological Science Center also provided valuable 11 assistance and field data used in the cross section based hydraulic and habitat 12 modeling. Mr. Gary Smith and Mike Rode of the California Department of Fish 13 and Game also provided critical information on site-specific habitat suitability 14 criteria and conceptual foundations for the escape cover analysis used in the 15 habitat simulations. Much of this work was also supported by work of Tim 16 Harden (Harden and Associates). The Bureau of Reclamation also provided 17 valuable input during the Phase II study process on Klamath Project operations. 18 A special thanks is also given to Mr. Mike Deas (U.C. Davis) for providing water 19 temperature simulations below Iron Gate Dam. The Technical Team also 20 provided critical input and review of all technical elements of this work as well as 21 providing reviews of the report. Finally, the completion of this work would not 22 have been possible without the tireless efforts of Jennifer Ludlow, Mark 23 Winkelaar, James Shoemaker, Shannon Clemens, Jerilyn Brunson, William 24 Bradford, Sarah Blake, Brandy Blank, Matt Combes, Leon Basdekas, and Aaron 25 Hardy at the Institute for Natural Systems Engineering, Utah State University. 26 27 Executive Summary 28 29 Previous instream flow recommendations developed as part of Phase I (Hardy, 30 1999) recommended interim instream flows in the main stem Klamath River 31 based on analyses of hydrology data. At that time, site-specific data suitable for 32 analysis and evaluation using habitat based modeling were not available. This 33 report details the analytical approach and modeling results from site-specific 34 studies conducted within the main stem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam 35 downstream to the estuary. Study results are utilized to make revised interim 36 instream flow recommendations necessary to protect the aquatic resources 37 within the main stem Klamath River between Iron Gate and the estuary. This 38 report also makes specific recommendations for future research needs as part of 39 the on-going strategic instream flow studies being undertaken by the U.S. Fish 40 and Wildlife Service and collaborating private, local, state, federal, and tribal 41 entities. 42 43 This report was developed for the Department of the Interior (DOI) who provided 44 access to a technical review team composed of representatives of the U.S. Fish 45 and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. 46 Geological Survey, and the National Marine Fisheries Service. The technical Draft - Subject to Change 1 review team also included participation by the Yurok, Hoopa Valley, and Karuk 2 Tribes given the Departments trust responsibilities and the California Department 3 of Fish and Game as the state level resource management agency. The 4 technical review team provided invaluable assistance in the review of methods 5 and results used in the analysis, provided comments on draft sections of the 6 report, and provided data and supporting material for use in completion of the 7 Phase II report. In addition, several agencies and private individuals provided 8 written comments on the Preliminary Draft Report, which have been addressed in 9 this report where appropriate. 10 11 This report is organized to follow the general process used to implement the 12 technical studies. It first provides important background information on the 13 historical and current conditions of the anadromous species, highlights factors 14 that have contributed to their decline, provides an overview of the Phase I study 15 process and its principal findings. The report then continues with a description of 16 the Phase II technical study process. Key sections address methods and 17 findings for each technical component such as study design, study site selection, 18 field methods, analytical approaches, summary results, and recommended 19 instream flows. 20 21 The Phase II study relied on state-of-the-art field data collection methodologies 22 and modeling of physical habitat for target species and life stages of anadromous 23 fish. The field methods were directed toward achieving a three-dimensional 24 representation of each study site that incorporated between 0.6 to over one mile 25 of river depending on the specific study site. At each study site, a spatially 26 explicit substrate and vegetation map was developed and then integrated with 27 the three-dimensional channel topography in GIS. Fieldwork also involved 28 collection of hydraulic calibration data and fish observation data. The later 29 information was used in the development of habitat suitability criteria, conceptual 30 habitat model development and implementation, and habitat model validation 31 efforts. 32 33 Hydrology in the main stem Klamath River below Iron Gate Dam was estimated 34 differently for different purposes in Phase II. For example, we used simulated 35 unimpaired inflows (i.e., no depletions) to Upper Klamath Lake routed to Iron 36 Gate Dam with no Klamath Project imposed water demands. This simulated 37 scenario represents the best available estimates of the unimpaired flows below 38 Iron Gate Dam for the purposes of this study. The remaining flow scenarios 39 included the use of Upper Klamath Lake net inflows, historical Klamath Project 40 water demands, and the USFWS Biological Opinion (2000) target Upper Klamath 41 Lake water elevations. These scenarios represent different potential operational 42 flow scenarios as points of reference to the instream flow recommendations 43 developed as part of Phase II. Differences between these simulated flow 44 scenarios required the use of different models and/or modeling assumptions. 45 The assumptions and modeling tools are described in the appropriate technical 46 sections of the report. The estimated hydrology at each study site was used in Draft - Subject to Change 1 both the physical habitat modeling and temperature simulations using the USGS 2 Systems Impact Assessment Model (SIAM) or its components. 3 4 Physical habitat modeling at each study site relied on two-dimensional hydraulic 5 simulations that were coupled to three-dimensional habitat models. The 6 analytical form of the habitat models varied for spawning, fry, and 'juveniles' (i.e., 7 pre-smolts). These modeling results were compared to available 1-dimensional 8 cross section based hydraulic and habitat modeling at study sites that overlapped 9 between existing USFWS/USGS and Phase II studies. 10 11 Habitat suitability criteria for target species and life stages of anadromous fish 12 were developed from site-specific data for Chinook spawning, Chinook fry, and 13 steelhead 1+. These curves were validated both by field observations using the 14 habitat modeling results as well as by comparison to results from an individual 15 based bioenergetics model for drift feeding salmonids developed at USU. A 16 separate procedure was developed to obtain habitat suitability curves for Chinook 17 juvenile (i.e., pre-smolts), steelhead fry, and coho fry based on available 18 literature data. This approach used a systematic process to construct an 19 'envelope' habitat suitability curve that encompassed the available literature 20 curves. The overall process included a validation component that compared the 21 habitat versus discharge relationships between envelope curves to the site- 22 specific curves for Chinook spawning, Chinook fry, and steelhead 1+. The results 23 validated the use of the envelope curves for use as interim criteria pending 24 further research and development of site-specific curves for these species and 25 life stages within the Klamath River. 26 27 Habitat modeling involved the integration of substrate and cover mapping with 28 the three-dimensional topography and hydraulic properties at each study site with 29 the habitat suitability curves. Habitat modeling was undertaken for Chinook 30 spawning, fry, and juveniles, coho fry and juveniles, and steelhead fry and 31 steelhead 1+. Different habitat models were developed for spawning, fry, and 32 juveniles. The study generated a salmonid fry habitat model that incorporated a 33 distance to escape cover that also required sufficient depth within the escape 34 cover in order for it to be utilized at a given flow rate. This model also 35 incorporated quantitative differences in the type of escape cover. 36 37 The habitat modeling results for each species and life stage were validated 38 against the spatial distribution of each species and life stage surveyed at study 39 sites at different flow rates. These results generally demonstrated that the 40 integrated habitat modeling was validated for the study in terms of spawning and 41 fry life stages. Our assessment of the pre-smolt or juvenile life stage results is 42 that they are consistent for the existing habitat model assumptions. However, we 43 discuss what we perceive to be inherent biases in these results (juveniles) based 44 on the existing habitat model structure and make specific recommendations of 45 what additional work would likely improve the results for this particular life stage. 46 Draft - Subject to Change jjj 1 Temperature simulations based on the unimpaired flow regime below Iron Gate 2 Dam were conducted with HEC5Q as part of the SIAM applications. These 3 results supported the findings in Phase I that flows lower than ~ 1000 cfs during 4 the late summer would likely increase the environmental risk to anadromous 5 species due to almost continual exposure to chronic temperature thresholds. We 6 believe that these simulation results show that there is very little flexibility for 7 reservoir operations at Iron Gate Dam to mitigate deleterious flow dependent 8 temperature effects. This finding has previously been reported by the USGS 9 (Bartholow 1995) and Deas (1999). 10 11 The integration of the habitat modeling with the unimpaired hydrology was used 12 to develop habitat reference values for target species and life stages at each 13 study reach on a monthly basis for flow exceedence ranges between 10 and 90 14 percent. The reference habitat value was computed as the percent of maximum 15 habitat associated with the unimpaired flow values for each species and life 16 stage on a monthly basis. This reference habitat value was used as one 'target' 17 condition to guide the selection of monthly flow recommendations at a given 18 exceedence flow level. 19 20 The flow recommendation process also employed a prioritization of species and 21 life stages to be considered within the year and/or within a specific month. The 22 prioritization of life stages was taken from the life history sequence of 23 anadromous species (i.e., spawning, fry, and then juveniles). The initial priority 24 order for species was defined as Chinook, then coho, and finally steelhead. It is 25 stressed that this initial prioritization was used to conceptually simplify the flow 26 recommendation process only, and that all species and life stages were 27 examined as part of the overall analysis. The process then relied on an iterative 28 procedure to select target flows for each month at a given exceedence level. 29 This procedure attempted to pick a target flow that would simultaneously 30 preserve the underlying characteristics of the seasonal unimpaired hydrograph at 31 that exceedence flow, the underlying relationship of the unimpaired hydrograph 32 between all exceedence flow levels, while striving to maximize habitat for the 33 priority species and life stages relative to the unimpaired habitat reference 34 conditions. The corresponding monthly flow rates at each exceedence level 35 were then used to compute the percent of maximum habitat for all other species 36 and life stages in a given month. These values were then compared to their 37 respective unimpaired habitat values to ensure that adequate protection of 38 habitat for non-priority species and life stages remained reasonable. 39 40 The flow recommendations developed in the Iron Gate to Shasta River Reach 41 were 'propagated' downstream to each successive reach by addition of the reach 42 gains as presently defined by the USGS in their MODSIM module of SIAM. It is 43 recognized that these reach gains reflect existing depletions in tributary systems 44 (e.g., Shasta and Scott Rivers) but are the only estimates presently available for 45 use in the simulation models for the system. The flow recommendations for each 46 river reach were then used to compute the percent of maximum habitat on a Draft - Subject to Change 1 monthly basis for each species and life stage. The recommended flow based 2 calculation of percent of maximum habitat for each species and life stage was 3 then compared against the associated unimpaired flow based habitat values. 4 5 Although flow recommendations were developed for the 10 to 90 percent 6 exceedence range (i.e., nine water year types), five water year types were 7 identified representing Critically Dry, Dry, Average, Wet, and Extremely Wet 8 inflow conditions for Upper Klamath Lake. These water year classifications 9 parallel those developed for the Trinity River and were used as operational 10 definitions in the Phase I report. Furthermore, the USBR KPSIM model was 11 modified to use this five-water year type format for simulating operations under 12 different instream flow requirements below Iron Gate Dam. The 90, 70, 50, 30, 13 and 10 percent exceedence flow levels were assigned to each of these water 14 year types, respectively (i.e., critically dry to extremely wet). This assignment 15 was used to demonstrate several key points regarding the use of 16 recommendations at this level of resolution (i.e., five water year types) and how 17 the existing operational models for the Klamath Project simulate flow scenarios. 18 19 These five water year type dependent recommendations were utilized in the U.S. 20 Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project Simulation Module (KPSIM) to simulate 21 project operations over the 1961 to 1997 period of record. This analysis 22 confirmed that the project could be operated to achieve these recommendations 23 in all but 19 of the 468 simulated months in this period of record. These results 24 also highlighted that an alternative water year 'classification' strategy for 25 specifying instream flows should be considered in lieu of a five water year type 26 scheme. We provide a specific recommendation of how this could be 27 approached based on the instream flow recommendations developed in Phase II. 28 29 30 Draft - Subject to Change Close

• 254. [Image] Proceedings of second conference of engineers of the Reclamation service, with accompanying papers.

  	Conference was held at El Paso, Tex., November 14 to 18, 1904, and adjourned to Washington, D.C., where it was continued from January 9 to 14, 1905;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Proceedings of second conference of engineers of the Reclamation service, with accompanying papers. Author: Newell, Frederick Haynes, 1862-1932 Year: 1905, 2008, 2005 Conference was held at El Paso, Tex., November 14 to 18, 1904, and adjourned to Washington, D.C., where it was continued from January 9 to 14, 1905; Title: Proceedings of second conference of engineers of the Reclamation service, with accompanying papers. Author: Newell, Frederick Haynes, 1862-1932 Year: 1905, 2008, 2005 Conference was held at El Paso, Tex., November 14 to 18, 1904, and adjourned to Washington, D.C., where it was continued from January 9 to 14, 1905; Close

• 255. [Image] Klamath Federal Reclamation Project : Oregon-California

  	- 7' -, > \ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR B U R E A U O F R E C L A M A T I O N U N I T E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E W A S H I N G T O N : 1936 FEDERAL RECLAMATION ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Federal Reclamation Project : Oregon-California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1936, 2005 - 7' -, > \ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR B U R E A U O F R E C L A M A T I O N U N I T E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E W A S H I N G T O N : 1936 FEDERAL RECLAMATION PROJECT OREGON - CALIFORNIA n )> >> GENERAL STATEMENT THEKla m- ath reclamation project comprises practically all of the agricultural land in the Klamath Basin, except a small area adjacent to Upper Klamath Lake, and is situated in southern Oregon and northern California. The extent of the area irrigated, or that may be irrigated by reason of Bureau of Reclamation activities, is approxi-mately 140,000 acres. This includes about 20,000 acres suitable only for pasture and approximately 12,000 acres of good land in the Tule Lake division not yet opened for settlement. Within the older developed sections of the project the soil is mostly of a sandy loam . type that is particularly suitable for growing potatoes and summer vegetables as well as all of the ordinary crops that thrive in a cool, tem-perate climate. The price of this type of land ranges from $ 100 to $ 200 per acre. The water- right cost, which origi- Klamath Falls, Oregon, the prolect office headquarters nally was about $ 55 per acre, is approximately half paid up. The balance has an average of about 25 years to run without interest. Operation and maintenance costs usually run about $ 1.25 an acre per annum. I R R I G A B L E L A N D S The Tule Lake division of the project, which will eventually comprise about 32,000 acres of agricultural land and about 5,000 acres of thin soil land good only for pasture, carries a construction charge of $ 88.35, with 40 years in A! Klamath : desert. Looking~ southwest up Lan Valley from a point 4 miles west of Lorella, Ore which to pay without interest. No payments have been required to date, but the Secretary of the Interior will soon issue public notice announcing the commencement of pay-ments, which will be approximately $ 2.20 per acre each year. In addition to the construction charge, there is an operation and maintenance charge which will probably run between $ 1.50 and $ 2 un acre a year. These lands are of lacustrian origin and are very fertile. They are particularly adapted to the growth of small grains, alfalfa, and pasture grasses. Patented land in this division sells for $ 50 to $ 100 per acre. Patented lands in private ownership, where of goc; d quality, well improved and conveniently situated, can be purchased for from $ 150 to $ 200 per acre. Good lands not so well improved nor so desirably located sell at around $ 100 per acre. There is very little undeveloped, privately owned good land on the project. Small tracts of 5, 10, or 20 acres, located along paved highways and within 6 to 8 miles of Klamath Falls, are obtainable at from $ 200 to $ 400 per acre. W A T E R S U P P L Y The Klamath project is ! ortunate in having an abundant water supply for all lands susceptible of irrigation. The map on the inside of the back cover page shows the location of the three reservoirs and their immediate proximity to the lands they serve. The irrigable project lands lie between elevations of 4,035 and 4,070 feet above sea level and occupy the Klamath Basin and the Valley of Lost River, situated in south central Oregon and north central California, about 150 miles east of the Pacific coast. The average annual pre-cipitation is 12.51 inches. SCHOOLS Klamath County schools are run on the county unit basis Public School in Klamath Falls and are fully up to standard. Busses run at county expense transport rural children to and from school, and there is no lost time on account of bad weather. Within the county there are 9,242 children of school age, 4,107 of these within the city of Klamath Falls. The high school enrollment for Klamath Falls is 1,156, and for the remainder of the county is 459. There are 9 high schools in the county that employ 62 teachers. The grade schools employ 185 teachers, of whom' 76 are in the city of Klamath Falls. : let of concrete flume, Canal C, of the main project structures R E C R E A T I O N No part of the United States affords more interesting and attractive recreational areas than are found near at hand and in all directions from the Klamath project. From 1 to 2 hours in any kind of an automobile is sufficient to land one on the banks of a cold mountain stream inhabited by many wary trout or alongside the shores of any one of a half dozen crystal lakes, where boating and bathing may be enjoyed to the full. Some of the lakes that are conven-iently located with reference to the project, and where many summer camps as well as extensive hotel and camp accommodations already exist, are Upper Klamath Lake, Lake of the Woods, Crater Lake, Diamond Lake, Crescent I., ake, Ode11 Lake, and Paulina Lake. The most distant of the lot, Paulina Lake, can be reached in 3 hours' driving from Klamath Falls. Some of the important recreational areas lying in convenient distances from the project are shown in the ilh~ strationsa ccompanying this chapter. The principal water supply is in Upper Klamath Lake, where regulation provides a possible storage of about 524,800 acre- feet, and this with the natural inflow insures the lands served from this source an adequate water supply at all times. Under the terms of the contract dated February 24, 1917, between the United States and the California- Oregon Power Co., the power company was given the right to regulate the outflow of Upper Klamath Lake, subject to existing rights and the prior rights of the Klamath project for water for irrigation. To regulate the outflow, the company, in 1921, constructed the Link River Dam at a cost of about $ 310,000. Storage for the lands on the west side of Langell Valley and a portion of the lands in the Horsefly irrigation district is provided by Clear Lake Reservoir. This reservoir, lying just across the line in California, is the source of Lost River and has a total capacity of 454,000 acre- feet, most of which was made available during 1931 by the construction of a channel from the outlet works to the deeper portion of the reservoir, a distance of about 6 miles. The reservoir is also used for flood storage for the protection of lands in the Tule Lake division. Gerber Reservoir, on Miller Creek, a tributary of Lost River, has a storage capacity of 94,000 acre- feet and fur-nishes a water supply for the lands on the east side of Lost River in the Langell Valley division. This reservoir also provides for the storage of flood water for the protection of lands in the Tule Lake division. Water from Upper Klamath Lake is diverted to the main or " A" canal from the east side of Link River, the outlet of the lake, several hundred feet below the lake and a few I I / Klamath River near Klamath Falls k River diversion dam Alfalfa field near Malin, Oreg. Two cuttings are grown, which yield 2- 4 tons per acre on the older project lands, and 3- 6 in Tule Lake section hundred feet above Link River Dam. Water for all lands in the main and pumping divisions and for a portion of the lands in the Tule Lake division are diverted through the " A" canal. Additional water for the lands in the Tule Lake division is diverted from the Klamath River, through the Lost River diversion channel ( reversing the direction of flow), and spilled into Lost River, frcm which it is diverted to the " J" canal at a point about 3 miles southeasterly from Merrill, Oreg. At this point the river level is raised about 12 feet by means of the lower Lost River diversion dam, a concrete structure of the Ambursen type, with a crest length of 204 feet. The Lost River diversion channel leads off from Lost River at a point about 10 miles southeast of Klamath Falls, Oreg., immediately above a hollow U- shaped concrete dam which raises the river level about 23 feet. Prior to the Irrigating a 65- acre field of potatoes; showing application of m irrigation season the flow of Lost River is diverted to the Klamath River and wasted; however, after the spring flood flow of Lost River has passed and water for irrigation in the Tule Lake division is required, the flow of Lost River is ~ assed through the dam and down to the " J" canal. This flow is augmented, when demand is heavy, from Klamath River as indicated ahve. Lands on the east side of Langell Valley division are served by the north canal, which diverts water from Miller Creek at the Miller Creek Dam, located about 6 miles below Gerber Dam. At this point the water surface in Miller Creek is raised by placing flashboards against wooden trestles, the grade of the canal and that of the stream being substan-tially the same elevation. The lands on the west side of Lost River in the Langell Valley division are served by the West Canal, which diverts water from Lost River at the Malone Dam, located about 42 miles southeasterly from Klamath Falls, Oreg. At this point the level of Lost River is raised about 18 feet by means of an earth diversion dam. Clear Lake Reservoir provides storage for the West Canal. TOWNS Klamath Falls, Merrill, Malin, and Bonanza are project towns, the first named being the principal city in southern, Oregon east of the Cascades. It has a population of approximately 16,000 and is the distributing center for a large territory. Klamath County has a population of 32,400, one- half residing in the city of Klamath Falls and perhaps 4,000 more in suburban districts only a few miles away. Merrill and Malin are small towns within the irrigated area with populations of six or seven hundred each. In Klamath Basin are some 1,800 farms and approximately as many farm families. LUMBERING Approximately 30 mills and box factories are in operation, this district being the largest manufacturing center of box shook in the United States. The Klamath district contains the heaviest stand of yellow pine left in the United States. Throughout the spring, summer, and fall all lumber com-panies maintain large pay rolls both in the plants and in the lumber camps. Lumber contributes greatly to the heavy traffic originating at K! amath Falls, making this city the second largest shipping point in Oregon. The majority of the mills and box factories are located in or near Klamath Falls. T R A N S P O R T A T I O N Two main- line railways, the Southern Pacific and Great Northern, enter Klamath Falls and traverse the project throughout its longest dimension. Hard- surfaced highways radiate from Klamath Falls in all directions, connecting with Portland, Sun Francisco, and Salt Lake. These high-ways supplemented by county market roads penetrate all sections of the project, with the result that few farms are more than a mile from a hard- surfaced outlet. CLIMATE The Klamath Basin has a remarkably pleasant and healthful climate. Winters are not cold, and summers are not hot. Precipitation, which amounts to about 12): inches a year on the average, falls mainly from November to April. Late and early frosts are to be expected, and occasionally light frosts occur even in the summer months. me on the Main division of the project A G R I C U L T U R E The principal crops grown are potatoes, alfalfa, small grains, and vegetables. The yield of small grains in the Tule Lake area is unusually high. Oats frequently make 100 bushels per acre; barley runs from 60 to 80; and any good wheat field will thresh out more than 40 bushels per acre. Potatoes, when conditions are right, are par excelience the big money crop. A good yield of tubers is considered to be around 150 sacks of U. S. No. 1' s per acre, and every year a few fields are reported with yields of double that amount. The price for potatoes is unstable, depending on the market demand, and ranges from about 50 cents to $ 1.50 a sack. The quality of Klamath potatoes on the Sun Francisco market is recognized as the best, and the price usually ranges from 10 to 20 cents a sack higher than is paid for Washington and Idaho production. Flock of 6,000 turkeys being fattened for market L I V E S T O C K Cattle. On account of its geographical location, sur-rounded as it is with immense areas of sagebrush plateaus and forest ranges, the Klamath project is, and probably always will be, essentially a stock country. Its cheap forage, abundant water and mild winters offer ideal con-ditions for the wintering of range stock and the fattening of mature animals for market. Favorable feeding- in- transit rates for both grass and feed lot cattle have resulted in the fattening, locally, of thousands of range and outside cattle. The beef industry alone returns approximately $ 900,000 annually. There are several killing and manu-facturing plants located in Klamath Falls. Sheep. Approxinately 150,000 ewes are maintained in the Klamafh Basin with an average annual output of about three- quarters of a million dollars. From 75,000 to 100,000~ lambs~ afraet tened for market each year on the project. Sun Francisco js the principal market. licken ranch. The production of eggs chickens is an important industry A project Holstein dairy her Dairying. The dairying industry is increasing steadily on the project. There are now about 8,000 milk cows in the district. Klamath Falls, with its large industrial popu-lation, furnishes a good market for milk, butter, and cheese. Two local cooperative cheese manufacturing plants and four privately owned creameries operate in the district. The value of the dairy industry is approximately $ 600,000 annually. Local dairy prices for butterfat are maintained at l> e to 2 cents above the State average cwing to the favored position of the project-- half- way between Portland and Sun Francisco. This district offers many opportunities for increased dairying production, as costs are compara-tively low and climatic conditions are favorable. Ewes and lambs on Tule Lake leased lands OREGON - CALIFORNIA MAP NO. 27606 Scale of Miles 1 -- 0 1 2- 3 4 6 1 Title: Klamath Federal Reclamation Project : Oregon-California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 1936, 2005 - 7' -, > \ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR B U R E A U O F R E C L A M A T I O N U N I T E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R I N T I N G O F F I C E W A S H I N G T O N : 1936 FEDERAL RECLAMATION PROJECT OREGON - CALIFORNIA n )> >> GENERAL STATEMENT THEKla m- ath reclamation project comprises practically all of the agricultural land in the Klamath Basin, except a small area adjacent to Upper Klamath Lake, and is situated in southern Oregon and northern California. The extent of the area irrigated, or that may be irrigated by reason of Bureau of Reclamation activities, is approxi-mately 140,000 acres. This includes about 20,000 acres suitable only for pasture and approximately 12,000 acres of good land in the Tule Lake division not yet opened for settlement. Within the older developed sections of the project the soil is mostly of a sandy loam . type that is particularly suitable for growing potatoes and summer vegetables as well as all of the ordinary crops that thrive in a cool, tem-perate climate. The price of this type of land ranges from $ 100 to $ 200 per acre. The water- right cost, which origi- Klamath Falls, Oregon, the prolect office headquarters nally was about $ 55 per acre, is approximately half paid up. The balance has an average of about 25 years to run without interest. Operation and maintenance costs usually run about $ 1.25 an acre per annum. I R R I G A B L E L A N D S The Tule Lake division of the project, which will eventually comprise about 32,000 acres of agricultural land and about 5,000 acres of thin soil land good only for pasture, carries a construction charge of $ 88.35, with 40 years in A! Klamath : desert. Looking~ southwest up Lan Valley from a point 4 miles west of Lorella, Ore which to pay without interest. No payments have been required to date, but the Secretary of the Interior will soon issue public notice announcing the commencement of pay-ments, which will be approximately $ 2.20 per acre each year. In addition to the construction charge, there is an operation and maintenance charge which will probably run between $ 1.50 and $ 2 un acre a year. These lands are of lacustrian origin and are very fertile. They are particularly adapted to the growth of small grains, alfalfa, and pasture grasses. Patented land in this division sells for $ 50 to $ 100 per acre. Patented lands in private ownership, where of goc; d quality, well improved and conveniently situated, can be purchased for from $ 150 to $ 200 per acre. Good lands not so well improved nor so desirably located sell at around $ 100 per acre. There is very little undeveloped, privately owned good land on the project. Small tracts of 5, 10, or 20 acres, located along paved highways and within 6 to 8 miles of Klamath Falls, are obtainable at from $ 200 to $ 400 per acre. W A T E R S U P P L Y The Klamath project is ! ortunate in having an abundant water supply for all lands susceptible of irrigation. The map on the inside of the back cover page shows the location of the three reservoirs and their immediate proximity to the lands they serve. The irrigable project lands lie between elevations of 4,035 and 4,070 feet above sea level and occupy the Klamath Basin and the Valley of Lost River, situated in south central Oregon and north central California, about 150 miles east of the Pacific coast. The average annual pre-cipitation is 12.51 inches. SCHOOLS Klamath County schools are run on the county unit basis Public School in Klamath Falls and are fully up to standard. Busses run at county expense transport rural children to and from school, and there is no lost time on account of bad weather. Within the county there are 9,242 children of school age, 4,107 of these within the city of Klamath Falls. The high school enrollment for Klamath Falls is 1,156, and for the remainder of the county is 459. There are 9 high schools in the county that employ 62 teachers. The grade schools employ 185 teachers, of whom' 76 are in the city of Klamath Falls. : let of concrete flume, Canal C, of the main project structures R E C R E A T I O N No part of the United States affords more interesting and attractive recreational areas than are found near at hand and in all directions from the Klamath project. From 1 to 2 hours in any kind of an automobile is sufficient to land one on the banks of a cold mountain stream inhabited by many wary trout or alongside the shores of any one of a half dozen crystal lakes, where boating and bathing may be enjoyed to the full. Some of the lakes that are conven-iently located with reference to the project, and where many summer camps as well as extensive hotel and camp accommodations already exist, are Upper Klamath Lake, Lake of the Woods, Crater Lake, Diamond Lake, Crescent I., ake, Ode11 Lake, and Paulina Lake. The most distant of the lot, Paulina Lake, can be reached in 3 hours' driving from Klamath Falls. Some of the important recreational areas lying in convenient distances from the project are shown in the ilh~ strationsa ccompanying this chapter. The principal water supply is in Upper Klamath Lake, where regulation provides a possible storage of about 524,800 acre- feet, and this with the natural inflow insures the lands served from this source an adequate water supply at all times. Under the terms of the contract dated February 24, 1917, between the United States and the California- Oregon Power Co., the power company was given the right to regulate the outflow of Upper Klamath Lake, subject to existing rights and the prior rights of the Klamath project for water for irrigation. To regulate the outflow, the company, in 1921, constructed the Link River Dam at a cost of about $ 310,000. Storage for the lands on the west side of Langell Valley and a portion of the lands in the Horsefly irrigation district is provided by Clear Lake Reservoir. This reservoir, lying just across the line in California, is the source of Lost River and has a total capacity of 454,000 acre- feet, most of which was made available during 1931 by the construction of a channel from the outlet works to the deeper portion of the reservoir, a distance of about 6 miles. The reservoir is also used for flood storage for the protection of lands in the Tule Lake division. Gerber Reservoir, on Miller Creek, a tributary of Lost River, has a storage capacity of 94,000 acre- feet and fur-nishes a water supply for the lands on the east side of Lost River in the Langell Valley division. This reservoir also provides for the storage of flood water for the protection of lands in the Tule Lake division. Water from Upper Klamath Lake is diverted to the main or " A" canal from the east side of Link River, the outlet of the lake, several hundred feet below the lake and a few I I / Klamath River near Klamath Falls k River diversion dam Alfalfa field near Malin, Oreg. Two cuttings are grown, which yield 2- 4 tons per acre on the older project lands, and 3- 6 in Tule Lake section hundred feet above Link River Dam. Water for all lands in the main and pumping divisions and for a portion of the lands in the Tule Lake division are diverted through the " A" canal. Additional water for the lands in the Tule Lake division is diverted from the Klamath River, through the Lost River diversion channel ( reversing the direction of flow), and spilled into Lost River, frcm which it is diverted to the " J" canal at a point about 3 miles southeasterly from Merrill, Oreg. At this point the river level is raised about 12 feet by means of the lower Lost River diversion dam, a concrete structure of the Ambursen type, with a crest length of 204 feet. The Lost River diversion channel leads off from Lost River at a point about 10 miles southeast of Klamath Falls, Oreg., immediately above a hollow U- shaped concrete dam which raises the river level about 23 feet. Prior to the Irrigating a 65- acre field of potatoes; showing application of m irrigation season the flow of Lost River is diverted to the Klamath River and wasted; however, after the spring flood flow of Lost River has passed and water for irrigation in the Tule Lake division is required, the flow of Lost River is ~ assed through the dam and down to the " J" canal. This flow is augmented, when demand is heavy, from Klamath River as indicated ahve. Lands on the east side of Langell Valley division are served by the north canal, which diverts water from Miller Creek at the Miller Creek Dam, located about 6 miles below Gerber Dam. At this point the water surface in Miller Creek is raised by placing flashboards against wooden trestles, the grade of the canal and that of the stream being substan-tially the same elevation. The lands on the west side of Lost River in the Langell Valley division are served by the West Canal, which diverts water from Lost River at the Malone Dam, located about 42 miles southeasterly from Klamath Falls, Oreg. At this point the level of Lost River is raised about 18 feet by means of an earth diversion dam. Clear Lake Reservoir provides storage for the West Canal. TOWNS Klamath Falls, Merrill, Malin, and Bonanza are project towns, the first named being the principal city in southern, Oregon east of the Cascades. It has a population of approximately 16,000 and is the distributing center for a large territory. Klamath County has a population of 32,400, one- half residing in the city of Klamath Falls and perhaps 4,000 more in suburban districts only a few miles away. Merrill and Malin are small towns within the irrigated area with populations of six or seven hundred each. In Klamath Basin are some 1,800 farms and approximately as many farm families. LUMBERING Approximately 30 mills and box factories are in operation, this district being the largest manufacturing center of box shook in the United States. The Klamath district contains the heaviest stand of yellow pine left in the United States. Throughout the spring, summer, and fall all lumber com-panies maintain large pay rolls both in the plants and in the lumber camps. Lumber contributes greatly to the heavy traffic originating at K! amath Falls, making this city the second largest shipping point in Oregon. The majority of the mills and box factories are located in or near Klamath Falls. T R A N S P O R T A T I O N Two main- line railways, the Southern Pacific and Great Northern, enter Klamath Falls and traverse the project throughout its longest dimension. Hard- surfaced highways radiate from Klamath Falls in all directions, connecting with Portland, Sun Francisco, and Salt Lake. These high-ways supplemented by county market roads penetrate all sections of the project, with the result that few farms are more than a mile from a hard- surfaced outlet. CLIMATE The Klamath Basin has a remarkably pleasant and healthful climate. Winters are not cold, and summers are not hot. Precipitation, which amounts to about 12): inches a year on the average, falls mainly from November to April. Late and early frosts are to be expected, and occasionally light frosts occur even in the summer months. me on the Main division of the project A G R I C U L T U R E The principal crops grown are potatoes, alfalfa, small grains, and vegetables. The yield of small grains in the Tule Lake area is unusually high. Oats frequently make 100 bushels per acre; barley runs from 60 to 80; and any good wheat field will thresh out more than 40 bushels per acre. Potatoes, when conditions are right, are par excelience the big money crop. A good yield of tubers is considered to be around 150 sacks of U. S. No. 1' s per acre, and every year a few fields are reported with yields of double that amount. The price for potatoes is unstable, depending on the market demand, and ranges from about 50 cents to $ 1.50 a sack. The quality of Klamath potatoes on the Sun Francisco market is recognized as the best, and the price usually ranges from 10 to 20 cents a sack higher than is paid for Washington and Idaho production. Flock of 6,000 turkeys being fattened for market L I V E S T O C K Cattle. On account of its geographical location, sur-rounded as it is with immense areas of sagebrush plateaus and forest ranges, the Klamath project is, and probably always will be, essentially a stock country. Its cheap forage, abundant water and mild winters offer ideal con-ditions for the wintering of range stock and the fattening of mature animals for market. Favorable feeding- in- transit rates for both grass and feed lot cattle have resulted in the fattening, locally, of thousands of range and outside cattle. The beef industry alone returns approximately $ 900,000 annually. There are several killing and manu-facturing plants located in Klamath Falls. Sheep. Approxinately 150,000 ewes are maintained in the Klamafh Basin with an average annual output of about three- quarters of a million dollars. From 75,000 to 100,000~ lambs~ afraet tened for market each year on the project. Sun Francisco js the principal market. licken ranch. The production of eggs chickens is an important industry A project Holstein dairy her Dairying. The dairying industry is increasing steadily on the project. There are now about 8,000 milk cows in the district. Klamath Falls, with its large industrial popu-lation, furnishes a good market for milk, butter, and cheese. Two local cooperative cheese manufacturing plants and four privately owned creameries operate in the district. The value of the dairy industry is approximately $ 600,000 annually. Local dairy prices for butterfat are maintained at l> e to 2 cents above the State average cwing to the favored position of the project-- half- way between Portland and Sun Francisco. This district offers many opportunities for increased dairying production, as costs are compara-tively low and climatic conditions are favorable. Ewes and lambs on Tule Lake leased lands OREGON - CALIFORNIA MAP NO. 27606 Scale of Miles 1 -- 0 1 2- 3 4 6 1 Close

• 256. [Image] Rim Drive cultural landscape report: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon

  	ill., maps; Shipping list no.: 2010-0125-P; Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-237) and index
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rim Drive cultural landscape report: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Shipping list no.: 2010-0125-P; Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-237) and index Title: Rim Drive cultural landscape report: Crater Lake National Park, Oregon Author: Mark, Stephen R. Year: 2009, 2010 ill., maps; Shipping list no.: 2010-0125-P; Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-237) and index Close

• 257. [Image] Oregon lampreys : natural history, status, and analysis of management issues

  	Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon lampreys : natural history, status, and analysis of management issues Author: Kostow, Kathryn Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure because different species tend to look very similar through most of their life cycle, and they have not been well-studied in Oregon. Lampreys occur in the Columbia Basin, including the lower Snake River, along the Oregon coast, in the upper Klamath Basin, and in Goose Lake Basin in southeastern Oregon. They all begin life in fresh water where juveniles burrow into silt and filter feed on algae. As some species approach adulthood they migrate to the ocean or to lakes where they briefly become ecto-parasites, feeding on other live fishes by attaching to them with sucker disc mouths. Other species remain non-parasitic. In addition to some enigmatic species identities, we generally have very little information about the detailed distributions, life histories and basic biology of lampreys. Lampreys became a conservation concern in the early 1990s when tribal co-managers and some Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) staff noted that populations of Pacific Lampreys, Lampetra tridentata, were apparently declining to perilously low numbers. Pacific Lampreys were listed as an Oregon State sensitive species in 1993 and were given further legal protected status by the state in 1997 (OAR 635-044-0130). Lamprey status is difficult to assess for several reasons: 1) Most observations of lampreys in fresh water are of juveniles and it is difficult to tell the various species apart, even to the extent that the various species are currently clearly designated; 2) Data on lamprey is only collected incidental to monitoring of salmonids. The design and efficiency of the data collection effort is not always adequate for lampreys; and 3) We have very few historic data sets for lampreys. Therefore we often cannot determine how the abundances and distributions we see now compare with those in the past. The limited data that we have suggests that lampreys have declined through many parts of their ranges. The most precipitous declines appear to be in the upper Columbia and Snake basins where we have some historic data from mainstem dam counts. Pacific Lampreys have declined to only about 200 adults annually passing the Snake River dams. We also have evidence of declines of Pacific Lampreys in the lower Columbia and on the Oregon coast, although our data is quite limited. We have little to no information about any of the other species of lampreys. We are not even sure whether some of the recognized species, like the River Lamprey (L. ayresi), is still present in Oregon. This paper concludes with a Problem Analysis for Oregon lampreys. Our biggest problem is poor information, ranging from not knowing basic species identity to having inefficient or no systematic monitoring of lamprey abundance and distribution. ODFW continued an annual harvest on Pacific Lamprey in the Willamette Basin in 2001, but we lack the necessary information to assess the affects of the harvest on the population. Major habitat problems that affect lampreys include upstream passage over artificial barriers, a need for lamprey-friendly screening of water diversions, and urban and agricultural development of low-gradient flood plain habitats. Title: Oregon lampreys : natural history, status, and analysis of management issues Author: Kostow, Kathryn Year: 2002, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The jawless lampreys are remnants of the oldest vertebrates in the world. Oregon has somewhere between eight and a dozen species of these primitive fishes. Their taxonomy is obscure because different species tend to look very similar through most of their life cycle, and they have not been well-studied in Oregon. Lampreys occur in the Columbia Basin, including the lower Snake River, along the Oregon coast, in the upper Klamath Basin, and in Goose Lake Basin in southeastern Oregon. They all begin life in fresh water where juveniles burrow into silt and filter feed on algae. As some species approach adulthood they migrate to the ocean or to lakes where they briefly become ecto-parasites, feeding on other live fishes by attaching to them with sucker disc mouths. Other species remain non-parasitic. In addition to some enigmatic species identities, we generally have very little information about the detailed distributions, life histories and basic biology of lampreys. Lampreys became a conservation concern in the early 1990s when tribal co-managers and some Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) staff noted that populations of Pacific Lampreys, Lampetra tridentata, were apparently declining to perilously low numbers. Pacific Lampreys were listed as an Oregon State sensitive species in 1993 and were given further legal protected status by the state in 1997 (OAR 635-044-0130). Lamprey status is difficult to assess for several reasons: 1) Most observations of lampreys in fresh water are of juveniles and it is difficult to tell the various species apart, even to the extent that the various species are currently clearly designated; 2) Data on lamprey is only collected incidental to monitoring of salmonids. The design and efficiency of the data collection effort is not always adequate for lampreys; and 3) We have very few historic data sets for lampreys. Therefore we often cannot determine how the abundances and distributions we see now compare with those in the past. The limited data that we have suggests that lampreys have declined through many parts of their ranges. The most precipitous declines appear to be in the upper Columbia and Snake basins where we have some historic data from mainstem dam counts. Pacific Lampreys have declined to only about 200 adults annually passing the Snake River dams. We also have evidence of declines of Pacific Lampreys in the lower Columbia and on the Oregon coast, although our data is quite limited. We have little to no information about any of the other species of lampreys. We are not even sure whether some of the recognized species, like the River Lamprey (L. ayresi), is still present in Oregon. This paper concludes with a Problem Analysis for Oregon lampreys. Our biggest problem is poor information, ranging from not knowing basic species identity to having inefficient or no systematic monitoring of lamprey abundance and distribution. ODFW continued an annual harvest on Pacific Lamprey in the Willamette Basin in 2001, but we lack the necessary information to assess the affects of the harvest on the population. Major habitat problems that affect lampreys include upstream passage over artificial barriers, a need for lamprey-friendly screening of water diversions, and urban and agricultural development of low-gradient flood plain habitats. Close

• 258. [Image] Crisis to consensus : restoration planning for the Upper Klamath Basin

  	Executive Summary This report presents the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group's (Working Group) recommendations for the development and implementation of a restoration plan for the Upper Klamath Basin. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Crisis to consensus : restoration planning for the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Upper Klamath Basin Working Group Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Executive Summary This report presents the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group's (Working Group) recommendations for the development and implementation of a restoration plan for the Upper Klamath Basin. In 1996, the 104th Congress of the United States chartered the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group (Public Law 104-333 - the Oregon Resources Conservation Act) to develop a plan for the Upper Basin that focuses on enhancing ecosystem restoration, improving economic stability, and minimizing impacts associated with drought on all resources and stakeholders. The Working Group is comprised of over 30 individuals appointed by the Governor of Oregon, representing federal, state, and local governments and agencies; the Klamath Tribes; conservation organizations; farmers and ranchers; and industry and local businesses. The objective of the Working Group is to develop and oversee a restorative course of action that allows for mutually beneficial gains for stakeholders wherein everybody in the Upper Basin can achieve positive, affirming results together, and where no one is left economically, culturally, or spiritually disadvantaged. Chapter 1 of this report presents a brief summary of the history of the Working Group and the conditions leading to the development of this effort. Chapter 2 describes the facilitated "interim planning process" the Working Group engaged in between April 2001 and July 2002. Chapter 3 presents the results of the interim planning process including key recommendations regarding Working Group decision-making and operating rules, technical data needs, future cost and time frame of the restoration planning process, and similar planning decisions. Chapter 4 describes the next steps and actions the Working Group is prepared to take to lead the restoration planning process. The Working Group's goals and objectives will be achieved through the Working Group's continued commitment to public outreach, collaborative problem solving, and implementation of real world solutions. Desired outcomes from implementation of the restoration plan include, but are not limited to, the following: improved water quality through the implementation of accepted Best Management Practices; restoration of wetlands and riparian habitat; enhancement of natural and structural water storage; improvements to irrigation efficiency and water conservation; economic growth and diversity through activities such as value added natural resource products and ecotourism; and enhancement of wildlife Tribal Trust resources. Title: Crisis to consensus : restoration planning for the Upper Klamath Basin Author: Upper Klamath Basin Working Group Year: 2002, 2005, 2004 Executive Summary This report presents the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group's (Working Group) recommendations for the development and implementation of a restoration plan for the Upper Klamath Basin. In 1996, the 104th Congress of the United States chartered the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group (Public Law 104-333 - the Oregon Resources Conservation Act) to develop a plan for the Upper Basin that focuses on enhancing ecosystem restoration, improving economic stability, and minimizing impacts associated with drought on all resources and stakeholders. The Working Group is comprised of over 30 individuals appointed by the Governor of Oregon, representing federal, state, and local governments and agencies; the Klamath Tribes; conservation organizations; farmers and ranchers; and industry and local businesses. The objective of the Working Group is to develop and oversee a restorative course of action that allows for mutually beneficial gains for stakeholders wherein everybody in the Upper Basin can achieve positive, affirming results together, and where no one is left economically, culturally, or spiritually disadvantaged. Chapter 1 of this report presents a brief summary of the history of the Working Group and the conditions leading to the development of this effort. Chapter 2 describes the facilitated "interim planning process" the Working Group engaged in between April 2001 and July 2002. Chapter 3 presents the results of the interim planning process including key recommendations regarding Working Group decision-making and operating rules, technical data needs, future cost and time frame of the restoration planning process, and similar planning decisions. Chapter 4 describes the next steps and actions the Working Group is prepared to take to lead the restoration planning process. The Working Group's goals and objectives will be achieved through the Working Group's continued commitment to public outreach, collaborative problem solving, and implementation of real world solutions. Desired outcomes from implementation of the restoration plan include, but are not limited to, the following: improved water quality through the implementation of accepted Best Management Practices; restoration of wetlands and riparian habitat; enhancement of natural and structural water storage; improvements to irrigation efficiency and water conservation; economic growth and diversity through activities such as value added natural resource products and ecotourism; and enhancement of wildlife Tribal Trust resources. Close

• 259. [Image] Montana Geothermal Handbook: A Guide to Agencies, Regulations, Permits and Financial Aids for Geothermal Development

  	The handbook is divided into three parts: a list of the permits required for various thermal projects, and an estimate of time needed to obtain them; a brief discussion of the statutes and regulations ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Montana Geothermal Handbook: A Guide to Agencies, Regulations, Permits and Financial Aids for Geothermal Development Author: Perlmutter, S. Year: 1980 The handbook is divided into three parts: a list of the permits required for various thermal projects, and an estimate of time needed to obtain them; a brief discussion of the statutes and regulations referred to in Part 1; this information was gathered in a survey of state and federal regulations, as well as in conversations with numerous state and federal officials; and a description of the state and federal grant and loan funding available to a prospective geothermal developer. The names and addresses of the relevant state and federal agencies and legal citations are listed in appendices Title: Montana Geothermal Handbook: A Guide to Agencies, Regulations, Permits and Financial Aids for Geothermal Development Author: Perlmutter, S. Year: 1980 The handbook is divided into three parts: a list of the permits required for various thermal projects, and an estimate of time needed to obtain them; a brief discussion of the statutes and regulations referred to in Part 1; this information was gathered in a survey of state and federal regulations, as well as in conversations with numerous state and federal officials; and a description of the state and federal grant and loan funding available to a prospective geothermal developer. The names and addresses of the relevant state and federal agencies and legal citations are listed in appendices Close

• 260. [Image] National irrigation as a social problem

  	Includes two scenic photos "The great gates on the Minidoka Project through which Snake River is now passing" and "From Smiley Heights, Redlands - the result of irrigation" ; The author of this article ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: National irrigation as a social problem Author: Newlands, Francis G. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 Includes two scenic photos "The great gates on the Minidoka Project through which Snake River is now passing" and "From Smiley Heights, Redlands - the result of irrigation" ; The author of this article was the Senator of Nevada. Title: National irrigation as a social problem Author: Newlands, Francis G. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 Includes two scenic photos "The great gates on the Minidoka Project through which Snake River is now passing" and "From Smiley Heights, Redlands - the result of irrigation" ; The author of this article was the Senator of Nevada. Close

• 261. [Image] Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins

  	This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S.Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many endemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions differ among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented. Keywords: Macroecology, paleoecology, ecological integrity, terrestrial communities, ecosystems, wildlife, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, endemism, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Title: Macroecology, paleoecology, and ecological integrity of terrestrial species and communities of the interior Columbia River basin and northern portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Author: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Research Station; U.S.Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management. Year: 1998, 2006, 2005 This report presents information on biogeography and broad-scale ecology (macroecology) of selected fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of the interior Columbia River basin and adjacent areas. Rare plants include many endemics associated with local conditions. Potential plant and invertebrate bioindicators are identified. Species ecological functions differ among communities and variously affect ecosystem diversity and productivity. Species of alpine and subalpine communities are identified that may be at risk from climate change. Maps of terrestrial ecological integrity are presented. Keywords: Macroecology, paleoecology, ecological integrity, terrestrial communities, ecosystems, wildlife, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates, arthropods, mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, endemism, interior Columbia River basin, Klamath Basin, Great Basin. Close

• 262. [Image] Historical and scientific resources on Crater Lake National Park

  	"27 March 1998."; At head of title: Maines & Associates; Includes index
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical and scientific resources on Crater Lake National Park Author: Maines, Rachel P. Year: 1998, 2010 "27 March 1998."; At head of title: Maines & Associates; Includes index Title: Historical and scientific resources on Crater Lake National Park Author: Maines, Rachel P. Year: 1998, 2010 "27 March 1998."; At head of title: Maines & Associates; Includes index Close

• 263. [Image] Recent paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	Recent Paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake Eilers et al. 2001 ABSTRACT Sediment cores were collected from Upper Klamath Lake in October, 1998 and analyzed for 210Pb, 14C, 15N, N, P, C, Ti, Al, diatoms, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recent paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 Recent Paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake Eilers et al. 2001 ABSTRACT Sediment cores were collected from Upper Klamath Lake in October, 1998 and analyzed for 210Pb, 14C, 15N, N, P, C, Ti, Al, diatoms, Pediastrum, and cyanobacterial akinetes. These results were used to reconstruct changes in water quality in Upper Klamath Lake over the last 150 years. The results showed that there was substantial mixing of the upper 10 cm of sediment, representing the previous 20 to 30 years. However, below that, 210Pb activity declined monotonically, allowing reasonable dating for the period from about 1850 to 1970. The sediment accumulation rates (SAR) showed a substantial increase in the 20th century. The increase in SAR corresponded with increases in erosional input from the watershed as represented by the increases in sediment concentrations of Ti and Al. The upper 20 cm of sediment (representing the last 150 years) also showed increases in C, N, P, and 15N. The increases in nutrient concentrations may be affected to various degrees by diagenetic reactions within the sediments, although the changes in concentrations also were marked by changes in the N:P ratio and in a qualitative change in the source of N as reflected in increasing S15N. The diatoms showed modest changes, particularly in the upper sediments, with increases in Asterionellaformosa, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, and S. parvus. Pediastrum, a green alga, was well-preserved in the sediments and exhibited a sharp decline in relative abundance in the upper sediments. Total cyanobacteria, as represented by preserved akinetes, exhibited only minor changes in the last 1000 years. However, a taxon which was formerly not present in the lake 150 years ago, Aphanizomenon, has shown major increases in recent decades. Although the mixing in the upper sediments prevents high-resolution temporal analysis of the recent history (e.g. last 30 years) of Upper Klamath Lake, the results demonstrate that major changes in water quality likely have occurred leading to a major modification of the phytoplankton assemblage. The changes in sediment composition are consistent with land use activities during this period that include substantial deforestation, drainage of wetlands, and agricultural activities associated with livestock and irrigated cropland. Title: Recent paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation Year: 2001, 2005 Recent Paleolimnology of Upper Klamath Lake Eilers et al. 2001 ABSTRACT Sediment cores were collected from Upper Klamath Lake in October, 1998 and analyzed for 210Pb, 14C, 15N, N, P, C, Ti, Al, diatoms, Pediastrum, and cyanobacterial akinetes. These results were used to reconstruct changes in water quality in Upper Klamath Lake over the last 150 years. The results showed that there was substantial mixing of the upper 10 cm of sediment, representing the previous 20 to 30 years. However, below that, 210Pb activity declined monotonically, allowing reasonable dating for the period from about 1850 to 1970. The sediment accumulation rates (SAR) showed a substantial increase in the 20th century. The increase in SAR corresponded with increases in erosional input from the watershed as represented by the increases in sediment concentrations of Ti and Al. The upper 20 cm of sediment (representing the last 150 years) also showed increases in C, N, P, and 15N. The increases in nutrient concentrations may be affected to various degrees by diagenetic reactions within the sediments, although the changes in concentrations also were marked by changes in the N:P ratio and in a qualitative change in the source of N as reflected in increasing S15N. The diatoms showed modest changes, particularly in the upper sediments, with increases in Asterionellaformosa, Stephanodiscus hantzschii, and S. parvus. Pediastrum, a green alga, was well-preserved in the sediments and exhibited a sharp decline in relative abundance in the upper sediments. Total cyanobacteria, as represented by preserved akinetes, exhibited only minor changes in the last 1000 years. However, a taxon which was formerly not present in the lake 150 years ago, Aphanizomenon, has shown major increases in recent decades. Although the mixing in the upper sediments prevents high-resolution temporal analysis of the recent history (e.g. last 30 years) of Upper Klamath Lake, the results demonstrate that major changes in water quality likely have occurred leading to a major modification of the phytoplankton assemblage. The changes in sediment composition are consistent with land use activities during this period that include substantial deforestation, drainage of wetlands, and agricultural activities associated with livestock and irrigated cropland. Close

• 264. [Image] Utilization of geothermal energy for methane production for J. A. Albertson Land and Cattle Company

  	To utilize the geothermal energy in the area of its 30,000-head cattle feedlot, J.A. Albertson Land and Cattle Co. is considering the development of an integrated geothermal/bioconversion system that would ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utilization of geothermal energy for methane production for J. A. Albertson Land and Cattle Company Author: Bissell, R.R. Year: 1980 To utilize the geothermal energy in the area of its 30,000-head cattle feedlot, J.A. Albertson Land and Cattle Co. is considering the development of an integrated geothermal/bioconversion system that would use the cattle manure as a feedstock for an anaerobic-digestion plant to produce methane plus a digester-residue cattle-feed supplement. The feedlot lies within a high-temperature gradient and heat-flow area associated with the Western Snake River basin in Malheur Co., Oregon. The three digesters designed for the process will operate mesophilically (at 98/sup 0/F) with a 20-day retention time. To make up the digesters' heat losses, the geothermal water source will need to be about 135/sup 0/F and have a flow rate of 120-240 gpm, depending on the size ultimately selected for the facility. If the digester residue replaces alfalfa hay in the cattle's current rations, its value will amount to $1.15 million/yr. Burning the methane in engine/generator sets would produce 985-1970 kW of electric power that could be either sold or used as a day-to-day substitute for the geothermal heat. An economic analysis of the system is presented; DOE/ET/27230-T2 Title: Utilization of geothermal energy for methane production for J. A. Albertson Land and Cattle Company Author: Bissell, R.R. Year: 1980 To utilize the geothermal energy in the area of its 30,000-head cattle feedlot, J.A. Albertson Land and Cattle Co. is considering the development of an integrated geothermal/bioconversion system that would use the cattle manure as a feedstock for an anaerobic-digestion plant to produce methane plus a digester-residue cattle-feed supplement. The feedlot lies within a high-temperature gradient and heat-flow area associated with the Western Snake River basin in Malheur Co., Oregon. The three digesters designed for the process will operate mesophilically (at 98/sup 0/F) with a 20-day retention time. To make up the digesters' heat losses, the geothermal water source will need to be about 135/sup 0/F and have a flow rate of 120-240 gpm, depending on the size ultimately selected for the facility. If the digester residue replaces alfalfa hay in the cattle's current rations, its value will amount to $1.15 million/yr. Burning the methane in engine/generator sets would produce 985-1970 kW of electric power that could be either sold or used as a day-to-day substitute for the geothermal heat. An economic analysis of the system is presented; DOE/ET/27230-T2 Close

• 265. [Image] EPA 314 clean lakes program: phase I diagnostic/feasibility project: Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  	SUMMARY PROBLEM DEFINITION Upper Klamath Lake, a 90,000 acre body of water located in south-central Oregon, is eutrophic and has reached a stage where summer algal and macrophyte productivity causes ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: EPA 314 clean lakes program: phase I diagnostic/feasibility project: Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Klamath Consulting Service, Inc Year: 1983, 2006, 2005 SUMMARY PROBLEM DEFINITION Upper Klamath Lake, a 90,000 acre body of water located in south-central Oregon, is eutrophic and has reached a stage where summer algal and macrophyte productivity causes severe aesthetic problems and often renders the lake unusable as a recreational site. The problem is a natural one; it has not been caused by man's carelessness and cannot be turned around by regulation. Upper Klamath Lake is quite shallow, warming rapidly in the summer, and the waters carry a naturally occurring high nutrient load. Algal growth is extensive, predominently APHANEZOMENON FLOS-AQUAE, a blue-green algae prevalent in eutrophic waters. These organisms form dense mats that become very odorous as they decay. Numerous macrophytes (aquatic weeds) are indigenous to the lake, but the major problem is with P0TAM06ET0N CRISPUS, which forms long floating fonds that tangle boat motors and prevent passage. The Pelican Bay channel has an extensive growth of this weed. Title: EPA 314 clean lakes program: phase I diagnostic/feasibility project: Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Klamath Consulting Service, Inc Year: 1983, 2006, 2005 SUMMARY PROBLEM DEFINITION Upper Klamath Lake, a 90,000 acre body of water located in south-central Oregon, is eutrophic and has reached a stage where summer algal and macrophyte productivity causes severe aesthetic problems and often renders the lake unusable as a recreational site. The problem is a natural one; it has not been caused by man's carelessness and cannot be turned around by regulation. Upper Klamath Lake is quite shallow, warming rapidly in the summer, and the waters carry a naturally occurring high nutrient load. Algal growth is extensive, predominently APHANEZOMENON FLOS-AQUAE, a blue-green algae prevalent in eutrophic waters. These organisms form dense mats that become very odorous as they decay. Numerous macrophytes (aquatic weeds) are indigenous to the lake, but the major problem is with P0TAM06ET0N CRISPUS, which forms long floating fonds that tangle boat motors and prevent passage. The Pelican Bay channel has an extensive growth of this weed. Close

• 266. [Image] Fire-insect-disease relationships of a lodgepole pine ecosystem in south-central Oregon

  	ill.; "July 1985."; "Final report on National Science Foundation Grant DEB-8109813"-- Cover; Includes offprints of several project-related publications by the authors; Includes bibliographical referen...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Fire-insect-disease relationships of a lodgepole pine ecosystem in south-central Oregon Author: Gara, Robert I. Year: 1985, 2008 ill.; "July 1985."; "Final report on National Science Foundation Grant DEB-8109813"-- Cover; Includes offprints of several project-related publications by the authors; Includes bibliographical references Title: Fire-insect-disease relationships of a lodgepole pine ecosystem in south-central Oregon Author: Gara, Robert I. Year: 1985, 2008 ill.; "July 1985."; "Final report on National Science Foundation Grant DEB-8109813"-- Cover; Includes offprints of several project-related publications by the authors; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 267. [Image] Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon

  	"OF-01-01"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept Year: 2001, 2005 "OF-01-01" Title: Ground water hydrology of four proposed project areas in the Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept Year: 2001, 2005 "OF-01-01" Close

• 268. [Image] Water quality monitoring : technical guide book

  	"July 1999."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water quality monitoring : technical guide book Author: Oregon. Governor's Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "July 1999." Title: Water quality monitoring : technical guide book Author: Oregon. Governor's Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 1999, 2005, 2004 "July 1999." Close

• 269. [Image] Implementation of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Report to the House Committee on Resources)

  	I. Executive Summary There is increasing recognition from most quarters that the Endangered Species Act (ESA) needs to be improved. Exactly what those improvements should be is less uniform. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Implementation of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Report to the House Committee on Resources) Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources Year: 2005, 2007 I. Executive Summary There is increasing recognition from most quarters that the Endangered Species Act (ESA) needs to be improved. Exactly what those improvements should be is less uniform. This report examines the implementation of selected aspects of the endangered species program relying predominately on information provided by the primary implementing agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and offers some recommendations for possible improvements to the program. Debate over the ESA has traditionally been highly polarized. For example, compensating landowners for takings or reductions in property value has been opposed by some who argue updating the law to address this is not necessary. While consensus on other issues such as the need for increasing conservation incentives and the role states play in endangered species conservation has begun to emerge, one of the most debated aspects of ESA implementation continues to be whether the ESA is effectively conserving endangered and threatened species. While there have been significant strides in conserving individual species such as the whooping crane, red-cockaded woodpecker and gray wolf, few species have been delisted (removed from the endangered list) or downlisted (changed in status from endangered to threatened) because of successful ESA conservation efforts. Some argue that the number of recovered species is an unfair measure, asserting that the three decades the ESA has been in existence is an insufficient amount of time for the lengthy process of species recovery and point to listed species that have not gone extinct as evidence the ESA 'saves' species. From the opposing perspective, while recovery to the point of delisting may require a substantial amount of time for many species, after three decades more progress should be demonstrable through species that have recovered and been delisted. Even if a species has increased in numbers or distribution or the threats facing the species have been reduced, if it has not been delisted on the basis of recovery, the ESA's prohibitions and regulations remain applicable and the ESA should not be a 'one way street.' Of 40 total species removed from the list, 10 domestic species were delisted because of "recovery". Of 33 reclassified species, 10 domestic downlistings (a change from endangered to threatened status) reflected a reduced threat assessment which also allowed more flexibility in management. The FWS's most recent report to Congress (Fiscal years 2001-2002) shows that 77 percent of listed species fall in the 0 to 25 percent recovery achieved bracket and 2 percent fall in the 76 to 100 percent recovery achieved bracket. 39 percent of the FWS managed species are of uncertain status. Of those with an assessed trend, at one end of the spectrum are 3 percent possibly extinct, 1 percent occurring only in captivity and 21 percent declining and at the other end are 30 percent stable and 6 percent improving. These assessments however are subjective. Additionally, the assessment that a species is improving or stable may reflect, for example, a reduction in perceived threats or corrections to inaccurate threat assessments that stemmed from erroneous data rather than actual changes in species' trends that are demonstrated by improved numbers, distribution or other such measurements. Consequently, a meaningful assessment of conservation trends under the ESA using these data is not possible. The data used to list a number of species has been subsequently determined to be erroneous and species that likely do not merit classification as endangered or threatened remain listed. This can consume resources that could be directed to species that do merit listing. The assignment of recovery priorities appears highly skewed and the recovery priority for some species seems questionable. A meaningful distinction between endangered status and threatened status has been blurred as has been the framework for the mechanism of critical habitat. Expenditure reporting has improved but presents an incomplete picture of financial resources dedicated to endangered species. Workloads for litigation regarding activities such as consultation and listing under the ESA's complex structure compete for resources that could otherwise be directed at recovery efforts. The demands associated with ESA Section 4 determinations in combination with the pace of species listings and delistings, the number of possible future additions to the list and the economic impact of listings likely indicate that the current program is not sustainable. Title: Implementation of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Report to the House Committee on Resources) Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources Year: 2005, 2007 I. Executive Summary There is increasing recognition from most quarters that the Endangered Species Act (ESA) needs to be improved. Exactly what those improvements should be is less uniform. This report examines the implementation of selected aspects of the endangered species program relying predominately on information provided by the primary implementing agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and offers some recommendations for possible improvements to the program. Debate over the ESA has traditionally been highly polarized. For example, compensating landowners for takings or reductions in property value has been opposed by some who argue updating the law to address this is not necessary. While consensus on other issues such as the need for increasing conservation incentives and the role states play in endangered species conservation has begun to emerge, one of the most debated aspects of ESA implementation continues to be whether the ESA is effectively conserving endangered and threatened species. While there have been significant strides in conserving individual species such as the whooping crane, red-cockaded woodpecker and gray wolf, few species have been delisted (removed from the endangered list) or downlisted (changed in status from endangered to threatened) because of successful ESA conservation efforts. Some argue that the number of recovered species is an unfair measure, asserting that the three decades the ESA has been in existence is an insufficient amount of time for the lengthy process of species recovery and point to listed species that have not gone extinct as evidence the ESA 'saves' species. From the opposing perspective, while recovery to the point of delisting may require a substantial amount of time for many species, after three decades more progress should be demonstrable through species that have recovered and been delisted. Even if a species has increased in numbers or distribution or the threats facing the species have been reduced, if it has not been delisted on the basis of recovery, the ESA's prohibitions and regulations remain applicable and the ESA should not be a 'one way street.' Of 40 total species removed from the list, 10 domestic species were delisted because of "recovery". Of 33 reclassified species, 10 domestic downlistings (a change from endangered to threatened status) reflected a reduced threat assessment which also allowed more flexibility in management. The FWS's most recent report to Congress (Fiscal years 2001-2002) shows that 77 percent of listed species fall in the 0 to 25 percent recovery achieved bracket and 2 percent fall in the 76 to 100 percent recovery achieved bracket. 39 percent of the FWS managed species are of uncertain status. Of those with an assessed trend, at one end of the spectrum are 3 percent possibly extinct, 1 percent occurring only in captivity and 21 percent declining and at the other end are 30 percent stable and 6 percent improving. These assessments however are subjective. Additionally, the assessment that a species is improving or stable may reflect, for example, a reduction in perceived threats or corrections to inaccurate threat assessments that stemmed from erroneous data rather than actual changes in species' trends that are demonstrated by improved numbers, distribution or other such measurements. Consequently, a meaningful assessment of conservation trends under the ESA using these data is not possible. The data used to list a number of species has been subsequently determined to be erroneous and species that likely do not merit classification as endangered or threatened remain listed. This can consume resources that could be directed to species that do merit listing. The assignment of recovery priorities appears highly skewed and the recovery priority for some species seems questionable. A meaningful distinction between endangered status and threatened status has been blurred as has been the framework for the mechanism of critical habitat. Expenditure reporting has improved but presents an incomplete picture of financial resources dedicated to endangered species. Workloads for litigation regarding activities such as consultation and listing under the ESA's complex structure compete for resources that could otherwise be directed at recovery efforts. The demands associated with ESA Section 4 determinations in combination with the pace of species listings and delistings, the number of possible future additions to the list and the economic impact of listings likely indicate that the current program is not sustainable. Close

• 270. [Image] Farming practices and water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin : final report to the California State Water Resources Control Board : 205j program

  	Summary The Upper Klamath Basin (UKB) is a high desert region straddling the California-Oregon border east of the Cascade Range. Irrigation and other agricultural practices in the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation's ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farming practices and water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin : final report to the California State Water Resources Control Board : 205j program Author: Danosky, Earl; Kaffka, Stephen Year: 2002, 2007, 2006 Summary The Upper Klamath Basin (UKB) is a high desert region straddling the California-Oregon border east of the Cascade Range. Irrigation and other agricultural practices in the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project may result in impaired surface water quality, reducing its use for wildlife and fish in important national wildlife refuges that receive drainage water from farms, and in the Klamath River. By 2004, a system of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for nutrients must be established for the Klamath River. To investigate the relationships among agricultural practices and surface water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin, a two year reconnaissance survey of surface water and agricultural tile drain locations, focusing on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and mass transfers was conducted. Data was collected at 18 surface locations and 10 tile drain locations. Triplicate samples were taken every ten days during the growing season (April through October) and one or two times a month during the remainder of the months, depending on opportunity. No samples were taken from tile drains during the winter months because there was no irrigation and drainage during that period. Water samples were analyzed for phosphorus (total P, soluble reactive P, total filterable P, and particulate P) and nitrogen (total N, soluble N, Soluble organic N, total filterable N, particulate N, and ammonia N), temperature, pH and electrical conductivity, a measure of salinity or total dissolved solids. Analyses of data, including data quality, estimates of the transfer of nutrients in surface waters in the region, and hypotheses about the relationship between agriculture and water quality are reported. 1. The salt and nutrient content of surface waters increases nearly threefold as water moves through the watershed from the Lost River and J canal diversion to the Klamath Straits Drain. Mean ECW levels in input waters at the J canal diversion were approximately 250 \iS cm1, while water sampled at the D pump increased to 600 ^S cm"1 on average over the sample period. By the time water reenters the Klamath River, salt concentrations have increased to approximately 700 jaS cm1. 2. The ECW values observed in subsurface tile drains were higher on average than in input waters and surface waters elsewhere in the region, especially in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake Irrigation District (TID). ECW values averaged approximately 2,500 ^S cm"1 . Recycling irrigation water through soils in the TID increases the salinity of the water, especially by the time it reaches and is reused in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR). Soils in this part of the Klamath Project area are naturally high in salt. 3. Water temperatures in agricultural subsurface tile drains were significantly lower than surface water temperatures during the growing season when tile drains were active. pH values in tile drains were lower than surface water values. The temperature and pH of tile drains does not influence surface water values. 1. 4. For total phosphorus (TP) input waters at the J canal irrigation diversion for the TED averaged approximately 0.27 mg L1 for the two years reported. Water leaving the Tulelake Sumps at the D pump increases to 0.33 mg L1. Water leaving the Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR) sampled at the start of the Klamath Straits Drain, averaged 0.33 mg L1, similar to those at the D pump. TP increased further to 0.40 mg L"1 a the end of the Klamath Straits Drain. The overall increase in P concentration in surface waters was much less than for salt, suggesting that processes other than simple enrichment are occurring, particularly those associated with the exchange of sedimentary P and aquatic plant species. TN increases from 2.3 mg L"1 to 4.0 mg L1 over the same pathway. Atomic ratios (TN:TP) of surface water samples remain constant at approximately 10:1 throughout the system, suggesting that the amount of sediment and other small particulate matter in surface waters affects the values observed. The amount of sediment is influenced in part by the agitation of surface water as it passes through pumps and over weirs. 5. The average seasonal TP value in tile drains beneath farm fields is approximately 0.34 mg L"1 . While average total P values in subsurface tile drains were not different from those found at the D pump and the LKNWR outlet, the range in values was great (0.1 to 0.8 mg L1). Similarly, high NO3 -N values were observed at times in tile drains. Very high values in tile drains lead to the inference that some fertilizer N and P is lost in drainage water, combined with nutrients derived from decaying soil organic matter. The amount estimated as lost is much less than the amount of surplus fertilizer P applied and the amount of P surmised to be mineralized from decaying soil organic matter. P from fertilizer and decaying organic matter appears to be accumulating in soils and lake sediments in the region. 6. Ammonia N concentrations are at or below the limit of detection in subsurface agricultural tile lines and one to two orders of magnitude below the values observed in surface soils. Un ionized ammonia increases with temperature. Values above 0.25 mg L1 were observed in late summer at several locations. 7. Some leaching of soluble salts and nutrients is unavoidable when crops are irrigated. P fertilizer is applied at rates higher than crop removal, while fertilizer n is applied at rates less than crop removal. Reduced fertilizer use can help bring P inputs and outputs into balance and may reduce further any avoidable losses of P. This objective should be the subject of an agronomic research program in the region. 8. Surface waters entering the TDD, the TLNWR, and the LKNWR are already enriched with N and P. It seems unlikely that reducing N and P losses from farming in the TID, if possible, would influence surface water quality sufficiently to make them significantly less eutrophic. For P, the hypothesized threshold concentration limiting algae growth in fresh waters is 5 to 25 times smaller than the values observed in waters entering the TID for irrigation use. The addition of 1. nutrients from agriculture probably does not influence significantly surface water quality in the region. Wetland sediments, large amounts of organic matter in soils, and water introduced for irrigation contain essentially unlimited amounts of nutrients for aquatic plant growth. It is not clear how this circumstance could be changed under any reasonable time frame, if ever. 9. Using a TMDL approach may not result in reduced amounts of nutrients returned to the Klamath River because wetlands and farming practices in the southern portion of the Klamath Project result in the net removal of nutrients from the waters diverted for irrigation on a yearly basis, compared to allowing the same amount of water simply to flow down the river unused. Because of large errors of estimation for the amounts of water transferred, combined with smaller errors associated with estimating nutrient concentrations in water samples, and with year to year climate variation, TMDLs may not be an effective or efficient means of reducing nutrients in return flows to the Klamath River. Rational confidence limits for TMDLs may have to be too broad to be effective. Recycling of some drainage water for irrigation would reduce the amount of nutrients returned to the river more effectively than implementing a TMDL program. Title: Farming practices and water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin : final report to the California State Water Resources Control Board : 205j program Author: Danosky, Earl; Kaffka, Stephen Year: 2002, 2007, 2006 Summary The Upper Klamath Basin (UKB) is a high desert region straddling the California-Oregon border east of the Cascade Range. Irrigation and other agricultural practices in the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation's Klamath Project may result in impaired surface water quality, reducing its use for wildlife and fish in important national wildlife refuges that receive drainage water from farms, and in the Klamath River. By 2004, a system of total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for nutrients must be established for the Klamath River. To investigate the relationships among agricultural practices and surface water quality in the Upper Klamath Basin, a two year reconnaissance survey of surface water and agricultural tile drain locations, focusing on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and mass transfers was conducted. Data was collected at 18 surface locations and 10 tile drain locations. Triplicate samples were taken every ten days during the growing season (April through October) and one or two times a month during the remainder of the months, depending on opportunity. No samples were taken from tile drains during the winter months because there was no irrigation and drainage during that period. Water samples were analyzed for phosphorus (total P, soluble reactive P, total filterable P, and particulate P) and nitrogen (total N, soluble N, Soluble organic N, total filterable N, particulate N, and ammonia N), temperature, pH and electrical conductivity, a measure of salinity or total dissolved solids. Analyses of data, including data quality, estimates of the transfer of nutrients in surface waters in the region, and hypotheses about the relationship between agriculture and water quality are reported. 1. The salt and nutrient content of surface waters increases nearly threefold as water moves through the watershed from the Lost River and J canal diversion to the Klamath Straits Drain. Mean ECW levels in input waters at the J canal diversion were approximately 250 \iS cm1, while water sampled at the D pump increased to 600 ^S cm"1 on average over the sample period. By the time water reenters the Klamath River, salt concentrations have increased to approximately 700 jaS cm1. 2. The ECW values observed in subsurface tile drains were higher on average than in input waters and surface waters elsewhere in the region, especially in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake Irrigation District (TID). ECW values averaged approximately 2,500 ^S cm"1 . Recycling irrigation water through soils in the TID increases the salinity of the water, especially by the time it reaches and is reused in the Lease Lands area of the Tulelake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR). Soils in this part of the Klamath Project area are naturally high in salt. 3. Water temperatures in agricultural subsurface tile drains were significantly lower than surface water temperatures during the growing season when tile drains were active. pH values in tile drains were lower than surface water values. The temperature and pH of tile drains does not influence surface water values. 1. 4. For total phosphorus (TP) input waters at the J canal irrigation diversion for the TED averaged approximately 0.27 mg L1 for the two years reported. Water leaving the Tulelake Sumps at the D pump increases to 0.33 mg L1. Water leaving the Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR) sampled at the start of the Klamath Straits Drain, averaged 0.33 mg L1, similar to those at the D pump. TP increased further to 0.40 mg L"1 a the end of the Klamath Straits Drain. The overall increase in P concentration in surface waters was much less than for salt, suggesting that processes other than simple enrichment are occurring, particularly those associated with the exchange of sedimentary P and aquatic plant species. TN increases from 2.3 mg L"1 to 4.0 mg L1 over the same pathway. Atomic ratios (TN:TP) of surface water samples remain constant at approximately 10:1 throughout the system, suggesting that the amount of sediment and other small particulate matter in surface waters affects the values observed. The amount of sediment is influenced in part by the agitation of surface water as it passes through pumps and over weirs. 5. The average seasonal TP value in tile drains beneath farm fields is approximately 0.34 mg L"1 . While average total P values in subsurface tile drains were not different from those found at the D pump and the LKNWR outlet, the range in values was great (0.1 to 0.8 mg L1). Similarly, high NO3 -N values were observed at times in tile drains. Very high values in tile drains lead to the inference that some fertilizer N and P is lost in drainage water, combined with nutrients derived from decaying soil organic matter. The amount estimated as lost is much less than the amount of surplus fertilizer P applied and the amount of P surmised to be mineralized from decaying soil organic matter. P from fertilizer and decaying organic matter appears to be accumulating in soils and lake sediments in the region. 6. Ammonia N concentrations are at or below the limit of detection in subsurface agricultural tile lines and one to two orders of magnitude below the values observed in surface soils. Un ionized ammonia increases with temperature. Values above 0.25 mg L1 were observed in late summer at several locations. 7. Some leaching of soluble salts and nutrients is unavoidable when crops are irrigated. P fertilizer is applied at rates higher than crop removal, while fertilizer n is applied at rates less than crop removal. Reduced fertilizer use can help bring P inputs and outputs into balance and may reduce further any avoidable losses of P. This objective should be the subject of an agronomic research program in the region. 8. Surface waters entering the TDD, the TLNWR, and the LKNWR are already enriched with N and P. It seems unlikely that reducing N and P losses from farming in the TID, if possible, would influence surface water quality sufficiently to make them significantly less eutrophic. For P, the hypothesized threshold concentration limiting algae growth in fresh waters is 5 to 25 times smaller than the values observed in waters entering the TID for irrigation use. The addition of 1. nutrients from agriculture probably does not influence significantly surface water quality in the region. Wetland sediments, large amounts of organic matter in soils, and water introduced for irrigation contain essentially unlimited amounts of nutrients for aquatic plant growth. It is not clear how this circumstance could be changed under any reasonable time frame, if ever. 9. Using a TMDL approach may not result in reduced amounts of nutrients returned to the Klamath River because wetlands and farming practices in the southern portion of the Klamath Project result in the net removal of nutrients from the waters diverted for irrigation on a yearly basis, compared to allowing the same amount of water simply to flow down the river unused. Because of large errors of estimation for the amounts of water transferred, combined with smaller errors associated with estimating nutrient concentrations in water samples, and with year to year climate variation, TMDLs may not be an effective or efficient means of reducing nutrients in return flows to the Klamath River. Rational confidence limits for TMDLs may have to be too broad to be effective. Recycling of some drainage water for irrigation would reduce the amount of nutrients returned to the river more effectively than implementing a TMDL program. Close

• 271. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final (Map Packet), Map 2-6, Existing and suitable wild, scenic, and/or recreational rivers, wilderness, wilderness study areas, and instant study areas

  	Map from pocket of document
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final (Map Packet), Map 2-6, Existing and suitable wild, scenic, and/or recreational rivers, wilderness, wilderness study areas, and instant study areas Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Map from pocket of document Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final (Map Packet), Map 2-6, Existing and suitable wild, scenic, and/or recreational rivers, wilderness, wilderness study areas, and instant study areas Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Map from pocket of document Close

• 272. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final (Map Packet)

  	Includes 31 maps accompanying the Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement: final.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final (Map Packet) Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2004, 2002 Includes 31 maps accompanying the Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement: final. Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final (Map Packet) Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2004, 2002 Includes 31 maps accompanying the Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement: final. Close

• 273. [Image] The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference

  	Cover title; "March 1999."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference Year: 1999, 2004 Cover title; "March 1999." Title: The Third Klamath Basin Watershed Restoration and Research Conference Year: 1999, 2004 Cover title; "March 1999." Close

• 274. [Image] Influences of human activity on stream temperatures and existence of cold-water fish in streams with elevated temperature: report of a workshop: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Corvallis, OR, October 5-6, 2000

  	Executive Summary The Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) convened a panel of experts on stream temperature and fish ecology on October 5-6, 2000 for a scientific workshop on human influences ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Influences of human activity on stream temperatures and existence of cold-water fish in streams with elevated temperature: report of a workshop: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Corvallis, OR, October 5-6, 2000 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Oregon) Year: 2000, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) convened a panel of experts on stream temperature and fish ecology on October 5-6, 2000 for a scientific workshop on human influences on stream temperature and responses by salmonids. The workshop was designed to review and discuss scientifically credible data and publications about 1) factors related to human activity that influence stream temperature and 2) behavioral, physical, and ecological mechanisms of cold water fish species for existing in streams with elevated temperatures. The goal of the workshop was to review empirical evidence and to identify points of agreement, disagreement, and knowledge gaps within the scientific community concerning the factors that influence stream temperature and fish responses to elevated temperatures. This information will assist the IMST in preparing a broader temperature report on Oregon's stream temperature water quality standards and their implementation. This report is prepared by the IMST. It was reviewed by workshop participants and revised by the IMST accordingly. The report includes abstracts of plenary presentations on factors that influence stream temperatures and fish responses, and the results of group discussions. The workshop participants focused on three main questions and were asked to list statements of agreement and disagreement, and to identify gaps in the scientific knowledge related to each question: ? How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? ? Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? ? How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? The workshop participants provided answers to the questions in the form of bullets. The answers below represent the IMST's summation of the workshop findings and were reviewed by the participants. Several gaps in the scientific basis for specific questions or relationships were identified. The participants found no areas of disagreement for which technical information was available. They noted that any disagreements were not related to scientific interpretation, but were based on concerns or opinions about application, regulation, and management. How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? The influence of riparian vegetation on stream temperature is cumulative and complex, varying by site, over time, and across regions. Riparian vegetation can directly affect stream temperature by intercepting solar radiation and reducing stream heating. The influence of riparian shade in controlling temperature declines as streams widen in downstream reaches, but the role of riparian vegetation in providing water quality and fish habitat benefits continues to be important. Besides providing shade, riparian vegetation can also indirectly affect stream temperature by influencing microclimate, affecting channel morphology, affecting stream flow, influencing wind speed, affecting humidity, affecting soil temperature, using water, influencing air temperature, enhancing infiltration, and influencing thermal radiation. It is critical to know the site potential to understand what vegetation a site can support. There is not a good scientific understanding of how much vegetation shading is required to affect stream temperature. 1 This lack of understanding may be due to the spatial and temporal variability in landscape components, and the resulting variability in both the direct and indirect influences of vegetation on stream temperature. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize about the effects of vegetation on stream temperature. Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? The answer to this question is yes, other physical changes in the stream system can modify stream temperatures. Stream temperature is a product of complex interactions between geomorphology, soil, hydrology, vegetation, and climate within a watershed. Changes in these factors will result in changes in stream temperature. Human activities influence stream temperature by affecting one or more of four major components: riparian vegetation, channel morphology, hydrology, and surface/subsurface interactions. Stream systems vary substantially across the landscape, and site-specific information is critical to understanding stream temperature responses to human activities. How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? Workshop participants identified several mechanisms that might explain the ability of fish populations to exist at higher than expected temperatures. The first mechanism was that the fish may have physiological adaptations to survive exposures to high temperatures. A second possibility was that stream habitats may contain cooler microhabitats that fish can occupy as refuge from higher temperatures. A third consideration is that ecological interactions may be different under differing thermal conditions resulting, for example, in changes in disease virulence or cumulative effects of stressors. Finally, since substantial differences exist between laboratory and field studies, it is difficult to apply results of laboratory studies to fish responses in the field. It is important to note that these proposed mechanisms are speculative and, as the list of gaps indicates, substantial experimental work is required to establish their influences on fish in different stream systems. Workshop Summaiy Workshop participants recognized gaps in the available science. Additional knowledge about human influences on stream temperatures and, consequently, influences on cold-water fish populations, will improve our ability to prevent further degradation of stream habitat and will enhance efforts geared towards the recovery of depressed fish populations. Even with these gaps, there was enough agreement on factors that influence stream temperature to indicate information is available to start developing and implementing management practices that are designed to reduce stream warming. It was suggested that managers should consider riparian vegetation, channel morphology, and hydrology, and should account for site differences. Title: Influences of human activity on stream temperatures and existence of cold-water fish in streams with elevated temperature: report of a workshop: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, Corvallis, OR, October 5-6, 2000 Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Oregon) Year: 2000, 2008, 2005 Executive Summary The Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (IMST) convened a panel of experts on stream temperature and fish ecology on October 5-6, 2000 for a scientific workshop on human influences on stream temperature and responses by salmonids. The workshop was designed to review and discuss scientifically credible data and publications about 1) factors related to human activity that influence stream temperature and 2) behavioral, physical, and ecological mechanisms of cold water fish species for existing in streams with elevated temperatures. The goal of the workshop was to review empirical evidence and to identify points of agreement, disagreement, and knowledge gaps within the scientific community concerning the factors that influence stream temperature and fish responses to elevated temperatures. This information will assist the IMST in preparing a broader temperature report on Oregon's stream temperature water quality standards and their implementation. This report is prepared by the IMST. It was reviewed by workshop participants and revised by the IMST accordingly. The report includes abstracts of plenary presentations on factors that influence stream temperatures and fish responses, and the results of group discussions. The workshop participants focused on three main questions and were asked to list statements of agreement and disagreement, and to identify gaps in the scientific knowledge related to each question: ? How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? ? Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? ? How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? The workshop participants provided answers to the questions in the form of bullets. The answers below represent the IMST's summation of the workshop findings and were reviewed by the participants. Several gaps in the scientific basis for specific questions or relationships were identified. The participants found no areas of disagreement for which technical information was available. They noted that any disagreements were not related to scientific interpretation, but were based on concerns or opinions about application, regulation, and management. How and where does riparian vegetation influence stream temperature? The influence of riparian vegetation on stream temperature is cumulative and complex, varying by site, over time, and across regions. Riparian vegetation can directly affect stream temperature by intercepting solar radiation and reducing stream heating. The influence of riparian shade in controlling temperature declines as streams widen in downstream reaches, but the role of riparian vegetation in providing water quality and fish habitat benefits continues to be important. Besides providing shade, riparian vegetation can also indirectly affect stream temperature by influencing microclimate, affecting channel morphology, affecting stream flow, influencing wind speed, affecting humidity, affecting soil temperature, using water, influencing air temperature, enhancing infiltration, and influencing thermal radiation. It is critical to know the site potential to understand what vegetation a site can support. There is not a good scientific understanding of how much vegetation shading is required to affect stream temperature. 1 This lack of understanding may be due to the spatial and temporal variability in landscape components, and the resulting variability in both the direct and indirect influences of vegetation on stream temperature. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize about the effects of vegetation on stream temperature. Do other changes in streams cause increases in stream temperature? The answer to this question is yes, other physical changes in the stream system can modify stream temperatures. Stream temperature is a product of complex interactions between geomorphology, soil, hydrology, vegetation, and climate within a watershed. Changes in these factors will result in changes in stream temperature. Human activities influence stream temperature by affecting one or more of four major components: riparian vegetation, channel morphology, hydrology, and surface/subsurface interactions. Stream systems vary substantially across the landscape, and site-specific information is critical to understanding stream temperature responses to human activities. How can apparently healthy fish populations exist in streams with temperatures higher than laboratory and field studies would indicate as healthy? Workshop participants identified several mechanisms that might explain the ability of fish populations to exist at higher than expected temperatures. The first mechanism was that the fish may have physiological adaptations to survive exposures to high temperatures. A second possibility was that stream habitats may contain cooler microhabitats that fish can occupy as refuge from higher temperatures. A third consideration is that ecological interactions may be different under differing thermal conditions resulting, for example, in changes in disease virulence or cumulative effects of stressors. Finally, since substantial differences exist between laboratory and field studies, it is difficult to apply results of laboratory studies to fish responses in the field. It is important to note that these proposed mechanisms are speculative and, as the list of gaps indicates, substantial experimental work is required to establish their influences on fish in different stream systems. Workshop Summaiy Workshop participants recognized gaps in the available science. Additional knowledge about human influences on stream temperatures and, consequently, influences on cold-water fish populations, will improve our ability to prevent further degradation of stream habitat and will enhance efforts geared towards the recovery of depressed fish populations. Even with these gaps, there was enough agreement on factors that influence stream temperature to indicate information is available to start developing and implementing management practices that are designed to reduce stream warming. It was suggested that managers should consider riparian vegetation, channel morphology, and hydrology, and should account for site differences. Close

• 275. [Image] Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges, California/Oregon

  	Cover title; Shipping list no.: 99-0252-P; "May 1999"--P. [4] of cover
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges, California/Oregon Author: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Year: 1999, 2007, 2005 Cover title; Shipping list no.: 99-0252-P; "May 1999"--P. [4] of cover Title: Klamath Basin National Wildlife Refuges, California/Oregon Author: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Year: 1999, 2007, 2005 Cover title; Shipping list no.: 99-0252-P; "May 1999"--P. [4] of cover Close

• 276. [Image] Geothermal Demonstration Program 50 MW Power Plant, Baca Ranch, Sandoval and Rio Arriba Counties New Mexico, Final Environmental Impact Statement

  	In pursuit of the Federal Geothermal Program objective to accelerate the commercialization of geothermal energy in an environmentally sound manner, the DOE issued a program opportunity notice (paN) on ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Geothermal Demonstration Program 50 MW Power Plant, Baca Ranch, Sandoval and Rio Arriba Counties New Mexico, Final Environmental Impact Statement Author: U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) Year: 1980 In pursuit of the Federal Geothermal Program objective to accelerate the commercialization of geothermal energy in an environmentally sound manner, the DOE issued a program opportunity notice (paN) on September 30, 1977, inviting organizations to submit proposals for the design, construction, and operation of a geothermal electric power plant. The pan specified that the power plant must (1) Use a liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir, and (2) be located in the United States. The objectives of the paN were chosen to provide the maximum stimulus to non-Federal Development of the widest spectrum of hydrothermal resources that can be Used for electricity production Title: Geothermal Demonstration Program 50 MW Power Plant, Baca Ranch, Sandoval and Rio Arriba Counties New Mexico, Final Environmental Impact Statement Author: U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) Year: 1980 In pursuit of the Federal Geothermal Program objective to accelerate the commercialization of geothermal energy in an environmentally sound manner, the DOE issued a program opportunity notice (paN) on September 30, 1977, inviting organizations to submit proposals for the design, construction, and operation of a geothermal electric power plant. The pan specified that the power plant must (1) Use a liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir, and (2) be located in the United States. The objectives of the paN were chosen to provide the maximum stimulus to non-Federal Development of the widest spectrum of hydrothermal resources that can be Used for electricity production Close

• 277. [Image] The Water Report - Tribal water rights update

  	Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Water Report - Tribal water rights update Author: Envirotech Publications Year: 2006, 2008 Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/. Title: The Water Report - Tribal water rights update Author: Envirotech Publications Year: 2006, 2008 Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/. Close

• 278. [Image] A Revised Estimate of Recoverable Thermal Energy in the Salton Sea Geothermal Resource Area

  	We have made a revised estimate of the recoverable thermal energy in the Salton Sea known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) using the strong correlation between the temperature distribution and the magnetic ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Revised Estimate of Recoverable Thermal Energy in the Salton Sea Geothermal Resource Area Author: Younker, L. Year: 1978 We have made a revised estimate of the recoverable thermal energy in the Salton Sea known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) using the strong correlation between the temperature distribution and the magnetic anomaly. Our estimates of the power-generating potential range from 1300 MW-20 years (for indicated resources) to 8700 MW-20 years (for hypothetical resources). These figures are compatible with previously published estimates. Comparison of various estimation procedures reveals major differences in techniques used to assess reservoir volume. However, authors agree generally on parameters Used to convert reservoir volume to recoverable energy. Our conservative estimates justify continued research and development to solve the technical problems that stand in the way of commercialization of the Salton Sea resource Title: A Revised Estimate of Recoverable Thermal Energy in the Salton Sea Geothermal Resource Area Author: Younker, L. Year: 1978 We have made a revised estimate of the recoverable thermal energy in the Salton Sea known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) using the strong correlation between the temperature distribution and the magnetic anomaly. Our estimates of the power-generating potential range from 1300 MW-20 years (for indicated resources) to 8700 MW-20 years (for hypothetical resources). These figures are compatible with previously published estimates. Comparison of various estimation procedures reveals major differences in techniques used to assess reservoir volume. However, authors agree generally on parameters Used to convert reservoir volume to recoverable energy. Our conservative estimates justify continued research and development to solve the technical problems that stand in the way of commercialization of the Salton Sea resource Close

• 279. [Image] The pine beetle situation-Klamath Indian Reservation Emergency Conservation Work report

  	ill.; "Harold Weaver (1903?-1983) was an American forester best known for his work on prescribed burning." - Forest History Society website;
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The pine beetle situation-Klamath Indian Reservation Emergency Conservation Work report Author: Weaver, Harold; 1903?-1983 Year: 1934, 2010 ill.; "Harold Weaver (1903?-1983) was an American forester best known for his work on prescribed burning." - Forest History Society website; Title: The pine beetle situation-Klamath Indian Reservation Emergency Conservation Work report Author: Weaver, Harold; 1903?-1983 Year: 1934, 2010 ill.; "Harold Weaver (1903?-1983) was an American forester best known for his work on prescribed burning." - Forest History Society website; Close

• 280. [Image] Distribution and biology of suckers in Lower Klamath reservoirs : 1999 final report

  	Abstract The objectives of this two-year study (1998-1999) were to document distribution, abundance, age class structure, recruitment success, and habitat use by all life history stages of shortnose and ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Distribution and biology of suckers in Lower Klamath reservoirs : 1999 final report Author: Desjardins, Marc; Markle, Douglas F. Year: 2000, 2005 Abstract The objectives of this two-year study (1998-1999) were to document distribution, abundance, age class structure, recruitment success, and habitat use by all life history stages of shortnose and Lost River suckers in three lower Klamath River hydroelectric reservoirs (J. C. Boyle, Copco, and Iron Gate). Lost River sucker catches were sporadic (only 3 adult individuals total) and the focus of our analyses, therefore, shifted to shortnose suckers. Adult and larval suckers were found in all reservoirs both years. All life history stages (larvae, juveniles and adults) were found in J. C. Boyle during both years and in Copco in 1999. Juvenile suckers were not found in Copco in 1998. The number of adult shortnose suckers was highest in Copco reservoir (n=165), followed by J.C. Boyle (n=50) and Iron Gate (n=22). Larger and older individuals dominated Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs and little size structure was detected. J. C. Boyle tended to have smaller adult shortnose suckers and many size classes were present. Unidentifiable larval suckers were most abundant in Copco reservoir where historic spawning of shortnose suckers has been documented. Larval suckers in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were most abundant in mid to late June before quickly disappearing from catches. J. C. Boyle larval suckers peaked in mid July, attained larger sizes, and were caught later in the season. It appeared that recruitment of young-of-the-year suckers only occurred in J. C. Boyle with downstream reservoirs recruiting older individuals, perhaps those that had earlier recruited to J. C. Boyle. Tagging studies could clarify adult recruitment dynamics and an additional study of juvenile recruitment would be needed to confirm these patterns. Predation pressure may be somewhat reduced in J. C. Boyle in comparison to the other reservoirs as its fish community was dominated by native fishes while communities in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were dominated by exotic predators. J. C. Boyle also possessed proportionally more littoral habitat, which suggests it may provide a more stable environment for young fishes. However, our sampling was inadequate to demonstrate such relationships due to high variance in larval and juvenile catches and potentially confounding habitat variables. One such variable was water level fluctuations, which could interact with habitat and resource availability in complex ways. For example, water level fluctuations, presumed to have a negative impact, were greatest in J. C. Boyle. Extrapolation from the literature suggests it should have had the poorest habitat for larval and juvenile suckers, but our results indicated J. C. Boyle had the most young suckers. Additional study of the relationships between water level fluctuations, habitat availability, the exotic fish community, and juvenile sucker recruitment would be needed to better understand early life history ecology of endangered lake suckers in these systems. Title: Distribution and biology of suckers in Lower Klamath reservoirs : 1999 final report Author: Desjardins, Marc; Markle, Douglas F. Year: 2000, 2005 Abstract The objectives of this two-year study (1998-1999) were to document distribution, abundance, age class structure, recruitment success, and habitat use by all life history stages of shortnose and Lost River suckers in three lower Klamath River hydroelectric reservoirs (J. C. Boyle, Copco, and Iron Gate). Lost River sucker catches were sporadic (only 3 adult individuals total) and the focus of our analyses, therefore, shifted to shortnose suckers. Adult and larval suckers were found in all reservoirs both years. All life history stages (larvae, juveniles and adults) were found in J. C. Boyle during both years and in Copco in 1999. Juvenile suckers were not found in Copco in 1998. The number of adult shortnose suckers was highest in Copco reservoir (n=165), followed by J.C. Boyle (n=50) and Iron Gate (n=22). Larger and older individuals dominated Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs and little size structure was detected. J. C. Boyle tended to have smaller adult shortnose suckers and many size classes were present. Unidentifiable larval suckers were most abundant in Copco reservoir where historic spawning of shortnose suckers has been documented. Larval suckers in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were most abundant in mid to late June before quickly disappearing from catches. J. C. Boyle larval suckers peaked in mid July, attained larger sizes, and were caught later in the season. It appeared that recruitment of young-of-the-year suckers only occurred in J. C. Boyle with downstream reservoirs recruiting older individuals, perhaps those that had earlier recruited to J. C. Boyle. Tagging studies could clarify adult recruitment dynamics and an additional study of juvenile recruitment would be needed to confirm these patterns. Predation pressure may be somewhat reduced in J. C. Boyle in comparison to the other reservoirs as its fish community was dominated by native fishes while communities in Copco and Iron Gate reservoirs were dominated by exotic predators. J. C. Boyle also possessed proportionally more littoral habitat, which suggests it may provide a more stable environment for young fishes. However, our sampling was inadequate to demonstrate such relationships due to high variance in larval and juvenile catches and potentially confounding habitat variables. One such variable was water level fluctuations, which could interact with habitat and resource availability in complex ways. For example, water level fluctuations, presumed to have a negative impact, were greatest in J. C. Boyle. Extrapolation from the literature suggests it should have had the poorest habitat for larval and juvenile suckers, but our results indicated J. C. Boyle had the most young suckers. Additional study of the relationships between water level fluctuations, habitat availability, the exotic fish community, and juvenile sucker recruitment would be needed to better understand early life history ecology of endangered lake suckers in these systems. Close

• 281. [Image] Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish

  	Abstract. Procedures are presented for evaluating temperature regimes for fish. Although examples pertain to spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the principles apply to other species. Basic ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish Author: Armour, Carl L. Year: 1991, 2005 Abstract. Procedures are presented for evaluating temperature regimes for fish. Although examples pertain to spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the principles apply to other species. Basic temperature tolerance relationships for fish are explained and three options are described for comparing alternative temperature regimes. The options are to base comparisons on experimental temperature tolerance results, suitability of a simulated temperature regime for key life stages, or population statistics and predicted responses to simulated temperatures. Key words: Chinook salmon, water temperature, alternative temperature regimes. Title: Guidance for evaluating and recommending temperature regimes to protect fish Author: Armour, Carl L. Year: 1991, 2005 Abstract. Procedures are presented for evaluating temperature regimes for fish. Although examples pertain to spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), the principles apply to other species. Basic temperature tolerance relationships for fish are explained and three options are described for comparing alternative temperature regimes. The options are to base comparisons on experimental temperature tolerance results, suitability of a simulated temperature regime for key life stages, or population statistics and predicted responses to simulated temperatures. Key words: Chinook salmon, water temperature, alternative temperature regimes. Close

• 282. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3

  	Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area resource management plan and environmental impact statement : final : Volume 3 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 Proposed resource management plan/final environmental impact statement for the Klamath Falls Resource Area Close

• 283. [Image] Work plan for adaptive management : Klamath River Basin, Oregon & California

  	"May 19, 2004"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Work plan for adaptive management : Klamath River Basin, Oregon & California Author: United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service Year: 2004, 2005 "May 19, 2004" Title: Work plan for adaptive management : Klamath River Basin, Oregon & California Author: United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service Year: 2004, 2005 "May 19, 2004" Close

• 284. [Image] Water Symposium: Symposium before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, First Session, on Water Issues, April 5, 2005

  	iii; 99p.; "Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources"; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water Symposium: Symposium before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, First Session, on Water Issues, April 5, 2005 Author: Water Symposium (2005: Washington, D.C.) Year: 2005, 2006 iii; 99p.; "Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources"; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche Title: Water Symposium: Symposium before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, First Session, on Water Issues, April 5, 2005 Author: Water Symposium (2005: Washington, D.C.) Year: 2005, 2006 iii; 99p.; "Printed for the use of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources"; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche Close

• 285. [Image] Pinniped and seabird predation : implications for recovery of threatened stocks of salmonids in Oregon under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds

  	"December 22, 1998."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pinniped and seabird predation : implications for recovery of threatened stocks of salmonids in Oregon under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) Year: 1998, 2005 "December 22, 1998." Title: Pinniped and seabird predation : implications for recovery of threatened stocks of salmonids in Oregon under the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) Year: 1998, 2005 "December 22, 1998." Close

• 286. [Image] The scientific basis for artificial propagation in the recovery of wild anadromous salmonids in Oregon

  	"January 11, 2001."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The scientific basis for artificial propagation in the recovery of wild anadromous salmonids in Oregon Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) Year: 2001, 2005 "January 11, 2001." Title: The scientific basis for artificial propagation in the recovery of wild anadromous salmonids in Oregon Author: Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team (Or.) Year: 2001, 2005 "January 11, 2001." Close

• 287. [Image] Operations of the Reclamation Service in California

  	An article written by the first representative of the Reclamation Service after the Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed. This article includes a photo of the author, a map of the Yuma Project and two photos ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Operations of the Reclamation Service in California Author: Lippincott, J.B. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article written by the first representative of the Reclamation Service after the Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed. This article includes a photo of the author, a map of the Yuma Project and two photos of the Yuma Project "Boating into camp at Laguna Dam" and "Construction work, Yuma Project" Title: Operations of the Reclamation Service in California Author: Lippincott, J.B. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article written by the first representative of the Reclamation Service after the Reclamation Act of 1902 was passed. This article includes a photo of the author, a map of the Yuma Project and two photos of the Yuma Project "Boating into camp at Laguna Dam" and "Construction work, Yuma Project" Close

• 288. [Image] Traditional land use as starting point: opening cross-cultural dialogue at Crater Lake and Lava Beds

  	ill.; Cultural Resources Management (CRM); some issues Cultural Resource Management (CRM)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Traditional land use as starting point: opening cross-cultural dialogue at Crater Lake and Lava Beds Author: Deur, Douglas, 1969- Year: 2000, 2010 ill.; Cultural Resources Management (CRM); some issues Cultural Resource Management (CRM) Title: Traditional land use as starting point: opening cross-cultural dialogue at Crater Lake and Lava Beds Author: Deur, Douglas, 1969- Year: 2000, 2010 ill.; Cultural Resources Management (CRM); some issues Cultural Resource Management (CRM) Close

• 289. [Image] Utilization of geothermal energy in the mining and processing of tungsten ore: Final report

  	The engineering, economic, and environmental feasibility of the use of low and moderate temperature geothermal heat in the mining and processing of tungsten ore is explored. The following are covered: ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Utilization of geothermal energy in the mining and processing of tungsten ore: Final report Author: Erickson, M.V. Year: 1981 The engineering, economic, and environmental feasibility of the use of low and moderate temperature geothermal heat in the mining and processing of tungsten ore is explored. The following are covered: general engineering evaluation, design of a geothermal energy system, economics, the geothermal resource, the institutional barriers assessment, environmental factors, an alternate geothermal energy source, and alternates to geothermal development. (MHR); DOE/ET/27232-T5 Title: Utilization of geothermal energy in the mining and processing of tungsten ore: Final report Author: Erickson, M.V. Year: 1981 The engineering, economic, and environmental feasibility of the use of low and moderate temperature geothermal heat in the mining and processing of tungsten ore is explored. The following are covered: general engineering evaluation, design of a geothermal energy system, economics, the geothermal resource, the institutional barriers assessment, environmental factors, an alternate geothermal energy source, and alternates to geothermal development. (MHR); DOE/ET/27232-T5 Close

• 290. [Image] Settlement Program - Five new homesteaders working together on Gerald Corcoran's plot

  	KP-1490-R2 - Klamath Project. Settlement Program. Five homesteaders working the Gerald Corcoran farm with pooled equipment. They are planting the land to barley. The equipment which is being used in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Settlement Program - Five new homesteaders working together on Gerald Corcoran's plot Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Fluharty, J.E. Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1490-R2 - Klamath Project. Settlement Program. Five homesteaders working the Gerald Corcoran farm with pooled equipment. They are planting the land to barley. The equipment which is being used in this operation is, right to left: (1) offset disc; (2) tandem discs; (3) tandem discs; (4) drill; roller (5); May 21, 1947; Photo by J. E. Fluharty Title: Settlement Program - Five new homesteaders working together on Gerald Corcoran's plot Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Fluharty, J.E. Year: 1947, 2006, 2005 KP-1490-R2 - Klamath Project. Settlement Program. Five homesteaders working the Gerald Corcoran farm with pooled equipment. They are planting the land to barley. The equipment which is being used in this operation is, right to left: (1) offset disc; (2) tandem discs; (3) tandem discs; (4) drill; roller (5); May 21, 1947; Photo by J. E. Fluharty Close

• 291. [Image] Homesteading - Mr. Waverly E. Pierce and his wife, Mildred

  	KP-1822-R2. Homesteading. Unit "N", Sec. 26 of Area "A". Mr. Waverly E. Pierce and his wife, Mildred, working on machinery used in preparing sodded land for summerfallow. The Pierces have two children, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Homesteading - Mr. Waverly E. Pierce and his wife, Mildred Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Harvey, A.D. Year: 1949, 2007, 2005 KP-1822-R2. Homesteading. Unit "N", Sec. 26 of Area "A". Mr. Waverly E. Pierce and his wife, Mildred, working on machinery used in preparing sodded land for summerfallow. The Pierces have two children, David (2 yrs. old) and Carroll Ann (3 months); July 11, 1949; Photo by A. D. Harvey Title: Homesteading - Mr. Waverly E. Pierce and his wife, Mildred Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Harvey, A.D. Year: 1949, 2007, 2005 KP-1822-R2. Homesteading. Unit "N", Sec. 26 of Area "A". Mr. Waverly E. Pierce and his wife, Mildred, working on machinery used in preparing sodded land for summerfallow. The Pierces have two children, David (2 yrs. old) and Carroll Ann (3 months); July 11, 1949; Photo by A. D. Harvey Close

• 292. [Image] The Water Report. The ESA and water takings: $16.7 million settlement shakes up water world

  	Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. This is an interview with attorney Roger Marzulla. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Water Report. The ESA and water takings: $16.7 million settlement shakes up water world Author: Envirotech Publications Year: 2005, 2008, 2006 Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. This is an interview with attorney Roger Marzulla. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/ Title: The Water Report. The ESA and water takings: $16.7 million settlement shakes up water world Author: Envirotech Publications Year: 2005, 2008, 2006 Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. This is an interview with attorney Roger Marzulla. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/ Close

• 293. [Image] The necessity for irrigation

  	An article espousing the efficiency and benefits of irrigation in agriculture. Includes photos of "Waiting for water: scene on the Truckee-Carson Project" and "Irrigation in southern California"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The necessity for irrigation Author: Pardee, George C. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article espousing the efficiency and benefits of irrigation in agriculture. Includes photos of "Waiting for water: scene on the Truckee-Carson Project" and "Irrigation in southern California" Title: The necessity for irrigation Author: Pardee, George C. Year: 1906, 2005, 2004 An article espousing the efficiency and benefits of irrigation in agriculture. Includes photos of "Waiting for water: scene on the Truckee-Carson Project" and "Irrigation in southern California" Close

• 294. [Image] The estimation of regional secondary benefits resulting from an improvement in water quality of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: an interindustry approach

  	AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF STEPHEN DOUGLAS REILING for the MASTER OF SCIENCE (Name) (Degree) in AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS presented on (Major) (Date) Title: THE ESTIMATION OF REGIONAL ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The estimation of regional secondary benefits resulting from an improvement in water quality of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: an interindustry approach Author: Reiling, Stephen Douglas Year: 1971, 2006, 2005 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF STEPHEN DOUGLAS REILING for the MASTER OF SCIENCE (Name) (Degree) in AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS presented on (Major) (Date) Title: THE ESTIMATION OF REGIONAL SECONDARY BENEFITS RESULTING FROM AN IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH LAKE, OREGON; AN INTERINDUSTRY APPROACH Abstract approved^ Herbert H. Stoevener The primary objective of this study was to estimate the impact that an increase in recreational expenditures, resulting from water quality improvements of Klamath Lake, would have upon the Klamath County economy. As the sales of the economy expand to serve the needs of the recreationists, real benefits will be forthcoming to the businesses and households of the county in the forms of more business and higher incomes., To estimate the total impact of the increased volume of recreational expenditures that may be made in the economy, the economic relationships of the local economy h Title: The estimation of regional secondary benefits resulting from an improvement in water quality of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: an interindustry approach Author: Reiling, Stephen Douglas Year: 1971, 2006, 2005 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF STEPHEN DOUGLAS REILING for the MASTER OF SCIENCE (Name) (Degree) in AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS presented on (Major) (Date) Title: THE ESTIMATION OF REGIONAL SECONDARY BENEFITS RESULTING FROM AN IMPROVEMENT IN WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH LAKE, OREGON; AN INTERINDUSTRY APPROACH Abstract approved^ Herbert H. Stoevener The primary objective of this study was to estimate the impact that an increase in recreational expenditures, resulting from water quality improvements of Klamath Lake, would have upon the Klamath County economy. As the sales of the economy expand to serve the needs of the recreationists, real benefits will be forthcoming to the businesses and households of the county in the forms of more business and higher incomes., To estimate the total impact of the increased volume of recreational expenditures that may be made in the economy, the economic relationships of the local economy h Close

• 295. [Image] Groundwater investigation of Bonanza Springs, Yonna, Poe and Langel valleys

  	PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY A reconnaissance study was designed to collect, compile, and analyze data to determine if ground-water use would interfere with surface water sources near Big Bonanza Springs. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Groundwater investigation of Bonanza Springs, Yonna, Poe and Langel valleys Author: Gorman, Kyle G. Year: 1994, 2004 PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY A reconnaissance study was designed to collect, compile, and analyze data to determine if ground-water use would interfere with surface water sources near Big Bonanza Springs. The study was to last one year from July 1992 to June 1993. Periodic water level measurements and stream flow measurements have been made since June 1993, to create a more complete data set. Water level measurements in selected wells were made periodically to determine groundwater level fluctuations over time. A continuous water level recorder was installed in one well in September 1992 and is currently scheduled to run until spring 1994, when its status will be evaluated. The emphasis on work in the local area around Bonanza included monthly water level measurements, Lost River stream flow measurements, and Bonanza Springs weir measurements. This area has the highest concentration of wells, both domestic and irrigation, and is of particular interest because of the large aggregate discharge of groundwater in a short reach of the Lost River. To quantify the discharge of the Bonanza Springs, wading stream flow measurements were made above and below the section of the Lost River where groundwater is known to discharge. The difference between the two measurements was assumed to give the discharge of the springs in that reach. To correlate the overall flow of Bonanza Springs to the direct measurement of some of the discharge points, various-sized rectangular weirs were placed in the northern channel of the springs in the Big Bonanza Springs Park. The comparison could then be made by making sets of measurements at all locations in a single day. The total potential use was determined by summing the number of cubic feet per second (cfs) on the pending applications filed with OWRD for the appropriation of groundwater in the area within the study boundaries. This area coincides with the valley lowland areas. The total maximum rate of appropriation under terms of existing permits was determined by valley only in Langell Valley for the 1992 irrigation season. This was done by summing the individual rates in permits for irrigation, stock and domestic purposes, if any. This total included all issued permits and emergency drought permits exclusively from groundwater. Sample drill cuttings were collected from wells under construction during the study period within the study boundaries. The samples were examined in an effort to correlate geology defined in past studies with present knowledge. They were also used to conceptualize the subsurface geology. A video log of the well bore in which the continuous water level recorder was installed was done in early October 1992. Since this well was constructed prior to the requirement of a well drilling report, a video log of the rock types throughout the well bore was recorded. This information was important in evaluating static water level information also collected by the recorder. Title: Groundwater investigation of Bonanza Springs, Yonna, Poe and Langel valleys Author: Gorman, Kyle G. Year: 1994, 2004 PURPOSE, SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY A reconnaissance study was designed to collect, compile, and analyze data to determine if ground-water use would interfere with surface water sources near Big Bonanza Springs. The study was to last one year from July 1992 to June 1993. Periodic water level measurements and stream flow measurements have been made since June 1993, to create a more complete data set. Water level measurements in selected wells were made periodically to determine groundwater level fluctuations over time. A continuous water level recorder was installed in one well in September 1992 and is currently scheduled to run until spring 1994, when its status will be evaluated. The emphasis on work in the local area around Bonanza included monthly water level measurements, Lost River stream flow measurements, and Bonanza Springs weir measurements. This area has the highest concentration of wells, both domestic and irrigation, and is of particular interest because of the large aggregate discharge of groundwater in a short reach of the Lost River. To quantify the discharge of the Bonanza Springs, wading stream flow measurements were made above and below the section of the Lost River where groundwater is known to discharge. The difference between the two measurements was assumed to give the discharge of the springs in that reach. To correlate the overall flow of Bonanza Springs to the direct measurement of some of the discharge points, various-sized rectangular weirs were placed in the northern channel of the springs in the Big Bonanza Springs Park. The comparison could then be made by making sets of measurements at all locations in a single day. The total potential use was determined by summing the number of cubic feet per second (cfs) on the pending applications filed with OWRD for the appropriation of groundwater in the area within the study boundaries. This area coincides with the valley lowland areas. The total maximum rate of appropriation under terms of existing permits was determined by valley only in Langell Valley for the 1992 irrigation season. This was done by summing the individual rates in permits for irrigation, stock and domestic purposes, if any. This total included all issued permits and emergency drought permits exclusively from groundwater. Sample drill cuttings were collected from wells under construction during the study period within the study boundaries. The samples were examined in an effort to correlate geology defined in past studies with present knowledge. They were also used to conceptualize the subsurface geology. A video log of the well bore in which the continuous water level recorder was installed was done in early October 1992. Since this well was constructed prior to the requirement of a well drilling report, a video log of the rock types throughout the well bore was recorded. This information was important in evaluating static water level information also collected by the recorder. Close

• 296. [Image] Heatplan User Manual 2.0

  	Heat plan 2.0 is a microcomputer program designed to provide a neighborhood-level inventory of heat demands by type of land use, and a preliminary assessment of district heating favorabilities for the ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Heatplan User Manual 2.0 Author: Eliot Allen & Associates Year: 1984 Heat plan 2.0 is a microcomputer program designed to provide a neighborhood-level inventory of heat demands by type of land use, and a preliminary assessment of district heating favorabilities for the neighborhoods Title: Heatplan User Manual 2.0 Author: Eliot Allen & Associates Year: 1984 Heat plan 2.0 is a microcomputer program designed to provide a neighborhood-level inventory of heat demands by type of land use, and a preliminary assessment of district heating favorabilities for the neighborhoods Close

• 297. [Image] Idaho Geothermal Report: A Review of Institutional Factors Affecting Geothermal Resource Development in Idaho

  	This report is an analysis of the role of government regarding geothermal resource development in Idaho. The influence of local, state and Federal government activities on geothermal development were examined ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Idaho Geothermal Report: A Review of Institutional Factors Affecting Geothermal Resource Development in Idaho Author: McClain, D.W. Year: 1979 This report is an analysis of the role of government regarding geothermal resource development in Idaho. The influence of local, state and Federal government activities on geothermal development were examined for institutional steps, barriers, and current status. Local government activities were inventoried regarding local land use planning, zoning and building ordinances Title: Idaho Geothermal Report: A Review of Institutional Factors Affecting Geothermal Resource Development in Idaho Author: McClain, D.W. Year: 1979 This report is an analysis of the role of government regarding geothermal resource development in Idaho. The influence of local, state and Federal government activities on geothermal development were examined for institutional steps, barriers, and current status. Local government activities were inventoried regarding local land use planning, zoning and building ordinances Close

• 298. [Image] A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment

  	Geothermal energy, defined as heat from the Earth, is a statute-recognized renewable resource. The first U.S. geothermal power plant, opened at The Geysers in California in 1960, continues to operate successfully. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Author: Kagel, A. Year: 2005 Geothermal energy, defined as heat from the Earth, is a statute-recognized renewable resource. The first U.S. geothermal power plant, opened at The Geysers in California in 1960, continues to operate successfully. The United States, as the world's largest producer of geothermal electricity, generates an average of 15 billion kilowatt hours of power per year, comparable to burning close to 25 million barrels of oil or 6 million short tons of coal per year Title: A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment Author: Kagel, A. Year: 2005 Geothermal energy, defined as heat from the Earth, is a statute-recognized renewable resource. The first U.S. geothermal power plant, opened at The Geysers in California in 1960, continues to operate successfully. The United States, as the world's largest producer of geothermal electricity, generates an average of 15 billion kilowatt hours of power per year, comparable to burning close to 25 million barrels of oil or 6 million short tons of coal per year Close

• 299. [Image] Retrofit Considerations for Biomass Fuel Use at Seven Selected Correction Facilities in Washington State

  	The Washington State Department of Corrections (DOC) operates a number of facilities in western Washington State which are located in or adjacent to large areas of Department of Natural Resources (DNR) ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Retrofit Considerations for Biomass Fuel Use at Seven Selected Correction Facilities in Washington State Author: Rafferty, K. Year: 1984 The Washington State Department of Corrections (DOC) operates a number of facilities in western Washington State which are located in or adjacent to large areas of Department of Natural Resources (DNR) forest land. Normal logging and management activities in these forest areas result in the generation of significant volumes of forest residue. DOC institutions located in these areas currently consume large amounts of fossil fuels in the form of coal, fuel oil, propane and natural gas. As a result of this situation, the DOC has entered into an agreement with the Washington State Energy Office (WSEO) to evaluate the feasibility of using forest residue derived fuels at its institutions. This report concerns itself with the following institutions Title: Retrofit Considerations for Biomass Fuel Use at Seven Selected Correction Facilities in Washington State Author: Rafferty, K. Year: 1984 The Washington State Department of Corrections (DOC) operates a number of facilities in western Washington State which are located in or adjacent to large areas of Department of Natural Resources (DNR) forest land. Normal logging and management activities in these forest areas result in the generation of significant volumes of forest residue. DOC institutions located in these areas currently consume large amounts of fossil fuels in the form of coal, fuel oil, propane and natural gas. As a result of this situation, the DOC has entered into an agreement with the Washington State Energy Office (WSEO) to evaluate the feasibility of using forest residue derived fuels at its institutions. This report concerns itself with the following institutions Close

• 300. [Image] Homestead Drawing - The famous pickle jar used in this drawing and two previous drawings for Klamath Project homestead units

  	KP-1764-R2. Klamath Project. Region II. Homestead Drawing; February 23, 1949; Photo by B. D. Glaha
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Homestead Drawing - The famous pickle jar used in this drawing and two previous drawings for Klamath Project homestead units Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Glaha, B.D. Year: 1949, 2007, 2005 KP-1764-R2. Klamath Project. Region II. Homestead Drawing; February 23, 1949; Photo by B. D. Glaha Title: Homestead Drawing - The famous pickle jar used in this drawing and two previous drawings for Klamath Project homestead units Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Glaha, B.D. Year: 1949, 2007, 2005 KP-1764-R2. Klamath Project. Region II. Homestead Drawing; February 23, 1949; Photo by B. D. Glaha Close