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• 1. [Image] Integrated land management on Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge: an alternative management strategy developed by the Integrated Land Management Working Group: promoting productive wetland habitats and sustainable agriculture on Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge

  	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document describes the rationale for and implementation of an Integrated Land Management (ILM) Plan for the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The proposal is the recommendation ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Integrated land management on Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge: an alternative management strategy developed by the Integrated Land Management Working Group: promoting productive wetland habitats and sustainable agriculture on Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge Author: Integrated Land Management Working Group (Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Calif.) Year: 2000, 2006, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document describes the rationale for and implementation of an Integrated Land Management (ILM) Plan for the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The proposal is the recommendation of 5 representative stakeholders in the Tule Lake area. During the 1950fs, 1960fs, and early 1970's, Tule Lake NWR was considered the single most important waterfowl refuge in North America when peak populations exceeded 2.5 million ducks and 1.0 million geese. The Kuchel Act of 1964 was enacted to preserve these waterfowl values as well as the local agricultural economy dependent on Refuge lands. However, restrictive management of wetlands and water levels under the Kuchel Act has eliminated the ecological processes critical to the Refuge's sustained wetland diversity and productivity. Currently, Tule Lake NWR supports a fraction of its past waterfowl use, species diversity has declined, and its value to endangered species has diminished. Agricultural sustainability is also thre Title: Integrated land management on Tule Lake Wildlife Refuge: an alternative management strategy developed by the Integrated Land Management Working Group: promoting productive wetland habitats and sustainable agriculture on Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge Author: Integrated Land Management Working Group (Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Calif.) Year: 2000, 2006, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document describes the rationale for and implementation of an Integrated Land Management (ILM) Plan for the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The proposal is the recommendation of 5 representative stakeholders in the Tule Lake area. During the 1950fs, 1960fs, and early 1970's, Tule Lake NWR was considered the single most important waterfowl refuge in North America when peak populations exceeded 2.5 million ducks and 1.0 million geese. The Kuchel Act of 1964 was enacted to preserve these waterfowl values as well as the local agricultural economy dependent on Refuge lands. However, restrictive management of wetlands and water levels under the Kuchel Act has eliminated the ecological processes critical to the Refuge's sustained wetland diversity and productivity. Currently, Tule Lake NWR supports a fraction of its past waterfowl use, species diversity has declined, and its value to endangered species has diminished. Agricultural sustainability is also thre Close

• 2. [Image] Micarea peliocarpa

  	Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Trunk, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Micarea peliocarpa Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Trunk, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Micarea peliocarpa Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Trunk, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 3. [Image] Micarea peliocarpa

  	Apothecia; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Trunk, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Micarea peliocarpa Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecia; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Trunk, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Micarea peliocarpa Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecia; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Trunk, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 4. [Image] Enterographa oregonensis

  	Thallus section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enterographa oregonensis Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2003 Thallus section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Enterographa oregonensis Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2003 Thallus section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 5. [Image] Arthopyrenia plumbaria

  	Spores; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Branch, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Arthopyrenia plumbaria Author: McCune, Bruce Spores; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Branch, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Arthopyrenia plumbaria Author: McCune, Bruce Spores; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Branch, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 6. [Image] Arthopyrenia plumbaria

  	Perithecia; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Branch, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Arthopyrenia plumbaria Author: McCune, Bruce Perithecia; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Branch, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Arthopyrenia plumbaria Author: McCune, Bruce Perithecia; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Branch, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 7. [Image] Arthopyrenia plumbaria

  	Habit; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Branch, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Arthopyrenia plumbaria Author: McCune, Bruce Habit; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Branch, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Arthopyrenia plumbaria Author: McCune, Bruce Habit; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Branch, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 8. [Image] Arthonia ruana

  	Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Shrub, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Arthonia ruana Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Shrub, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Arthonia ruana Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Shrub, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 9. [Image] Arthonia ruana

  	Apothecia; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Shrub, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Arthonia ruana Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecia; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Shrub, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Arthonia ruana Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecia; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Shrub, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 10. [Image] Lecanora pacifica

  	Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Trunk, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lecanora pacifica Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Trunk, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Lecanora pacifica Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Trunk, Alnus; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 11. [Image] Enterographa oregonensis

  	Paraphyses; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enterographa oregonensis Author: McCune, Bruce Paraphyses; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Enterographa oregonensis Author: McCune, Bruce Paraphyses; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 12. [Image] Enterographa oregonensis

  	Habit; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enterographa oregonensis Author: McCune, Bruce Habit; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Enterographa oregonensis Author: McCune, Bruce Habit; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 13. [Image] Enterographa oregonensis

  	Exciple; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enterographa oregonensis Author: McCune, Bruce Exciple; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Enterographa oregonensis Author: McCune, Bruce Exciple; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 14. [Image] Enterographa oregonensis

  	Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Enterographa oregonensis Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters. Title: Enterographa oregonensis Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecial section; Habitat: Wetlands and dikes with scattered trees and shrubs; Location: Near mouth of Wilson River on Tillamook Bay; Substrate: Picea twig; Elevation: 4 meters. Close

• 15. [Image] Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007

  	The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007 Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2006, 2007 The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing efforts of people throughout Oregon to improve and protect clean water and recover and maintain healthy populations offish and wildlife in our watersheds. The Oregon Plan is unique because it engages communities in the restoration and long-term stewardship of their watersheds. This extraordinary effort encourages local partnerships and voluntary actions to improve the conditions of our watersheds. Over the years, these actions have made Oregon a national leader in local cooperative conservation. This report collects project and condition data, voluntary private lands restoration information, and agency program accomplishments under the Oregon Plan. Consistent with the past two reports, this document continues to provide specific data on each of the state's fifteen reporting basins. A new element to this report is the inclusion of stories about the people, partnerships, and on-the-ground projects that are benefiting watersheds and communities across the state. Thanks to the many Oregon Plan partners who contributed to this report. Thomas M. Byler Executive Director Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Title: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007 Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2006, 2007 The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing efforts of people throughout Oregon to improve and protect clean water and recover and maintain healthy populations offish and wildlife in our watersheds. The Oregon Plan is unique because it engages communities in the restoration and long-term stewardship of their watersheds. This extraordinary effort encourages local partnerships and voluntary actions to improve the conditions of our watersheds. Over the years, these actions have made Oregon a national leader in local cooperative conservation. This report collects project and condition data, voluntary private lands restoration information, and agency program accomplishments under the Oregon Plan. Consistent with the past two reports, this document continues to provide specific data on each of the state's fifteen reporting basins. A new element to this report is the inclusion of stories about the people, partnerships, and on-the-ground projects that are benefiting watersheds and communities across the state. Thanks to the many Oregon Plan partners who contributed to this report. Thomas M. Byler Executive Director Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Close

• 16. [Image] Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway

  	Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway Author: Wilson, Robert Michael Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical geography and environmental history, this study shows how wildlife officials developed migratory bird refuges in Oregon and California, where over 60 percent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter. During the early-twentieth century, reclamation and river diking eliminated most of the wetlands in the birds' wintering range. Bird enthusiasts such as bird watchers and duck hunters successfully lobbied for the creation of wildlife refuges in a few areas along the flyway. These early refuges failed to protect waterfowl habitat and they were severely degraded by reclamation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and its predecessor, the Bureau of Biological Survey, undertook an ambitious program to resurrect these sanctuaries and to create new ones. Many farmers opposed these refuges out of fear that waterfowl would damage crops. To respond to these concerns and to ensure an adequate food supply for the birds, the FWS raised rice, barley, and other grains. The agency adopted many of the technologies of modern, industrial agriculture including synthetic herbicides and insecticides such as 2, 4-D and DDT. By the 1960s, the refuges had become largely mirrors of the surrounding irrigated farmlands, the main difference being that the FWS raised grain for waterfowl rather than for market. Refuges could not escape the agricultural settings in which they were embedded. As units within the irrigated countryside, Pacific Flyway refuges were often at the mercy of nearby farmers and federal reclamation agencies. Poor water quality and insufficient supplies of water often hampered FWS efforts to manage refuges. In the late-twentieth century, reduced water supply due to diversions to California municipalities and to sustain endangered fish species affected the amount of water reaching refuges. This dissertation has other goals. First, it critiques the anthropocentrism of most historical geography by focusing on how political, cultural, and ecological factors affected wildlife. Second, it contributes to the literature on the state's role in environmental protection by investigating the overlapping, and often contradictory, spaces within which wildlife managers implemented environmental regulations. Title: Seeking refuge: making space for migratory waterfowl and wetlands along the Pacific Flyway Author: Wilson, Robert Michael Year: 2003, 2005, 2004 Abstract "Seeking Refuge" examines the history of migratory waterfowl management along the Pacific Flyway, the westernmost of four main migration routes in North America. Drawing on approaches from historical geography and environmental history, this study shows how wildlife officials developed migratory bird refuges in Oregon and California, where over 60 percent of Pacific Flyway waterfowl winter. During the early-twentieth century, reclamation and river diking eliminated most of the wetlands in the birds' wintering range. Bird enthusiasts such as bird watchers and duck hunters successfully lobbied for the creation of wildlife refuges in a few areas along the flyway. These early refuges failed to protect waterfowl habitat and they were severely degraded by reclamation. In the 1930s and 1940s, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and its predecessor, the Bureau of Biological Survey, undertook an ambitious program to resurrect these sanctuaries and to create new ones. Many farmers opposed these refuges out of fear that waterfowl would damage crops. To respond to these concerns and to ensure an adequate food supply for the birds, the FWS raised rice, barley, and other grains. The agency adopted many of the technologies of modern, industrial agriculture including synthetic herbicides and insecticides such as 2, 4-D and DDT. By the 1960s, the refuges had become largely mirrors of the surrounding irrigated farmlands, the main difference being that the FWS raised grain for waterfowl rather than for market. Refuges could not escape the agricultural settings in which they were embedded. As units within the irrigated countryside, Pacific Flyway refuges were often at the mercy of nearby farmers and federal reclamation agencies. Poor water quality and insufficient supplies of water often hampered FWS efforts to manage refuges. In the late-twentieth century, reduced water supply due to diversions to California municipalities and to sustain endangered fish species affected the amount of water reaching refuges. This dissertation has other goals. First, it critiques the anthropocentrism of most historical geography by focusing on how political, cultural, and ecological factors affected wildlife. Second, it contributes to the literature on the state's role in environmental protection by investigating the overlapping, and often contradictory, spaces within which wildlife managers implemented environmental regulations. Close

• 17. [Image] Summary of ongoing and planned work of the Department of the Interior related to the Klamath River Basin, March 2003

  	The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin, Work Plans and Reports
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Summary of ongoing and planned work of the Department of the Interior related to the Klamath River Basin, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin, Work Plans and Reports Title: Summary of ongoing and planned work of the Department of the Interior related to the Klamath River Basin, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin, Work Plans and Reports Close

• 18. [Image] Draft resource management plan/environmental impact statement for the Upper Klamath Basin

  	"March 1994."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft resource management plan/environmental impact statement for the Upper Klamath Basin Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 "March 1994." Title: Draft resource management plan/environmental impact statement for the Upper Klamath Basin Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1994, 2005 "March 1994." Close

• 19. [Image] Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010

  	Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office. Year: 2000, 2005, 2004 Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish & Wildlife Service's Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO) in Klamath Falls, Oregon. These restoration activities are needed due to the large-scale loss of wetland and riparian habitat and degraded water quality. The purpose of these restoration efforts is the improvement of conditions of the watershed with specific regard to habitat and water quality, resulting in, among other benefits, improved conditions for the endangered fish species (bull trout and Lost River and shortnose sucker) populations of the basin. The geographic scope of this EA is defined as the upper Klamath River basin, including the entire watershed from Irongate Dam upstream to the headwaters. This EA is intended to provide NEPA compliance for restoration projects conducted between the years 2000 and 2010. The ERO was established in 1993 to sponsor and assist with a variety of restoration activities in the Klamath Basin. The ERO funds and provides technical assistance to restoration projects involving private landholders, concerned groups, and other state, federal, and tribal agencies. Four alternatives are presented in this EA. The proposed alternative (Alternative 1) consists of a comprehensive program of ecosystem restoration, promoting projects in both riparian areas and in upland habitats. This would continue the current program in effect since 1994. NEPA compliance would primarily be carried out via a single, programmatic document saving time and funds. The Fish & Wildlife Service proposes to fund and administer the following projects types: Riparian Projects: (fencing for livestock management; native plant establishment & diversification; non-native plant removal/control; erosion control; contour re-establishment; impoundment removal; wildlife habitat improvements) Wetland Projects: (fencing; wetland restoration and enhancement; wildlife habitat improvements) Upland or Road Projects: (road abandonment, decommissioning, & obliteration; road drainage improvements and storm proofing, re-establishment of historic contours; silvicultural treatments; native plant establishment/diversification; non-native plant removal/control; fencing; landslide treatments; culvert/stream crossing upgrades; erosion control; wildlife habitat improvements). In-stream Projects: (habitat complexity and diversity improvements; hydrologic regime improvements; coarse woody debris supplementation; natural or artificial barrier removal, modification &/or creation; fish screens installation). Alternative 2 would concentrate restoration efforts only on riparian, instream, and wetland areas. Road projects would be conducted only within the riparian corridor, as defined. NEPA compliance would also be conducted programmatically. Alternative 3 would cease all restoration activities conducted and funded by the ERO in the Klamath Basin. This alternative would serve as a benchmark against which the effects of the restoration alternatives discussed above can be compared. Alternative 4, the "No Action" alternative, would continue current management policies with regard to NEPA compliance, providing compliance on a project by project basis requiring independent analysis for each project. The affected environment of the region is described in detail. The environment has been changed significantly since the 1890's due to logging, agriculture and urban development. An extensive system of dams, canals, and drainage structures has resulted in the conversion of approximately 80% of pre-settlement wetlands to agricultural uses. Riparian corridors have been similarly impacted, and upland forests regions have been affected by logging, road construction and other factors. These changes have contributed to problems with the water quality in the region, contributing to the listing of several fish species as threatened or endangered; loss of habitat has affected a large number of other species as well. The environmental effects of each alternative is analyzed. Some short term negative impacts could occur as a result of the projects authorized by both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, but these would be strongly offset by the expected beneficial results to water quality and habitat conditions. Alternative 1 would be expected to have a greater overall effect on the environment than Alternative 2, since many of the underlying factors with which restoration efforts are concerned originate in upland conditions (i.e. sedimentation and hydrologic functionality). Alternative 3 would result in conditions remaining much as they are currently, although other programs and organizations are making efforts at restoration activities. The environmental impacts of individual projects anticipated under Alternative 4 would be generally the same as for similar projects under Alternative 1. The primary difference between the two alternatives would be the higher efficiency and improved cumulative analysis resulting from a programmatic approach as proposed in Alternative 1. Public participation in the NEPA process has been, and will continue to be, solicited and welcomed. Compliance with state and federal laws and regulations such as the Clean Water Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and the Endangered Species Act, as well as guidelines for contaminant surveys, will be carried out as detailed. While these projects are expected to play an important role in the restoration of the region, none of these alternatives are expected to have a significant impact when compared with the loss of wetland, riparian and upland habitats over the past century, impacts which do occur would be of a cumulatively beneficial nature. Other restoration efforts are being carried out in the area by other governmental and private groups, and it is expected that these combined efforts will achieve important beneficial results for the ecosystem. Title: Programmatic environmental assessment for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office Projects, 2000-2010 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office. Year: 2000, 2005, 2004 Programmatic Environmental Assessment Summary This Environmental Assessment (EA) provides compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for restoration actions undertaken by the US Fish & Wildlife Service's Klamath Basin Ecosystem Restoration Office (ERO) in Klamath Falls, Oregon. These restoration activities are needed due to the large-scale loss of wetland and riparian habitat and degraded water quality. The purpose of these restoration efforts is the improvement of conditions of the watershed with specific regard to habitat and water quality, resulting in, among other benefits, improved conditions for the endangered fish species (bull trout and Lost River and shortnose sucker) populations of the basin. The geographic scope of this EA is defined as the upper Klamath River basin, including the entire watershed from Irongate Dam upstream to the headwaters. This EA is intended to provide NEPA compliance for restoration projects conducted between the years 2000 and 2010. The ERO was established in 1993 to sponsor and assist with a variety of restoration activities in the Klamath Basin. The ERO funds and provides technical assistance to restoration projects involving private landholders, concerned groups, and other state, federal, and tribal agencies. Four alternatives are presented in this EA. The proposed alternative (Alternative 1) consists of a comprehensive program of ecosystem restoration, promoting projects in both riparian areas and in upland habitats. This would continue the current program in effect since 1994. NEPA compliance would primarily be carried out via a single, programmatic document saving time and funds. The Fish & Wildlife Service proposes to fund and administer the following projects types: Riparian Projects: (fencing for livestock management; native plant establishment & diversification; non-native plant removal/control; erosion control; contour re-establishment; impoundment removal; wildlife habitat improvements) Wetland Projects: (fencing; wetland restoration and enhancement; wildlife habitat improvements) Upland or Road Projects: (road abandonment, decommissioning, & obliteration; road drainage improvements and storm proofing, re-establishment of historic contours; silvicultural treatments; native plant establishment/diversification; non-native plant removal/control; fencing; landslide treatments; culvert/stream crossing upgrades; erosion control; wildlife habitat improvements). In-stream Projects: (habitat complexity and diversity improvements; hydrologic regime improvements; coarse woody debris supplementation; natural or artificial barrier removal, modification &/or creation; fish screens installation). Alternative 2 would concentrate restoration efforts only on riparian, instream, and wetland areas. Road projects would be conducted only within the riparian corridor, as defined. NEPA compliance would also be conducted programmatically. Alternative 3 would cease all restoration activities conducted and funded by the ERO in the Klamath Basin. This alternative would serve as a benchmark against which the effects of the restoration alternatives discussed above can be compared. Alternative 4, the "No Action" alternative, would continue current management policies with regard to NEPA compliance, providing compliance on a project by project basis requiring independent analysis for each project. The affected environment of the region is described in detail. The environment has been changed significantly since the 1890's due to logging, agriculture and urban development. An extensive system of dams, canals, and drainage structures has resulted in the conversion of approximately 80% of pre-settlement wetlands to agricultural uses. Riparian corridors have been similarly impacted, and upland forests regions have been affected by logging, road construction and other factors. These changes have contributed to problems with the water quality in the region, contributing to the listing of several fish species as threatened or endangered; loss of habitat has affected a large number of other species as well. The environmental effects of each alternative is analyzed. Some short term negative impacts could occur as a result of the projects authorized by both Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, but these would be strongly offset by the expected beneficial results to water quality and habitat conditions. Alternative 1 would be expected to have a greater overall effect on the environment than Alternative 2, since many of the underlying factors with which restoration efforts are concerned originate in upland conditions (i.e. sedimentation and hydrologic functionality). Alternative 3 would result in conditions remaining much as they are currently, although other programs and organizations are making efforts at restoration activities. The environmental impacts of individual projects anticipated under Alternative 4 would be generally the same as for similar projects under Alternative 1. The primary difference between the two alternatives would be the higher efficiency and improved cumulative analysis resulting from a programmatic approach as proposed in Alternative 1. Public participation in the NEPA process has been, and will continue to be, solicited and welcomed. Compliance with state and federal laws and regulations such as the Clean Water Act, National Historic Preservation Act, and the Endangered Species Act, as well as guidelines for contaminant surveys, will be carried out as detailed. While these projects are expected to play an important role in the restoration of the region, none of these alternatives are expected to have a significant impact when compared with the loss of wetland, riparian and upland habitats over the past century, impacts which do occur would be of a cumulatively beneficial nature. Other restoration efforts are being carried out in the area by other governmental and private groups, and it is expected that these combined efforts will achieve important beneficial results for the ecosystem. Close

• 20. [Image] A selected bibliography of water related research in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon

  	prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation; Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search Bioregion Collection.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A selected bibliography of water related research in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Brownell, Dorie Lynn and Mia R. Renallo Year: 1995, 2011, 2013 prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation; Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search Bioregion Collection. Title: A selected bibliography of water related research in the upper Klamath Basin, Oregon Author: Brownell, Dorie Lynn and Mia R. Renallo Year: 1995, 2011, 2013 prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation; Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search Bioregion Collection. Close