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• 1. [Image] Opegrapha rufescens

  	Spores; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Opegrapha rufescens Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2016 Spores; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters. Title: Opegrapha rufescens Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2016 Spores; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters. Close

• 2. [Image] Opegrapha rufescens

  	Habit; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Opegrapha rufescens Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2016 Habit; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters. Title: Opegrapha rufescens Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2016 Habit; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters. Close

• 3. [Image] Opegrapha rufescens

  	Apothecial section; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Opegrapha rufescens Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2016 Apothecial section; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters. Title: Opegrapha rufescens Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2016 Apothecial section; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters. Close

• 4. [Image] Opegrapha rufescens

  	Ascus; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Opegrapha rufescens Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2016 Ascus; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters. Title: Opegrapha rufescens Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2016 Ascus; Location: Near Olalla Creek; Substrate: Bark, Fraxinus latifolia; Elevation: 233 meters. Close

• 5. [Image] Olalla mining dam

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Olalla mining dam Year: 1908 Title: Olalla mining dam Year: 1908 Close

• 6. [Image] Beaver Creek falls

  	Impassable falls on Beaver Creek. The falls are about 60 feet high
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Beaver Creek falls Year: 1937 Impassable falls on Beaver Creek. The falls are about 60 feet high Title: Beaver Creek falls Year: 1937 Impassable falls on Beaver Creek. The falls are about 60 feet high Close

• 7. [Image] Spencer Creek pilot watershed analysis

  	"Prepared by an interagency (BLM, USFS, EPA, USFWS), interdisplinary team as part of the pilot program for revising the federal interagency guide to watershed analysis"--P. 1-3; "The Spencer Creek Watershed ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Spencer Creek pilot watershed analysis Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1995, 2004, 2002 "Prepared by an interagency (BLM, USFS, EPA, USFWS), interdisplinary team as part of the pilot program for revising the federal interagency guide to watershed analysis"--P. 1-3; "The Spencer Creek Watershed Analysis presents an ecosystem analysis at the watershed scale. It describes the current understanding of the processes and interactions of concern occurring within the Spencer Creek watershed. The analysis looked at the entire watershed regardless of ownership so that a more complete understanding of the watershed could be achieved. It is intended to guide management on the federal lands within the watershed. It is also meant to help us understand how past land use activities interact with the physical and biological environments in the watershed. This analysis provides a logical way to learn more about how ecological systems function within the watershed. This information is essential to protect beneficial uses and to protect and sustain the natural systems that society depends upon. The analysis provide a vehicle to efficiently identify and balance multiple concerns"-P. 1-3 [12] Title: Spencer Creek pilot watershed analysis Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 1995, 2004, 2002 "Prepared by an interagency (BLM, USFS, EPA, USFWS), interdisplinary team as part of the pilot program for revising the federal interagency guide to watershed analysis"--P. 1-3; "The Spencer Creek Watershed Analysis presents an ecosystem analysis at the watershed scale. It describes the current understanding of the processes and interactions of concern occurring within the Spencer Creek watershed. The analysis looked at the entire watershed regardless of ownership so that a more complete understanding of the watershed could be achieved. It is intended to guide management on the federal lands within the watershed. It is also meant to help us understand how past land use activities interact with the physical and biological environments in the watershed. This analysis provides a logical way to learn more about how ecological systems function within the watershed. This information is essential to protect beneficial uses and to protect and sustain the natural systems that society depends upon. The analysis provide a vehicle to efficiently identify and balance multiple concerns"-P. 1-3 [12] Close

• 8. [Image] Water resources data. Oregon. Water Year 2003

  	Cover title; Chiefly tables
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water resources data. Oregon. Water Year 2003 Author: Geological Survey (U.S.). Water Resources Division Year: 2003, 2005 Cover title; Chiefly tables Title: Water resources data. Oregon. Water Year 2003 Author: Geological Survey (U.S.). Water Resources Division Year: 2003, 2005 Cover title; Chiefly tables Close

• 9. [Image] Watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks

  	Typical watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks. Broad benches are common
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks Year: 1941 Typical watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks. Broad benches are common Title: Watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks Year: 1941 Typical watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks. Broad benches are common Close

• 10. [Image] CLEAR CREEK WATERSHED - Looking east towards Janes Reservoir

  	KP-2452-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR CREEK WATERSHED; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CLEAR CREEK WATERSHED - Looking east towards Janes Reservoir Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2452-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR CREEK WATERSHED; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: CLEAR CREEK WATERSHED - Looking east towards Janes Reservoir Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2452-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR CREEK WATERSHED; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 11. [Image] Middle Fork watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks

  	Looking downstream from high point in trail a short distance below Cougar Creek
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Middle Fork watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks Year: 1941 Looking downstream from high point in trail a short distance below Cougar Creek Title: Middle Fork watershed between Loon and Cougar Creeks Year: 1941 Looking downstream from high point in trail a short distance below Cougar Creek Close

• 12. [Image] Leading horse across the river

  	Slim Hendrick on Smokey leading Blue back across the river after the latter horse had rolled down a 30' cliff
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Leading horse across the river Year: 1941 Slim Hendrick on Smokey leading Blue back across the river after the latter horse had rolled down a 30' cliff Title: Leading horse across the river Year: 1941 Slim Hendrick on Smokey leading Blue back across the river after the latter horse had rolled down a 30' cliff Close

• 13. [Image] Water resources data. Oregon. Water Year 2002

  	PREFACEThe annual Oregon hydrologic data report is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Water resources data. Oregon. Water Year 2002 Author: Geological Survey (U.S.). Water Resources Division Year: 2002, 2004 PREFACEThe annual Oregon hydrologic data report is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks in each State, Puerto Rico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and quality of water provide the hydrologic information needed by State, local and Federal agencies, and the private sector for developing and managing our Nation's land and water resources.The report is the culmination of a concerted effort by dedicated personnel of the U.S. Geological Survey who collected, compiled, analyzed, verified, and organized the data, and who edited and assembled the reports. In addition to the authors, who had primary responsibility for assuring that the information contained herein is accurate, complete, and adheres to Geological Survey policy and established guidelines, the following individuals contributed significantly to the collection, processing, and tabulation of the data: Title: Water resources data. Oregon. Water Year 2002 Author: Geological Survey (U.S.). Water Resources Division Year: 2002, 2004 PREFACEThe annual Oregon hydrologic data report is one of a series of annual reports that document hydrologic data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks in each State, Puerto Rico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and quality of water provide the hydrologic information needed by State, local and Federal agencies, and the private sector for developing and managing our Nation's land and water resources.The report is the culmination of a concerted effort by dedicated personnel of the U.S. Geological Survey who collected, compiled, analyzed, verified, and organized the data, and who edited and assembled the reports. In addition to the authors, who had primary responsibility for assuring that the information contained herein is accurate, complete, and adheres to Geological Survey policy and established guidelines, the following individuals contributed significantly to the collection, processing, and tabulation of the data: Close

• 14. [Image] Marble Creek box canyon

  	Typical watershed topography below the box canyon near Marble Creek, Idaho
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Marble Creek box canyon Year: 1941 Typical watershed topography below the box canyon near Marble Creek, Idaho Title: Marble Creek box canyon Year: 1941 Typical watershed topography below the box canyon near Marble Creek, Idaho Close

• 15. [Image] Falls on Bear Creek

  	Falls on Bear Creek near Clatskanie, Oregon
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Falls on Bear Creek Year: 2004 Falls on Bear Creek near Clatskanie, Oregon Title: Falls on Bear Creek Year: 2004 Falls on Bear Creek near Clatskanie, Oregon Close

• 16. [Image] Quartz Creek stream survey

  	Quartz Creek is a tributary to the Cispus River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quartz Creek stream survey Year: 1936 Quartz Creek is a tributary to the Cispus River Title: Quartz Creek stream survey Year: 1936 Quartz Creek is a tributary to the Cispus River Close

• 17. [Image] Quartz Creek stream survey

  	Quartz Creek is a tributary to the Cispus River
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Quartz Creek stream survey Year: 1936 Quartz Creek is a tributary to the Cispus River Title: Quartz Creek stream survey Year: 1936 Quartz Creek is a tributary to the Cispus River Close

• 18. [Image] CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED - Looking southeast over Willow Creek Ranch

  	KP-2453-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED. Note dikes and canals; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED - Looking southeast over Willow Creek Ranch Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2453-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED. Note dikes and canals; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED - Looking southeast over Willow Creek Ranch Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2453-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED. Note dikes and canals; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 19. [Image] CLEAR CREEK WATERSHED

  	KP-2451-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR CREEKWATERSHED. View looking southeast to Steele Swamp in background. Confluence of Boles Creek and Willow Creek at left; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CLEAR CREEK WATERSHED Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2451-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR CREEKWATERSHED. View looking southeast to Steele Swamp in background. Confluence of Boles Creek and Willow Creek at left; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: CLEAR CREEK WATERSHED Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2451-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR CREEKWATERSHED. View looking southeast to Steele Swamp in background. Confluence of Boles Creek and Willow Creek at left; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 20. [Image] Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment

  	"Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Title: Draft upper Williamson River Watershed assessment Author: David Evans and Associates, Inc. Year: 2004, 2005 "Prepared for Klamath Basin Ecosystem Foundation, and the Upper Williamson River Catchment Group, in cooperation with the Upper Klamath Basin Working Group, and the Klamath Watershed Council." Close

• 21. [Image] CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED

  	KP-2450-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED. Boles Meadow from northwest showing dike at entrance to channel and possible dam site in Boles Creek in foreground; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2450-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED. Boles Meadow from northwest showing dike at entrance to channel and possible dam site in Boles Creek in foreground; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Title: CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Greene, K.J. Year: 1958, 2008, 2006 KP-2450-R2 - Klamath Project - CLEAR LAKE WATERSHED. Boles Meadow from northwest showing dike at entrance to channel and possible dam site in Boles Creek in foreground; February 21, 1958; Photo by K. J. Greene Close

• 22. [Image] Tolman Creek Road, erosion control dam and seedling (1st view)

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tolman Creek Road, erosion control dam and seedling (1st view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 Title: Tolman Creek Road, erosion control dam and seedling (1st view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 Close

• 23. [Image] Tolman Creek Road, erosion control dam and seedling (2nd view)

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tolman Creek Road, erosion control dam and seedling (2nd view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 Title: Tolman Creek Road, erosion control dam and seedling (2nd view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 Close

• 24. [Image] Along Sevenmile Creek, Lake County

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Along Sevenmile Creek, Lake County Author: P. Britt & Son (Photography studio : Jacksonville, Or.); Britt, Peter, 1819-1905; Britt, Emil, 1862-1950, Britt family Title: Along Sevenmile Creek, Lake County Author: P. Britt & Son (Photography studio : Jacksonville, Or.); Britt, Peter, 1819-1905; Britt, Emil, 1862-1950, Britt family Close

• 25. [Image] Steep falls in small creek

  	Steep Falls in small creek about 1 mile east of Weyerhaeuser Camp #7
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Steep falls in small creek Year: 1941 Steep Falls in small creek about 1 mile east of Weyerhaeuser Camp #7 Title: Steep falls in small creek Year: 1941 Steep Falls in small creek about 1 mile east of Weyerhaeuser Camp #7 Close

• 26. [Image] Ashland Creek Road, two horsemen

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland Creek Road, two horsemen Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1910 Title: Ashland Creek Road, two horsemen Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1910 Close

• 27. [Image] East Fork of Ashland Creek showing impacts from the December 1964 flood

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: East Fork of Ashland Creek showing impacts from the December 1964 flood Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1965 Title: East Fork of Ashland Creek showing impacts from the December 1964 flood Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1965 Close

• 28. [Image] Tolman Creek Road, flood damage

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Tolman Creek Road, flood damage Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1955 Title: Tolman Creek Road, flood damage Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1955 Close

• 29. [Image] Bridge, log-stringer over South Fork of Big Butte Creek

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bridge, log-stringer over South Fork of Big Butte Creek Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 Title: Bridge, log-stringer over South Fork of Big Butte Creek Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 Close

• 30. [Image] Palmer Creek Ditch

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Palmer Creek Ditch Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1979 Title: Palmer Creek Ditch Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1979 Close

• 31. [Image] Palmer Creek 'China Walls'

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Palmer Creek 'China Walls' Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1979 Title: Palmer Creek 'China Walls' Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1979 Close

• 32. [Image] Status of Oregon's bull trout : distribution, life history, limiting factors, management considerations, and status

  	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Limited historical references indicate that bull trout Salvelinus confluentus in Oregon were once widely spread throughout at least 12 basins in the Klamath River and Columbia River ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Status of Oregon's bull trout : distribution, life history, limiting factors, management considerations, and status Author: Buchanan, David V; Hanson, Mary L; Hooton, Robert M Year: 1997, 2007, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Limited historical references indicate that bull trout Salvelinus confluentus in Oregon were once widely spread throughout at least 12 basins in the Klamath River and Columbia River systems. No bull trout have been observed in Oregon's coastal systems. A total of 69 bull trout populations in 12 basins are currently identified in Oregon. A comparison of the 1991 bull trout status (Ratliff and Ho well 1992) to the revised 1996 status found that 7 populations were newly discovered and 1 population showed a positive or upgraded status while 22 populations showed a negative or downgraded status. The general downgrading of 32% of Oregon's bull trout populations appears largely due to increased survey efforts and increased survey accuracy rather than reduced numbers or distribution. However, three populations in the upper Klamath Basin, two in the Walla Walla Basin, and one in the Willamette Basin showed decreases in estimated population abundance or distribution. Some Oregon river basins have bull trout populations at extreme risk of extinction. This statewide status review listed only 19% of the bull trout populations in Oregon with a ulow risk of extinction" or "of special concern." Therefore, 81% of Oregon's bull trout populations are considered to be at a "moderate risk of extinction," "high risk of extinction," or "probably extinct." Populations in the Hood, Klamath, and Powder basins, as well as the Odell Lake population in the Deschutes basin, which contain only a few remaining bull trout, are examples of populations having a "moderate" or "high risk" of extinction. Approximately 55% of current bull trout distribution occurs on lands managed by the U.S. Forest Service. A much smaller proportion occurs on Bureau of Land Management managed lands (2%). Only 16% of current bull trout distribution occurs within a protected area defined as Wilderness, Wild and Scenic River, or within a National Park. The Northwest Forest Plan, Inland Native Fish Strategy, and Interim Strategies for Managing Anadromous Fish-producing Watersheds in Eastern Oregon and Washington, Idaho, and Portions of California have provided increased protection for bull trout habitat depending on their scope and geographic areas affected, and the extent to which they are being effectively implemented in watersheds containing bull trout. Recent reduction in timber production on National Forests (up to 50% in western Oregon National Forests and over 30% in eastern Oregon National Forests) should help improve riparian and stream habitat conditions for bull trout. The remaining bull trout distribution occurs on private, state, or tribal owned lands. A comparison of approximately 39 locations throughout the state with protective angling regulations on bull trout (in some areas more than one bull trout population is protected by one regulation) shows that all state managed areas were upgraded in a protective angling status or at least maintained in 1996 compared to 1989. Restrictive angling regulations prohibit angler harvest of all bull trout populations in Oregon except for one in the Deschutes Basin. Restrictive bull trout angling regulation changes (including the elimination of bull Vll trout harvest in all spawning areas) may be the major reasons why the Metolius River/Lake Billy Chinook and mainstem McKenzie River populations have shown significant increases in abundance. Statewide stocking of non-native brook trout, including the high lakes stocking program, has been discontinued in locations where managers believe brook trout could migrate downstream and potentially interact with native bull trout. Hatchery stocking of legal rainbow trout to promote recreational fisheries has been discontinued in most locations near bull trout populations to avoid incidental catch of bull trout. The spatial and temporal distributions of bull trout reported for each river basin in this status report should be used as an accurate baseline for fisheries managers. Current distribution and relative change of distribution should be useful indicators of population health and status. The GIS maps in this report provide a template to add new layers of data such as critical spawning and juvenile rearing areas, or as a method to compare distribution changes through time. Length frequency data are presented for most Oregon bull trout populations. This should provide estimates for the presence of multiple age classes and the percent of fluvial size life history component. Vlll Title: Status of Oregon's bull trout : distribution, life history, limiting factors, management considerations, and status Author: Buchanan, David V; Hanson, Mary L; Hooton, Robert M Year: 1997, 2007, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Limited historical references indicate that bull trout Salvelinus confluentus in Oregon were once widely spread throughout at least 12 basins in the Klamath River and Columbia River systems. No bull trout have been observed in Oregon's coastal systems. A total of 69 bull trout populations in 12 basins are currently identified in Oregon. A comparison of the 1991 bull trout status (Ratliff and Ho well 1992) to the revised 1996 status found that 7 populations were newly discovered and 1 population showed a positive or upgraded status while 22 populations showed a negative or downgraded status. The general downgrading of 32% of Oregon's bull trout populations appears largely due to increased survey efforts and increased survey accuracy rather than reduced numbers or distribution. However, three populations in the upper Klamath Basin, two in the Walla Walla Basin, and one in the Willamette Basin showed decreases in estimated population abundance or distribution. Some Oregon river basins have bull trout populations at extreme risk of extinction. This statewide status review listed only 19% of the bull trout populations in Oregon with a ulow risk of extinction" or "of special concern." Therefore, 81% of Oregon's bull trout populations are considered to be at a "moderate risk of extinction," "high risk of extinction," or "probably extinct." Populations in the Hood, Klamath, and Powder basins, as well as the Odell Lake population in the Deschutes basin, which contain only a few remaining bull trout, are examples of populations having a "moderate" or "high risk" of extinction. Approximately 55% of current bull trout distribution occurs on lands managed by the U.S. Forest Service. A much smaller proportion occurs on Bureau of Land Management managed lands (2%). Only 16% of current bull trout distribution occurs within a protected area defined as Wilderness, Wild and Scenic River, or within a National Park. The Northwest Forest Plan, Inland Native Fish Strategy, and Interim Strategies for Managing Anadromous Fish-producing Watersheds in Eastern Oregon and Washington, Idaho, and Portions of California have provided increased protection for bull trout habitat depending on their scope and geographic areas affected, and the extent to which they are being effectively implemented in watersheds containing bull trout. Recent reduction in timber production on National Forests (up to 50% in western Oregon National Forests and over 30% in eastern Oregon National Forests) should help improve riparian and stream habitat conditions for bull trout. The remaining bull trout distribution occurs on private, state, or tribal owned lands. A comparison of approximately 39 locations throughout the state with protective angling regulations on bull trout (in some areas more than one bull trout population is protected by one regulation) shows that all state managed areas were upgraded in a protective angling status or at least maintained in 1996 compared to 1989. Restrictive angling regulations prohibit angler harvest of all bull trout populations in Oregon except for one in the Deschutes Basin. Restrictive bull trout angling regulation changes (including the elimination of bull Vll trout harvest in all spawning areas) may be the major reasons why the Metolius River/Lake Billy Chinook and mainstem McKenzie River populations have shown significant increases in abundance. Statewide stocking of non-native brook trout, including the high lakes stocking program, has been discontinued in locations where managers believe brook trout could migrate downstream and potentially interact with native bull trout. Hatchery stocking of legal rainbow trout to promote recreational fisheries has been discontinued in most locations near bull trout populations to avoid incidental catch of bull trout. The spatial and temporal distributions of bull trout reported for each river basin in this status report should be used as an accurate baseline for fisheries managers. Current distribution and relative change of distribution should be useful indicators of population health and status. The GIS maps in this report provide a template to add new layers of data such as critical spawning and juvenile rearing areas, or as a method to compare distribution changes through time. Length frequency data are presented for most Oregon bull trout populations. This should provide estimates for the presence of multiple age classes and the percent of fluvial size life history component. Vlll Close

• 33. [Image] City of Ashland Watershed, circular storage reservoir on Ashland Loop Road

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: City of Ashland Watershed, circular storage reservoir on Ashland Loop Road Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1950 Title: City of Ashland Watershed, circular storage reservoir on Ashland Loop Road Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1950 Close

• 34. [Image] City of Ashland Watershed, Hosler Dam and Reeder Reservoir, 1951

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: City of Ashland Watershed, Hosler Dam and Reeder Reservoir, 1951 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1951 Title: City of Ashland Watershed, Hosler Dam and Reeder Reservoir, 1951 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1951 Close

• 35. [Image] City of Ashland Watershed, Hosler Dam and Reeder Reservoir, ca. 1960

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: City of Ashland Watershed, Hosler Dam and Reeder Reservoir, ca. 1960 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1960 Title: City of Ashland Watershed, Hosler Dam and Reeder Reservoir, ca. 1960 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1960 Close

• 36. [Image] City of Ashland Watershed, Reeder Reservoir

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: City of Ashland Watershed, Reeder Reservoir Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1960 Title: City of Ashland Watershed, Reeder Reservoir Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1960 Close

• 37. [Image] Ashland watershed/Ashland Loop Rd, Americorps volunteers thinning and peeling Douglas-fir poles (1st view)

  	Used in historic-structure rehabilitation projects.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland watershed/Ashland Loop Rd, Americorps volunteers thinning and peeling Douglas-fir poles (1st view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 2001 Used in historic-structure rehabilitation projects. Title: Ashland watershed/Ashland Loop Rd, Americorps volunteers thinning and peeling Douglas-fir poles (1st view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 2001 Used in historic-structure rehabilitation projects. Close

• 38. [Image] Ashland watershed/Ashland Loop Rd, Americorps volunteers thinning and peeling Douglas-fir poles (2nd view)

  	Used in historic-structure rehabilitation projects.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland watershed/Ashland Loop Rd, Americorps volunteers thinning and peeling Douglas-fir poles (2nd view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 2001 Used in historic-structure rehabilitation projects. Title: Ashland watershed/Ashland Loop Rd, Americorps volunteers thinning and peeling Douglas-fir poles (2nd view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 2001 Used in historic-structure rehabilitation projects. Close

• 39. [Image] Ashland watershed/Ashland Loop Rd, Americorps volunteers thinning and peeling Douglas-fir poles (3rd view)

  	Used in historic-structure rehabilitation projects.
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland watershed/Ashland Loop Rd, Americorps volunteers thinning and peeling Douglas-fir poles (3rd view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 2001 Used in historic-structure rehabilitation projects. Title: Ashland watershed/Ashland Loop Rd, Americorps volunteers thinning and peeling Douglas-fir poles (3rd view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 2001 Used in historic-structure rehabilitation projects. Close

• 40. [Image] Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007

  	The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007 Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2006, 2007 The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing efforts of people throughout Oregon to improve and protect clean water and recover and maintain healthy populations offish and wildlife in our watersheds. The Oregon Plan is unique because it engages communities in the restoration and long-term stewardship of their watersheds. This extraordinary effort encourages local partnerships and voluntary actions to improve the conditions of our watersheds. Over the years, these actions have made Oregon a national leader in local cooperative conservation. This report collects project and condition data, voluntary private lands restoration information, and agency program accomplishments under the Oregon Plan. Consistent with the past two reports, this document continues to provide specific data on each of the state's fifteen reporting basins. A new element to this report is the inclusion of stories about the people, partnerships, and on-the-ground projects that are benefiting watersheds and communities across the state. Thanks to the many Oregon Plan partners who contributed to this report. Thomas M. Byler Executive Director Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Title: Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds biennial report, 2005-2007 Author: Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Year: 2006, 2007 The Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds Biennial Report 2005-2007. This is the sixth report on the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds. The report provides an update on the accomplishments and continuing efforts of people throughout Oregon to improve and protect clean water and recover and maintain healthy populations offish and wildlife in our watersheds. The Oregon Plan is unique because it engages communities in the restoration and long-term stewardship of their watersheds. This extraordinary effort encourages local partnerships and voluntary actions to improve the conditions of our watersheds. Over the years, these actions have made Oregon a national leader in local cooperative conservation. This report collects project and condition data, voluntary private lands restoration information, and agency program accomplishments under the Oregon Plan. Consistent with the past two reports, this document continues to provide specific data on each of the state's fifteen reporting basins. A new element to this report is the inclusion of stories about the people, partnerships, and on-the-ground projects that are benefiting watersheds and communities across the state. Thanks to the many Oregon Plan partners who contributed to this report. Thomas M. Byler Executive Director Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Close

• 41. [Image] Natural flow estimates for streams in the Klamath Basin

  	"Open file report SW 04-001"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural flow estimates for streams in the Klamath Basin Author: Cooper, Richard M. Year: 2004, 2005 "Open file report SW 04-001" Title: Natural flow estimates for streams in the Klamath Basin Author: Cooper, Richard M. Year: 2004, 2005 "Open file report SW 04-001" Close

• 42. [Image] Lecidella laureri

  	Spores; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Spores; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Spores; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Close

• 43. [Image] Lecidella laureri

  	Hymenium; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Hymenium; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Hymenium; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Close

• 44. [Image] Lecidella laureri

  	Habit; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Habit; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Habit; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Close

• 45. [Image] Lecidella laureri

  	Exciple; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Exciple; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Exciple; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Close

• 46. [Image] Lecidella laureri

  	Apothecial section; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecial section; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecial section; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Close

• 47. [Image] Lecidella laureri

  	Apothecia; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecia; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Title: Lecidella laureri Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecia; Habitat: Pinus albicaulis - Abies lasiocarpa krummholz and short trees and alpine tundra; Location: Watershed of South Meadow Creek, Tobacco Root Mountains, 9.6 km W of McAllister; Substrate: Bark, base of Populus tremuloides; Elevation: 1951 meters. Close

• 48. [Image] Lecidea nylanderi

  	Habit; Habitat: Floodplain forest with Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rhombifolia, and Calocedrus decurrens; Location: Small creek in upper watershed of Little Applegate River; Substrate: Bark, Calocedrus decurrens ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lecidea nylanderi Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2013 Habit; Habitat: Floodplain forest with Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rhombifolia, and Calocedrus decurrens; Location: Small creek in upper watershed of Little Applegate River; Substrate: Bark, Calocedrus decurrens trunk; Elevation: 923 meters. Title: Lecidea nylanderi Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2013 Habit; Habitat: Floodplain forest with Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rhombifolia, and Calocedrus decurrens; Location: Small creek in upper watershed of Little Applegate River; Substrate: Bark, Calocedrus decurrens trunk; Elevation: 923 meters. Close

• 49. [Image] Lecidea nylanderi

  	Habit; Habitat: Floodplain forest with Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rhombifolia, and Calocedrus decurrens; Location: Small creek in upper watershed of Little Applegate River; Substrate: Bark, Calocedrus decurrens ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lecidea nylanderi Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2013 Habit; Habitat: Floodplain forest with Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rhombifolia, and Calocedrus decurrens; Location: Small creek in upper watershed of Little Applegate River; Substrate: Bark, Calocedrus decurrens trunk; Elevation: 923 meters. Title: Lecidea nylanderi Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2013 Habit; Habitat: Floodplain forest with Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rhombifolia, and Calocedrus decurrens; Location: Small creek in upper watershed of Little Applegate River; Substrate: Bark, Calocedrus decurrens trunk; Elevation: 923 meters. Close

• 50. [Image] Lecidea nylanderi

  	Habit; Habitat: Floodplain forest with Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rhombifolia, and Calocedrus decurrens; Location: Small creek in upper watershed of Little Applegate River; Substrate: Bark, Calocedrus decurrens ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lecidea nylanderi Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2013 Habit; Habitat: Floodplain forest with Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rhombifolia, and Calocedrus decurrens; Location: Small creek in upper watershed of Little Applegate River; Substrate: Bark, Calocedrus decurrens trunk; Elevation: 923 meters. Title: Lecidea nylanderi Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2013 Habit; Habitat: Floodplain forest with Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rhombifolia, and Calocedrus decurrens; Location: Small creek in upper watershed of Little Applegate River; Substrate: Bark, Calocedrus decurrens trunk; Elevation: 923 meters. Close

• 51. [Image] Bacidia arceutina

  	Apothecial section; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2003 Apothecial section; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2003 Apothecial section; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Close

• 52. [Image] Bacidia arceutina

  	Spores; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Spores; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Spores; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Close

• 53. [Image] Bacidia arceutina

  	Apothecial section; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2003 Apothecial section; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Year: 2003 Apothecial section; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Close

• 54. [Image] Bacidia arceutina

  	Exciple; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Exciple; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Exciple; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Close

• 55. [Image] Bacidia arceutina

  	Habit; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Habit; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Habit; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Close

• 56. [Image] Bacidia arceutina

  	Apothecia; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecia; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Title: Bacidia arceutina Author: McCune, Bruce Apothecia; Habitat: Mature Pseudotsuga forest with diverse herbs and shrubs on low bench, just above floodplain; Location: Rock Creek valley inside gate to Corvallis Watershed, east base of Marys Peak; Substrate: Fraxinus latifolia twig; Elevation: 145 meters. Close

• 57. [Image] Pack string crossing talus slope

  	Pack string crossing slide rock area above Elkhorn Creek, Idaho
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Pack string crossing talus slope Year: 1941 Pack string crossing slide rock area above Elkhorn Creek, Idaho Title: Pack string crossing talus slope Year: 1941 Pack string crossing slide rock area above Elkhorn Creek, Idaho Close

• 58. [Image] Gerber-Willow Valley Watershed Analysis

  	x, 386 p., ill., maps (some col.); Cover title; "July 2003"
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber-Willow Valley Watershed Analysis Author: U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management; Klamath Falls Resource Area Office; U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service; Fremont-Winema National Forests; Modoc National Forest Year: 2003, 2006, 2005 x, 386 p., ill., maps (some col.); Cover title; "July 2003" Title: Gerber-Willow Valley Watershed Analysis Author: U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management; Klamath Falls Resource Area Office; U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service; Fremont-Winema National Forests; Modoc National Forest Year: 2003, 2006, 2005 x, 386 p., ill., maps (some col.); Cover title; "July 2003" Close

• 59. [Image] Handbook for developing watershed plans to restore and protect our waters

  	Draft; Title from title screen (viewed on Mar. 17, 2006); "October 2005."; "EPA 841-B-05-005."; Includes bibliographical references
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Handbook for developing watershed plans to restore and protect our waters Author: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Year: 2005, 2008, 2006 Draft; Title from title screen (viewed on Mar. 17, 2006); "October 2005."; "EPA 841-B-05-005."; Includes bibliographical references Title: Handbook for developing watershed plans to restore and protect our waters Author: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Year: 2005, 2008, 2006 Draft; Title from title screen (viewed on Mar. 17, 2006); "October 2005."; "EPA 841-B-05-005."; Includes bibliographical references Close

• 60. [Image] Evaluation of site specific restoration projects for the entire Klamath River basin

  	DOCS I 49.107: 89 ( 1.1) 89( 1.1) EVALUATION OF SITE SPECIFIC RESTORATION PROJECTS FOR THE ENTIRE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN. 1989 Klamath Field Review Comments The following comments are based primarily upon ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Evaluation of site specific restoration projects for the entire Klamath River basin Year: 1989, 2005 DOCS I 49.107: 89 ( 1.1) 89( 1.1) EVALUATION OF SITE SPECIFIC RESTORATION PROJECTS FOR THE ENTIRE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN. 1989 Klamath Field Review Comments The following comments are based primarily upon field observations made by Scott Downie and Andy Kier during the summer and autumn of 1989, Some of the review was made accompanied by personnel responsible for the projects and their comments are incorporated as well. In many streams individual project sites are linked and/ or similar in nature. This review generalizes these in its comments and ratings, but notes exceptions where required. Grades A- F were assigned, but like all grades lacking set criteria and good base- line information, they are somewhat subjective. Evaluations were based upon the observed or perceived physical response mf. de by the stream to the project, whether or not the project satisfied the objectives of the proposal, and whether or not the project appeared to have durable structure and function without maintenance or modification. Biological evaluation was impossible except to note observed fish at the time of the review. Cost effectiveness is again somewhat subjective without more front- end information, but based upon personal experience an attempt to measure product for cost entered into grade assignment. GENERAL: 1000, 1001, 1003: The racks on Bogus Crk, Scott R. & Shasta R were all operational Summer 1989. 1002: The Salmon R. weir operations were modified during our review period in response to public input: 1. The trap and weir will be staffed 24 hrs/ day. 2. Weir and trap operations will cease at 73 F. 3. Fishing will not be allowed below weir. 4. An alternate site will be developed ASAP. LOWER KLAMATH SUBBASIN: Ah Pah Creek ( 11006, 07, 08, 09, 10, 18-$ 123,928): A CCC, DFG, & Simpson Timber Co. project to provide improved access for adults into upper Ah Pah Crk., and to control sedimentation from failing banks in the treatment area. In Oct. 1989, the Hewitt Ramp structures were successfully passing coho and steelhead adults and juveni'es through a previous adult barrier section. Large wood and boulder cover elements had been placed in the associated pools. Treated banks were armored with rock filled gabions and planted with alder, willow and conifers. No evidence of sediment production to the stream from these treated slopes was observed. The workmanship and construction are sturdyand of high quality. Grade A. { Since we visited Ah Pah Crk. the day after the RNP bypass failure, the stream was loaded with suspended sediments) 1990 - Review Comments- Bluff Creek ( 11022, 23, 24, 31, 32-$ 212,000): Access provided through lower Bluff Crk's former barrier section is still passing adults and juveniles following the Feb. 1986 flood event. The boulder weirs and boulder clusters near the yearling rearing facility are providing limited spawning improvement, but they do contain pockets of gravel utilized by spawners. Both the weirs and clusters have provided some good quality summer rearing habitats, and also refuge areas during winter flows. Two cluster groups are now buried under large streambank failures. These events could have been exacerbated by the placement of the boulders too close to the now failed right bank. No large wood or brush cover elements were utilized in the structures, although some were available. Personnel explained that the extreme velocities and power at high discharges prevented incorporating these organic components into their instream structures on Bluff Crk, Grade C. Camp Creek ( 11029, 30-$ 125,000): Six boulder weirs were constructed by USFS to trap spawning gravels. Two of the six weirs are now scattered boulder clusters, having been rearranged by the stream. The surviving weirs have provided gravels and are being used by fish. The boulder groups, both designed and incidental, are providing some good quality rearing habitats and some pockets of gravel used for spawning salmonids. 3rade C. Cappell Creek ( 11027-$ 125,000): BIA artificial propagation project. Project has operated for one year. It has released 17,035 CWT Chinook. Typical of the lower river hatchery programs, securing desired numbers of late running chinook broodstocks is very difficult. A lot of money in terms of fry produced, but the facility start- up costs are now over and the annual cost will be much less than the initial investment. Grade C. Hunter Creek ( 11001, 11002, 11013-$ 19,328): A CCC, DFG, and Simpson project to improve Hunter Creek on a basin scale. CCC now have a thorough instream assessment and instream structure plan prepared by Clearwater Biostudies, inc. under contract to them. Instream structure work is now underway by CCC crews. The construction is of excellent quality and design. All upper stream barrier work is now completed. The dry lower reaches of the stream pose a dewatered, complete barrier to all adults running before early November in most years ( T. Payne, 1989). Some concern over future land management's effect on the stream in the event of a major flood occurrence. Grade B. McGarvey Creek ( 11025, 11014, 11003-$ 24,264): Status of the hatch box project is not known. The barrier work is all done and passing fish. Grade C. - Review Comments- Pecwan Creek ( 11021, 11036, 11028-$ 50,000): A total of 21,626 yearling chinook were released from 1982- 84 from this facility* They were from Iron Gate stocks and deemed not suitable for the restocking goals of the project area. Since 1985, the facility's production is not well documented, but 27,000 for the period 1985- 88 is estimated. None of the releases from this site have been CWT. The Pecwan site has been used as a broodstock source for Cappell Creek as well. Grade D. Red Cap Creek ( 11033, 34, 35-$ 70,000): USFS project has produced some impressive results. Failing banks have been armored and vegetated. A series of over thirty boulder weirs and clusters have provided some high quality spawning and rearing habitats. Large wood cover elements have been used somewhat in the project. The project reach is in a stream section of former generally poor habitats and low utilization by salmonids; they were abundant during our visits. There is a yearling pond adjacent to the treatment section. Grade A. Richardson Creek ( 11026-$ 25,200): This project removed a barrier to salmonids and is functional. Seemed expensive. Grade C. Salt Creek ( 11000, 11012-$ 18,944): CCC successfully stabilized failing banks. All barrier work is completed and functional. One of the few upslope erosion control projects in the review has controlled the sediment output from the roadway. There is a lot of product here for the money. Grade A. Surpur Creek ( 11005-$ 3,456): CCC removed barriers at a bargain price. Still functional. Grade A. Tarup Creek ( 11004, 11011, 11015, 16, 17-$ 77,024): CCC has a plan for the creek and instream treatments done under contract by Inter- Fluv Inc. The work outlined in the plan is now completed, and is of very high quality and design for the most part. The work involved barrier modification, instream structures, revegetation upslope as well in the riparian zone, and some upslope erosion control ( one site upslope was quite major, in fact). Tarup, regardless of all these improvements, has a low flow access problem in its delta. Grade B. Pine Creek ( 10019, 20-$- 0-): Not reviewed. Various streams ( 11019- 20-$ 550,000): This is the CCC operation fund for the Lower Klamath program. This ongoing general fund was not deemed suitable for field review or rating. However, our general observation of the CCC/ DFG Lower Klamath program has certainly produced a positive impression of their work and approach. - Review Comments- MIDDLE KLAMATH SUBBASIN: Beaver Creek ( 6000- 05, 6035, 6053, 6065, 6066-$ 124,400): The boulder cluster groups and weirs constructed on Beaver Creek are not well utilized at this time. Silts and sediments nave impacted the quality of the gravel associated with the structures to the extent that some cementing has occurred. Therefore, it is believed that utilization by spawners has also been effected. The structures designed for the provision of rearing habitats have done better, and some of course do both, some neither. Grade C, The rearing facility ( 6035) was closed in 1985, but there is now talk of re- opening it. 1980- 84 releases averaged 29,423 yearling chinook of Iron Gate origin. Grade C. The gravel seeding occurred in 1985 ( 6052) and no evaluation was considered possible in 1989, nor was any proffered by staff. The two screens ( 6065- 66) are functional, but require regular upkeep and periodic thorough maintenance. Grade B. Bluff Creek ( 6036-$- 0-): This is one of the Klamath system's highest production cooperative rearing facilities. It has averaged 66,462 chinook yearlings for the past three years. These fish are of Iron Gate origin. Although adult runs are up in Bluff Creek, there is little baseline data, and until the current brood no CWT's were done on the ponded fish. Grade B. Bogus Creek ( 6046- 47, 6053- 54, 6061-$ 94,750): Bogus Creek is heavily utilized by naturally spawning chinook of Iron Gate Hatchery origin as well as by stocks of its own. The projects designed to provide more and/ or better gravels for these fish have met with apparent success, since in almost all cases the projects are used by the spawners, but so is everything else. What that means in real incremental gains that can be credited to particular habitat treatments is therefore difficult to assess. CWT and DSM evaluation programs are ongoing. Grade C. Camp Creek ( 6037-$- 0-): This rearing facility switched from Iron Gate chinook stocks to natal stocks in 1987. Yearling releases dropped from an average of 27,533 to 14,573 after the change. This can be attributed to the difficulty in trapping adults in an open, high discharge system. Still, the fact that they are now utilizing later running stocks that are adapted to Camp Creek's flow regime and conditions counts for a great deal. The natal brood have been marked with alternating maxillary clips ( right one year, left the next) prior to release and some have been recovered as adults. Grade B+. China Creek ( 6008- 09-$ 9,300): Not reviewed. Report is that the access is good throughout the stream now. No report on the status of the structures. - Review Comments- Clear Creek ( 6010, 6068- 69-$ 66,400): Fish and Game's barrier removal is providing access successfully. Report is that access is good throughout Clear Creek at this time. Grade B. Coon Creek ( 6056-$ 30,000): This ladder passes steelhead, but DFG is not certain about coho. It also requires some light upkeep. Grade B. Cottonwood Creek ( 6049-$ 22,966): Gravel placed on these weirs needs to be re- seeded periodically at the cost of $ 2,000 each time. Grade D. ( 6057-$ 6,000): Not reviewed. ( 6055-$ 5,000): Ladder is on line and working well. Grade B. ( 6058- 60-$ 29,500): These screens are all on line and operational, but require light periodic maintenance which is conducted by the Yreka Screen Shop on a rotating basis. Grade B. ( 6070-$ 1,200): The potholes blasted to trap gravel have trapped sand instead, so the goal of creating spawning habitat was not met. However, fry usage and survival seem to be good in the resultant pools. Not a high cost project. Grade C. ( Total Cottonwood Creek budget: $ 64,666) Di1lon Creek ( 6071-$ 5,000): This functional project opened five miles of good habitat now utilized by steelhead and Chinook. Grade A. Doolittle Creek ( 6011-$ 2,300) : The treated log jam has not reformed and access is still good for steelhead. Grade C. Elk Creek ( 6012- 14-$ 41,000): The boulder weirs and clusters are now all installed and need flows for evaluation of performance. ( 6034, 6045-$ 10,000) : The washout pond has averaged 31,205 released Iron Gate chinook yearlings since 1984. Grade B. ( Total Elk Creek budget: $ 51,000) Grider Creek ( 6015- 16, 6038-$ 18,500): The falls are now passing fish successfully. Grade A. The boulder weirs have been successful in trapping spawning gravel and are being used by chinook. Grade A. The ponds have grown an average of 34,426 Iron Gate chinook yearlings since 1987. Grade B. Horse Creek ( 6062- 64, 6074-$ 35,000): The three screens are installed and operational, but require light maintenance. Yreka Screen Shop provides this on an alternating basis. Grade B. The log jam is no longer an access problem. Grade A. ( Extant diversion dam is a major problem on this creek) Humbug Creek ( 6017- 18-$ 5,300): The boulder weirs are not successful and are physically failing. Grade F. The log weirs have worked well and are providing spawning and rearing habitat. Grade A. In any event, ten miles of good quality habitat are blocked to salmonids by dredge tailings in lower Humbug Creek. - Review Comments- Independence Creek ( 6019-$ 5,000): The stream's mouth is still open and fish access it. Grade B. Indian Creek ( 6006, 6020- 28, 6039- 40, 6067, 6072~$ 200,600): AH modified former barriers are now passing fish. Grade A. The recent instream structures all appear to be performing to design; biological evaluation is underway now. Grade B. The spawning channel is used extensively by steelhead, and to a lesser extent by coho, but not by chinook. It is also a maintenance item ( ie. supplemental gravel). Grade D. The rearing ponds have averaged 74,134 Iron Gate yearlings since 1985. Grade B. Irving Creek ( 6029-$ 9,300): The use of small boulders to construct inadequately sized structures resulted in no net gain from this project. Grade F. Iron Gate Hatchery ( 6033-$-?-): The hatchery is modifying its operations to better cope with problems associated with temperatures, density, and release timing according to the hatchery manager. Grade C. Badger Flat and Tree of Heaven ( 6050- 51-$ 136,000): These spawning channels have both been unsuccessful due to design flaws. They require constant maintenance which is not possible during usage. Gravel seeding is an ongoing project. Grade F. Little Bogus Creek ( 6048-$ 20,000): These seeded weirs were not reviewed, but they are reported to be intensely utilized by spawners. However, some maintenance is also required. Pearch Creek ( 6041-$- 0-): These ponds are operated by the Orleans Rod and Gun Club and have good public involvement and educational value. About 9,000 steelhead of Salmon River origin are reared here. A lot of enthusiasm and local stocks. Grade A. Red Cap Creek ( 6042-$- 0-): This rearing pond has averaged 37,862 Iron Gate chinook yearlings since 1985 and is operated in a system that has also had significant habitat improvement projects recently completed. A CWT program would help evaluate both of these aspects of the Red Cap Creek endeavor. Grade B. Seiad Creek ( 6030- 31, 6073-$ 5,100): The barrier project has been successful. Grade A. The weir projects were not found and therefore not reviewed. Thompson Creek ( 6032, 6043-$ 5,000): The rearing ponds were closed in 1985. The instream structures were not reviewed. West Branch Creek ( 6007-$ 5,500): The weirs are used by steelhead for spawning, according to local observers; they seem functional. Grade C. - Review Comments- Wilson Creek ( 6007-$- 0-): This private rearing facility was not reviewed. According to locals, it is not in use at this time. SALMON RIVER: Black Bear Creek ( 5000-$ 11,000): This USFS project successfully provided access for steelhead into the creek, and it is currently being utilized. Grade A. Kelly Gulch ( 5002- 03-$ 9,500): This project was not reviewed, but USFS staff reported that the barrier was still not passing all fish attempting to access the system. Their evaluation is underway now. Knownothing Creek ( 5004- 06, 5021-$ 153,114): The removal of the diversion dams and other barriers resulted, in doubling the chinook and coho runs into the creek. Grade A. The weirs ( 5006*) were not completed at the time of the review. Delays were incurred because the rock was overshot resulting in boulders too small for the structures. Grade F. Nordheimer Creek ( 5007, 5008-$ 90,000): The log weirs ( 5007) failed. Grade F. The fishway ( 5008) is successful and passing fish. Grade A. Salmon River ( 5023, 5024-$ 8,000): This selective barrier was modified at a very reasonable cost and has improved access for al1 fish. Grade A. East Fork Salmon River ( 5013-$ 60,000): This project was not reviewed; USFS is evaluating now. South Fork Salmon River ( 5009- 12, 5014- 15, 5022, 5001-$ 176,200): ( 5009) This natal stock bioenhancement facility was located at a site with poor water temperature conditions for intense fish culture. Broodstock acquisition was also very difficult. The facility is now closed ( equipment will be relocated in the watershed, if possible). The project released 36,667 natal chinook smolts in the period from 1985 to 1987. Grade D. The boulder group projects were undergoing evaluation during the review period for biological response. The initial physical evaluation was not conclusive because many of the projects had not been subject to higher flows. Grade C. ( 5022) The " rough passage" area currently allows fish to pass without undue struggle. Grade B. ( 5001) The Blind Horse Creek weirs have not all been successful in providing spawning habitat. Many are trapping silt rather than spawning gravel. Rearing habitats are being provided by most of them, however. Grade D. - Review Comments- Specimen Creek ( 5016-$ 500): Steelhead now pass the treated log jam barrier. Another jam has formed above this site and requires monitoring and possible modification. Grade B. St. Claire Creek ( 5017- 20-$ 15,000): Steelhead now pass the modified barrier. The log weirs are holding gravel and in use by spawners. Juvenile cover is good associated with the weirs as well as the cover elements used in the project. The boulder weirs and clusters are also in place and in use. Grade A. SCOTT RIVER: Scott River and tribs. ( 4031- 4334 [ not inclusive]-$ 2, "* 15,810) : These Soil Conservation District projects primarily involved placing rip- rap armor at 304 different sites in the upper Scott system. Not all were reviewed, and although the rock is stable and in place, many were found to lack streamside vegetation that would provide important shade and cover for the stream and aquatic life. Some others were buried in decomposed granite, sand or silt and therefore had little benefit for fish by way of providing complex micro- habitats. The value of these projects would be much greater if some of these items were addressed. Grade C. French Creek ( 4001, 4016- 18-$ 32,100): The sediment check dam initially filled in one storm event. It was excavated but refilled during the next runoff event. A high maintenance approach that treats the symptoms of the watershed's chronic erosion problem. Grade F. The screens are all in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic light upkeep provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. Kelsey Creek ( 4002- 04-$ 147,500): The weirs work well and are used by all species for spawning and rearing. Grade A. The USFS spawning channel has not performed as hoped. Problems have occurred relating to channel liner failure. The average number of pairs using the channel during the period 1985- 88 were: nine chinook, three coho, and twelve steelhead. In 1989 no usage was observed. It is also a very costly installation. Grade D-. Kidder Creek ( 4020- 21-$ 26,000): Both screens are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. Patterson Creek ( 4019-$ 9,000): This screen is in place and functional, but is dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. - Review Comments- Scott River ( 4005- 06, 4012- 15-$ 94,800): Although the gravels were ' cleaned' the sedimentation problem returned the next year, This treatment does not address the problem, but rather the symptoms and would require constant maintenance. Grade F. The boulder groups were not installed after gauging the rapid sedimentation rate. The four screens are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. East Fork Scott River ( 4010- 11-$ 20,000): These two screens are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. Shakleford Creek ( 4009, 4022- 4030 incl., 4323, 4329-$ 343,720): ( 4009) The bank armor was not surveyed, but is reported to be stabilizing the soft banks. The fishery benefits are not known, ( 4022- 30) These nine screens are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by tne Yreka Screen Shop, Grade B. ( 4323, 4329) The rip- rap bank armor is in place, but needs vegetation and cover elements added to increase fishery values. Grade C. Thomkins Creek ( 4007- 08-$ 6,500): The weirs are installed but are not highly utilized because of the recruited fine sediments now accumulated on them. Grade D. The fishway has provided access and is currently functional. Grade B. SHASTA RIVER: Parks Creek ( 3018-$ 42,000): These four screens are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. Shasta River ( 3000- 04, 3005- 08, 3009- 17-$ 519,000): ( 3000- 04) These weirs have deteriorated over the past few years due to the use of undersized boulders in construction. Only about 10% of the effective structures remain. In 1989 only 32 redds were observed on the weirs. Very expensive ($ 363,000) spawning gravel. Grade D. The four fishways ( 3005- 08-$ 17,000) are all currently passing fish. Grade B. The nine screens ( 3009- 17-$ 139,000) are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. 12 0140402500 UPPER KLAMATH RIVER: Fal1 Creek ( 2000-$- 0-): The Fall Creek hatchery facility is on line and ready to augment Iron Gate's production. The site has very good water quality and can be instrumental in relieving crowding problems at Iron Gate. Title: Evaluation of site specific restoration projects for the entire Klamath River basin Year: 1989, 2005 DOCS I 49.107: 89 ( 1.1) 89( 1.1) EVALUATION OF SITE SPECIFIC RESTORATION PROJECTS FOR THE ENTIRE KLAMATH RIVER BASIN. 1989 Klamath Field Review Comments The following comments are based primarily upon field observations made by Scott Downie and Andy Kier during the summer and autumn of 1989, Some of the review was made accompanied by personnel responsible for the projects and their comments are incorporated as well. In many streams individual project sites are linked and/ or similar in nature. This review generalizes these in its comments and ratings, but notes exceptions where required. Grades A- F were assigned, but like all grades lacking set criteria and good base- line information, they are somewhat subjective. Evaluations were based upon the observed or perceived physical response mf. de by the stream to the project, whether or not the project satisfied the objectives of the proposal, and whether or not the project appeared to have durable structure and function without maintenance or modification. Biological evaluation was impossible except to note observed fish at the time of the review. Cost effectiveness is again somewhat subjective without more front- end information, but based upon personal experience an attempt to measure product for cost entered into grade assignment. GENERAL: 1000, 1001, 1003: The racks on Bogus Crk, Scott R. & Shasta R were all operational Summer 1989. 1002: The Salmon R. weir operations were modified during our review period in response to public input: 1. The trap and weir will be staffed 24 hrs/ day. 2. Weir and trap operations will cease at 73 F. 3. Fishing will not be allowed below weir. 4. An alternate site will be developed ASAP. LOWER KLAMATH SUBBASIN: Ah Pah Creek ( 11006, 07, 08, 09, 10, 18-$ 123,928): A CCC, DFG, & Simpson Timber Co. project to provide improved access for adults into upper Ah Pah Crk., and to control sedimentation from failing banks in the treatment area. In Oct. 1989, the Hewitt Ramp structures were successfully passing coho and steelhead adults and juveni'es through a previous adult barrier section. Large wood and boulder cover elements had been placed in the associated pools. Treated banks were armored with rock filled gabions and planted with alder, willow and conifers. No evidence of sediment production to the stream from these treated slopes was observed. The workmanship and construction are sturdyand of high quality. Grade A. { Since we visited Ah Pah Crk. the day after the RNP bypass failure, the stream was loaded with suspended sediments) 1990 - Review Comments- Bluff Creek ( 11022, 23, 24, 31, 32-$ 212,000): Access provided through lower Bluff Crk's former barrier section is still passing adults and juveniles following the Feb. 1986 flood event. The boulder weirs and boulder clusters near the yearling rearing facility are providing limited spawning improvement, but they do contain pockets of gravel utilized by spawners. Both the weirs and clusters have provided some good quality summer rearing habitats, and also refuge areas during winter flows. Two cluster groups are now buried under large streambank failures. These events could have been exacerbated by the placement of the boulders too close to the now failed right bank. No large wood or brush cover elements were utilized in the structures, although some were available. Personnel explained that the extreme velocities and power at high discharges prevented incorporating these organic components into their instream structures on Bluff Crk, Grade C. Camp Creek ( 11029, 30-$ 125,000): Six boulder weirs were constructed by USFS to trap spawning gravels. Two of the six weirs are now scattered boulder clusters, having been rearranged by the stream. The surviving weirs have provided gravels and are being used by fish. The boulder groups, both designed and incidental, are providing some good quality rearing habitats and some pockets of gravel used for spawning salmonids. 3rade C. Cappell Creek ( 11027-$ 125,000): BIA artificial propagation project. Project has operated for one year. It has released 17,035 CWT Chinook. Typical of the lower river hatchery programs, securing desired numbers of late running chinook broodstocks is very difficult. A lot of money in terms of fry produced, but the facility start- up costs are now over and the annual cost will be much less than the initial investment. Grade C. Hunter Creek ( 11001, 11002, 11013-$ 19,328): A CCC, DFG, and Simpson project to improve Hunter Creek on a basin scale. CCC now have a thorough instream assessment and instream structure plan prepared by Clearwater Biostudies, inc. under contract to them. Instream structure work is now underway by CCC crews. The construction is of excellent quality and design. All upper stream barrier work is now completed. The dry lower reaches of the stream pose a dewatered, complete barrier to all adults running before early November in most years ( T. Payne, 1989). Some concern over future land management's effect on the stream in the event of a major flood occurrence. Grade B. McGarvey Creek ( 11025, 11014, 11003-$ 24,264): Status of the hatch box project is not known. The barrier work is all done and passing fish. Grade C. - Review Comments- Pecwan Creek ( 11021, 11036, 11028-$ 50,000): A total of 21,626 yearling chinook were released from 1982- 84 from this facility* They were from Iron Gate stocks and deemed not suitable for the restocking goals of the project area. Since 1985, the facility's production is not well documented, but 27,000 for the period 1985- 88 is estimated. None of the releases from this site have been CWT. The Pecwan site has been used as a broodstock source for Cappell Creek as well. Grade D. Red Cap Creek ( 11033, 34, 35-$ 70,000): USFS project has produced some impressive results. Failing banks have been armored and vegetated. A series of over thirty boulder weirs and clusters have provided some high quality spawning and rearing habitats. Large wood cover elements have been used somewhat in the project. The project reach is in a stream section of former generally poor habitats and low utilization by salmonids; they were abundant during our visits. There is a yearling pond adjacent to the treatment section. Grade A. Richardson Creek ( 11026-$ 25,200): This project removed a barrier to salmonids and is functional. Seemed expensive. Grade C. Salt Creek ( 11000, 11012-$ 18,944): CCC successfully stabilized failing banks. All barrier work is completed and functional. One of the few upslope erosion control projects in the review has controlled the sediment output from the roadway. There is a lot of product here for the money. Grade A. Surpur Creek ( 11005-$ 3,456): CCC removed barriers at a bargain price. Still functional. Grade A. Tarup Creek ( 11004, 11011, 11015, 16, 17-$ 77,024): CCC has a plan for the creek and instream treatments done under contract by Inter- Fluv Inc. The work outlined in the plan is now completed, and is of very high quality and design for the most part. The work involved barrier modification, instream structures, revegetation upslope as well in the riparian zone, and some upslope erosion control ( one site upslope was quite major, in fact). Tarup, regardless of all these improvements, has a low flow access problem in its delta. Grade B. Pine Creek ( 10019, 20-$- 0-): Not reviewed. Various streams ( 11019- 20-$ 550,000): This is the CCC operation fund for the Lower Klamath program. This ongoing general fund was not deemed suitable for field review or rating. However, our general observation of the CCC/ DFG Lower Klamath program has certainly produced a positive impression of their work and approach. - Review Comments- MIDDLE KLAMATH SUBBASIN: Beaver Creek ( 6000- 05, 6035, 6053, 6065, 6066-$ 124,400): The boulder cluster groups and weirs constructed on Beaver Creek are not well utilized at this time. Silts and sediments nave impacted the quality of the gravel associated with the structures to the extent that some cementing has occurred. Therefore, it is believed that utilization by spawners has also been effected. The structures designed for the provision of rearing habitats have done better, and some of course do both, some neither. Grade C, The rearing facility ( 6035) was closed in 1985, but there is now talk of re- opening it. 1980- 84 releases averaged 29,423 yearling chinook of Iron Gate origin. Grade C. The gravel seeding occurred in 1985 ( 6052) and no evaluation was considered possible in 1989, nor was any proffered by staff. The two screens ( 6065- 66) are functional, but require regular upkeep and periodic thorough maintenance. Grade B. Bluff Creek ( 6036-$- 0-): This is one of the Klamath system's highest production cooperative rearing facilities. It has averaged 66,462 chinook yearlings for the past three years. These fish are of Iron Gate origin. Although adult runs are up in Bluff Creek, there is little baseline data, and until the current brood no CWT's were done on the ponded fish. Grade B. Bogus Creek ( 6046- 47, 6053- 54, 6061-$ 94,750): Bogus Creek is heavily utilized by naturally spawning chinook of Iron Gate Hatchery origin as well as by stocks of its own. The projects designed to provide more and/ or better gravels for these fish have met with apparent success, since in almost all cases the projects are used by the spawners, but so is everything else. What that means in real incremental gains that can be credited to particular habitat treatments is therefore difficult to assess. CWT and DSM evaluation programs are ongoing. Grade C. Camp Creek ( 6037-$- 0-): This rearing facility switched from Iron Gate chinook stocks to natal stocks in 1987. Yearling releases dropped from an average of 27,533 to 14,573 after the change. This can be attributed to the difficulty in trapping adults in an open, high discharge system. Still, the fact that they are now utilizing later running stocks that are adapted to Camp Creek's flow regime and conditions counts for a great deal. The natal brood have been marked with alternating maxillary clips ( right one year, left the next) prior to release and some have been recovered as adults. Grade B+. China Creek ( 6008- 09-$ 9,300): Not reviewed. Report is that the access is good throughout the stream now. No report on the status of the structures. - Review Comments- Clear Creek ( 6010, 6068- 69-$ 66,400): Fish and Game's barrier removal is providing access successfully. Report is that access is good throughout Clear Creek at this time. Grade B. Coon Creek ( 6056-$ 30,000): This ladder passes steelhead, but DFG is not certain about coho. It also requires some light upkeep. Grade B. Cottonwood Creek ( 6049-$ 22,966): Gravel placed on these weirs needs to be re- seeded periodically at the cost of $ 2,000 each time. Grade D. ( 6057-$ 6,000): Not reviewed. ( 6055-$ 5,000): Ladder is on line and working well. Grade B. ( 6058- 60-$ 29,500): These screens are all on line and operational, but require light periodic maintenance which is conducted by the Yreka Screen Shop on a rotating basis. Grade B. ( 6070-$ 1,200): The potholes blasted to trap gravel have trapped sand instead, so the goal of creating spawning habitat was not met. However, fry usage and survival seem to be good in the resultant pools. Not a high cost project. Grade C. ( Total Cottonwood Creek budget: $ 64,666) Di1lon Creek ( 6071-$ 5,000): This functional project opened five miles of good habitat now utilized by steelhead and Chinook. Grade A. Doolittle Creek ( 6011-$ 2,300) : The treated log jam has not reformed and access is still good for steelhead. Grade C. Elk Creek ( 6012- 14-$ 41,000): The boulder weirs and clusters are now all installed and need flows for evaluation of performance. ( 6034, 6045-$ 10,000) : The washout pond has averaged 31,205 released Iron Gate chinook yearlings since 1984. Grade B. ( Total Elk Creek budget: $ 51,000) Grider Creek ( 6015- 16, 6038-$ 18,500): The falls are now passing fish successfully. Grade A. The boulder weirs have been successful in trapping spawning gravel and are being used by chinook. Grade A. The ponds have grown an average of 34,426 Iron Gate chinook yearlings since 1987. Grade B. Horse Creek ( 6062- 64, 6074-$ 35,000): The three screens are installed and operational, but require light maintenance. Yreka Screen Shop provides this on an alternating basis. Grade B. The log jam is no longer an access problem. Grade A. ( Extant diversion dam is a major problem on this creek) Humbug Creek ( 6017- 18-$ 5,300): The boulder weirs are not successful and are physically failing. Grade F. The log weirs have worked well and are providing spawning and rearing habitat. Grade A. In any event, ten miles of good quality habitat are blocked to salmonids by dredge tailings in lower Humbug Creek. - Review Comments- Independence Creek ( 6019-$ 5,000): The stream's mouth is still open and fish access it. Grade B. Indian Creek ( 6006, 6020- 28, 6039- 40, 6067, 6072~$ 200,600): AH modified former barriers are now passing fish. Grade A. The recent instream structures all appear to be performing to design; biological evaluation is underway now. Grade B. The spawning channel is used extensively by steelhead, and to a lesser extent by coho, but not by chinook. It is also a maintenance item ( ie. supplemental gravel). Grade D. The rearing ponds have averaged 74,134 Iron Gate yearlings since 1985. Grade B. Irving Creek ( 6029-$ 9,300): The use of small boulders to construct inadequately sized structures resulted in no net gain from this project. Grade F. Iron Gate Hatchery ( 6033-$-?-): The hatchery is modifying its operations to better cope with problems associated with temperatures, density, and release timing according to the hatchery manager. Grade C. Badger Flat and Tree of Heaven ( 6050- 51-$ 136,000): These spawning channels have both been unsuccessful due to design flaws. They require constant maintenance which is not possible during usage. Gravel seeding is an ongoing project. Grade F. Little Bogus Creek ( 6048-$ 20,000): These seeded weirs were not reviewed, but they are reported to be intensely utilized by spawners. However, some maintenance is also required. Pearch Creek ( 6041-$- 0-): These ponds are operated by the Orleans Rod and Gun Club and have good public involvement and educational value. About 9,000 steelhead of Salmon River origin are reared here. A lot of enthusiasm and local stocks. Grade A. Red Cap Creek ( 6042-$- 0-): This rearing pond has averaged 37,862 Iron Gate chinook yearlings since 1985 and is operated in a system that has also had significant habitat improvement projects recently completed. A CWT program would help evaluate both of these aspects of the Red Cap Creek endeavor. Grade B. Seiad Creek ( 6030- 31, 6073-$ 5,100): The barrier project has been successful. Grade A. The weir projects were not found and therefore not reviewed. Thompson Creek ( 6032, 6043-$ 5,000): The rearing ponds were closed in 1985. The instream structures were not reviewed. West Branch Creek ( 6007-$ 5,500): The weirs are used by steelhead for spawning, according to local observers; they seem functional. Grade C. - Review Comments- Wilson Creek ( 6007-$- 0-): This private rearing facility was not reviewed. According to locals, it is not in use at this time. SALMON RIVER: Black Bear Creek ( 5000-$ 11,000): This USFS project successfully provided access for steelhead into the creek, and it is currently being utilized. Grade A. Kelly Gulch ( 5002- 03-$ 9,500): This project was not reviewed, but USFS staff reported that the barrier was still not passing all fish attempting to access the system. Their evaluation is underway now. Knownothing Creek ( 5004- 06, 5021-$ 153,114): The removal of the diversion dams and other barriers resulted, in doubling the chinook and coho runs into the creek. Grade A. The weirs ( 5006*) were not completed at the time of the review. Delays were incurred because the rock was overshot resulting in boulders too small for the structures. Grade F. Nordheimer Creek ( 5007, 5008-$ 90,000): The log weirs ( 5007) failed. Grade F. The fishway ( 5008) is successful and passing fish. Grade A. Salmon River ( 5023, 5024-$ 8,000): This selective barrier was modified at a very reasonable cost and has improved access for al1 fish. Grade A. East Fork Salmon River ( 5013-$ 60,000): This project was not reviewed; USFS is evaluating now. South Fork Salmon River ( 5009- 12, 5014- 15, 5022, 5001-$ 176,200): ( 5009) This natal stock bioenhancement facility was located at a site with poor water temperature conditions for intense fish culture. Broodstock acquisition was also very difficult. The facility is now closed ( equipment will be relocated in the watershed, if possible). The project released 36,667 natal chinook smolts in the period from 1985 to 1987. Grade D. The boulder group projects were undergoing evaluation during the review period for biological response. The initial physical evaluation was not conclusive because many of the projects had not been subject to higher flows. Grade C. ( 5022) The " rough passage" area currently allows fish to pass without undue struggle. Grade B. ( 5001) The Blind Horse Creek weirs have not all been successful in providing spawning habitat. Many are trapping silt rather than spawning gravel. Rearing habitats are being provided by most of them, however. Grade D. - Review Comments- Specimen Creek ( 5016-$ 500): Steelhead now pass the treated log jam barrier. Another jam has formed above this site and requires monitoring and possible modification. Grade B. St. Claire Creek ( 5017- 20-$ 15,000): Steelhead now pass the modified barrier. The log weirs are holding gravel and in use by spawners. Juvenile cover is good associated with the weirs as well as the cover elements used in the project. The boulder weirs and clusters are also in place and in use. Grade A. SCOTT RIVER: Scott River and tribs. ( 4031- 4334 [ not inclusive]-$ 2, "* 15,810) : These Soil Conservation District projects primarily involved placing rip- rap armor at 304 different sites in the upper Scott system. Not all were reviewed, and although the rock is stable and in place, many were found to lack streamside vegetation that would provide important shade and cover for the stream and aquatic life. Some others were buried in decomposed granite, sand or silt and therefore had little benefit for fish by way of providing complex micro- habitats. The value of these projects would be much greater if some of these items were addressed. Grade C. French Creek ( 4001, 4016- 18-$ 32,100): The sediment check dam initially filled in one storm event. It was excavated but refilled during the next runoff event. A high maintenance approach that treats the symptoms of the watershed's chronic erosion problem. Grade F. The screens are all in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic light upkeep provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. Kelsey Creek ( 4002- 04-$ 147,500): The weirs work well and are used by all species for spawning and rearing. Grade A. The USFS spawning channel has not performed as hoped. Problems have occurred relating to channel liner failure. The average number of pairs using the channel during the period 1985- 88 were: nine chinook, three coho, and twelve steelhead. In 1989 no usage was observed. It is also a very costly installation. Grade D-. Kidder Creek ( 4020- 21-$ 26,000): Both screens are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. Patterson Creek ( 4019-$ 9,000): This screen is in place and functional, but is dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. - Review Comments- Scott River ( 4005- 06, 4012- 15-$ 94,800): Although the gravels were ' cleaned' the sedimentation problem returned the next year, This treatment does not address the problem, but rather the symptoms and would require constant maintenance. Grade F. The boulder groups were not installed after gauging the rapid sedimentation rate. The four screens are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. East Fork Scott River ( 4010- 11-$ 20,000): These two screens are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. Shakleford Creek ( 4009, 4022- 4030 incl., 4323, 4329-$ 343,720): ( 4009) The bank armor was not surveyed, but is reported to be stabilizing the soft banks. The fishery benefits are not known, ( 4022- 30) These nine screens are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by tne Yreka Screen Shop, Grade B. ( 4323, 4329) The rip- rap bank armor is in place, but needs vegetation and cover elements added to increase fishery values. Grade C. Thomkins Creek ( 4007- 08-$ 6,500): The weirs are installed but are not highly utilized because of the recruited fine sediments now accumulated on them. Grade D. The fishway has provided access and is currently functional. Grade B. SHASTA RIVER: Parks Creek ( 3018-$ 42,000): These four screens are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. Shasta River ( 3000- 04, 3005- 08, 3009- 17-$ 519,000): ( 3000- 04) These weirs have deteriorated over the past few years due to the use of undersized boulders in construction. Only about 10% of the effective structures remain. In 1989 only 32 redds were observed on the weirs. Very expensive ($ 363,000) spawning gravel. Grade D. The four fishways ( 3005- 08-$ 17,000) are all currently passing fish. Grade B. The nine screens ( 3009- 17-$ 139,000) are in place and functional, but are dependent upon periodic maintenance provided by the Yreka Screen Shop. Grade B. 12 0140402500 UPPER KLAMATH RIVER: Fal1 Creek ( 2000-$- 0-): The Fall Creek hatchery facility is on line and ready to augment Iron Gate's production. The site has very good water quality and can be instrumental in relieving crowding problems at Iron Gate. Close

• 61. [Image] The Water Report - Watershed assessments: the Upper Klamath Basin process

  	Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Water Report - Watershed assessments: the Upper Klamath Basin process Author: Envirotech Publications Year: 2004, 2008, 2006 Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/ Title: The Water Report - Watershed assessments: the Upper Klamath Basin process Author: Envirotech Publications Year: 2004, 2008, 2006 Only portions of issues of The Water Report are available in the Klamath Waters Digital Library. See the full report at http://www.thewaterreport.com/ Close

• 62. [Image] Hosler Dam under construction

  	From slide
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hosler Dam under construction Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1925 From slide Title: Hosler Dam under construction Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1925 From slide Close

• 63. [Image] Reeder Reservoir

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reeder Reservoir Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1968 Title: Reeder Reservoir Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1968 Close

• 64. [Image] Reeder Reservoir, empty

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Reeder Reservoir, empty Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1968 Title: Reeder Reservoir, empty Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1968 Close

• 65. [Image] Dredge and dredging at Reeder Reservoir

  	From slide
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Dredge and dredging at Reeder Reservoir Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1967 From slide Title: Dredge and dredging at Reeder Reservoir Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1967 From slide Close

• 66. [Image] Hosler Dam

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hosler Dam Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1966 Title: Hosler Dam Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1966 Close

• 67. [Image] Ashland Fire of 1959, ground view 1

  	(from the 'Red' Thomas Collection)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland Fire of 1959, ground view 1 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. (from the 'Red' Thomas Collection) Title: Ashland Fire of 1959, ground view 1 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. (from the 'Red' Thomas Collection) Close

• 68. [Image] Ashland Fire of 1959, ground view 2

  	(from the 'Red' Thomas Collection)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland Fire of 1959, ground view 2 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. (from the 'Red' Thomas Collection) Title: Ashland Fire of 1959, ground view 2 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. (from the 'Red' Thomas Collection) Close

• 69. [Image] Ashland Fire of 1959, aerial view 1

  	(from the 'Red' Thomas Collection)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland Fire of 1959, aerial view 1 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. (from the 'Red' Thomas Collection) Title: Ashland Fire of 1959, aerial view 1 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. (from the 'Red' Thomas Collection) Close

• 70. [Image] Ashland Fire of 1959, aerial view 2

  	(from the 'Red' Thomas Collection)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland Fire of 1959, aerial view 2 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. (from the 'Red' Thomas Collection) Title: Ashland Fire of 1959, aerial view 2 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. (from the 'Red' Thomas Collection) Close

• 71. [Image] Ashland Fire of 1959, ground view 3

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland Fire of 1959, ground view 3 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 Title: Ashland Fire of 1959, ground view 3 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 Close

• 72. [Image] Ashland Fire (1st view)

  	From slide
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland Fire (1st view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 From slide Title: Ashland Fire (1st view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 From slide Close

• 73. [Image] Ashland Fire (2nd view)

  	From slide
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland Fire (2nd view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 From slide Title: Ashland Fire (2nd view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1959 From slide Close

• 74. [Image] State fire outside Ashland on the old 1959 Ashland Burn

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: State fire outside Ashland on the old 1959 Ashland Burn Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1968 Title: State fire outside Ashland on the old 1959 Ashland Burn Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or. and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1968 Close

• 75. [Image] COPCO Dam, junction of South Fork Rogue River and Inmaha Creek

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: COPCO Dam, junction of South Fork Rogue River and Inmaha Creek Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1938 Title: COPCO Dam, junction of South Fork Rogue River and Inmaha Creek Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1938 Close

• 76. [Image] COPCO Dam, junction of South Fork Rogue River and Inmaha Creek; ca. 1958 (1st view)

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: COPCO Dam, junction of South Fork Rogue River and Inmaha Creek; ca. 1958 (1st view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1958 Title: COPCO Dam, junction of South Fork Rogue River and Inmaha Creek; ca. 1958 (1st view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1958 Close

• 77. [Image] COPCO Dam, junction of South Fork Rogue River and Inmaha Creek; ca. 1958 (2nd view)

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: COPCO Dam, junction of South Fork Rogue River and Inmaha Creek; ca. 1958 (2nd view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1958 Title: COPCO Dam, junction of South Fork Rogue River and Inmaha Creek; ca. 1958 (2nd view) Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1958 Close

• 78. [Image] Ashland fire - beginning of retardant dropping

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Ashland fire - beginning of retardant dropping Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1962 Title: Ashland fire - beginning of retardant dropping Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1962 Close

• 79. [Image] Bridge, glu-lam timber over Abbott Creek on River Road 318

  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bridge, glu-lam timber over Abbott Creek on River Road 318 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1954 Title: Bridge, glu-lam timber over Abbott Creek on River Road 318 Author: Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest (Or and Calif.); United States. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Region., LaLande, Jeffrey M. Year: 1954 Close

• 80. [Image] Recovery strategy for California Coho salmon : report to the California Fish and Game Commission

  	"February 2004."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovery strategy for California Coho salmon : report to the California Fish and Game Commission Author: California. Dept. of Fish and Game Year: 2004, 2005 "February 2004." Title: Recovery strategy for California Coho salmon : report to the California Fish and Game Commission Author: California. Dept. of Fish and Game Year: 2004, 2005 "February 2004." Close

• 81. [Image] Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus... Draft Recovery Plan, Chapter 2, Klamath River Recovery Unit...U.S. Department Of The Interior

  	KLAMATH RIVER RECOVERY UNIT CHAPTER OF THE BULL TROUT RECOVERY PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CURRENT SPECIES STATUS Klamath River bull trout were listed as a distinct population segment ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus... Draft Recovery Plan, Chapter 2, Klamath River Recovery Unit...U.S. Department Of The Interior Year: 2008, 2005 KLAMATH RIVER RECOVERY UNIT CHAPTER OF THE BULL TROUT RECOVERY PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CURRENT SPECIES STATUS Klamath River bull trout were listed as a distinct population segment in 1998 (63 FR 31647) because they are physically isolated from other bull trout by the Pacific Ocean and several small mountain ranges in central Oregon. Recovery of bull trout in the Klamath River Recovery Unit, which includes three core areas and nine currently identified local populations, will require cooperation from Federal, State, and local agencies, and Tribal and private entities. Within the Klamath River Recovery Unit, abundance has been severely reduced and remaining populations are fragmented. HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITING FACTORS Watershed disruption has played a major role in the decline of bull trout in the Klamath River basin. The effects of historical land use on fish habitat in the larger tributaries and mainstem rivers of the Klamath River basin have been profound. Channelization, water withdrawals, removal of streamside vegetation, and other disturbances have altered the aquatic environment by elevating water temperatures, reducing water quantity and quality, and increasing sedimentation. Changes in or disruptions to watershed processes that influence characteristics of stream channels have also influenced the dynamics and persistence of bull trout populations. Klamath River basin bull trout are threatened by habitat degradation, past and present land use management practices, agricultural water diversions, and competition or hybridization from normative brown and brook trout. As a result of past land and resource management practices, bull trout populations in the Klamath River Recovery Unit are small, disjunct, and face a high risk of extirpation. IV RECOVERY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES The goal of the bull trout recovery plan is to ensure the long-term persistence of self-sustaining, complex interacting groups of bull trout distributed across the species range, so that the species can be delisted. In order to recover bull trout in the Klamath River, the following objectives need to be met: ? Maintain current distribution of bull trout and restore distribution in previously occupied areas within the Klamath River Recovery Unit, as noted in Appendix A. ? Maintain stable or increasing trends in abundance of bull trout within the Klamath River. This objective includes the expression of all life history strategies including resident, fluvial, and adfluvial forms in the Upper Klamath Lake core area and resident and fluvial forms in the Sycan River and Upper Sprague River core areas. ? Restore and maintain suitable habitat conditions for all bull trout life history stages and strategies. In core areas and migration corridors, stable or upward trends in habitat quality are achieved through landscape-level adjustments in land management strategies designed to maintain and/or enhance structural and functional attributes of upslope, riparian, and fluvial systems. ? Conserve genetic diversity and provide opportunity for interchange of genetic material among appropriate core populations. RECOVERY CRITERIA Recovery criteria for the Klamath River Recovery Unit reflect the stated objectives and consideration of population and habitat characteristics within the recovery unit. Using four population and habitat elements, the Klamath River Recovery Unit Team categorized bull trout into three groups of relative risk: diminished, intermediate, and increased. Team members evaluated bull trout under current and potential recovered conditions based on the number of local populations, adult abundance, population trends and variability, and connectivity of the system. These elements were derived from the best scientific information available concerning bull trout population and habitat requirements. Evaluation of these elements under a recovered condition assumed that actions identified within this chapter had been implemented. 1. Distribution criteria will be met when current distribution of bull trout in the 12 local populations is maintained and distribution is expanded by establishing bull trout in areas identified as suitable for potential local populations. The number of existing local populations by core area are as follows: Upper Klamath Lake, 3; Sycan River, 2; and Upper Sprague River, 7. Achieving criterion 1 entails maintaining existing local populations and establishing additional potential local populations in all core areas in the recovery unit to maintain current and recovered distribution. To achieve criterion 1 and to ensure a core area population of no fewer than 100 adult bull trout, establishing at least 5 to 7 local populations in the Klamath Lake core area among 15 potential local populations (2 to 5 new local populations), at least 5 to 7 local populations in the Sycan River core area from among 15 potential local populations (3 to 5 new local populations), and at least 10 to 12 local populations in the Upper Sprague River core area from among 25 potential local populations (3 to 5 new local populations) is necessary. 2. Abundance criteria will be met when the estimated number of adult bull trout is at least 8,250 individuals distributed among the Upper Klamath Lake, Sycan River, and Upper Sprague River core areas, based on 10 years of monitoring data. 3. Trend criteria will be met when adult bull trout exhibit stable or increasing trends in abundance in the Upper Klamath Lake, Sycan River, and Upper Sprague River core areas, based on 2 generations (10 years) of monitoring data. VI 4. Connectivity criteria will be met when specific barriers to bull trout migration in the Klamath River Recovery Unit have been addressed. In the Klamath River Recovery Unit, this objective means addressing passage: 1) existing culverts that impede passage should be replaced, including those on Threemile Creek at U.S. Forest Service Road 110 crossing, Brownsworth Creek at U.S. Forest Service Road 34 crossing, and Brownsworth Creek both 0.75 mile and 1.25 miles above U.S. Forest Service Road 34; the culvert 0.25 mile below U.S. Forest Service Road 34 (to prevent repeated washout); the large-diameter culvert at the Boulder Creek road crossing; culverts in the upper Sycan River watershed that are identified in the Fremont National Forest inventory; and several in the North Fork Sprague River drainage, namely, on North Fork Sprague River (2), Boulder Creek (1), Dead Cow Creek (1), and Sheepy Creek (1); 2) fish passage structures should be installed at water diversions on bull trout streams, and barriers should be removed, including on Cherry, Sevenmile, Sun, and Threemile Creeks; 3) fish screens should be installed to prevent fish from entering diversion canals or pipes, including on Long, Deming, Threemile, Sun, Sevenmile, and Cherry Creeks; 4) manmade barriers and entrainment should be evaluated and remedied to promote migratory bull trout; priority watersheds include Threemile, Long, Deming, Sevenmile, Cherry, Sun, and Long Creeks. The Klamath River Recovery Unit team expects that the recovery process will be dynamic and will be refined as more information becomes available. Future adaptive management will play a major role in recovery implementation and refinement of recovery criteria. The recovery unit criteria listed above will be used to determine when the Klamath River Recovery Unit is fully contributing to recovery of the Klamath River population segment. vn ACTIONS NEEDED Recovery for bull trout will entail reducing threats to the long-term persistence of populations and their habitats, ensuring the security of multiple interacting groups of bull trout, and providing habitat and access to conditions that allow for the expression of various life history forms. The seven categories are listed in Chapter 1; tasks specific to this recovery unit are provided in this chapter. ESTIMATED COST OF RECOVERY Total cost of bull trout recovery in the Klamath River Recovery Unit is estimated at about $26 million spread over a 25-year recovery period. Successful recovery of bull trout in the recovery unit is contingent on removing threats from nonnative species, eliminating barriers to fish movement, and improving habitat conditions within the Klamath River basin. Total cost includes estimates of expenditures by local, Tribal, State, and Federal governments and by private business and individuals. Cost estimates are not provided for tasks which are normal agency responsibilities under existing authorities. The estimated costs are attributed to bull trout conservation, but other aquatic species will also benefit. ESTIMATED DATE OF RECOVERY Time required to achieve recovery depends on bull trout status, factors affecting bull trout, implementation and effectiveness of recovery tasks, and responses to recovery tasks. A tremendous amount of work will be required to restore impaired habitat, reconnect habitat, and eliminate threats from nonnative species. Three to five bull trout generations (15 to 25 years), or possibly longer, may be necessary before identified threats to the species can be significantly reduced and bull trout can be considered eligible for delisting. vin Title: Bull Trout, Salvelinus Confluentus... Draft Recovery Plan, Chapter 2, Klamath River Recovery Unit...U.S. Department Of The Interior Year: 2008, 2005 KLAMATH RIVER RECOVERY UNIT CHAPTER OF THE BULL TROUT RECOVERY PLAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CURRENT SPECIES STATUS Klamath River bull trout were listed as a distinct population segment in 1998 (63 FR 31647) because they are physically isolated from other bull trout by the Pacific Ocean and several small mountain ranges in central Oregon. Recovery of bull trout in the Klamath River Recovery Unit, which includes three core areas and nine currently identified local populations, will require cooperation from Federal, State, and local agencies, and Tribal and private entities. Within the Klamath River Recovery Unit, abundance has been severely reduced and remaining populations are fragmented. HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND LIMITING FACTORS Watershed disruption has played a major role in the decline of bull trout in the Klamath River basin. The effects of historical land use on fish habitat in the larger tributaries and mainstem rivers of the Klamath River basin have been profound. Channelization, water withdrawals, removal of streamside vegetation, and other disturbances have altered the aquatic environment by elevating water temperatures, reducing water quantity and quality, and increasing sedimentation. Changes in or disruptions to watershed processes that influence characteristics of stream channels have also influenced the dynamics and persistence of bull trout populations. Klamath River basin bull trout are threatened by habitat degradation, past and present land use management practices, agricultural water diversions, and competition or hybridization from normative brown and brook trout. As a result of past land and resource management practices, bull trout populations in the Klamath River Recovery Unit are small, disjunct, and face a high risk of extirpation. IV RECOVERY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES The goal of the bull trout recovery plan is to ensure the long-term persistence of self-sustaining, complex interacting groups of bull trout distributed across the species range, so that the species can be delisted. In order to recover bull trout in the Klamath River, the following objectives need to be met: ? Maintain current distribution of bull trout and restore distribution in previously occupied areas within the Klamath River Recovery Unit, as noted in Appendix A. ? Maintain stable or increasing trends in abundance of bull trout within the Klamath River. This objective includes the expression of all life history strategies including resident, fluvial, and adfluvial forms in the Upper Klamath Lake core area and resident and fluvial forms in the Sycan River and Upper Sprague River core areas. ? Restore and maintain suitable habitat conditions for all bull trout life history stages and strategies. In core areas and migration corridors, stable or upward trends in habitat quality are achieved through landscape-level adjustments in land management strategies designed to maintain and/or enhance structural and functional attributes of upslope, riparian, and fluvial systems. ? Conserve genetic diversity and provide opportunity for interchange of genetic material among appropriate core populations. RECOVERY CRITERIA Recovery criteria for the Klamath River Recovery Unit reflect the stated objectives and consideration of population and habitat characteristics within the recovery unit. Using four population and habitat elements, the Klamath River Recovery Unit Team categorized bull trout into three groups of relative risk: diminished, intermediate, and increased. Team members evaluated bull trout under current and potential recovered conditions based on the number of local populations, adult abundance, population trends and variability, and connectivity of the system. These elements were derived from the best scientific information available concerning bull trout population and habitat requirements. Evaluation of these elements under a recovered condition assumed that actions identified within this chapter had been implemented. 1. Distribution criteria will be met when current distribution of bull trout in the 12 local populations is maintained and distribution is expanded by establishing bull trout in areas identified as suitable for potential local populations. The number of existing local populations by core area are as follows: Upper Klamath Lake, 3; Sycan River, 2; and Upper Sprague River, 7. Achieving criterion 1 entails maintaining existing local populations and establishing additional potential local populations in all core areas in the recovery unit to maintain current and recovered distribution. To achieve criterion 1 and to ensure a core area population of no fewer than 100 adult bull trout, establishing at least 5 to 7 local populations in the Klamath Lake core area among 15 potential local populations (2 to 5 new local populations), at least 5 to 7 local populations in the Sycan River core area from among 15 potential local populations (3 to 5 new local populations), and at least 10 to 12 local populations in the Upper Sprague River core area from among 25 potential local populations (3 to 5 new local populations) is necessary. 2. Abundance criteria will be met when the estimated number of adult bull trout is at least 8,250 individuals distributed among the Upper Klamath Lake, Sycan River, and Upper Sprague River core areas, based on 10 years of monitoring data. 3. Trend criteria will be met when adult bull trout exhibit stable or increasing trends in abundance in the Upper Klamath Lake, Sycan River, and Upper Sprague River core areas, based on 2 generations (10 years) of monitoring data. VI 4. Connectivity criteria will be met when specific barriers to bull trout migration in the Klamath River Recovery Unit have been addressed. In the Klamath River Recovery Unit, this objective means addressing passage: 1) existing culverts that impede passage should be replaced, including those on Threemile Creek at U.S. Forest Service Road 110 crossing, Brownsworth Creek at U.S. Forest Service Road 34 crossing, and Brownsworth Creek both 0.75 mile and 1.25 miles above U.S. Forest Service Road 34; the culvert 0.25 mile below U.S. Forest Service Road 34 (to prevent repeated washout); the large-diameter culvert at the Boulder Creek road crossing; culverts in the upper Sycan River watershed that are identified in the Fremont National Forest inventory; and several in the North Fork Sprague River drainage, namely, on North Fork Sprague River (2), Boulder Creek (1), Dead Cow Creek (1), and Sheepy Creek (1); 2) fish passage structures should be installed at water diversions on bull trout streams, and barriers should be removed, including on Cherry, Sevenmile, Sun, and Threemile Creeks; 3) fish screens should be installed to prevent fish from entering diversion canals or pipes, including on Long, Deming, Threemile, Sun, Sevenmile, and Cherry Creeks; 4) manmade barriers and entrainment should be evaluated and remedied to promote migratory bull trout; priority watersheds include Threemile, Long, Deming, Sevenmile, Cherry, Sun, and Long Creeks. The Klamath River Recovery Unit team expects that the recovery process will be dynamic and will be refined as more information becomes available. Future adaptive management will play a major role in recovery implementation and refinement of recovery criteria. The recovery unit criteria listed above will be used to determine when the Klamath River Recovery Unit is fully contributing to recovery of the Klamath River population segment. vn ACTIONS NEEDED Recovery for bull trout will entail reducing threats to the long-term persistence of populations and their habitats, ensuring the security of multiple interacting groups of bull trout, and providing habitat and access to conditions that allow for the expression of various life history forms. The seven categories are listed in Chapter 1; tasks specific to this recovery unit are provided in this chapter. ESTIMATED COST OF RECOVERY Total cost of bull trout recovery in the Klamath River Recovery Unit is estimated at about $26 million spread over a 25-year recovery period. Successful recovery of bull trout in the recovery unit is contingent on removing threats from nonnative species, eliminating barriers to fish movement, and improving habitat conditions within the Klamath River basin. Total cost includes estimates of expenditures by local, Tribal, State, and Federal governments and by private business and individuals. Cost estimates are not provided for tasks which are normal agency responsibilities under existing authorities. The estimated costs are attributed to bull trout conservation, but other aquatic species will also benefit. ESTIMATED DATE OF RECOVERY Time required to achieve recovery depends on bull trout status, factors affecting bull trout, implementation and effectiveness of recovery tasks, and responses to recovery tasks. A tremendous amount of work will be required to restore impaired habitat, reconnect habitat, and eliminate threats from nonnative species. Three to five bull trout generations (15 to 25 years), or possibly longer, may be necessary before identified threats to the species can be significantly reduced and bull trout can be considered eligible for delisting. vin Close

• 82. [Image] Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003

  	The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports Title: Klamath Basin summary of recent federal government activities, March 2003 Author: United States. Dept. of the Interior Year: 2003, 2005 The Department of the Interior, Klamath River Basin Work Plans and Reports Close

• 83. [Image] Progress report for investigations on Blue Creek, fiscal year 1992, Blue Creek, California

  	PROGRESS REPORT FOR INVESTIGATIONS ON BLUE CREEK FT 1992 ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal California Fishery Resource Office in Arcata, California, was funded to investigate chinook ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Progress report for investigations on Blue Creek, fiscal year 1992, Blue Creek, California Author: Chan, Jeffrey R. ; Longenbaugh, Matthew H. Year: 1994, 2005 PROGRESS REPORT FOR INVESTIGATIONS ON BLUE CREEK FT 1992 ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal California Fishery Resource Office in Arcata, California, was funded to investigate chinook salmon roncorhvnchus tshawvtschav spavming use, juvenile salmonid emigration, and characterize stream habitats in Blue Creek, a tributary to' the Klamath River; California. Investigations began in October 1988, with this reporting period covering October 1991 through September 1992. Adult chinook spawner escapement was addressed by surveys of redds, live fish and carcasses, and by radioteleiretry. Spawner numbers were v?ry low, with only 22 redds observed in fall 1991/winter 1992. The peak count of adult Chinook was 97 fish in early November. Radiotelemetry of migrating spawners (n?8) was used to locate remote spawning areas. Emigrating juvenile Chinook salmon, steelhead trout 10. mvkissV/ coho salmon (fi. kisutchl. and coastal cutthroat trout (g. clarltiV were trapped at river kilometer (rkm) 3.35 with a rotary screw trap (screw trap). The trapping period extended from April to July for a total of 75 trapping nights. Screw trap catches totaled 10,688 chinook, 1,388 steelhead, 99 coho and 10 cutthroat. Peak Chinook emigration occurred during the week of May 17, which is consistent with the past 3 years of monitoring. A juvenile weir was operated 58 nights, and caught a total of 9,166 chinook, 1,196 steelhead, 127 coho and 1 cutthroat. The index of abundance for emigrating chinook during the 1992 juvenile trapping period was 49,590. Sixty-five percent of the juvenile chinook caught during the trapping season were marked with coded wire tags (n-12,687) and released back into Blue Creek at rkm 3.3. Mean water temperatures varied from 6.3 to 18.6 XI and stream flows ranged from 43 to 2178 eft (1.3 to 61.7 m3/?) during the Fiscal Year (FY) 1992 study season. Title: Progress report for investigations on Blue Creek, fiscal year 1992, Blue Creek, California Author: Chan, Jeffrey R. ; Longenbaugh, Matthew H. Year: 1994, 2005 PROGRESS REPORT FOR INVESTIGATIONS ON BLUE CREEK FT 1992 ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal California Fishery Resource Office in Arcata, California, was funded to investigate chinook salmon roncorhvnchus tshawvtschav spavming use, juvenile salmonid emigration, and characterize stream habitats in Blue Creek, a tributary to' the Klamath River; California. Investigations began in October 1988, with this reporting period covering October 1991 through September 1992. Adult chinook spawner escapement was addressed by surveys of redds, live fish and carcasses, and by radioteleiretry. Spawner numbers were v?ry low, with only 22 redds observed in fall 1991/winter 1992. The peak count of adult Chinook was 97 fish in early November. Radiotelemetry of migrating spawners (n?8) was used to locate remote spawning areas. Emigrating juvenile Chinook salmon, steelhead trout 10. mvkissV/ coho salmon (fi. kisutchl. and coastal cutthroat trout (g. clarltiV were trapped at river kilometer (rkm) 3.35 with a rotary screw trap (screw trap). The trapping period extended from April to July for a total of 75 trapping nights. Screw trap catches totaled 10,688 chinook, 1,388 steelhead, 99 coho and 10 cutthroat. Peak Chinook emigration occurred during the week of May 17, which is consistent with the past 3 years of monitoring. A juvenile weir was operated 58 nights, and caught a total of 9,166 chinook, 1,196 steelhead, 127 coho and 1 cutthroat. The index of abundance for emigrating chinook during the 1992 juvenile trapping period was 49,590. Sixty-five percent of the juvenile chinook caught during the trapping season were marked with coded wire tags (n-12,687) and released back into Blue Creek at rkm 3.3. Mean water temperatures varied from 6.3 to 18.6 XI and stream flows ranged from 43 to 2178 eft (1.3 to 61.7 m3/?) during the Fiscal Year (FY) 1992 study season. Close

• 84. [Image] Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno

  	A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Title: Undepleted natural flow of the upper Klamath River : natural inflow to, natural losses from, and natural outfall of Upper Klamath Lake to the Link River and of Lower Klamath Lake to the Klamath River at Keno Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Denver Office. Technical Service Center Year: 2005, 2004 A monthly natural flow history was determined for the 1949 to 2000 period at the Keno gage of the Upper Klamath River basin in south-central Oregon. Included within the evaluation is an assessment of natural flows for the same period at the outfall of Upper Klamath Lake, which forms the head of the Link River at Klamath Falls, Oregon. Flow past the Link River gage is tributary to the Klamath River above Lower Klamath Lake. These natural flows were determined using standard and accepted methods. Records used in developing this analysis were derived from stream-gaging records and from climatic records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also obtained from published maps and reports, and file documents of the Klamath Area Office. Currently, received comments are being addressed and evaluation of elements related to these comments is in progress. The objective of this report is to provide a representative estimate of the monthly natural flow of the Upper Klamath River. Such an estimate is of the natural flow that would typically have occurred without the water-resources developments in the Upper Klamath Basin. A water-budget assessment was used in the determination of the natural flows. The assessment includes results from an evaluation of present-day irrigation depletions, and losses from reclaimed marshland, that have changed the natural inflow to, and resulting natural outfall from, Upper Klamath Lake. Also evaluated were losses to the natural inflow that would have been incurred due to pre-development marshland and evaporation associated with Upper Klamath Lake. The natural outfall from the lake comprised the natural flow of the Link River at Klamath Falls and also the consequent natural inflow to Lower Klamath Lake. Therefore, a similar evaluation was also completed for Lower Klamath Lake to estimate the natural flow of the Klamath River at Keno. The water-budget assessment was designed to simulate each lake as a natural water body within a stream-connected two-lake system. Much of the assessment was completed using Excel. Close

• 85. [Image] Determining surface water availability in Oregon : open file report SW 02-002

  	Determining Surface Water Availability in Oregon By Richard M. Cooper, PE Abstract The Oregon Water Resources Department (Department or OWRD) limits appropriation from Oregon streams to assure new applicants ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Determining surface water availability in Oregon : open file report SW 02-002 Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept. Year: 2002, 2005 Determining Surface Water Availability in Oregon By Richard M. Cooper, PE Abstract The Oregon Water Resources Department (Department or OWRD) limits appropriation from Oregon streams to assure new applicants use of surface water a reasonable amount of time and to minimize regulatory conflict. The standards for new appropriation of water are: (1) consumptive use from allocations for out-of-stream uses can total no more than the 80-percent ex-ceedance natural stream flow, and (2) allocations for in-stream flows can be no more than the 50-percent exceedance natural stream flow. OWRD has created and maintains a database of the amount of surface water available for appropriation for most waters in the state. This database is used to evaluate applications for new uses of water. Water availability (WA) is obtained from natural stream flow (QNSF) by subtracting existing storage (ST), out-of-stream consumptive uses (CU) and in-stream demands (IS). WA = QN -ST-CU-IS Ideally, water availability would be calculated for every watershed above a point of diversion or in-stream demand. Practically, the number of watersheds must be limited. The watersheds selected for analysis are called Water Availability Basins (WABs). Stream flow can be highly variable, and it is useful to characterize it in some way, usually by a statistic, e.g., a monthly or annual mean. For water availability, it is important to know how often water is available. The appropriate statistic in this case is exceedance stream flow. This statistic tells us how often to expect a given rate of stream flow to occur. Exceedance stream flows are determined directly from gage records, or for ungaged streams, by estimation through modeling. When determined from gage records, the exceedance flows must be corrected to a common base period, and then, to natural stream flow. When determined through modeling, the exceedance flows are estimated from statistical models that relate watershed characteristics to natural stream flow. The models are derived by multiple linear regression. Storage is water retained in a reservoir. It is debited from water availability when the water is stored. It diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. Consumptive use is divided into three major categories: irrigation, municipal, and all others e.g., domestic, livestock. These uses are less than 100 percent consumptive. It is assumed the non-consumed part of a diversion is returned to the stream from which it was diverted. Consumptive use from irrigation is from estimates made by the US Geological Survey (Portland). Consumption from other uses is based on the associated water rights. In these cases, consumptive use is obtained by multiplying the maximum diversion rate allowed for the water right by a consumptive use coefficient. Consumptive use diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. There are two types of in-stream demands: in-stream water rights and scenic waterway flows. In-stream demands diminish availability upstream only. Because they are non-consumptive, they do not diminish stream flow downstream as do consumptive uses. Water availability has been calculated for over 2500 WABs. In general, the calculation of water availability at one WAB cannot be considered in isolation from other WABs in the same stream system. For water to be available at any given upstream point, it must be available at all points of calculation downstream. Title: Determining surface water availability in Oregon : open file report SW 02-002 Author: Oregon. Water Resources Dept. Year: 2002, 2005 Determining Surface Water Availability in Oregon By Richard M. Cooper, PE Abstract The Oregon Water Resources Department (Department or OWRD) limits appropriation from Oregon streams to assure new applicants use of surface water a reasonable amount of time and to minimize regulatory conflict. The standards for new appropriation of water are: (1) consumptive use from allocations for out-of-stream uses can total no more than the 80-percent ex-ceedance natural stream flow, and (2) allocations for in-stream flows can be no more than the 50-percent exceedance natural stream flow. OWRD has created and maintains a database of the amount of surface water available for appropriation for most waters in the state. This database is used to evaluate applications for new uses of water. Water availability (WA) is obtained from natural stream flow (QNSF) by subtracting existing storage (ST), out-of-stream consumptive uses (CU) and in-stream demands (IS). WA = QN -ST-CU-IS Ideally, water availability would be calculated for every watershed above a point of diversion or in-stream demand. Practically, the number of watersheds must be limited. The watersheds selected for analysis are called Water Availability Basins (WABs). Stream flow can be highly variable, and it is useful to characterize it in some way, usually by a statistic, e.g., a monthly or annual mean. For water availability, it is important to know how often water is available. The appropriate statistic in this case is exceedance stream flow. This statistic tells us how often to expect a given rate of stream flow to occur. Exceedance stream flows are determined directly from gage records, or for ungaged streams, by estimation through modeling. When determined from gage records, the exceedance flows must be corrected to a common base period, and then, to natural stream flow. When determined through modeling, the exceedance flows are estimated from statistical models that relate watershed characteristics to natural stream flow. The models are derived by multiple linear regression. Storage is water retained in a reservoir. It is debited from water availability when the water is stored. It diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. Consumptive use is divided into three major categories: irrigation, municipal, and all others e.g., domestic, livestock. These uses are less than 100 percent consumptive. It is assumed the non-consumed part of a diversion is returned to the stream from which it was diverted. Consumptive use from irrigation is from estimates made by the US Geological Survey (Portland). Consumption from other uses is based on the associated water rights. In these cases, consumptive use is obtained by multiplying the maximum diversion rate allowed for the water right by a consumptive use coefficient. Consumptive use diminishes availability both upstream and downstream of the point of diversion. There are two types of in-stream demands: in-stream water rights and scenic waterway flows. In-stream demands diminish availability upstream only. Because they are non-consumptive, they do not diminish stream flow downstream as do consumptive uses. Water availability has been calculated for over 2500 WABs. In general, the calculation of water availability at one WAB cannot be considered in isolation from other WABs in the same stream system. For water to be available at any given upstream point, it must be available at all points of calculation downstream. Close

• 86. [Image] Middle Klamath River sub-basin planning : final report

  	ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Middle Klamath River sub-basin planning : final report Author: Karuk Tribe of California, Dept. of Natural Resources Year: 2001, 2005 ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The objectives of the project include: ? Expanding hands-on field science watershed education. ? Encouraging a sense of resource stewardship among students at all grade levels. ? Collecting quality data for inclusion in the 319h data base. ? Teaching applications of the scientific method. ? Providing on-going inservice training for teachers to increase the effectiveness of the project. Project tasks that were completed include acquisition and analysis of Klamath River Watershed Data, including river water temperatures, river cross sectional profiles and spawning ground surveys. Descriptions of methodology are included in the report. Many other watershed-related projects were undertaken by schools. In some cases the field data was collected and compiled by agency personnel. The spawning ground survey data collected by student volunteers was part of a project conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Forest Service. Although a substantial amount of excellent work has been accomplished by the schools, the opportunity exists to improve the program at all levels. Increased field and technical support is needed to successfully integrate the goals of the project. Computer training for teachers and students is an essential component of the project, which would allow analysis of data and creation of web sites within classrooms. Data analysis and reporting is the critical component of the project that would provide students with a complete understanding of scientific research methodology. Providing a forum for communication between the 319h participants is another important area of the project that needs to be expanded. Travel time, mountainous topography, and intense winter storms can be barriers to travel in Siskiyou County. Communication helps to increase the level of standardization of data collection and transfer and gives teachers a chance to share successful ideas. Communication also sustains the positive momentum of the project, reinforcing the idea of working as a team towards establishing common goals for watershed education. Title: Middle Klamath River sub-basin planning : final report Author: Karuk Tribe of California, Dept. of Natural Resources Year: 2001, 2005 ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The objectives of the project include: ? Expanding hands-on field science watershed education. ? Encouraging a sense of resource stewardship among students at all grade levels. ? Collecting quality data for inclusion in the 319h data base. ? Teaching applications of the scientific method. ? Providing on-going inservice training for teachers to increase the effectiveness of the project. Project tasks that were completed include acquisition and analysis of Klamath River Watershed Data, including river water temperatures, river cross sectional profiles and spawning ground surveys. Descriptions of methodology are included in the report. Many other watershed-related projects were undertaken by schools. In some cases the field data was collected and compiled by agency personnel. The spawning ground survey data collected by student volunteers was part of a project conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Forest Service. Although a substantial amount of excellent work has been accomplished by the schools, the opportunity exists to improve the program at all levels. Increased field and technical support is needed to successfully integrate the goals of the project. Computer training for teachers and students is an essential component of the project, which would allow analysis of data and creation of web sites within classrooms. Data analysis and reporting is the critical component of the project that would provide students with a complete understanding of scientific research methodology. Providing a forum for communication between the 319h participants is another important area of the project that needs to be expanded. Travel time, mountainous topography, and intense winter storms can be barriers to travel in Siskiyou County. Communication helps to increase the level of standardization of data collection and transfer and gives teachers a chance to share successful ideas. Communication also sustains the positive momentum of the project, reinforcing the idea of working as a team towards establishing common goals for watershed education. Close

• 87. [Image] Final progress report for fisheries investigations on Blue Creek, tributary to Klamath River, northern California, FY 1993

  	FINAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS ON BLUE CREEK, TRIBUTARY TO K1AMATH RIVER, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA FY 1993 (October 1992 - September 1993) ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Final progress report for fisheries investigations on Blue Creek, tributary to Klamath River, northern California, FY 1993 Author: Longenbaugh, Matthew H.; Chan, Jeffrey R. Year: 1994, 2008, 2005 FINAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS ON BLUE CREEK, TRIBUTARY TO K1AMATH RIVER, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA FY 1993 (October 1992 - September 1993) ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal California Fishery Resource Office (CCFRO) in Arcata, CA, was funded to investigate chinook salmon spawning use, juvenile salmonid emigration and characterize habitats in Blue Creek, Klamath Basin, CA. Investigations that began in October, 1988, have continued to date, with this reporting period covering Fiscal Year 1993 (FY 1993, October, 1992, through September, 1993). In addition, some information already presented in previous progress reports, FY 1989 - FY 1992, is summarized. In 1993, adult chinook spawner escapements were addressed by snorkel surveys of redds and carcasses. Spawner numbers were very low, with only 17 redds observed in fall/winter 1992-93. The peak count of adult chinook was 136 fish in early November. Emigrating juvenile s&lmonids were trapped at river kilometer (rkm) 3.35 with a screw trap and panel weir. The screw trapping period extended from April through July for a total of 91 trapping nights. Screw trap catches totaled 14,526 chinook, 912 steelhead and 69 coho. Chinook emigration was spread over the entire trapping period, with increases during mid-May, and from mid-June throughout July. A juvenile weir was operated 60 nights, and caught a total of 6,334 chinook, 992 steelhead, 49 coho salmon, and 0 juvenile cutthroat. The total index of production for emigrating chinook during the 1993 juvenile trapping period was 101,819. Chinook that were marked with coded-wire tags (n-12,299) were released, with other juvenile fish, into Blue Creek at rkm 3.3. Mean temperatures varied from 6.3 to 18.6 ?C and flows ranged from 0.91 cubic m/s (32 cubic feet/s) to 202.6 cubic m/s (7,160 cubic feet/s) during FY 1993. Extreme flows for FY 1993 were the lowest and highest observed by CCFRO since the project began in 1989, and lower than the previous low of the 13 years of record. Title: Final progress report for fisheries investigations on Blue Creek, tributary to Klamath River, northern California, FY 1993 Author: Longenbaugh, Matthew H.; Chan, Jeffrey R. Year: 1994, 2008, 2005 FINAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS ON BLUE CREEK, TRIBUTARY TO K1AMATH RIVER, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA FY 1993 (October 1992 - September 1993) ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal California Fishery Resource Office (CCFRO) in Arcata, CA, was funded to investigate chinook salmon spawning use, juvenile salmonid emigration and characterize habitats in Blue Creek, Klamath Basin, CA. Investigations that began in October, 1988, have continued to date, with this reporting period covering Fiscal Year 1993 (FY 1993, October, 1992, through September, 1993). In addition, some information already presented in previous progress reports, FY 1989 - FY 1992, is summarized. In 1993, adult chinook spawner escapements were addressed by snorkel surveys of redds and carcasses. Spawner numbers were very low, with only 17 redds observed in fall/winter 1992-93. The peak count of adult chinook was 136 fish in early November. Emigrating juvenile s&lmonids were trapped at river kilometer (rkm) 3.35 with a screw trap and panel weir. The screw trapping period extended from April through July for a total of 91 trapping nights. Screw trap catches totaled 14,526 chinook, 912 steelhead and 69 coho. Chinook emigration was spread over the entire trapping period, with increases during mid-May, and from mid-June throughout July. A juvenile weir was operated 60 nights, and caught a total of 6,334 chinook, 992 steelhead, 49 coho salmon, and 0 juvenile cutthroat. The total index of production for emigrating chinook during the 1993 juvenile trapping period was 101,819. Chinook that were marked with coded-wire tags (n-12,299) were released, with other juvenile fish, into Blue Creek at rkm 3.3. Mean temperatures varied from 6.3 to 18.6 ?C and flows ranged from 0.91 cubic m/s (32 cubic feet/s) to 202.6 cubic m/s (7,160 cubic feet/s) during FY 1993. Extreme flows for FY 1993 were the lowest and highest observed by CCFRO since the project began in 1989, and lower than the previous low of the 13 years of record. Close

• 88. [Image] Recovery plan for the native fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin : Warner sucker (threatened) Catostomus warnerensis, Hutton tui chub (threatened) Gila bicolor ssp. Foskett speckled dace (threatened) Rhinichthys osculus ssp

  	"April 1998"--P. [4] of cover; Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-66)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Recovery plan for the native fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin : Warner sucker (threatened) Catostomus warnerensis, Hutton tui chub (threatened) Gila bicolor ssp. Foskett speckled dace (threatened) Rhinichthys osculus ssp Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Oregon State Office Year: 1998, 2004 "April 1998"--P. [4] of cover; Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-66) Title: Recovery plan for the native fishes of the Warner Basin and Alkali Subbasin : Warner sucker (threatened) Catostomus warnerensis, Hutton tui chub (threatened) Gila bicolor ssp. Foskett speckled dace (threatened) Rhinichthys osculus ssp Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Oregon State Office Year: 1998, 2004 "April 1998"--P. [4] of cover; Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-66) Close

• 89. [Image] Conservation plan, Miller Lake lamprey, Lampetra (Entosphenus) minima : April, 2005

  	Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Conservation Plan Miller Lake Lamprey, Lampetra ( Entosphenus) minima April, 2005 Executive summary - The Miller Lake Lamprey was believed extinct after a chemical treatment in ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Conservation plan, Miller Lake lamprey, Lampetra (Entosphenus) minima : April, 2005 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Year: 2005 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Conservation Plan Miller Lake Lamprey, Lampetra ( Entosphenus) minima April, 2005 Executive summary - The Miller Lake Lamprey was believed extinct after a chemical treatment in 1958, targeting lamprey and tui chub, extirpated both from Miller Lake. The lamprey population was later recognized to be a distinct species, Lampetra minima ( Bond and Kan 1973). It was the smallest lamprey species in the world ( maturing at less than 4 in), and at that time was known only from Miller Lake, where it was extinct In 1992, a small lamprey caught in the Upper Williamson River was identified as a Miller Lake Lamprey, and subsequent investigations have identified six local populations of this lamprey in two small subdrainages of the Upper Klamath Basin. Management strategies to preserve this species include: conserving appropriate habitat conditions and availability within the natural range of the Miller Lake Lamprey, addressing potential impacts from stocking streams with hatchery fish, reducing entrainment, and establishing connectivity within and between local populations. A man- made barrier built in 1959 still exists on Miller Creek. Originally created to prevent the re- establishment of lamprey in Miller Lake after the chemical treatment, the barrier currently prevents natural dispersal of the Miller Creek population and re- colonization of both extensive habitat in upper Miller Creek and Miller Lake itself. Removal of the barrier, which is in disrepair but continues to exclude lamprey, is feasible and will eliminate the only man- made feature obstructing natural connectivity within the Miller Lake drainage, the species' type locality. This conservation plan is intended to provide guidance for management actions and conservation of the Miller Lake Lamprey. Introduction lhe Miller Lake Lamprey, Lampetra { Entosphenus) minima, is the worlds smallest predatory lamprey, reaching a size of only 3- 6", and is endemic to the Klamath Basin ( Bond and Kan 1973, Gill et al. 2003, Lorion et al. 2000). It is also one of the few species to have " recovered" from extinction. Miller Lake was chemically treated with toxaphene by the Oregon Game Commission on September 16,1958 to eliminate Tui Chub ( Siphateles bicolor) and a population of unidentified lamprey ( Gerlach 1958, Gerlach and Borovicka 1964). The lamprey in Miller Lake was later discovered to have been a unique species, apparently restricted in range to the Miller Lake drainage ( a small, disjunct tributary to the Upper Williamson River), and was scientifically described by Bond and Kan ( 1973) fifteen years subsequent to its presumed extirpation. Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Although there appear to be no immediate threats to the Miller Lake Lamprey ( Kostow 2002), the species is of considerable conservation concern due to: 1) its relatively limited range in two small sub drainages of the Klamath Basin, 2) its continued absence in the ecologically unique setting of Miller Lake ( type locality) and 3) its evolutionary distinctiveness as the smallest known predatory lamprey in the world, maturing at less than four inches. Life History Distribution - The Miller Lake Lamprey is currently known from only two small sub- drainages of the Upper Klamath Basin, the upper Williamson River and the upper Sycan River above Sycan Marsh ( Lorion et al. 2000). The upper Williamson River contains four known populations ( Miller Creek, Jack Creek, Klamath Marsh, and mainstem Williamson River above the marsh). Miller Creek, which drains Miller Lake, is within the upper Williamson Watershed, but it goes sub- surface in the pumice soils and does not reach the Klamath Marsh or Williamson River. Miller Lake has presumably been isolated from the rest of the drainage since the eruption of Mt. Mazama ( Crater Lake) over 6,000 years ago. Jack Creek, a small northern tributary to the upper Williamson River, is also generally disjunct from the mainstem Williamson River due to low, intermittent surface flows in its lower reaches. The Upper Sycan drainage ( a northern tributary of the Sprague River) contains two principal populations, Long Creek drainage and the upper Sycan River drainage above Sycan Marsh. Lamprey have been documented in Coyote Creek and Shake Creek above Sycan Marsh by Nature Conservancy. Lamprey in Shake Creek have not been identified to species. Geographic Variability - In general, individuals from the modern Williamson and Sycan sub-drainages are morphologically similar ( Lorion et al. 2000). However, there are indications of geographic differences between populations. The Sycan populations exhibit significantly higher variability in the number of bicuspid posterial teeth, and the Miller Creek population generally tend to be darker on their ventral surface. Specimens from the original Miller Lake population ( pre- 1958) had, on average, fewer anterial teeth. They also tended to have larger eyes and oral disks relative to total length when compared to modern populations; however, this appears to be due to their slightly smaller size. The available genetic information also indicates that there are geographic differences in the mitochondrial genome ( mtDNA) between Sycan ( Sprague) and Williamson lamprey populations, with one haplotype found only in the Upper Sycan and another limited to lamprey populations in the Sprague River drainage ( Lorion et al. 2000). Continued genetic work on the Klamath lamprey fauna, examining additional genes, indicates that the population of lamprey in Miller Creek may be genetically different than both the other upper Williamson and Sycan populations ( Docker pers. com. 2004). Habitat - Miller Lake Lampreys currently occupy relatively cool, clear streams ( Gunckel and Reid 2004, Kan and Bond 1981, Lorion et al. 2000, Reid pers. com. 2004). Adults are generally associated with structural cover, including loose rocks and woody debris. In lower Miller Creek, where rocky habitat is limited, adult lampreys were consistently found in woody debris jams and even under seat boards from an old outhouse that had fallen into the creek ( Reid pers. obs. 1998). Ammocoetes ( a larval stage lasting about 5 years) live in the substrate and are generally Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 associated with depositional environments. In streams, ammocoetes are frequently found in silty backwater areas, low energy stream edges, and in pool eddies where leaf litter and other organics ( including adult lamprey carcasses) tend to accumulate. At night ammocoetes may move into the water column to disperse downstream or into more favorable habitat. In Miller Lake ammocoetes were found in organic detritus all along the shoreline but rarely in the extremely cold tributaries flowing into the lake ( Kan and Bond 1981). Recent extensive collections of Pacific Lamprey ammocoetes along the coast indicate that ammocoetes do not occupy otherwise apparently suitable sediments if the upper layer is poorly oxygenated ( Reid and Goodman pers. obs. 2004). Reproduction - Miller Lake Lampreys spawn in shallow redds in clean gravels and sand, which are moved out of the redd by lamprey sucking onto small rocks and actively moving them out of the way ( Markle pers. com. 2004, Reid pers. com. 2004). In streams, redds are generally made in shallow water, often at the tail of a pool or run, and are roughly 10 cm in diameter and a few centimeters deep. In Miller Lake, lampreys were observed spawning in water as deep as 20 feet ( Cochrun 1951b, Kan and Bond 1981). Males attach to the female's head and wrap around her body, aligning genitals and allowing fertilization of the eggs as they emerge. Eggs are heavier than water and are mixed into the bottom of the redd by spawning actions. Kan and Bond ( 1981) found that female lampreys from Miller Lake contained an average of about 600 eggs. Time to hatching is not known, but is probably on the order of a few weeks. Larvae ( ammocoetes) emerge at about 8 mm and move into fine sediments. Adults die after spawning. Feeding - Miller Lake Lampreys feed on fish only as adults. Ammocoetes have no eyes or teeth and are purely filter feeders, burrowing in the sediment and feeding on suspended microorganisms and algae. The ammocoete phase lasts about five years, during which time the ammocoetes grow to around 150 mm. After transformation, adults enter a predatory phase before spawning that generally lasts for less than a year ( from transformation in the summer/ fall to spawning in summer of the following year). Adults feed primarily on flesh that is gouged and rasped out of a small wound (<= 11 mm) under the sucking disk ( Cochran 1994, Kan and Bond 1981). Adults apparently show little selectivity for prey. The adult lampreys in Miller Lake historically fed on both tui chubs and available salmonids ( rainbow, brook and juvenile brown trout) in Miller Lake ( Kan and Bond 1981). They also scavenged dead tui chubs and trout, as well as cannibalizing other lampreys. In Miller Creek, most recent observations found occasional lamprey wounds on brook trout, which were the most abundant species in the creek, but it is probable that lampreys also feed on both rainbows and young brown trout in the creek ( S. Reid pers. obs. 1998). In Jack Creek lampreys feed on speckled dace, the only other fish present in the stream, and in the Upper Sycan they feed on both trout and dace. Unlike other predatory lampreys, but similar to non- feeding brook lampreys, adult Miller Lake Lampreys loose body length and mass between the time they transform and actual spawning, indicating that energetic needs and gonadal development are not compensated for by the amount of food they consume ( Hubbs 1971, Kan and Bond 1981, Lorion et al. 2000). Lamprey / Trout Interaction - Although there have been no direct studies of the ecological interaction between lampreys and trout in the Klamath Basin, it is notable that healthy trout and lamprey populations coexist throughout the basin. Lampreys certainly prey on trout, and both adult lampreys and ammocoetes may represent a significant food resource to piscivorous adult Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 trout. Native redband trout co- exist with much larger predatory lampreys (" Klamath Lake Lamprey", Lampetra { Entosphenus) sp., and Klamath River Lamprey, L. ( E.) similis) in Upper Klamath Lake. A large percentage of the trophy redband trout in Upper Klamath Lake, as well as both redband and brown trout in the Wood and Williamson Rivers, exhibit recent or healed lamprey scars. In smaller streams where Miller Lake Lampreys ( length 3- 6 in) co- exist with native and introduced trout ( redband, bull, brook and brown trout), there appears to be little impact to adult trout, and local fishermen are rarely even aware of the presence of the lamprey ( S. Reid, pers. comm. 2004, R. Smith, pers. comm. 2004). Surveys by USFWS and USFS in 1998- 1999 found that very few of the trout in Miller Creek, the Williamson or upper Sycan Rivers had scars, and during extensive snorkeling surveys, only a few trout were actually observed with lampreys attached ( S. Reid USFWS pers. com., 2004). Historical reports from Miller Lake prior to the extirpation of lampreys indicate that tui chubs were the principal prey, and dead tui chubs were often reported ( Cochrun 1951a, b, Gerlach 1958, Kan 1975, Kan and Bond 1981). Some cannibalism on other lampreys, as well as scavenging of dead fish carcasses, was also observed ( Kan and Bond 1981). Specific mortality of adult trout was not reported, although large trout were noted to have collections of scars and some mortality of fingerlings was observed. Recent observations of occasional fingerling trout mortality and much more frequent lethal predation on speckled dace (< 10 cm TL) in the Sycan River and Jack Creek, as well as the observation of apparently healthy adult trout with healed wounds, suggests that lethal predation on trout is generally limited to fingerlings ( Markle pers. com. 2004, Reid pers. com. 2004, Smith pers. com. 2004). It is not believed that predation on Miller Lake lamprey by piscivorous adult trout has been a threat to the sustainability of lamprey populations. These populations have co- evolved with native trout and appear to be productive enough to withstand some level of predation. The Jack Creek population is an exception. Jack Creek is believed to only support populations of Miller Lake lamprey and speckled dace. Since this lamprey population evolved absent predation from trout, there is a concern that an introduction of piscivorous adult trout could upset the ecological balance in Jack Creek and present a threat to both the lamprey and dace populations. For this reason, stocking of hatchery fish is prohibited by rule in Jack Creek or other streams containing Miller Lake lamprey. Miller Lake Fisheries - Miller Lake currently supports a recreational trout fishery of entirely introduced species. Miller Lake's one notable native species, the Miller Lake Lamprey, was thought extinct when the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Commission approved the current Klamath Basin Fish Management Plan ( ODFW 1997). Today, Miller Lake provides a popular " catchable" and fingerling rainbow trout program, a trophy brown trout fishery, and an under- utilized kokanee population of small- sized individuals ( Smith pers. com. 2004). Due to the role of Miller Lake as a recreational fishery and concerns over the potential impact of lampreys on introduced trout populations in the lake, the history and status of Miller Lake fisheries are summarized below by species. Rainbow trout fingerlings ( 2- 4 inches) were planted in Miller Lake until 1948, when stocking was discontinued due to poor returns. At that time, the poor rainbow fishery was believed to have been due to lamprey predation and competition with resident tui chubs ( Cochrun 1950, Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 1951a). However, based on the reported poor performance of stocked fingerling rainbows post-treatment ( see below), without either lampreys or tui chubs, it appears that local habitat conditions, and not trophic competition with tui chub or parasitism by lamprey, were driving the poor rainbow population dynamics. Recent observations by ODFW biologists have indicated that while the rainbow trout in Miller Lake are surviving, growing and being harvested by anglers, survival and growth have been, at best, marginal ( Smith pers. com. 2004). Trapnet samples in Miller Lake have been very inefficient at capturing older age class rainbow trout so the average size of sampled trout is not representative of the fish that are available for angler harvest. While trapnet sets typically made in the fall are not particularly good indicators of the rainbow population in Miller Lake, Trapnet sampling of rainbow trout documented an average length of approximately 8 inches in 1988 and approximately 4 inches in 1997. The release of catchable- sized rainbow trout into Miller Lake was initiated in 2001 to supplement the ongoing fingerling stocking program. Brown trout were first introduced into Miller Lake in 1981 and have been stocked annually since. Although small numbers may have been present prior to treatment. Survival and growth of brown trout has been excellent ( Smith pers. com. 2004). Brown trout averaged approximately 17 inches in length in 1998 and approximately 16 inches in 2001. Larger fish captured in trap net sets exceed 10 pounds. Miller Lake was identified by sport- fishing author Denny Rickards as one of the top ten brown trout producing lakes in the western United States. Lampreys themselves, as well as their impaired prey, might in turn serve as additional prey for the large, highly piscivorous brown trout. Stocks of kokanee were introduced to Miller Lake from several states between 1964 and 1971 ( all post- treatment). Kokanee have been very successful reproducing and stocking has not been necessary since 1971. The average size of maturing adults have remained relatively small. Miller Lake is an oligotrophic lake with very low productivity ( Johnson et al. 1985). The length of maturing female kokanee ranged between 7.5- 10 inches between 1965 tol972, and the average size of kokanee females in 2001 was approximately 8 inches. Based on the relatively small length of maturing kokanee females, it appears that environmental conditions or interspecific competition with other trout are driving the kokanee population dynamics. Brook trout were stocked in Miller Lake from the 1930' s until 1948. Brook trout were present in Miller Creek and apparently survived in tributaries during the 1958 treatment, since seven brook trout ( 6- 14 in) were gill- netted from the lake in 1964, prior to introduction of 85,000 kokanee and 150,000 rainbow fingerlings. No brook trout are currently stocked into the lake or tributaries of the lake. A healthy self- sustaining population of brook trout is currently present in Miller Creek, below the lamprey barrier, where they have apparently coexisted with lampreys since both recovered from the 1958 treatment. Tui chubs were present in Miller Lake prior to the 1958 treatment. It is not known whether tui chub were a native or introduced population. However, based on the elevation and atypical tui chub habitat in the lake, it is believed to have been an un- authorized introduction, most probably as a baitfish. Trophic competition between tui chub and rainbow trout has been consistently demonstrated in several Oregon lakes, including Diamond Lake in Douglas County. Tui chub or " roach" problems in Miller Lake were identified by Ken Cochrun ( Fisheries Agent, Oregon State Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 game Comm.) in his 1950 and 1951 annual reports ( Cochrun 1950, 1951a). However, Mr. Cochrun felt that the " large population" of tui chub would be relatively easy to control compared to the lamprey and hence the need for the radical chemical treatment with toxaphene, which would eliminate both species, rather than rotenone, which would have limited effect on the lamprey ammocoetes in the substrate. In the 1950' s, as is still the case, considerable amount of time was expended by fishery districts controlling tui chub (" roach"), as noted in Mr. Cochrun's annual reports. Tui chubs were never restocked after the treatment and are no longer present in the Miller Lake drainage. One of the goals of this conservation plan for the Miller Lake Lamprey is to re- establish a lamprey population in Miller Lake itself. Historical reports from Miller Lake prior to the extirpation of lampreys nowhere mention specific mortality of adult trout, even when lamprey were abundant, although large trout were noted to have collections of scars ( see above - Lamprey/ Trout Interaction). Based on historical accounts and recent observations from the Upper Sycan drainages, mortality when observed has been on small fish (< 10cm TL). Observations from Miller Lake in the past and recent observations of trophy redband trout fisheries in Upper Klamath Lake indicate that little to no effect is experienced by the fish based on the occurrence of healed lamprey scars. Self- sustaining populations of brown and brook trout ( unstocked) currently coexist with lampreys in Miller Creek below the lamprey barrier. Were lamprey to become reestablished in Miller Lake, they would probably feed primarily on juvenile kokanee, which are abundant in the lake. Although lamprey predation on adult trout may result in some stress and condition loss, the principal effect on adult kokanee and trout fisheries in Miller Lake is likely to be aesthetic, with small round wounds (< l/ 2 in), or scars, on the side of fish. Future Recreational Fish Management The recreational trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in Miller Lake are an extremely valuable fish resource to local community and anglers. All efforts will be made by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife to continue to offer angling recreation at current harvestable levels. In the unlikely event that the re- establishment of the Miller Lake lamprey adversely impacts the trout and kokanee population abundance, then additional fish stocking or other compatible management actions will be initiated as necessary to meet recreational fishery management objectives. Conservation Plan Note: Underlined, bold text in italics represents those portions of the conservation plan that are proposed to be adopted into Oregon Administrative Rule by the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission. Purpose This conservation plan is intended to provide guidance for management actions and conservation of the Miller Lake lamprey, Lampetra ( Entosphenus) minima. This is the first step in securing populations that currently exist in the Klamath Basin and in Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 determining their status, abundance, distribution, and life history needs. As new information on the lamprey becomes available it is expected that this document will be modified and updated to reflect the current state of our knowledge. Species Management Unit and Population Description The Miller Lake Lamprey species management unit is comprised of six documented populations and one uncertain population. They are: • Mainstem Upper Williamson River above Klamath Marsh • Miller Creek • Jack Creek • Sycan River above Sycan Marsh • Long Creek • Coyote Creek • Shake Creek ( lamprey present have not been identified to species) Desired Status The desired status of the Miller Lake lamprey is for the species to be distributed widely throughout its historic range, with populations robust enough to withstand stochastic environmental events, and with both the populations and their habitat secure from anthropogenic threats. Current Status The Miller Lake Lamprey is endemic to the Klamath Basin and was recently re- described ( Lorion et al 2000). It is currently known from two sub- drainages. The Williamson River sub- drainage includes populations in Miller Creek, Jack Creek, Klamath Marsh and the mainstem upper Williamson River. In the Sycan sub- drainage the lamprey exists in Long Creek and in the upper Sycan River above the Sycan Marsh. Information regarding the abundance and population structure of Miller Lake lamprey in these systems is not available, and only anecdotal information is available for the life history or habitat requirements of the species. For detailed information on the current information available for the species see Life History section. No immediate threats to the Miller Lake Lamprey are known to currently exist, except for the barrier to connectivity between Miller Creek and Miller Lake. Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Management Strategies The short- and long- term management strategies for the Miller Lake Lamprey species management unit are: Short- term Strategy a) Re- establish connectivity to Miller Lake. Long- term Strategies b) Ensure appropriate habitat conditions and availability within the natural range of Miller Lake lamprey. c) Reduce entrainment or the potential for entrainment of adult and larval lampreys into water diversions. d) Reduce stranding or the potential for stranding of larval lampreys in dewatered segments of streams below water diversions. e) Maintain unobstructed opportunities, within and among populations for genetic exchange, natural dispersal or migration activities, and re- colonization of unoccupied portions of historical habitat. f) No hatchery fish shall be stocked in streams that support Miller Lake lamprey. Management strategies are those general conditions relevant to the conservation of the species that are considered essential to ensure its long- term survival within its natural range. Although there are many aspects of a species life- history and management that may play a role in the species' biology, the management strategies include those aspects that are currently considered to be both essential for its long- term survival and that are potentially at risk. Conservation Actions Conservation actions are those specific activities or projects that have been identified as appropriate for the realization of the above conservation goals. General - Due to the general lack of information about the life- history, habitat requirements, and distribution of the Miller Lake Lamprey, any studies which increase our understanding of the species will contribute to future conservation planning and should be supported. Habitat - At this time, the general habitat requirements of the Miller Lake Lamprey populations in the upper Williamson and upper Sycan drainages appear to be similar to those of the native trout populations, and habitat restoration or enhancement projects that benefit the trout populations should be beneficial to the lamprey as well. However, there may be specific differences between these species that should be considered in future projects as our understanding of the lamprey's life- history increases. Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Entrainment - At this time there has been no evaluation of potential entrainment risks to the Miller Lake Lamprey. Unscreened or improperly screened irrigation diversions currently exist on the upper Sycan and upper Williamson River systems. Private irrigator participation into the screening program should continue to be encouraged and supported. Stranding - At this time there has been no evaluation of potential stranding risks to the Miller Lake Lamprey. Current water diversions reduce the stream flow in segments of the streams directly below the diversion point. Minimum stream flows or gradual ramping strategies should be encouraged where practicable. Connectivity - The Miller Lake Lamprey is not known to carry out extensive spawning migrations. However, due the tendency for ammocoetes to drift downstream during the multi- year larval stage, it is essential that local populations have free upstream passage opportunities during the period when adults are residing in the stream. The swimming characteristics and passage capabilities of trout ( for whom many fish ladders are designed) and lamprey are very different. Lamprey- friendly ladders or passage corridors should be encouraged in the design phase of new projects, and occupied lamprey streams should be evaluated for the presence of older fish ladders, as well as other artificial barriers. Re- establishment of the Miller Lake population - Miller Lake itself, the type locality for the species, remains the only known historical habitat from which the Miller Lake Lamprey is known to have been extirpated. It also represents both an ecologically unique habitat and a crucial component in the evolutionary legacy of the species. Following the extirpation of lampreys from Miller Lake in 1958, a lamprey barrier was constructed in Miller Creek to prevent recolonization of the lake from Miller Creek. The barrier remains in place today. Removal of this barrier should have a high priority in order to meet the conservation goals for the Miller Lake Lamprey and is discussed in more detail below. The barrier was constructed by the State of Oregon Game Commission in 1959 at the upstream extent of a short, high- gradient cascade in Miller Creek approximately 54 mile downstream from the outlet of Miller Lake and forest road 9772. It consists of a low stonework dam ( about 2 ft high) constructed of mortared native rocks, with a metal plate and lip bolted on top. The configuration is very effective as a man- made barrier to fish passage. However, the current condition of the concrete and rock structure is substantially deteriorated. A recent examination by ODFW, USFWS and USFS personnel indicates that the structure would be relatively easy to remove using hand tools without adverse instream impacts ( evaluated by R. Smith et al., September 2003). Recent baseline surveys ( August 2004) of lamprey ammocoetes in the Miller drainage indicate that they are apparently limited to less than two miles of low- gradient stream in lower Miller Creek ( Gunckel and Reid 2004). Allowing lampreys to re- establish a population above the cascade in Miller Creek and Miller Lake will aid in creating an additional buffer against stochastic events that could otherwise eradicate this geographically limited population. Additional surveys should be scheduled on a five- 10 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 year basis to evaluate status of the population and the success of re- colonization efforts. Removal of the barrier should allow natural expansion of the population and recolonization of the lake from the Miller Creek population, which survived the original extirpation. Information Gaps 1) Life history - very little quantitative information is available on the life history and habitat requirements of either ammocoetes or adults with which to guide management decisions. 2) Distribution - current understanding of distribution is based on surveys in the 1990' s that primarily focused on the Williamson and Sprague River drainages. Other potential areas in the Klamath Basin outside these drainages have not been properly surveyed. 3) No specific population or fine- scale distributional surveys have been undertaken for any populations outside of the Miller Lake drainage. 4) Preliminary morphological and genetic information suggests that there are regional differences between the various populations of Miller Lake Lamprey in the Klamath Basin. However, the available information is not yet sufficient for making management decisions relative to population independence or uniqueness. Strategies to Address Gaps 1) A Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team has been formed to promote investigation, management and conservation of the Miller Lake Lamprey. This team currently consists of biologists from ODFW ( Roger Smith and Stephanie Gunckel), Oregon State University ( Douglas Markle), the Western Lamprey Project ( Stewart Reid), and the Great Lakes Inst. Environmental Research ( Margaret Docker - lamprey genetics). 2) ODFW will, where appropriate, incorporate lampreys into their fish survey protocols in the Klamath Basin and will seek to collaborate with other researchers carrying out lamprey surveys in the Basin. 3) ODFW and the Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team will promote the investigation of morphological and genetic information informative to resolving regional differences between the various populations of Miller Lake Lamprey. 11 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Research Promote scientific studies of the Miller Lake Lamprey to aid in the conservation of the Monitoring Where appropriate, incorporate lampreys into fish survey protocols in the Klamath Basin and seek to collaborate with other researchers carrying out lamprey surveys in the Basin. Evaluation Periodically evaluate the status of Miller Lake lamprey and the success of the conservation plan management strategies. Research - Due to the paucity of available quantitative information on the distribution, life history, habitat requirements of either ammocoetes or adults, ODFW will promote scientific studies of the Miller Lake Lamprey to aid in the conservation of the species. Monitoring - ODFW, in collaboration with USFWS, has documented baseline distribution of the fish in Miller Creek with the lamprey barrier in place ( Gunckel and Reid 2004). Monitoring of the population will continue to evaluate upstream movement, distribution, abundance, and re- colonization of the lake through the cooperative effort of ODFW and the Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team. The ODFW and the Technical Management Team, will meet and discuss progress after the barrier has been removed, and the lampreys have had unobstructed passage to Miller Lake for five years. Adaptive Management a) A Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team shall be formed. b) The Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team shall meet periodically to review the success of the management actions identified in the Miller Lake Lamprey Conservation Plan and identify modifications to management actions that are needed to achieve the desired status for Miller Lake lamprey. No immediate threats to the Miller Lake Lamprey are known to currently exist, except for the barrier in Miller Creek. The Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team ( see under Strategies to Address Gaps) has been formed to promote investigation, management and conservation of the Miller Lake Lamprey. The team will meet periodically to evaluate current status and management strategies in light of new information. 12 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Current management action is proposed for removal of the Miller Creek Barrier. The lamprey population in Miller Creek will continue to be monitored by ODFW following the 2004 baseline surveys. After five years the Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team will evaluate the status of the Miller Creek population and the success of natural re- colonization of Miller Lake. If sufficient progress has not been made, then discussions regarding active re- introduction of lampreys to the lake will be initiated. Trigger for Plan Modification Substantial negative changes in the distribution or abundance of the Miller Lake lamprey, or the recognition of new threats to the species, shall prompt a review of the species management unit's status and all Miller Lake Lamprey Conservation Plan management strategies by the Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team. Appropriate modifications to the Miller Lake Lamprey Conservation Plan intended to better achieve the desired status identified in the Plan shall be proposed by the Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team. Reporting a) The Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team shall periodically report on the status of Miller Lake lamprey and the effectiveness of the management strategies identified in the Miller lake Lamprey Conservation Plan. b) Annual Miller Lake Lamprey data collected and any reports on the status of Miller Lake Lamprey or evaluations of the Miller Lake Lamprey Conservation Plan shall be made available to the public. The staff of the ODFW's Klamath Watershed District and Native Fish Research Project will periodically report monitoring and research results through native fish conservation strategy stock status reviews. 13 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Citations Bond, C. E. and T. T. Kan. 1973. Lampetra ( Entosphenus) minima n. sp., a dwarfed parasitic lamprey from Oregon. Copeia 1973: 568- 574. Cochran, P. A. and R. E. Jenkins. 1994. Small fishes as hosts for parasitic lampreys. Copeia 1994: 499- 504. Cochrun, K. 1950. Annual Report - Fishery Division, Central Region, Klamath District: Miller Lake. Oregon State Game Commision. Cochrun, K. 1951a. Annual Report - Fishery Division, Central Region, Klamath District: Miller Lake. Oregon State Game Commision. Cochrun, K. 1951b. Letter to Dr. HJ. Rayner, Chief of Fisheries Operations, Oregon State Game Commission. 4 November 1951. Gerlach, A. 1958. Rehabilitation of Miller Lake, 1958. Report to files - Fishery Division, Central Region, Klamath District. Oregon State Game Commision. Gerlach, A. 1959. Annual Report - Fishery Division, Central Region, Klamath District: Miller Lake. Oregon State Game Commision. Gerlach, A. and R. Borovicka. 1964. State- wide fishery rehabilitation: Miller Lake and tributaries segment ( Completion Report F- 20- D- 11). Oregon State Game Commission. Gill, H. S., C. B. Renaud, F. Chapleau, R. L. Mayden and I. C. Potter. 2003. Phylogeny of living parasitic lampreys ( Petromyzontiformes) based on morphological data. Copeia 2003: 687- 703. Gunckel S. and S. Reid. 2004. Baseline survey of Miller Lake Lamprey ( Entosphenus minimus) ammocoete distribution in the Miller Lake subdrainage. Oregon Dept. Fish and Wildlife. Hubbs, C. L. 1971. Lampetra ( Entosphenus) lethophaga, new species, the nonparasitic derivative of the Pacific lamprey. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 16: 125- 164. Johnson, D. M., R. R. Peterson, D. R. Lycan, J. W. Sweet, M. E. Neuhaus and A. L. Schaedel. 1985. Miller Lake In Atlas of Oregon Lakes. Oregon State Univ. Press. Corvallis, Oregon. Kan, T. T. 1975. Systematics, variation, distribution, and biology of lampreys of the genus Lampetra in Oregon. Doctoral Dissertation, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon. Kan, T. T. and C. E. Bond. 1981. Notes on the biology of the Miller Lake lamprey Lampetra { Entosphenus) minima. Northwest Sci. 55: 70- 74. 14 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Kostow, K. 2002. Oregon lampreys: natural history, status and analysis of management issues. Info. Rept. 2002- 01, Fish Division, Oregon Dept. Fish and Wildlife. Lorion, CM., D. F. Markle, S. B. Reid and M. F. Docker. 2000. Redescription of the presumed-extinct Miller Lake Lamprey, Lampetra minima. Copeia 2000: 1019- 1028. Oregon Dept. Fish and Wildlife. 1997. Klamath River Basin, Oregon - Fish Management Plan, August 22, 1997. Personal Communications Docker, Margaret F. - Great Lakes Inst. Environmental Research, Univ. Windsor; 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Goodman, Damon - Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State Univ.; 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521- 8299 Markle, Doug F. - Dept. Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ.; 104 Nash Hall, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331- 3803 Reid, Stewart B. - U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Division; 6610 Washburn Way, Klamath Falls, OR 97603; Current address - Western Fishes, 2045 East Main, Ashland OR 97520 Smith, Roger C. - District Fish Biologist, Oregon Dept. Fish and Wildlife; 1850 Miller Island Road West, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 15 Title: Conservation plan, Miller Lake lamprey, Lampetra (Entosphenus) minima : April, 2005 Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Year: 2005 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Conservation Plan Miller Lake Lamprey, Lampetra ( Entosphenus) minima April, 2005 Executive summary - The Miller Lake Lamprey was believed extinct after a chemical treatment in 1958, targeting lamprey and tui chub, extirpated both from Miller Lake. The lamprey population was later recognized to be a distinct species, Lampetra minima ( Bond and Kan 1973). It was the smallest lamprey species in the world ( maturing at less than 4 in), and at that time was known only from Miller Lake, where it was extinct In 1992, a small lamprey caught in the Upper Williamson River was identified as a Miller Lake Lamprey, and subsequent investigations have identified six local populations of this lamprey in two small subdrainages of the Upper Klamath Basin. Management strategies to preserve this species include: conserving appropriate habitat conditions and availability within the natural range of the Miller Lake Lamprey, addressing potential impacts from stocking streams with hatchery fish, reducing entrainment, and establishing connectivity within and between local populations. A man- made barrier built in 1959 still exists on Miller Creek. Originally created to prevent the re- establishment of lamprey in Miller Lake after the chemical treatment, the barrier currently prevents natural dispersal of the Miller Creek population and re- colonization of both extensive habitat in upper Miller Creek and Miller Lake itself. Removal of the barrier, which is in disrepair but continues to exclude lamprey, is feasible and will eliminate the only man- made feature obstructing natural connectivity within the Miller Lake drainage, the species' type locality. This conservation plan is intended to provide guidance for management actions and conservation of the Miller Lake Lamprey. Introduction lhe Miller Lake Lamprey, Lampetra { Entosphenus) minima, is the worlds smallest predatory lamprey, reaching a size of only 3- 6", and is endemic to the Klamath Basin ( Bond and Kan 1973, Gill et al. 2003, Lorion et al. 2000). It is also one of the few species to have " recovered" from extinction. Miller Lake was chemically treated with toxaphene by the Oregon Game Commission on September 16,1958 to eliminate Tui Chub ( Siphateles bicolor) and a population of unidentified lamprey ( Gerlach 1958, Gerlach and Borovicka 1964). The lamprey in Miller Lake was later discovered to have been a unique species, apparently restricted in range to the Miller Lake drainage ( a small, disjunct tributary to the Upper Williamson River), and was scientifically described by Bond and Kan ( 1973) fifteen years subsequent to its presumed extirpation. Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Although there appear to be no immediate threats to the Miller Lake Lamprey ( Kostow 2002), the species is of considerable conservation concern due to: 1) its relatively limited range in two small sub drainages of the Klamath Basin, 2) its continued absence in the ecologically unique setting of Miller Lake ( type locality) and 3) its evolutionary distinctiveness as the smallest known predatory lamprey in the world, maturing at less than four inches. Life History Distribution - The Miller Lake Lamprey is currently known from only two small sub- drainages of the Upper Klamath Basin, the upper Williamson River and the upper Sycan River above Sycan Marsh ( Lorion et al. 2000). The upper Williamson River contains four known populations ( Miller Creek, Jack Creek, Klamath Marsh, and mainstem Williamson River above the marsh). Miller Creek, which drains Miller Lake, is within the upper Williamson Watershed, but it goes sub- surface in the pumice soils and does not reach the Klamath Marsh or Williamson River. Miller Lake has presumably been isolated from the rest of the drainage since the eruption of Mt. Mazama ( Crater Lake) over 6,000 years ago. Jack Creek, a small northern tributary to the upper Williamson River, is also generally disjunct from the mainstem Williamson River due to low, intermittent surface flows in its lower reaches. The Upper Sycan drainage ( a northern tributary of the Sprague River) contains two principal populations, Long Creek drainage and the upper Sycan River drainage above Sycan Marsh. Lamprey have been documented in Coyote Creek and Shake Creek above Sycan Marsh by Nature Conservancy. Lamprey in Shake Creek have not been identified to species. Geographic Variability - In general, individuals from the modern Williamson and Sycan sub-drainages are morphologically similar ( Lorion et al. 2000). However, there are indications of geographic differences between populations. The Sycan populations exhibit significantly higher variability in the number of bicuspid posterial teeth, and the Miller Creek population generally tend to be darker on their ventral surface. Specimens from the original Miller Lake population ( pre- 1958) had, on average, fewer anterial teeth. They also tended to have larger eyes and oral disks relative to total length when compared to modern populations; however, this appears to be due to their slightly smaller size. The available genetic information also indicates that there are geographic differences in the mitochondrial genome ( mtDNA) between Sycan ( Sprague) and Williamson lamprey populations, with one haplotype found only in the Upper Sycan and another limited to lamprey populations in the Sprague River drainage ( Lorion et al. 2000). Continued genetic work on the Klamath lamprey fauna, examining additional genes, indicates that the population of lamprey in Miller Creek may be genetically different than both the other upper Williamson and Sycan populations ( Docker pers. com. 2004). Habitat - Miller Lake Lampreys currently occupy relatively cool, clear streams ( Gunckel and Reid 2004, Kan and Bond 1981, Lorion et al. 2000, Reid pers. com. 2004). Adults are generally associated with structural cover, including loose rocks and woody debris. In lower Miller Creek, where rocky habitat is limited, adult lampreys were consistently found in woody debris jams and even under seat boards from an old outhouse that had fallen into the creek ( Reid pers. obs. 1998). Ammocoetes ( a larval stage lasting about 5 years) live in the substrate and are generally Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 associated with depositional environments. In streams, ammocoetes are frequently found in silty backwater areas, low energy stream edges, and in pool eddies where leaf litter and other organics ( including adult lamprey carcasses) tend to accumulate. At night ammocoetes may move into the water column to disperse downstream or into more favorable habitat. In Miller Lake ammocoetes were found in organic detritus all along the shoreline but rarely in the extremely cold tributaries flowing into the lake ( Kan and Bond 1981). Recent extensive collections of Pacific Lamprey ammocoetes along the coast indicate that ammocoetes do not occupy otherwise apparently suitable sediments if the upper layer is poorly oxygenated ( Reid and Goodman pers. obs. 2004). Reproduction - Miller Lake Lampreys spawn in shallow redds in clean gravels and sand, which are moved out of the redd by lamprey sucking onto small rocks and actively moving them out of the way ( Markle pers. com. 2004, Reid pers. com. 2004). In streams, redds are generally made in shallow water, often at the tail of a pool or run, and are roughly 10 cm in diameter and a few centimeters deep. In Miller Lake, lampreys were observed spawning in water as deep as 20 feet ( Cochrun 1951b, Kan and Bond 1981). Males attach to the female's head and wrap around her body, aligning genitals and allowing fertilization of the eggs as they emerge. Eggs are heavier than water and are mixed into the bottom of the redd by spawning actions. Kan and Bond ( 1981) found that female lampreys from Miller Lake contained an average of about 600 eggs. Time to hatching is not known, but is probably on the order of a few weeks. Larvae ( ammocoetes) emerge at about 8 mm and move into fine sediments. Adults die after spawning. Feeding - Miller Lake Lampreys feed on fish only as adults. Ammocoetes have no eyes or teeth and are purely filter feeders, burrowing in the sediment and feeding on suspended microorganisms and algae. The ammocoete phase lasts about five years, during which time the ammocoetes grow to around 150 mm. After transformation, adults enter a predatory phase before spawning that generally lasts for less than a year ( from transformation in the summer/ fall to spawning in summer of the following year). Adults feed primarily on flesh that is gouged and rasped out of a small wound (<= 11 mm) under the sucking disk ( Cochran 1994, Kan and Bond 1981). Adults apparently show little selectivity for prey. The adult lampreys in Miller Lake historically fed on both tui chubs and available salmonids ( rainbow, brook and juvenile brown trout) in Miller Lake ( Kan and Bond 1981). They also scavenged dead tui chubs and trout, as well as cannibalizing other lampreys. In Miller Creek, most recent observations found occasional lamprey wounds on brook trout, which were the most abundant species in the creek, but it is probable that lampreys also feed on both rainbows and young brown trout in the creek ( S. Reid pers. obs. 1998). In Jack Creek lampreys feed on speckled dace, the only other fish present in the stream, and in the Upper Sycan they feed on both trout and dace. Unlike other predatory lampreys, but similar to non- feeding brook lampreys, adult Miller Lake Lampreys loose body length and mass between the time they transform and actual spawning, indicating that energetic needs and gonadal development are not compensated for by the amount of food they consume ( Hubbs 1971, Kan and Bond 1981, Lorion et al. 2000). Lamprey / Trout Interaction - Although there have been no direct studies of the ecological interaction between lampreys and trout in the Klamath Basin, it is notable that healthy trout and lamprey populations coexist throughout the basin. Lampreys certainly prey on trout, and both adult lampreys and ammocoetes may represent a significant food resource to piscivorous adult Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 trout. Native redband trout co- exist with much larger predatory lampreys (" Klamath Lake Lamprey", Lampetra { Entosphenus) sp., and Klamath River Lamprey, L. ( E.) similis) in Upper Klamath Lake. A large percentage of the trophy redband trout in Upper Klamath Lake, as well as both redband and brown trout in the Wood and Williamson Rivers, exhibit recent or healed lamprey scars. In smaller streams where Miller Lake Lampreys ( length 3- 6 in) co- exist with native and introduced trout ( redband, bull, brook and brown trout), there appears to be little impact to adult trout, and local fishermen are rarely even aware of the presence of the lamprey ( S. Reid, pers. comm. 2004, R. Smith, pers. comm. 2004). Surveys by USFWS and USFS in 1998- 1999 found that very few of the trout in Miller Creek, the Williamson or upper Sycan Rivers had scars, and during extensive snorkeling surveys, only a few trout were actually observed with lampreys attached ( S. Reid USFWS pers. com., 2004). Historical reports from Miller Lake prior to the extirpation of lampreys indicate that tui chubs were the principal prey, and dead tui chubs were often reported ( Cochrun 1951a, b, Gerlach 1958, Kan 1975, Kan and Bond 1981). Some cannibalism on other lampreys, as well as scavenging of dead fish carcasses, was also observed ( Kan and Bond 1981). Specific mortality of adult trout was not reported, although large trout were noted to have collections of scars and some mortality of fingerlings was observed. Recent observations of occasional fingerling trout mortality and much more frequent lethal predation on speckled dace (< 10 cm TL) in the Sycan River and Jack Creek, as well as the observation of apparently healthy adult trout with healed wounds, suggests that lethal predation on trout is generally limited to fingerlings ( Markle pers. com. 2004, Reid pers. com. 2004, Smith pers. com. 2004). It is not believed that predation on Miller Lake lamprey by piscivorous adult trout has been a threat to the sustainability of lamprey populations. These populations have co- evolved with native trout and appear to be productive enough to withstand some level of predation. The Jack Creek population is an exception. Jack Creek is believed to only support populations of Miller Lake lamprey and speckled dace. Since this lamprey population evolved absent predation from trout, there is a concern that an introduction of piscivorous adult trout could upset the ecological balance in Jack Creek and present a threat to both the lamprey and dace populations. For this reason, stocking of hatchery fish is prohibited by rule in Jack Creek or other streams containing Miller Lake lamprey. Miller Lake Fisheries - Miller Lake currently supports a recreational trout fishery of entirely introduced species. Miller Lake's one notable native species, the Miller Lake Lamprey, was thought extinct when the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Commission approved the current Klamath Basin Fish Management Plan ( ODFW 1997). Today, Miller Lake provides a popular " catchable" and fingerling rainbow trout program, a trophy brown trout fishery, and an under- utilized kokanee population of small- sized individuals ( Smith pers. com. 2004). Due to the role of Miller Lake as a recreational fishery and concerns over the potential impact of lampreys on introduced trout populations in the lake, the history and status of Miller Lake fisheries are summarized below by species. Rainbow trout fingerlings ( 2- 4 inches) were planted in Miller Lake until 1948, when stocking was discontinued due to poor returns. At that time, the poor rainbow fishery was believed to have been due to lamprey predation and competition with resident tui chubs ( Cochrun 1950, Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 1951a). However, based on the reported poor performance of stocked fingerling rainbows post-treatment ( see below), without either lampreys or tui chubs, it appears that local habitat conditions, and not trophic competition with tui chub or parasitism by lamprey, were driving the poor rainbow population dynamics. Recent observations by ODFW biologists have indicated that while the rainbow trout in Miller Lake are surviving, growing and being harvested by anglers, survival and growth have been, at best, marginal ( Smith pers. com. 2004). Trapnet samples in Miller Lake have been very inefficient at capturing older age class rainbow trout so the average size of sampled trout is not representative of the fish that are available for angler harvest. While trapnet sets typically made in the fall are not particularly good indicators of the rainbow population in Miller Lake, Trapnet sampling of rainbow trout documented an average length of approximately 8 inches in 1988 and approximately 4 inches in 1997. The release of catchable- sized rainbow trout into Miller Lake was initiated in 2001 to supplement the ongoing fingerling stocking program. Brown trout were first introduced into Miller Lake in 1981 and have been stocked annually since. Although small numbers may have been present prior to treatment. Survival and growth of brown trout has been excellent ( Smith pers. com. 2004). Brown trout averaged approximately 17 inches in length in 1998 and approximately 16 inches in 2001. Larger fish captured in trap net sets exceed 10 pounds. Miller Lake was identified by sport- fishing author Denny Rickards as one of the top ten brown trout producing lakes in the western United States. Lampreys themselves, as well as their impaired prey, might in turn serve as additional prey for the large, highly piscivorous brown trout. Stocks of kokanee were introduced to Miller Lake from several states between 1964 and 1971 ( all post- treatment). Kokanee have been very successful reproducing and stocking has not been necessary since 1971. The average size of maturing adults have remained relatively small. Miller Lake is an oligotrophic lake with very low productivity ( Johnson et al. 1985). The length of maturing female kokanee ranged between 7.5- 10 inches between 1965 tol972, and the average size of kokanee females in 2001 was approximately 8 inches. Based on the relatively small length of maturing kokanee females, it appears that environmental conditions or interspecific competition with other trout are driving the kokanee population dynamics. Brook trout were stocked in Miller Lake from the 1930' s until 1948. Brook trout were present in Miller Creek and apparently survived in tributaries during the 1958 treatment, since seven brook trout ( 6- 14 in) were gill- netted from the lake in 1964, prior to introduction of 85,000 kokanee and 150,000 rainbow fingerlings. No brook trout are currently stocked into the lake or tributaries of the lake. A healthy self- sustaining population of brook trout is currently present in Miller Creek, below the lamprey barrier, where they have apparently coexisted with lampreys since both recovered from the 1958 treatment. Tui chubs were present in Miller Lake prior to the 1958 treatment. It is not known whether tui chub were a native or introduced population. However, based on the elevation and atypical tui chub habitat in the lake, it is believed to have been an un- authorized introduction, most probably as a baitfish. Trophic competition between tui chub and rainbow trout has been consistently demonstrated in several Oregon lakes, including Diamond Lake in Douglas County. Tui chub or " roach" problems in Miller Lake were identified by Ken Cochrun ( Fisheries Agent, Oregon State Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 game Comm.) in his 1950 and 1951 annual reports ( Cochrun 1950, 1951a). However, Mr. Cochrun felt that the " large population" of tui chub would be relatively easy to control compared to the lamprey and hence the need for the radical chemical treatment with toxaphene, which would eliminate both species, rather than rotenone, which would have limited effect on the lamprey ammocoetes in the substrate. In the 1950' s, as is still the case, considerable amount of time was expended by fishery districts controlling tui chub (" roach"), as noted in Mr. Cochrun's annual reports. Tui chubs were never restocked after the treatment and are no longer present in the Miller Lake drainage. One of the goals of this conservation plan for the Miller Lake Lamprey is to re- establish a lamprey population in Miller Lake itself. Historical reports from Miller Lake prior to the extirpation of lampreys nowhere mention specific mortality of adult trout, even when lamprey were abundant, although large trout were noted to have collections of scars ( see above - Lamprey/ Trout Interaction). Based on historical accounts and recent observations from the Upper Sycan drainages, mortality when observed has been on small fish (< 10cm TL). Observations from Miller Lake in the past and recent observations of trophy redband trout fisheries in Upper Klamath Lake indicate that little to no effect is experienced by the fish based on the occurrence of healed lamprey scars. Self- sustaining populations of brown and brook trout ( unstocked) currently coexist with lampreys in Miller Creek below the lamprey barrier. Were lamprey to become reestablished in Miller Lake, they would probably feed primarily on juvenile kokanee, which are abundant in the lake. Although lamprey predation on adult trout may result in some stress and condition loss, the principal effect on adult kokanee and trout fisheries in Miller Lake is likely to be aesthetic, with small round wounds (< l/ 2 in), or scars, on the side of fish. Future Recreational Fish Management The recreational trout and kokanee salmon fisheries in Miller Lake are an extremely valuable fish resource to local community and anglers. All efforts will be made by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife to continue to offer angling recreation at current harvestable levels. In the unlikely event that the re- establishment of the Miller Lake lamprey adversely impacts the trout and kokanee population abundance, then additional fish stocking or other compatible management actions will be initiated as necessary to meet recreational fishery management objectives. Conservation Plan Note: Underlined, bold text in italics represents those portions of the conservation plan that are proposed to be adopted into Oregon Administrative Rule by the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission. Purpose This conservation plan is intended to provide guidance for management actions and conservation of the Miller Lake lamprey, Lampetra ( Entosphenus) minima. This is the first step in securing populations that currently exist in the Klamath Basin and in Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 determining their status, abundance, distribution, and life history needs. As new information on the lamprey becomes available it is expected that this document will be modified and updated to reflect the current state of our knowledge. Species Management Unit and Population Description The Miller Lake Lamprey species management unit is comprised of six documented populations and one uncertain population. They are: • Mainstem Upper Williamson River above Klamath Marsh • Miller Creek • Jack Creek • Sycan River above Sycan Marsh • Long Creek • Coyote Creek • Shake Creek ( lamprey present have not been identified to species) Desired Status The desired status of the Miller Lake lamprey is for the species to be distributed widely throughout its historic range, with populations robust enough to withstand stochastic environmental events, and with both the populations and their habitat secure from anthropogenic threats. Current Status The Miller Lake Lamprey is endemic to the Klamath Basin and was recently re- described ( Lorion et al 2000). It is currently known from two sub- drainages. The Williamson River sub- drainage includes populations in Miller Creek, Jack Creek, Klamath Marsh and the mainstem upper Williamson River. In the Sycan sub- drainage the lamprey exists in Long Creek and in the upper Sycan River above the Sycan Marsh. Information regarding the abundance and population structure of Miller Lake lamprey in these systems is not available, and only anecdotal information is available for the life history or habitat requirements of the species. For detailed information on the current information available for the species see Life History section. No immediate threats to the Miller Lake Lamprey are known to currently exist, except for the barrier to connectivity between Miller Creek and Miller Lake. Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Management Strategies The short- and long- term management strategies for the Miller Lake Lamprey species management unit are: Short- term Strategy a) Re- establish connectivity to Miller Lake. Long- term Strategies b) Ensure appropriate habitat conditions and availability within the natural range of Miller Lake lamprey. c) Reduce entrainment or the potential for entrainment of adult and larval lampreys into water diversions. d) Reduce stranding or the potential for stranding of larval lampreys in dewatered segments of streams below water diversions. e) Maintain unobstructed opportunities, within and among populations for genetic exchange, natural dispersal or migration activities, and re- colonization of unoccupied portions of historical habitat. f) No hatchery fish shall be stocked in streams that support Miller Lake lamprey. Management strategies are those general conditions relevant to the conservation of the species that are considered essential to ensure its long- term survival within its natural range. Although there are many aspects of a species life- history and management that may play a role in the species' biology, the management strategies include those aspects that are currently considered to be both essential for its long- term survival and that are potentially at risk. Conservation Actions Conservation actions are those specific activities or projects that have been identified as appropriate for the realization of the above conservation goals. General - Due to the general lack of information about the life- history, habitat requirements, and distribution of the Miller Lake Lamprey, any studies which increase our understanding of the species will contribute to future conservation planning and should be supported. Habitat - At this time, the general habitat requirements of the Miller Lake Lamprey populations in the upper Williamson and upper Sycan drainages appear to be similar to those of the native trout populations, and habitat restoration or enhancement projects that benefit the trout populations should be beneficial to the lamprey as well. However, there may be specific differences between these species that should be considered in future projects as our understanding of the lamprey's life- history increases. Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Entrainment - At this time there has been no evaluation of potential entrainment risks to the Miller Lake Lamprey. Unscreened or improperly screened irrigation diversions currently exist on the upper Sycan and upper Williamson River systems. Private irrigator participation into the screening program should continue to be encouraged and supported. Stranding - At this time there has been no evaluation of potential stranding risks to the Miller Lake Lamprey. Current water diversions reduce the stream flow in segments of the streams directly below the diversion point. Minimum stream flows or gradual ramping strategies should be encouraged where practicable. Connectivity - The Miller Lake Lamprey is not known to carry out extensive spawning migrations. However, due the tendency for ammocoetes to drift downstream during the multi- year larval stage, it is essential that local populations have free upstream passage opportunities during the period when adults are residing in the stream. The swimming characteristics and passage capabilities of trout ( for whom many fish ladders are designed) and lamprey are very different. Lamprey- friendly ladders or passage corridors should be encouraged in the design phase of new projects, and occupied lamprey streams should be evaluated for the presence of older fish ladders, as well as other artificial barriers. Re- establishment of the Miller Lake population - Miller Lake itself, the type locality for the species, remains the only known historical habitat from which the Miller Lake Lamprey is known to have been extirpated. It also represents both an ecologically unique habitat and a crucial component in the evolutionary legacy of the species. Following the extirpation of lampreys from Miller Lake in 1958, a lamprey barrier was constructed in Miller Creek to prevent recolonization of the lake from Miller Creek. The barrier remains in place today. Removal of this barrier should have a high priority in order to meet the conservation goals for the Miller Lake Lamprey and is discussed in more detail below. The barrier was constructed by the State of Oregon Game Commission in 1959 at the upstream extent of a short, high- gradient cascade in Miller Creek approximately 54 mile downstream from the outlet of Miller Lake and forest road 9772. It consists of a low stonework dam ( about 2 ft high) constructed of mortared native rocks, with a metal plate and lip bolted on top. The configuration is very effective as a man- made barrier to fish passage. However, the current condition of the concrete and rock structure is substantially deteriorated. A recent examination by ODFW, USFWS and USFS personnel indicates that the structure would be relatively easy to remove using hand tools without adverse instream impacts ( evaluated by R. Smith et al., September 2003). Recent baseline surveys ( August 2004) of lamprey ammocoetes in the Miller drainage indicate that they are apparently limited to less than two miles of low- gradient stream in lower Miller Creek ( Gunckel and Reid 2004). Allowing lampreys to re- establish a population above the cascade in Miller Creek and Miller Lake will aid in creating an additional buffer against stochastic events that could otherwise eradicate this geographically limited population. Additional surveys should be scheduled on a five- 10 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 year basis to evaluate status of the population and the success of re- colonization efforts. Removal of the barrier should allow natural expansion of the population and recolonization of the lake from the Miller Creek population, which survived the original extirpation. Information Gaps 1) Life history - very little quantitative information is available on the life history and habitat requirements of either ammocoetes or adults with which to guide management decisions. 2) Distribution - current understanding of distribution is based on surveys in the 1990' s that primarily focused on the Williamson and Sprague River drainages. Other potential areas in the Klamath Basin outside these drainages have not been properly surveyed. 3) No specific population or fine- scale distributional surveys have been undertaken for any populations outside of the Miller Lake drainage. 4) Preliminary morphological and genetic information suggests that there are regional differences between the various populations of Miller Lake Lamprey in the Klamath Basin. However, the available information is not yet sufficient for making management decisions relative to population independence or uniqueness. Strategies to Address Gaps 1) A Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team has been formed to promote investigation, management and conservation of the Miller Lake Lamprey. This team currently consists of biologists from ODFW ( Roger Smith and Stephanie Gunckel), Oregon State University ( Douglas Markle), the Western Lamprey Project ( Stewart Reid), and the Great Lakes Inst. Environmental Research ( Margaret Docker - lamprey genetics). 2) ODFW will, where appropriate, incorporate lampreys into their fish survey protocols in the Klamath Basin and will seek to collaborate with other researchers carrying out lamprey surveys in the Basin. 3) ODFW and the Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team will promote the investigation of morphological and genetic information informative to resolving regional differences between the various populations of Miller Lake Lamprey. 11 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Research Promote scientific studies of the Miller Lake Lamprey to aid in the conservation of the Monitoring Where appropriate, incorporate lampreys into fish survey protocols in the Klamath Basin and seek to collaborate with other researchers carrying out lamprey surveys in the Basin. Evaluation Periodically evaluate the status of Miller Lake lamprey and the success of the conservation plan management strategies. Research - Due to the paucity of available quantitative information on the distribution, life history, habitat requirements of either ammocoetes or adults, ODFW will promote scientific studies of the Miller Lake Lamprey to aid in the conservation of the species. Monitoring - ODFW, in collaboration with USFWS, has documented baseline distribution of the fish in Miller Creek with the lamprey barrier in place ( Gunckel and Reid 2004). Monitoring of the population will continue to evaluate upstream movement, distribution, abundance, and re- colonization of the lake through the cooperative effort of ODFW and the Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team. The ODFW and the Technical Management Team, will meet and discuss progress after the barrier has been removed, and the lampreys have had unobstructed passage to Miller Lake for five years. Adaptive Management a) A Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team shall be formed. b) The Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team shall meet periodically to review the success of the management actions identified in the Miller Lake Lamprey Conservation Plan and identify modifications to management actions that are needed to achieve the desired status for Miller Lake lamprey. No immediate threats to the Miller Lake Lamprey are known to currently exist, except for the barrier in Miller Creek. The Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team ( see under Strategies to Address Gaps) has been formed to promote investigation, management and conservation of the Miller Lake Lamprey. The team will meet periodically to evaluate current status and management strategies in light of new information. 12 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Current management action is proposed for removal of the Miller Creek Barrier. The lamprey population in Miller Creek will continue to be monitored by ODFW following the 2004 baseline surveys. After five years the Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team will evaluate the status of the Miller Creek population and the success of natural re- colonization of Miller Lake. If sufficient progress has not been made, then discussions regarding active re- introduction of lampreys to the lake will be initiated. Trigger for Plan Modification Substantial negative changes in the distribution or abundance of the Miller Lake lamprey, or the recognition of new threats to the species, shall prompt a review of the species management unit's status and all Miller Lake Lamprey Conservation Plan management strategies by the Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team. Appropriate modifications to the Miller Lake Lamprey Conservation Plan intended to better achieve the desired status identified in the Plan shall be proposed by the Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team. Reporting a) The Miller Lake Lamprey Technical Management Team shall periodically report on the status of Miller Lake lamprey and the effectiveness of the management strategies identified in the Miller lake Lamprey Conservation Plan. b) Annual Miller Lake Lamprey data collected and any reports on the status of Miller Lake Lamprey or evaluations of the Miller Lake Lamprey Conservation Plan shall be made available to the public. The staff of the ODFW's Klamath Watershed District and Native Fish Research Project will periodically report monitoring and research results through native fish conservation strategy stock status reviews. 13 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Citations Bond, C. E. and T. T. Kan. 1973. Lampetra ( Entosphenus) minima n. sp., a dwarfed parasitic lamprey from Oregon. Copeia 1973: 568- 574. Cochran, P. A. and R. E. Jenkins. 1994. Small fishes as hosts for parasitic lampreys. Copeia 1994: 499- 504. Cochrun, K. 1950. Annual Report - Fishery Division, Central Region, Klamath District: Miller Lake. Oregon State Game Commision. Cochrun, K. 1951a. Annual Report - Fishery Division, Central Region, Klamath District: Miller Lake. Oregon State Game Commision. Cochrun, K. 1951b. Letter to Dr. HJ. Rayner, Chief of Fisheries Operations, Oregon State Game Commission. 4 November 1951. Gerlach, A. 1958. Rehabilitation of Miller Lake, 1958. Report to files - Fishery Division, Central Region, Klamath District. Oregon State Game Commision. Gerlach, A. 1959. Annual Report - Fishery Division, Central Region, Klamath District: Miller Lake. Oregon State Game Commision. Gerlach, A. and R. Borovicka. 1964. State- wide fishery rehabilitation: Miller Lake and tributaries segment ( Completion Report F- 20- D- 11). Oregon State Game Commission. Gill, H. S., C. B. Renaud, F. Chapleau, R. L. Mayden and I. C. Potter. 2003. Phylogeny of living parasitic lampreys ( Petromyzontiformes) based on morphological data. Copeia 2003: 687- 703. Gunckel S. and S. Reid. 2004. Baseline survey of Miller Lake Lamprey ( Entosphenus minimus) ammocoete distribution in the Miller Lake subdrainage. Oregon Dept. Fish and Wildlife. Hubbs, C. L. 1971. Lampetra ( Entosphenus) lethophaga, new species, the nonparasitic derivative of the Pacific lamprey. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 16: 125- 164. Johnson, D. M., R. R. Peterson, D. R. Lycan, J. W. Sweet, M. E. Neuhaus and A. L. Schaedel. 1985. Miller Lake In Atlas of Oregon Lakes. Oregon State Univ. Press. Corvallis, Oregon. Kan, T. T. 1975. Systematics, variation, distribution, and biology of lampreys of the genus Lampetra in Oregon. Doctoral Dissertation, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon. Kan, T. T. and C. E. Bond. 1981. Notes on the biology of the Miller Lake lamprey Lampetra { Entosphenus) minima. Northwest Sci. 55: 70- 74. 14 Public Review Draft 4- 27- 05 Kostow, K. 2002. Oregon lampreys: natural history, status and analysis of management issues. Info. Rept. 2002- 01, Fish Division, Oregon Dept. Fish and Wildlife. Lorion, CM., D. F. Markle, S. B. Reid and M. F. Docker. 2000. Redescription of the presumed-extinct Miller Lake Lamprey, Lampetra minima. Copeia 2000: 1019- 1028. Oregon Dept. Fish and Wildlife. 1997. Klamath River Basin, Oregon - Fish Management Plan, August 22, 1997. Personal Communications Docker, Margaret F. - Great Lakes Inst. Environmental Research, Univ. Windsor; 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Goodman, Damon - Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State Univ.; 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521- 8299 Markle, Doug F. - Dept. Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State Univ.; 104 Nash Hall, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331- 3803 Reid, Stewart B. - U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Division; 6610 Washburn Way, Klamath Falls, OR 97603; Current address - Western Fishes, 2045 East Main, Ashland OR 97520 Smith, Roger C. - District Fish Biologist, Oregon Dept. Fish and Wildlife; 1850 Miller Island Road West, Klamath Falls, OR 97603 15 Close

• 90. [Image] Lost River and shortnose sucker : proposed critical habitat : biological support document : draft

  	Proposed rule from Federal Register, vol. 59, no. 230, December 1, 1994, pages 61744-61759, inserted after p. 35; Includes biliographical references (p. 31-35)
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lost River and shortnose sucker : proposed critical habitat : biological support document : draft Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland Field Office Year: 1994, 2004 Proposed rule from Federal Register, vol. 59, no. 230, December 1, 1994, pages 61744-61759, inserted after p. 35; Includes biliographical references (p. 31-35) Title: Lost River and shortnose sucker : proposed critical habitat : biological support document : draft Author: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Portland Field Office Year: 1994, 2004 Proposed rule from Federal Register, vol. 59, no. 230, December 1, 1994, pages 61744-61759, inserted after p. 35; Includes biliographical references (p. 31-35) Close

• 91. [Image] Klamath River riparian fence project: final report

  	Abstract The Klamath River Riparian Fence Project includes the design and construction of 3 segments of livestock exclusion fence along both sides of the Klamath River. Fences are located along the river ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath River riparian fence project: final report Year: 2002, 2006, 2005 Abstract The Klamath River Riparian Fence Project includes the design and construction of 3 segments of livestock exclusion fence along both sides of the Klamath River. Fences are located along the river and tie into existing natural barriers to livestock movement. Native riparian trees were transplanted in several areas to accelerate riparian vegetation development and increase diversity. Fence construction and planting was completed by January, 2001. Title: Klamath River riparian fence project: final report Year: 2002, 2006, 2005 Abstract The Klamath River Riparian Fence Project includes the design and construction of 3 segments of livestock exclusion fence along both sides of the Klamath River. Fences are located along the river and tie into existing natural barriers to livestock movement. Native riparian trees were transplanted in several areas to accelerate riparian vegetation development and increase diversity. Fence construction and planting was completed by January, 2001. Close

• 92. [Image] Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning Update, Winter 2003

  	U. S. Die artment sf the Interior Bu. rea. u oP L and Management K I W ~ Falls R~& G urnw . 2795 & tdeaonAvepue, BuMng #% Klamath F~ HSO, r egon 97803 . . January 2004 Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning Update, Winter 2003 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 2003, 2004 U. S. Die artment sf the Interior Bu. rea. u oP L and Management K I W ~ Falls R~& G urnw . 2795 & tdeaonAvepue, BuMng #% Klamath F~ HSO, r egon 97803 . . January 2004 Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning Update Winter 2003 United States Department of the Interior BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Klamath Falls Resource Area 2795 Anderson Avenue, Building 25 Klarnath Falls, Oregon 97603- 7891 Phone: ( 541) 883- 6916 1 Fax: ( 541) 884- 2097 E- Mail Address: Username@ or. blm. gov Website: http: llwww. or. blrngov/ L. akeview/ kfra/ index. htrn KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA PLANNING UPDATE Winter 2003 The primary purpose of this Planning Update is to inform you about the activities on the Klarnath Falls Resource Area. It is my desire to keep you informed about issues, activities, and opportunities I think are important to the public. More importantly, I am seeking ideas and comments from those who may be affected by multiple- use management programs here on the resource area. This planning update is organized to make it easy for you to find projects of most interest. Projects have been arranged into categories ( i. e., Recent Decisions, New Projects, On- going Projects, and Environmental Education Activities). In addition, each of these categories is sorted by resource topics ( e. g., Lands Program, Timber Sales, etc.). The table will give you a brief description of activities occurring within the Klamath Falls Resource Area and for most projects a location. Refer to one of three maps following the table, for locations of projects. Additional information can be obtained fi- om the contact listed in the project descriptions. If you have any concerns about the proposed actions, please call the Klarnath Falls Resource Area and ask for the " Contact" person listed or the Resource Area Planner as soon as possible. The earlier you get involved, the more capability we have to adjust or change planned actions. Also be alert for news releases and public notices published in the Herald and News as projects reach stages for public involvement. If you want to provide comments to a specific environmental assessment, please send or deliver your written comments addressed to the Field Manager, Klamath Falls Resource Area, by the close of, or postmarked by the last day of the comment period. Your comments and concerns are welcomed, and could influence the final decision on these projects. I would appreciate any comments or suggestions you may have regarding this p l h i n g update or how it could be improved to make it more useful to you. Thank you for your continued interest in BLM's management of public lands. If you have any questions on this planning update, stop by the office or call ( 541) 883- 6916. Jon Raby, Field Manager Klamath Falls Resource Area BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ' KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # t5 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 PHONE NUMBER: ( 541) 883- 6916 MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION LOCATION SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF COMPLETION CONTACT REF. # AFFECTED ANALYSIS DATE CX = Categorical Exclusion, DNA = Determination of NEPA Adequacy, EA = Environmental Assessment, EIS = Environmental Impact Statement Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 2 New Projects - Watershed Map # 4 T39S. R14E, Secs. 10, 11,14, 15 Norcross Vegetation Treatments - Thin ponderosa pine, remove invasive juniper, restore native vegetative communities ( grass, shrub, pine), and monitor the effects of treatment on vegetative and hydrologic resources. New Projects - Roads and Facilities None Map 1 EA in progress. Road crossing Spencer Creek Spencer Creek Culvert Replacement Spencer Watershed Riparian Fence Reconstruction New Projects - Recreation I Topsy Recreation Site Improvements - Campground water 1 T40S, R7E, Sm. 1 Map # I0 1 system and boat ramp improvements None I DNAS~ nnrrr2004 I Fall 2005 New Projects - Range Management Fall 2007 Fish passage Riparian Protection Mike Turaski in progress CX in progress Map #' DNA Spring 2004 Pitch Log Creek, Long Branch Creek, and Antelope Creek within the Gerber Block Gerber Watershed Riparian Fencing - Emposed project to construct livestock exclosure fencing along about 1.1 miles of Pitch Log Creek, 1.5 miles of Long Branch Creek, and 1.7 miles of Antelope Creek. Maintain fences as riparian exclosures or riparian pastures. Monitor effects of reduced livestock use on vegetation and streambank conditions. New Projects - Timber Management Contract - Fall 2004 Construction - 2005. Summer 2004 Riparian protection Fall 2004 Andy Hamilton Andy Hamilton Dana Eckard Jenny Creek Watershed South Gerber Block Jenny Creek Watershed South Gerber Block I I I None 1 None Jenny Creek EA - Purpose of this EA is to address a variety of forest health and restoration treatments in the Jenny Creek Watershed. Proposed treatments may include; commercial timber sales, non- commercial silvicultural treatments, riparian restoration treatments, aspen stand restoration and road restoration projects. South Gerber EA - Purpose of this EA is to address a variety of forest health and restoration treatments in the South Gerber Block area. Proposed treatments may include; commercial timber sales, non- commercial silvicultural treatments, riparian restoration treatments, juniper woodland treatments, aspen stand restoration and road restoration projects. LOCATION Recent Decisions - Lands Program 1 I I I I I Upper Spencer Creek Road Treatments - Road Upper Spencer Creek I' Implementation in July obliteration, decommissioning, realignment, improvement, T38S, R6E Sections Riparian Resenres DDRBs I 2M Mike Turaski and stream crossing removal. 15 and 23 12123103 Recent Decisions - Wildlife M Map 1 # 43 ecisions - Waters Map 1 # 21 Willow Valley Habitat Enhancement Willow Valley Warm water fishexies Implementation pending Reservoir ODFW involvement. Section 1 Exploration Quarry Expansion Drilling - Authorization for ODOT to conduct exploratory drilling in and around an existingpit to identify a source for additional mineral material. Scott Snedaker I I I I I I Recent Decisions - Fuels Treatment T40S, R6E, Sec. 1. N112NW114 Map 1 # 3 None Boundary Springs Yarding and Removal of Cut Juniper - Purpose of this project is to remove juniper boles in previously treated areas to reduce fuel accumulation and promote commercial use of juniper. None Ben Hall 1 & 2, Cerber Potholes, Sehnipps, and FIZ 95- 71 Juniper Yarding - to remove juniper boles in previously treated areas to reduce fuel accumulation and promote commercial use of juniper. Fint 360 acres yarded and material sold to Area FTZ- 1 04 utilization local mill ( REACH) that utilizes juniper. Exploration initiated as weather permits. Rebecca La& Linda Younger Mike Bechdolt Various Mike Bechdolt Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 3 Fuel treatment, juniper utilization DNA completed. Project on hold. BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA AVEl PHONE NUMBER: 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 ' E ( 541) 8836916 SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF AEFECrED ANALYSIS PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTlON LOCATION AEFErnD COMPLETION DATE CONTACT r~ ann~ ng~ na~ ysis~ lrnp~ ernen- r Gareinoenr al RMP Evaluation~ Revision- In the final settlement agreement to the American Forest Resource Council vs. Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) litigation, the BLM is directed to revise Resource Management Plans ( RMPs) in western Oregon by December, 2008. The BLM began the revision process in 2003, evaluating current plans and developing a project preplan. Project status information will be posted on the District website. Formal scoping is expected in the second half of calendar year 2004. RMP Revision - FY 2008 None Resource Area Wide All Resources Evaluation in progress Don Homeins GerberlWillow Valley Coordinated Resource Management Plan ( CRMP) Watershed Analysis. - A local planning team of private landowners, StatelFederal land managers, and concerned citizens recommends future project implementation on private land in CRMP area. CRMP meetings/ discussions are continuing Map 1 # 5 GerberNillow Valley Watershed Completion date open-Rivate Lands ended Don Homeins Lany Frazier Wild and Scenic River designation, Area of Critical Concern, T& E spp. Map l # 28 Upper Klamath River Management Plan DEE - Develop a management plan in response to Wild and Scenic Riven Act requirements for river segment approx. 20 miles long encompassing 6,400 acres. Klarnath River - J. C. Boyle Reservoir, Oregon, to Copco One Reservoir, California Draft EIS released 511 612003. Comment period closed 8/ 13/ 2003. FEIS December 2004 Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland Resource Management Plan Amendment for the Fourmile Creek portion of this area. The purpose of this project is to amend the Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland RMP EIS to designate the Fourmile Creek area as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern. Riparian Wetland Area of Critical Environmental Concern ( ACEC) Draft EIS to be prepared. Specific schedule and completion date unknown. ACEC Evaluation submitted to District Manager, October 2000. Map 1 # 29 Fourmile Creek Wetland Lou Whiteaker Lany Frazier Draft MOU presented to the Tribal Council on 2/ 22/ 2000. Waiting for Tribal feedback. - -- Unknown Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU) between the Klamath Tribes and BLM for Coordination on Management Issues. - The proposed MOU identifies a process to coordinate tribal involvement with BLM management actions on public lands. Late- Successional Reserve ( LSR) Assessment. A single LSR Assessment was prepared to assess all 19 Unmapped LSRs designated within the resource area and develop management recommendations for these areas to restore or maintain late successional habitat. Former Tribal None Lakeview District Lands - None Draft submitted to and pending approval from the Regional Ecosystem Office ( REO). BLM lands west of Highway 97 covered by the Northwest Forest Plan Unmapped Late Successional - Reserves. Analysis is complete. - ou Whiteaker Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 4 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 541) 8834916 STATUS OF COMPLETION DATE CONTACT AFFECTED I ANALYSIS I - Map 2 # 46 - None Map 1 -# 7 Map 1 # 22 - None Map 2 # 44 Map 2 # 30 Oak Thinning - Thin 100 acres of oak woodland to restore plant communities and reduce potential for stand replacing wildfires and overall fire management costs. Noxious Weed Treatments - contain1 reduce noxious weed populations using integrated pest management ( manual, mechanical, chemical, and biological control methods). Activities tier to KFRA Integrated Weed Control Plan ( IWCP) and EA- OR- 014- 93- 09 approved July 21, 1993. T40S, R6E, Sec. 35 T41S, R6E, Sec. 3 and 10 T41S, WE, Sec. 1 Weed- infested sites throughout the Klamath Falls Resource Area Bitterbrush Planting - - Various locations Ongoing Planning/ Analysisflmplementation - Vegetation Treatments I I I -- -- - Horton Rim I Windy Ridge Juniper Removal - Juniper treatment for fuel reduction and wildlife habitat inmovement GerberlWillow Valley Riparian Conifer Treatments - removing invasive juniper from riparian areas in the Gerber Block G& I Willow Valley Watersheds Spencer Creek Riparian Thinning- thin 80 acres of iuniverlmixed conifer T38S, R6E, Secs. 21 and 28 Clover Creek DDRB - 108 acres mechanical treatment. T. 38S, R6E, Sec. 27.34 Off Spencer Hookup Road I Document is tiered to the Northwest Area Noxious 1 Noxious Weed I Klamath River canyon/ ACEC None I Wyd Control Program Treatments occur May - EIS avvroved December I October on a vearlv I Lou mitaker Analysis in Progress. 1985: supplemented in March 1987. Analysis completion expected Spring 2004. - . basis. Mule deer winter range. Rob Roninger None I EA completed Riparian Reserves EA completed. I Ongoing - Possible in Key Watershed completion in 2004 I Mike Turaski cx completed. h j e c t in progress. Riparian, critical sucker habitat 2- 3 year implementation began Spring 2003. Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Implementation- Lands Treatments occur on a yearly basis. Hapa DNA completed. Bald Eagles, Survey and Manage species Map l # 8 Greg Reddell Map 1 # 17 Implementation initiated 2003 - Ongoing DNA completed in Spring 2001. Mike Turaski Map I -# 20 Map 1 -# 9 On hold for RE0 approval of LSRA - ~- - Dehlinger Trust - Residential Road ROW and easement. Bmner Land Exchange Steve Haper Bly Dump Sale ( EA No. OR- 014- 97- 01) - Purpose of # l8 this project is to sell Bly Transfer Station to Klamath Co. I of Bly'OrrgOn. Map I I None Known I Analysis in progress I Winter2004 Linda Younger T40S, RIOE, Sec. 9 South Bryant Mountain Al B ~ n eLra nd Sale Nancy Charley Trust Reciprocal Easement and ROW Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 5 None Unknown T41S, R13E. Sec. 14 T38S, RSE, Sec 12- 13 Reciprocal Easement Pending On hold Unknown Borders Riparian Reserve Winter 2004 Spring 2005 EA completedl Decision record pending CX completed, easement pending Linda Younger Linda Younger Spring 2004 Fall 2004 Linda Younger Linda Younger MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION REF. SPECIAL AREAS IC OMPLI AFFECTED Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Imp LOCATION ETION DATE I COMA dementation - rimber Sales I - - - Non - Non Roaming Salvage EA - The purpose is to provide NEPA coverage for timely salvage of timber mortality over the entire Resource Area. Entire Resource Area Unknown Preparing scoping letters. Spring 2004 I MI* cBechdo1t FY 04 - Baldy Salvage Timber Sale - Sale is designed to harvest windthrown trees as a result of 2003- 4 windstorms and scattered insect and disease related mortality. Anticipated volume is I . O- 1 SMMBF on 300- 500 acres. FY 04 - Matchbox Title I1 Service Contradl'imber Sale - The project consists of a Forest Health Density ManagementIUnderstory Thinning of overstocked mixed conifer stands. The sale is being designed under the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self- Determination Act of 200 - Public Law 106- 393. A service contract will be used to thin, yard, and deck trees from an overstocked mixed conifer stand. A timber sale contract will be used sell the decked material. Approximately 300 acres are scheduled for treatment resulting in about 600 MBF. Primarily in the Surveyor Mtn and Burton Butte Areas. May also include some eastside areas. Timber Sale is scheduled to be sold in Mike Bechdolt May or June of 2004 Presently marking some of the scatted salvage Matrix Contract is scheduled to be awarded in June or Mike Bechdolt July of 2004 Chase Mountain Area T. 40S., R. 7E., Sec. 9 Presently Preparing the Matrix Timber Sale Contract Proposed sale date: Summer 2005 Mike Bechdolt Riparian Reserves T38S., ME., Sec. l3,15,23, 25 and 26 Reserves! Matrix Buck Again Timber Sale - An estimated 700 acres is designed for treatment in the Spencer Creek watershed near Buck Lake. Approx. 4 MMBF to be harvested. Sale preparation. Chew Timber Sale- Approximately 1,000 acres density management understory reduction adjacent to and south of T40S. R6E, Secs. 1, 1 1,14 T40S, R7E. Secs. 3 and 5 Proposed sale date Mike Bechdolt Hwy 66 west of la math Falls. ~ aleanal~ zuendd er the Sale preparation. Spring 2004 or 2005. Topsy/ Pokegama/ Hamaker EA (# OR- 0 14- 98- 01 ). Estimated volume of 2.5 m b f . None Oneoine Plannine/ Analvsis/ Implementation - Roads and Facilities Map 1 # 77 Map # 73 Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 6 Sediment Traps - 30 sediment traps on BLM, USFS, and private land Map I # 6 Gcrber Road Sediment Reduction - road resurfacing and drainage improvement to reduce sediment delivery to streams in the Gerber Watershed Spencer Creek Watershed and Gerber Block Gerber Washrack- Installation of facility at Gerber Guard Station for washing equipment to control the suread of noxious weeds and overhead filling of tankers. 5 stream crossings None Gerber Guard Station Critical sucker habitat DNA completed. Sediment traps installed. Noxious weed prevention EA completed. Implementation initiated I Fall 2004 Monitoring in progress. Mike Turaski CX completed. Mike Turaski Pending funding. Bob Crumrine/ Brian McCarty - I - 1 - Map 1 # 6 Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Implementation - Roads and Facilities ( continued) Gerber Area Recreation Improvements - ( RMP ROD EIS 6- 2- 95, pp. 49- 50) - Project falls under corrective maintenance, improvement or replacement in the Klamath Falls RMP. Existing maintenance, improvement or replacement include: rocking and chip- sealinglpaving road system and campsites, picnic tables, barrier posts, camp host RV holding tank, hydrants, Barnes Valley Boat Ramp access road. Scott Smter Gerber Reservoir Recreation Site Gerber Area Primitive Camp and Day Use Sites Recreation Improvements. The objectives of these improvements are to update or improve existing facilities to continue to provide an enhanced recreational experience and satisfy visitor needs. T& ESpecies ( suckers and bald eagles) Scott Senter Stan H Spring, Potholes, Miller Creek, Frog Camp, Pitchlog Creek, Wildhorse, Basin, Rock Creek and Willow Valley Reservoir Map l # 6 Projects in compliance GththeKFIURMP. Determination of NEPA Adequacy completed and approved on 10128199. Wood River Wetlands Project - Remaining projects: Finish installation of fish screen on 7- mile Canal diversion structure and floating boardwalk, interpretive signs, and trail system. Surface rock dike roads from bridge to 7- mile Canal and add group interpretive site. Juniper Chip Road - Using juniper debris for biomass or by- product in Oshea ( mZ 95/ 71), and Norcross Springs. FY 2004 - Miller Creek- Potholes trail to be constructed T& E Species ( suckers) wood River Property I I Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland I A Determination of NEPA Adequacy ( DNA) completed 9/ 25/ 2000. ( Project contingent on funding) Map 1 # 25 - Map 2 # 70 FY 2004- sidewalks and pinic tables to be installed at Willow Valley Res. Wedge Watkins Joe Foran 25 miles north of Klamath Falls, Oregon T 39 8 40s. R13,14,14XE I None Known I I Stewardship contract EAcompIeted being developed. Ongoing Projects - Prescribed Burning and Fuels Treatment Wetlands Map 2 # 2 Resource Management Plan EIS; decision signed June 16,1995. Joe Foran Pending funding Short Lake Broadcast Bum - Prescribe bum approx. 280 acres outside FTZ to reduce fuel loading and risk of wildfire. T38S. R1 I E, Sec 20 & 29 - - - - - - -- - - - - - Miller Creek Mechanical Treatment - Proposal to use mechanical piling instead of prescribed buming of a~ oroximatelv I00 acres. Map 2 # 37 - T39S. R13E. Sec. 14 & 23 Analysis Completed ACEC 1 FONSl and Decision Record on 3- 24- 99. Joe Foran None Known Project delayed. EA completed Fuels Maintenance Treatments # t ( KCER - 00- 03) Treat approximately 1,200 acres to remove fire- prone brush, excessive levels of hazardous fuels ( less than 6" in diameter), and small conifers that are ladder fuels and threats to over stow trees bv crown fire.. Map 2 # I 1 Spring 2004 Klamath Falls Resource Area, east of Hwy 97. See Prescribed Fire Map for locations. None Known Dale Brush Map 2 # 62 Analysis completed. Multiple year implementation - ongoing. Mechanical Slash Treatment Project - Mechanical treatments ( shearing, chipping, or grinding) to reduce fuels and control vegetation on approx. 12,000 acres. Joe Foran Multiple Locations Resource Area Wide None / Second DNA completed. Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 7 Projects tasked out over a three year period - ongoing. PROJECT K. 1 TITLE & DESCRIPTIO SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF 4 CONTACT AFFECTED ANALYSIS - Map 2 -# 39 Map 2 # 40 - Map 2 -# 42 Map 2 # 38 Map 2 # 63 Map 2 # 64 - Map 2 # 65 & # I9 Map 2 # 45 - Map 2 # 49 - Stukel98- 1 Mechanical Treatment - Mechanical piling T40S, RIOE, Sec. 10,11,14, instead of pmcribed burning of approximately 500 acres. 23,24 Stukel98- 2 Prescribed Burn - Prescribe bum approx. 3,000 acres to: Reintroduce fire to restore plant communities, while reducing the potential for stand-replacement wildfires and overall fire management costs. T40S, RIOE, Sec. 12,13,24 T40S, RllE, Sec. 7& 18 HamakerIChase Fuels Treatment - Reduce Fuels on T40S, R8E 4000 acres south of Hwy 66 I Stiles Spring Prescribed Burn - Project purpose to bum approximately 1,000 acres to: Reinduce fire to restore sustainable function and structure to plant communities, while reducing the potential for stand- replacement wildfires, and reducing overall fire management costs. Stukel98- 7 & 9 Prescribed Burns - Prescribe bum approximately 525 acres to: reintroduce fire to restore plant communities, reduce overall fire management costs and the potential for stand- replacing wildfires. Statelinel Holbmk Prescribed Bums - Presmie bum approximately 4.000 acres to reduce fuel loading and risk of catastrophic wildfire. T37S, RIOE, Sec. 3- 5,9- 11, 14- 15 T40S, RllE, Sec5 & 6 T. 40S, R15 E., T. 41S, RISE. -- Big Adobe Prescribed Burn - Prescribe bum approximately 6,700 acres to reduce fuel loading and risk of catastrophic wildfire ( includes Wild Midway Rx Bum) Range- Juniper Treatment - Hazardous fuel reduction, T40S. R12E. Sec. 1 1 using mechanical and prescribed fire methods. T41 S, RISE Upper Swan Prescribed Burn - Project purpose: bum approximately 98 acres to restore sustainable function and structure to plant communities, reduce potential for stand-replacement wildfires and overall fire management costs. g and Fuels Treatment ( continued) None Known Project0 t1ie 4r- s9 4to- 0E9A. # OR- Project ongoing Joe Fmn T37S, RIOE, Sec. 24 & 25 T37S, RI 1.5E, Sec. 31 Bald Eagle ( Analysis Completed- I 200 acres treated in FY I None Analysis Completed Project tiers to EA # OR- 014- 94- 09. EA completed Wildlife Habitat Riparian Initiated Winter 2001 Fall 2004 Joe Foran Project delayed until the Spring 2004 Bald None Bald Eagle I Planned projects tier to the Promammatic Fire I Joe Foran Joe Foran Project initiated, 2- 3 year implementation FONSI - 12- 1 9- 99. 2000; Remainder Decision Record on 01 - 25- 2000 ,, Foran Joe Foran Analysis Completed Project tiers to EA # OR- 014- 94- 09) approved on 4- 29- 94. Initiated Winter 2001 Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 8 Wildlife forage/ habitat improvement 130 acres completed Remainder Spring 2004 Accomplished 1500 acres. Remainder Fall 2004. Steve Pehick- Underwood Joe Foran DNA completed ongoing 2- 3 year implementation Joe Foran .. " "" . 7 < .,.. - . . 7 - " b - . " < * - - ' 7 , 4 . , v ,-' w., ,. ' q"* -*?, . x*-.. s,... >,% VW? P ,*.- 7i*,- .*. x., < 8 SCHEDULE OF PROPOSED PROJECTS BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA * 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 PHONE NUMBER: ( 541) 883- 69 MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION LOCATION I SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF ANALYSIS COMPLETION CONTACT REF. # AFFECTED DATE Rangeland Health Standards Assessments - in progress I These assessments compare the monitoring information collected against the five Standards for Rangeland Health and propose management changes if current grazing use is not meeting the Standards, or not making significant improvement towards meeting them. Changes are implemented through the grazing decision or agreement process. z3I Re16 Allotment ( M893) I South Langell Valley I None Known I Assessment in progress I Summer 2004 I Dana Eckard M$\ 3 I KIamatL Forest Estates Allotment ( M862) 1 North of Bonanza -~ Yainax Allotment ( M861) I None Known I Assessment in progress I ~ ~ - 2 0 0 4 I Bill Lindsey North of Bonanza Map # 55 None Known ? G3 Haskins Allotment (# 0826) y&' Assessment in progress Masten Allotment ( M842) Map # 68 North of Bonanza Kellian Allotment (# 0834) Hungry Hollow Allotment (# 0830) Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 9 SUM 2004 North of Bonanza Adams Allotment (# 0800) Rangeland Health Standards Assessments - completed* Bill Lindsey None Known North of Bonanza North of Bonanza None Known East of Bonanza Bill Lindsey Assessment in progress None Known None Known * A total of 37 Rangeland Health Standards Assessments have been completed to date, 1 has been completed so far in FY 2004. Assessment in progress None Known None Known Assessment completed Summer 2004 Assessment in progress Assessment in progress Map North of Bonanza December 2003 # 48 Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Assessment in progress McCartie Allotment (# 0860) Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Summer 2004 Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Dana Eckard Dana Eckard Presentations/ Environmental Education Programs/ Tours ( Fiscal Year to Date) Fun With Fungi I 1 1/ 2/ 03 I Seven Mile Area Adults 25 I What Was Presented Overview of past and current outreach events; permit sales Wood River Wetland Field Trip Operation Indian Rocks ARPA Investigation 1 1 1/ 3/ 03 ( Central Washington University 1 Faculty and Students I 51 I Date 1 Group / Age # of People 1 01 1 5/ 03 10/ 28/ 03 Where Cultural Resource Management and the NEPA Process Archaeological Investigations in the Great Basin I Wildlife Management 1 12/ 16/ 03 1 OIT - " Expanding Horizons" I 8* Grade Students I 120 1 Ross Ragland Theater Wood River Wetland Coloring Books 1 1/ 3/ 03 1 1/ 4/ 03 Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 10 Answer People/ Adults Oregon Institute of Technology Students I 1 1 11 9/ 03 Shasta Elementary School -- - S - 290 Fire Behavior 25 - 30 Central Washington University Central Washington University Elementary Students 30 12/ 20/ 03 Graduate Student Seminar Graduate Student Seminar 24 35 Klamth Community College Adults 8 EventIActivlty Date Location Contact( s) F 01 rarnclpanrs ( EmployeeslPublic*) IBald Eagle Conference I Februaryl3- IS I Oregon Institute of Technology I Steve Haynerl Kelly Hollums I l~ arthD ay I April I Jefferson Square Mall I Greg Reddell I Klamath Watershed conference February 24 - 26 Wilderness & Horse Packing Clinic** International Migratory Bird Day IMBD Pre- event Classes -- - IMBD Educator Workshop Oregon Institute of Technology May ( IMBD) April 24 IMBD Event National Free Fishing Day RAP Camp Klamath County Fair Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 11 Wedge WatkinslKelly Hollums April 16 - pp - - Sixth Grade Forestry Tour National Public Lands Day Oregon Archeology Celebration Klarnath County Fairgrounds Klamath Community College May 8 June June August Tonya PinckneyIScott Senter Steve Hayner, et al OSU- Klamath Co. Extension * Numbers of public participants for large events are estimated. ** BOLD WRITING indicates that project is funded with District Outreach dollars. September September September Veteran's Park To Be Announced Camp Esther Applegate Klamath County Fairgrounds Steve Hayner, et al Steve Hayner Scott Snedaker To Be Announced PinckneylSenter Clover Creek Educational Area To Be Announced To Be Announced ~ p Bill Johnson To Be Announced Michelle Durant Glama th Falls Resource Area Miscellaneo~ wP roject Loca ticms R6E RBE R7E RBE RBE RlOE RIIE R12E R13E R14E R14.6E R16E Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 12 N LEGEND R5E R6E R7E R8E RQE RIOE R l l E R12E R13E R14E R14.5E R15E Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Fall 2003 Planning Update - Page 13 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGE~ ENT Klarnath Falls Resource Area Office 2395 Parderson Avenue, Building a 5 Kfamth MIS. Oregan 97603 OF. FIGIAL, BUSI~ ESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $ 300 Marita Kunkel Library Director Oregon Institute of Techolagy 3201 Cempus Dr Klamath Falls, OR 97601 Title: Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning Update, Winter 2003 Author: United States. Bureau of Land Management. Klamath Falls Resource Area Office Year: 2003, 2004 U. S. Die artment sf the Interior Bu. rea. u oP L and Management K I W ~ Falls R~& G urnw . 2795 & tdeaonAvepue, BuMng #% Klamath F~ HSO, r egon 97803 . . January 2004 Klamath Falls Resource Area Planning Update Winter 2003 United States Department of the Interior BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT Klamath Falls Resource Area 2795 Anderson Avenue, Building 25 Klarnath Falls, Oregon 97603- 7891 Phone: ( 541) 883- 6916 1 Fax: ( 541) 884- 2097 E- Mail Address: Username@ or. blm. gov Website: http: llwww. or. blrngov/ L. akeview/ kfra/ index. htrn KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA PLANNING UPDATE Winter 2003 The primary purpose of this Planning Update is to inform you about the activities on the Klarnath Falls Resource Area. It is my desire to keep you informed about issues, activities, and opportunities I think are important to the public. More importantly, I am seeking ideas and comments from those who may be affected by multiple- use management programs here on the resource area. This planning update is organized to make it easy for you to find projects of most interest. Projects have been arranged into categories ( i. e., Recent Decisions, New Projects, On- going Projects, and Environmental Education Activities). In addition, each of these categories is sorted by resource topics ( e. g., Lands Program, Timber Sales, etc.). The table will give you a brief description of activities occurring within the Klamath Falls Resource Area and for most projects a location. Refer to one of three maps following the table, for locations of projects. Additional information can be obtained fi- om the contact listed in the project descriptions. If you have any concerns about the proposed actions, please call the Klarnath Falls Resource Area and ask for the " Contact" person listed or the Resource Area Planner as soon as possible. The earlier you get involved, the more capability we have to adjust or change planned actions. Also be alert for news releases and public notices published in the Herald and News as projects reach stages for public involvement. If you want to provide comments to a specific environmental assessment, please send or deliver your written comments addressed to the Field Manager, Klamath Falls Resource Area, by the close of, or postmarked by the last day of the comment period. Your comments and concerns are welcomed, and could influence the final decision on these projects. I would appreciate any comments or suggestions you may have regarding this p l h i n g update or how it could be improved to make it more useful to you. Thank you for your continued interest in BLM's management of public lands. If you have any questions on this planning update, stop by the office or call ( 541) 883- 6916. Jon Raby, Field Manager Klamath Falls Resource Area BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ' KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # t5 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 PHONE NUMBER: ( 541) 883- 6916 MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION LOCATION SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF COMPLETION CONTACT REF. # AFFECTED ANALYSIS DATE CX = Categorical Exclusion, DNA = Determination of NEPA Adequacy, EA = Environmental Assessment, EIS = Environmental Impact Statement Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 2 New Projects - Watershed Map # 4 T39S. R14E, Secs. 10, 11,14, 15 Norcross Vegetation Treatments - Thin ponderosa pine, remove invasive juniper, restore native vegetative communities ( grass, shrub, pine), and monitor the effects of treatment on vegetative and hydrologic resources. New Projects - Roads and Facilities None Map 1 EA in progress. Road crossing Spencer Creek Spencer Creek Culvert Replacement Spencer Watershed Riparian Fence Reconstruction New Projects - Recreation I Topsy Recreation Site Improvements - Campground water 1 T40S, R7E, Sm. 1 Map # I0 1 system and boat ramp improvements None I DNAS~ nnrrr2004 I Fall 2005 New Projects - Range Management Fall 2007 Fish passage Riparian Protection Mike Turaski in progress CX in progress Map #' DNA Spring 2004 Pitch Log Creek, Long Branch Creek, and Antelope Creek within the Gerber Block Gerber Watershed Riparian Fencing - Emposed project to construct livestock exclosure fencing along about 1.1 miles of Pitch Log Creek, 1.5 miles of Long Branch Creek, and 1.7 miles of Antelope Creek. Maintain fences as riparian exclosures or riparian pastures. Monitor effects of reduced livestock use on vegetation and streambank conditions. New Projects - Timber Management Contract - Fall 2004 Construction - 2005. Summer 2004 Riparian protection Fall 2004 Andy Hamilton Andy Hamilton Dana Eckard Jenny Creek Watershed South Gerber Block Jenny Creek Watershed South Gerber Block I I I None 1 None Jenny Creek EA - Purpose of this EA is to address a variety of forest health and restoration treatments in the Jenny Creek Watershed. Proposed treatments may include; commercial timber sales, non- commercial silvicultural treatments, riparian restoration treatments, aspen stand restoration and road restoration projects. South Gerber EA - Purpose of this EA is to address a variety of forest health and restoration treatments in the South Gerber Block area. Proposed treatments may include; commercial timber sales, non- commercial silvicultural treatments, riparian restoration treatments, juniper woodland treatments, aspen stand restoration and road restoration projects. LOCATION Recent Decisions - Lands Program 1 I I I I I Upper Spencer Creek Road Treatments - Road Upper Spencer Creek I' Implementation in July obliteration, decommissioning, realignment, improvement, T38S, R6E Sections Riparian Resenres DDRBs I 2M Mike Turaski and stream crossing removal. 15 and 23 12123103 Recent Decisions - Wildlife M Map 1 # 43 ecisions - Waters Map 1 # 21 Willow Valley Habitat Enhancement Willow Valley Warm water fishexies Implementation pending Reservoir ODFW involvement. Section 1 Exploration Quarry Expansion Drilling - Authorization for ODOT to conduct exploratory drilling in and around an existingpit to identify a source for additional mineral material. Scott Snedaker I I I I I I Recent Decisions - Fuels Treatment T40S, R6E, Sec. 1. N112NW114 Map 1 # 3 None Boundary Springs Yarding and Removal of Cut Juniper - Purpose of this project is to remove juniper boles in previously treated areas to reduce fuel accumulation and promote commercial use of juniper. None Ben Hall 1 & 2, Cerber Potholes, Sehnipps, and FIZ 95- 71 Juniper Yarding - to remove juniper boles in previously treated areas to reduce fuel accumulation and promote commercial use of juniper. Fint 360 acres yarded and material sold to Area FTZ- 1 04 utilization local mill ( REACH) that utilizes juniper. Exploration initiated as weather permits. Rebecca La& Linda Younger Mike Bechdolt Various Mike Bechdolt Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 3 Fuel treatment, juniper utilization DNA completed. Project on hold. BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA AVEl PHONE NUMBER: 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 ' E ( 541) 8836916 SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF AEFECrED ANALYSIS PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTlON LOCATION AEFErnD COMPLETION DATE CONTACT r~ ann~ ng~ na~ ysis~ lrnp~ ernen- r Gareinoenr al RMP Evaluation~ Revision- In the final settlement agreement to the American Forest Resource Council vs. Bureau of Land Management ( BLM) litigation, the BLM is directed to revise Resource Management Plans ( RMPs) in western Oregon by December, 2008. The BLM began the revision process in 2003, evaluating current plans and developing a project preplan. Project status information will be posted on the District website. Formal scoping is expected in the second half of calendar year 2004. RMP Revision - FY 2008 None Resource Area Wide All Resources Evaluation in progress Don Homeins GerberlWillow Valley Coordinated Resource Management Plan ( CRMP) Watershed Analysis. - A local planning team of private landowners, StatelFederal land managers, and concerned citizens recommends future project implementation on private land in CRMP area. CRMP meetings/ discussions are continuing Map 1 # 5 GerberNillow Valley Watershed Completion date open-Rivate Lands ended Don Homeins Lany Frazier Wild and Scenic River designation, Area of Critical Concern, T& E spp. Map l # 28 Upper Klamath River Management Plan DEE - Develop a management plan in response to Wild and Scenic Riven Act requirements for river segment approx. 20 miles long encompassing 6,400 acres. Klarnath River - J. C. Boyle Reservoir, Oregon, to Copco One Reservoir, California Draft EIS released 511 612003. Comment period closed 8/ 13/ 2003. FEIS December 2004 Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland Resource Management Plan Amendment for the Fourmile Creek portion of this area. The purpose of this project is to amend the Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland RMP EIS to designate the Fourmile Creek area as an Area of Critical Environmental Concern. Riparian Wetland Area of Critical Environmental Concern ( ACEC) Draft EIS to be prepared. Specific schedule and completion date unknown. ACEC Evaluation submitted to District Manager, October 2000. Map 1 # 29 Fourmile Creek Wetland Lou Whiteaker Lany Frazier Draft MOU presented to the Tribal Council on 2/ 22/ 2000. Waiting for Tribal feedback. - -- Unknown Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU) between the Klamath Tribes and BLM for Coordination on Management Issues. - The proposed MOU identifies a process to coordinate tribal involvement with BLM management actions on public lands. Late- Successional Reserve ( LSR) Assessment. A single LSR Assessment was prepared to assess all 19 Unmapped LSRs designated within the resource area and develop management recommendations for these areas to restore or maintain late successional habitat. Former Tribal None Lakeview District Lands - None Draft submitted to and pending approval from the Regional Ecosystem Office ( REO). BLM lands west of Highway 97 covered by the Northwest Forest Plan Unmapped Late Successional - Reserves. Analysis is complete. - ou Whiteaker Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 4 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 541) 8834916 STATUS OF COMPLETION DATE CONTACT AFFECTED I ANALYSIS I - Map 2 # 46 - None Map 1 -# 7 Map 1 # 22 - None Map 2 # 44 Map 2 # 30 Oak Thinning - Thin 100 acres of oak woodland to restore plant communities and reduce potential for stand replacing wildfires and overall fire management costs. Noxious Weed Treatments - contain1 reduce noxious weed populations using integrated pest management ( manual, mechanical, chemical, and biological control methods). Activities tier to KFRA Integrated Weed Control Plan ( IWCP) and EA- OR- 014- 93- 09 approved July 21, 1993. T40S, R6E, Sec. 35 T41S, R6E, Sec. 3 and 10 T41S, WE, Sec. 1 Weed- infested sites throughout the Klamath Falls Resource Area Bitterbrush Planting - - Various locations Ongoing Planning/ Analysisflmplementation - Vegetation Treatments I I I -- -- - Horton Rim I Windy Ridge Juniper Removal - Juniper treatment for fuel reduction and wildlife habitat inmovement GerberlWillow Valley Riparian Conifer Treatments - removing invasive juniper from riparian areas in the Gerber Block G& I Willow Valley Watersheds Spencer Creek Riparian Thinning- thin 80 acres of iuniverlmixed conifer T38S, R6E, Secs. 21 and 28 Clover Creek DDRB - 108 acres mechanical treatment. T. 38S, R6E, Sec. 27.34 Off Spencer Hookup Road I Document is tiered to the Northwest Area Noxious 1 Noxious Weed I Klamath River canyon/ ACEC None I Wyd Control Program Treatments occur May - EIS avvroved December I October on a vearlv I Lou mitaker Analysis in Progress. 1985: supplemented in March 1987. Analysis completion expected Spring 2004. - . basis. Mule deer winter range. Rob Roninger None I EA completed Riparian Reserves EA completed. I Ongoing - Possible in Key Watershed completion in 2004 I Mike Turaski cx completed. h j e c t in progress. Riparian, critical sucker habitat 2- 3 year implementation began Spring 2003. Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Implementation- Lands Treatments occur on a yearly basis. Hapa DNA completed. Bald Eagles, Survey and Manage species Map l # 8 Greg Reddell Map 1 # 17 Implementation initiated 2003 - Ongoing DNA completed in Spring 2001. Mike Turaski Map I -# 20 Map 1 -# 9 On hold for RE0 approval of LSRA - ~- - Dehlinger Trust - Residential Road ROW and easement. Bmner Land Exchange Steve Haper Bly Dump Sale ( EA No. OR- 014- 97- 01) - Purpose of # l8 this project is to sell Bly Transfer Station to Klamath Co. I of Bly'OrrgOn. Map I I None Known I Analysis in progress I Winter2004 Linda Younger T40S, RIOE, Sec. 9 South Bryant Mountain Al B ~ n eLra nd Sale Nancy Charley Trust Reciprocal Easement and ROW Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 5 None Unknown T41S, R13E. Sec. 14 T38S, RSE, Sec 12- 13 Reciprocal Easement Pending On hold Unknown Borders Riparian Reserve Winter 2004 Spring 2005 EA completedl Decision record pending CX completed, easement pending Linda Younger Linda Younger Spring 2004 Fall 2004 Linda Younger Linda Younger MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION REF. SPECIAL AREAS IC OMPLI AFFECTED Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Imp LOCATION ETION DATE I COMA dementation - rimber Sales I - - - Non - Non Roaming Salvage EA - The purpose is to provide NEPA coverage for timely salvage of timber mortality over the entire Resource Area. Entire Resource Area Unknown Preparing scoping letters. Spring 2004 I MI* cBechdo1t FY 04 - Baldy Salvage Timber Sale - Sale is designed to harvest windthrown trees as a result of 2003- 4 windstorms and scattered insect and disease related mortality. Anticipated volume is I . O- 1 SMMBF on 300- 500 acres. FY 04 - Matchbox Title I1 Service Contradl'imber Sale - The project consists of a Forest Health Density ManagementIUnderstory Thinning of overstocked mixed conifer stands. The sale is being designed under the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self- Determination Act of 200 - Public Law 106- 393. A service contract will be used to thin, yard, and deck trees from an overstocked mixed conifer stand. A timber sale contract will be used sell the decked material. Approximately 300 acres are scheduled for treatment resulting in about 600 MBF. Primarily in the Surveyor Mtn and Burton Butte Areas. May also include some eastside areas. Timber Sale is scheduled to be sold in Mike Bechdolt May or June of 2004 Presently marking some of the scatted salvage Matrix Contract is scheduled to be awarded in June or Mike Bechdolt July of 2004 Chase Mountain Area T. 40S., R. 7E., Sec. 9 Presently Preparing the Matrix Timber Sale Contract Proposed sale date: Summer 2005 Mike Bechdolt Riparian Reserves T38S., ME., Sec. l3,15,23, 25 and 26 Reserves! Matrix Buck Again Timber Sale - An estimated 700 acres is designed for treatment in the Spencer Creek watershed near Buck Lake. Approx. 4 MMBF to be harvested. Sale preparation. Chew Timber Sale- Approximately 1,000 acres density management understory reduction adjacent to and south of T40S. R6E, Secs. 1, 1 1,14 T40S, R7E. Secs. 3 and 5 Proposed sale date Mike Bechdolt Hwy 66 west of la math Falls. ~ aleanal~ zuendd er the Sale preparation. Spring 2004 or 2005. Topsy/ Pokegama/ Hamaker EA (# OR- 0 14- 98- 01 ). Estimated volume of 2.5 m b f . None Oneoine Plannine/ Analvsis/ Implementation - Roads and Facilities Map 1 # 77 Map # 73 Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 6 Sediment Traps - 30 sediment traps on BLM, USFS, and private land Map I # 6 Gcrber Road Sediment Reduction - road resurfacing and drainage improvement to reduce sediment delivery to streams in the Gerber Watershed Spencer Creek Watershed and Gerber Block Gerber Washrack- Installation of facility at Gerber Guard Station for washing equipment to control the suread of noxious weeds and overhead filling of tankers. 5 stream crossings None Gerber Guard Station Critical sucker habitat DNA completed. Sediment traps installed. Noxious weed prevention EA completed. Implementation initiated I Fall 2004 Monitoring in progress. Mike Turaski CX completed. Mike Turaski Pending funding. Bob Crumrine/ Brian McCarty - I - 1 - Map 1 # 6 Ongoing Planning/ Analysis/ Implementation - Roads and Facilities ( continued) Gerber Area Recreation Improvements - ( RMP ROD EIS 6- 2- 95, pp. 49- 50) - Project falls under corrective maintenance, improvement or replacement in the Klamath Falls RMP. Existing maintenance, improvement or replacement include: rocking and chip- sealinglpaving road system and campsites, picnic tables, barrier posts, camp host RV holding tank, hydrants, Barnes Valley Boat Ramp access road. Scott Smter Gerber Reservoir Recreation Site Gerber Area Primitive Camp and Day Use Sites Recreation Improvements. The objectives of these improvements are to update or improve existing facilities to continue to provide an enhanced recreational experience and satisfy visitor needs. T& ESpecies ( suckers and bald eagles) Scott Senter Stan H Spring, Potholes, Miller Creek, Frog Camp, Pitchlog Creek, Wildhorse, Basin, Rock Creek and Willow Valley Reservoir Map l # 6 Projects in compliance GththeKFIURMP. Determination of NEPA Adequacy completed and approved on 10128199. Wood River Wetlands Project - Remaining projects: Finish installation of fish screen on 7- mile Canal diversion structure and floating boardwalk, interpretive signs, and trail system. Surface rock dike roads from bridge to 7- mile Canal and add group interpretive site. Juniper Chip Road - Using juniper debris for biomass or by- product in Oshea ( mZ 95/ 71), and Norcross Springs. FY 2004 - Miller Creek- Potholes trail to be constructed T& E Species ( suckers) wood River Property I I Upper Klamath Basin and Wood River Wetland I A Determination of NEPA Adequacy ( DNA) completed 9/ 25/ 2000. ( Project contingent on funding) Map 1 # 25 - Map 2 # 70 FY 2004- sidewalks and pinic tables to be installed at Willow Valley Res. Wedge Watkins Joe Foran 25 miles north of Klamath Falls, Oregon T 39 8 40s. R13,14,14XE I None Known I I Stewardship contract EAcompIeted being developed. Ongoing Projects - Prescribed Burning and Fuels Treatment Wetlands Map 2 # 2 Resource Management Plan EIS; decision signed June 16,1995. Joe Foran Pending funding Short Lake Broadcast Bum - Prescribe bum approx. 280 acres outside FTZ to reduce fuel loading and risk of wildfire. T38S. R1 I E, Sec 20 & 29 - - - - - - -- - - - - - Miller Creek Mechanical Treatment - Proposal to use mechanical piling instead of prescribed buming of a~ oroximatelv I00 acres. Map 2 # 37 - T39S. R13E. Sec. 14 & 23 Analysis Completed ACEC 1 FONSl and Decision Record on 3- 24- 99. Joe Foran None Known Project delayed. EA completed Fuels Maintenance Treatments # t ( KCER - 00- 03) Treat approximately 1,200 acres to remove fire- prone brush, excessive levels of hazardous fuels ( less than 6" in diameter), and small conifers that are ladder fuels and threats to over stow trees bv crown fire.. Map 2 # I 1 Spring 2004 Klamath Falls Resource Area, east of Hwy 97. See Prescribed Fire Map for locations. None Known Dale Brush Map 2 # 62 Analysis completed. Multiple year implementation - ongoing. Mechanical Slash Treatment Project - Mechanical treatments ( shearing, chipping, or grinding) to reduce fuels and control vegetation on approx. 12,000 acres. Joe Foran Multiple Locations Resource Area Wide None / Second DNA completed. Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 7 Projects tasked out over a three year period - ongoing. PROJECT K. 1 TITLE & DESCRIPTIO SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF 4 CONTACT AFFECTED ANALYSIS - Map 2 -# 39 Map 2 # 40 - Map 2 -# 42 Map 2 # 38 Map 2 # 63 Map 2 # 64 - Map 2 # 65 & # I9 Map 2 # 45 - Map 2 # 49 - Stukel98- 1 Mechanical Treatment - Mechanical piling T40S, RIOE, Sec. 10,11,14, instead of pmcribed burning of approximately 500 acres. 23,24 Stukel98- 2 Prescribed Burn - Prescribe bum approx. 3,000 acres to: Reintroduce fire to restore plant communities, while reducing the potential for stand-replacement wildfires and overall fire management costs. T40S, RIOE, Sec. 12,13,24 T40S, RllE, Sec. 7& 18 HamakerIChase Fuels Treatment - Reduce Fuels on T40S, R8E 4000 acres south of Hwy 66 I Stiles Spring Prescribed Burn - Project purpose to bum approximately 1,000 acres to: Reinduce fire to restore sustainable function and structure to plant communities, while reducing the potential for stand- replacement wildfires, and reducing overall fire management costs. Stukel98- 7 & 9 Prescribed Burns - Prescribe bum approximately 525 acres to: reintroduce fire to restore plant communities, reduce overall fire management costs and the potential for stand- replacing wildfires. Statelinel Holbmk Prescribed Bums - Presmie bum approximately 4.000 acres to reduce fuel loading and risk of catastrophic wildfire. T37S, RIOE, Sec. 3- 5,9- 11, 14- 15 T40S, RllE, Sec5 & 6 T. 40S, R15 E., T. 41S, RISE. -- Big Adobe Prescribed Burn - Prescribe bum approximately 6,700 acres to reduce fuel loading and risk of catastrophic wildfire ( includes Wild Midway Rx Bum) Range- Juniper Treatment - Hazardous fuel reduction, T40S. R12E. Sec. 1 1 using mechanical and prescribed fire methods. T41 S, RISE Upper Swan Prescribed Burn - Project purpose: bum approximately 98 acres to restore sustainable function and structure to plant communities, reduce potential for stand-replacement wildfires and overall fire management costs. g and Fuels Treatment ( continued) None Known Project0 t1ie 4r- s9 4to- 0E9A. # OR- Project ongoing Joe Fmn T37S, RIOE, Sec. 24 & 25 T37S, RI 1.5E, Sec. 31 Bald Eagle ( Analysis Completed- I 200 acres treated in FY I None Analysis Completed Project tiers to EA # OR- 014- 94- 09. EA completed Wildlife Habitat Riparian Initiated Winter 2001 Fall 2004 Joe Foran Project delayed until the Spring 2004 Bald None Bald Eagle I Planned projects tier to the Promammatic Fire I Joe Foran Joe Foran Project initiated, 2- 3 year implementation FONSI - 12- 1 9- 99. 2000; Remainder Decision Record on 01 - 25- 2000 ,, Foran Joe Foran Analysis Completed Project tiers to EA # OR- 014- 94- 09) approved on 4- 29- 94. Initiated Winter 2001 Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 8 Wildlife forage/ habitat improvement 130 acres completed Remainder Spring 2004 Accomplished 1500 acres. Remainder Fall 2004. Steve Pehick- Underwood Joe Foran DNA completed ongoing 2- 3 year implementation Joe Foran .. " "" . 7 < .,.. - . . 7 - " b - . " < * - - ' 7 , 4 . , v ,-' w., ,. ' q"* -*?, . x*-.. s,... >,% VW? P ,*.- 7i*,- .*. x., < 8 SCHEDULE OF PROPOSED PROJECTS BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT KLAMATH FALLS RESOURCE AREA * 2795 ANDERSON AVENUE, BLDG. # 25 KLAMATH FALLS, OR 97603 PHONE NUMBER: ( 541) 883- 69 MAP PROJECT TITLE & DESCRIPTION LOCATION I SPECIAL AREAS STATUS OF ANALYSIS COMPLETION CONTACT REF. # AFFECTED DATE Rangeland Health Standards Assessments - in progress I These assessments compare the monitoring information collected against the five Standards for Rangeland Health and propose management changes if current grazing use is not meeting the Standards, or not making significant improvement towards meeting them. Changes are implemented through the grazing decision or agreement process. z3I Re16 Allotment ( M893) I South Langell Valley I None Known I Assessment in progress I Summer 2004 I Dana Eckard M$\ 3 I KIamatL Forest Estates Allotment ( M862) 1 North of Bonanza -~ Yainax Allotment ( M861) I None Known I Assessment in progress I ~ ~ - 2 0 0 4 I Bill Lindsey North of Bonanza Map # 55 None Known ? G3 Haskins Allotment (# 0826) y&' Assessment in progress Masten Allotment ( M842) Map # 68 North of Bonanza Kellian Allotment (# 0834) Hungry Hollow Allotment (# 0830) Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 9 SUM 2004 North of Bonanza Adams Allotment (# 0800) Rangeland Health Standards Assessments - completed* Bill Lindsey None Known North of Bonanza North of Bonanza None Known East of Bonanza Bill Lindsey Assessment in progress None Known None Known * A total of 37 Rangeland Health Standards Assessments have been completed to date, 1 has been completed so far in FY 2004. Assessment in progress None Known None Known Assessment completed Summer 2004 Assessment in progress Assessment in progress Map North of Bonanza December 2003 # 48 Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Assessment in progress McCartie Allotment (# 0860) Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Summer 2004 Dana Eckard Summer 2004 Dana Eckard Dana Eckard Presentations/ Environmental Education Programs/ Tours ( Fiscal Year to Date) Fun With Fungi I 1 1/ 2/ 03 I Seven Mile Area Adults 25 I What Was Presented Overview of past and current outreach events; permit sales Wood River Wetland Field Trip Operation Indian Rocks ARPA Investigation 1 1 1/ 3/ 03 ( Central Washington University 1 Faculty and Students I 51 I Date 1 Group / Age # of People 1 01 1 5/ 03 10/ 28/ 03 Where Cultural Resource Management and the NEPA Process Archaeological Investigations in the Great Basin I Wildlife Management 1 12/ 16/ 03 1 OIT - " Expanding Horizons" I 8* Grade Students I 120 1 Ross Ragland Theater Wood River Wetland Coloring Books 1 1/ 3/ 03 1 1/ 4/ 03 Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 10 Answer People/ Adults Oregon Institute of Technology Students I 1 1 11 9/ 03 Shasta Elementary School -- - S - 290 Fire Behavior 25 - 30 Central Washington University Central Washington University Elementary Students 30 12/ 20/ 03 Graduate Student Seminar Graduate Student Seminar 24 35 Klamth Community College Adults 8 EventIActivlty Date Location Contact( s) F 01 rarnclpanrs ( EmployeeslPublic*) IBald Eagle Conference I Februaryl3- IS I Oregon Institute of Technology I Steve Haynerl Kelly Hollums I l~ arthD ay I April I Jefferson Square Mall I Greg Reddell I Klamath Watershed conference February 24 - 26 Wilderness & Horse Packing Clinic** International Migratory Bird Day IMBD Pre- event Classes -- - IMBD Educator Workshop Oregon Institute of Technology May ( IMBD) April 24 IMBD Event National Free Fishing Day RAP Camp Klamath County Fair Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 11 Wedge WatkinslKelly Hollums April 16 - pp - - Sixth Grade Forestry Tour National Public Lands Day Oregon Archeology Celebration Klarnath County Fairgrounds Klamath Community College May 8 June June August Tonya PinckneyIScott Senter Steve Hayner, et al OSU- Klamath Co. Extension * Numbers of public participants for large events are estimated. ** BOLD WRITING indicates that project is funded with District Outreach dollars. September September September Veteran's Park To Be Announced Camp Esther Applegate Klamath County Fairgrounds Steve Hayner, et al Steve Hayner Scott Snedaker To Be Announced PinckneylSenter Clover Creek Educational Area To Be Announced To Be Announced ~ p Bill Johnson To Be Announced Michelle Durant Glama th Falls Resource Area Miscellaneo~ wP roject Loca ticms R6E RBE R7E RBE RBE RlOE RIIE R12E R13E R14E R14.6E R16E Klamath Falls Resource Area, Winter 2003 Planning Update - Page 12 N LEGEND R5E R6E R7E R8E RQE RIOE R l l E R12E R13E R14E R14.5E R15E Klarnath Falls Resource Area, Fall 2003 Planning Update - Page 13 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF LAND MANAGE~ ENT Klarnath Falls Resource Area Office 2395 Parderson Avenue, Building a 5 Kfamth MIS. Oregan 97603 OF. FIGIAL, BUSI~ ESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $ 300 Marita Kunkel Library Director Oregon Institute of Techolagy 3201 Cempus Dr Klamath Falls, OR 97601 Close

• 93. [Image] Upper Klamath Basin bull trout conservation strategy : part 1, a conceptual framework for recovery, final

  	EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document presents the framework of a plan to reverse the decline of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) populations in the Klamath Basin. If successful, we expect bull trout ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Upper Klamath Basin bull trout conservation strategy : part 1, a conceptual framework for recovery, final Author: Light, Jeffrey Year: 1996, 2008, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document presents the framework of a plan to reverse the decline of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) populations in the Klamath Basin. If successful, we expect bull trout to recover to a level where they will have a reasonable chance of long-term viability. The work is the collective effort of fish biologists, foresters, other natural resource management professionals, and local landowners representing a diverse array of interests and organizations. Together, these individuals have worked for several years to gather information pertaining to the distribution and status of Klamath bull trout populations and threats to their persistence. The members of the Bull Trout Working Group share the common desire to restore bull trout populations while at the same time sustaining their respective land use interests in the Klamath Basin. This approach provides incentives to all the interested parties to seek agreement on solutions, encouraging cooperative work on an otherwise ambitious and daunting task. The following few pages summarize the plan. Each area is covered again in greater detail in the body of the document. The goals established by the Bull Trout Working Group for this recovery plan are to (1) Secure existing bull trout populations, and (2) Expand the populations to some of their former range and numbers. We pursue these goals with a three step approach of assessment, implementation, and evaluation. We begin with a review of the distribution and status of bull trout generally, then specifically within the Klamath Basin. Next we present available data and interpretations supporting our conclusions regarding the type, magnitude, and extent of physical and biological factors or concerns that may hamper bull trout persistence. Land and fish management activities that contribute to these problem situations are then identified. This is followed by a blueprint for stepwise development and implementation of practical solutions. Finally, a monitoring plan is proposed to measure the success of the recovery efforts. The Klamath Basin Bull trout populations represent a valuable biological resource. These populations exist at the southern edge of the species' distribution, and have distinctive genetic character. In the Upper Klamath River Basin, bull trout are presently found as resident forms in eight isolated headwater streams within six small drainages. (4Headwater streams' in this document refers to very small streams, rather than rivers which are the headwaters for larger rivers). These streams occur in three general locations: they are tributaries of the Sprague River, of the Sycan River and of Upper Klamath Lake. Together, the known populations occupy approximately 23 miles (37 km) of perennial streams. Formerly, bull trout may have occurred in the mainstems of these systems (Gilbert 1897. Dambacher et al. 1992, Roger Smith, ODFW, pers. coram. 1994). In addition to existing populations, other populations are known to have recently occupied nearby streams (Cherry and Coyote creeks, the Upper Sycan River). Estimated current population sizes in each drainage range between 133 and 1,293, indicating that populations are low enough to warrant concern. These population sizes are smaller than the minimum viable population sizes predicted by conservation biology theory. A substantial risk of extirpation via natural disturbance cycles and stochastic events exists for such small populations. Streams that are presently inhabited by bull trout are typically small and spring-fed with steep gradients. They originate in the higher elevations of mountains within the Upper Klamath Basin and flow through forests where land uses range from wilderness and national parkland to commercial forestry and grazing. Eventually, these tributaries or their mainstem receiving waters leave the forest and flow through broad sagebrush-covered valleys or marshes where they widen and flatten. Here livestock grazing and agriculture are the dominant land uses. An assessment of the current situation regarding Klamath Basin bull trout was performed using existing and new information on life history, distribution, habitat requirements by lifestage, environmental requirements, exotic species interactions, angling pressure, land use interactions, habitat fragmentation, population fragmentation and many other factors. Basin-specific information on each of these factors was collected and analyzed, complemented by a thorough review of the literature. Past, present and possible future distributions of bull trout were examined. Particular emphasis was placed on determining the nature and extent of biotic interactions, because this potential agent of bull trout decline has not been thoroughly addressed in other works. Analysis of the assembled information resulted in the identification of several specific natural and anthropogenic factors which are thought to limit the distribution and persistence of bull trout. Habitat quality and quantity are affected by land use to some degree in all currently inhabited bull trout streams except upper Sun Creek. Generally, habitat conditions vary from fair to good in existing bull trout streams. We identified several land uses that have reduced habitat quality. Principal among the abiotic factors of concern is fine sediment loading from (1) road erosion, (2) stream bank and adjacent ground disturbance by livestock, and (3) Bull Trout Document - Final - - 6 - 26-Jan-96 stream-adjacent hillslope erosion from logging. Second among the abiotic factors of concern is elevated temperature. Other concerns include diminished large woody debris (LWD) recruitment, declining bank integrity, low flows, changes in stream morphology, and blocked or hindered fish passage. The relative importance of each of these factors or concerns differs by watershed, or by location within a watershed. In most cases, information on specific issues and their locations is available with sufficient resolution to allow land managers to develop action plans to address them. Possible exceptions may include Deming Creek, where Watershed Analysis has not yet been performed. Based on the assessment results to date, the following strategy was developed to address limiting factors and concerns. Competitive and genetic interactions with non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) were found to be important biotic factors currently threatening the persistence of bull trout in the Klamath Basin. This conclusion was based on the almost pervasive presence of these exotic competitors and the significance of their negative interactions as determined from the literature and from local observations in headwater streams. Temperature may be a significant issue, especially for juvenile rearing, although the temperature tolerances of bull trout are not well understood. Habitat fragmentation and alteration appear to have been major issues in the past, resulting in population fragmentation, particularly at lower elevations and in larger streams where bull trout may have ranged historically. These final two factors appear less important than exotic competitors or temperature for bull trout in the current limited ranges in headwater streams, though they are important in mainstems and larger tributaries. They will need to be addressed if large scale restoration is undertaken. With the exceptions of temperature and fine sediment, brook trout have habitat requirements and environmental tolerances similar to bull trout, and they thrive in many Klamath Basin headwater streams while bull trout do not. Brown trout pose a competitive threat similar to that posed by brook trout, but the mechanisms of displacement and the areas where they occur differ. Even in environments unaltered by land management, such as Sun Creek within Crater Lake National Park, exotic trout are displacing bull trout. This conclusion is consistent with findings throughout the west, where competition with exotic species has clearly had a major effect on bull trout range, resulting in widespread declines in bull trout distribution. Changes in habitat may have altered competitive interactions between bull trout and other salmonids, both directly and indirectly. Since changes in environmental factors can exacerbate competition issues in sensitive populations, habitat condition remains a concern. Near-term, mid-term, and long-term strategy for Recovery of Bull Trout Populations Our approach to recovery of the Klamath basin's bull trout populations is a two-phase effort corresponding to near- and mid-term objectives, and an examination of possible long-term recovery objectives. It entails securing and maintaining existing populations followed by expansion into former headwater and downstream habitats, and ultimately the possibility of connecting tributaries with mainstem linkages. Assessment, research and monitoring needs associated with each phase were identified (see main body of text). Specific project details such as funding, work schedules, participant responsibilities, specific actions, implementation methods and costs are not presented but are to be developed collectively by the Bull Trout Working Group. Phase 1: Securing existing populations This phase of the recovery plan focuses on the six small drainages where bull trout populations are known to exist today. Here we wish to prevent further decline of individual populations as a step toward securing the viability of the Klamath Basin metapopulation(s).1 This is accomplished by addressing biotic and abiotic factors that threaten the persistence of these populations. The most immediate threat is the continued presence of non-native salmonids. Localized areas of habitat degradation or alteration from sediment inputs and shade removal are an additional serious concern. It may be feasible to isolate bull trout populations above barriers, followed by eradication of brook and brown trout within each isolated stream reach. This approach will be tested early in Phase 7, with particular attention to unforeseen consequences on the ecology of the test streams. Assuming it is viable, this approach will become the focus of Phases 1 & 2, in parallel with habitat enhancement efforts. Habitat enhancement is generally feasible, particularly in areas where roads or livestock are the issues. Where needed, such habitat enhancement efforts are expected to be completed as part of Phases 1&2. It will be necessary to understand the distribution of genetic variation among existing sub-populations of bull trout in order to embark on a well 1 For an understanding of metapopulation considerations, see the body of the text, in particular the section on 'Metapopulations and sub-populations' on page 60. Bull Trout Document - Final - - 7 - 26-Jan-96 directed range expansion program. Baseline data would be essential for genetic monitoring activities and for the development of stocks for establishing new sub-populations in subsequent phases. If successful, the actions taken in Phase 1 are expected to eliminate the direct threats to existing bull trout sub-populations posed by non-native salmonids. Parallel efforts to improve the in-stream physical environment to ensure habitat is suitable for bull trout are expected to eliminate proximate environmental threats to existing bull trout sub-populations. This effort will require that abiotic limiting factors and concerns be addressed via land management activities, most of which fall within the realm of forest land management. Timber harvest and regeneration, roads (construction, use, and maintenance), and livestock grazing programs are considered. Immediate actions may take the form of road erosion abatement, including road abandonment and revegetation. Some of these actions can be accomplished when a particular unit is harvested, while others may be pursued as independent restoration activities (e.g., livestock management plans, culvert replacements). Presently, no in-stream fish habitat improvement projects have been proposed, and none are foreseen for stream reaches affected by this phase of the recovery plan. Most of the concerns related to livestock are focused within the riparian zone. Some riparian locations are much more sensitive than others, for example the large meadow in Long Creek. Actions to address these concerns will vary by landowner and location, and may range from complete riparian exclosure to short-term grazing to continuous but moderate access. The preferred actions will depend on the success of these various strategies in bringing about the desired response of the channel and fish habitat, and can be expected to change as recovery of riparian areas progresses. Effectiveness monitoring will be invaluable for measuring the success of these efforts, and in adapting our management strategy during the implementation. No water diversion concerns have been identified for this phase of the plan, except for Deming Creek, where screening of irrigation ditches may be warranted. Some additional fish management actions may also be applicable in Phase 7, for example to continue to monitor compliance with existing no kill regulations in bull trout streams. Other pertinent fish management issues have been addressed already, for example the cessation of exotic trout stocking (brook, brown or non-native rainbow) in bull trout streams. Phase 2: Expanding the range of bull trout within headwater streams In Phase 2, bull trout populations are refounded in headwater streams which now support brook trout, e.g. Calahan and Cherry creeks, or possibly in creeks without fish, e.g. Sheep Creek on the North Fork Sprague. This serves to expand the number of sub-populations, increases the number of refugia, and increases the overall size of the Klamath metapopulation(s). This is a major step in the establishment of viable metapopulations; by increasing the number of sub-populations, the effect of the loss or decline of any particular sub-population is reduced, making the metapopulation(s) more resilient to natural disturbance, variations in breeding success, disease outbreaks and other stochastic factors. Phase 2 consists of two parts: Phase 2a, in which sub-populations are founded in streams which only recently lost bull trout (e.g. Cherry Creek, Coyote Creek and the upper Sycan River) and Phase 2b, in which sub-populations are founded in other suitable headwater habitat, as indicated by the presence of thriving brook trout sub-populations (e.g. Sevenmile Creek, Calahan Creek, Annie Creek, Camp Creek, Jackson Creek, Deep Creek and Corral Creek). Both parts of Phase 2 are accomplished in much the same way as Phase 7: Barriers are constructed to exclude brook trout and brown trout, then the exotic species are eradicated above the barriers. Bull trout populations are then founded with human-introduced bull trout, whether via transplantation from wild sources or from a hatchery. Care must be exercised to maintain adequate genetic diversity in the founded sub-populations as establishment of genetically healthy populations is a non-trivial task. An inherent risk in newly created sub-populations is the loss of genetic variation (founder effect), which if great enough can reduce the vigor of the population and its long-term viability. As in Phase 7, stresses from abiotic factors, such as excessive delivery of fine sediment, low flows, or warm water temperatures, need to be reduced in parallel with the removal of exotics. Streamside roads, road crossings, low flows in upper reaches, and livestock are situations of concern in many of the streams, and warm temperatures are in some. Also as in phase 7, monitoring for the presence of exotics, bull trout population parameters, and abiotic factors is an important follow-up activity to track and ensure long-term success. In addition, genetic monitoring of newly founded populations is indicated. Bull Trout Document - Final - -8- 26-Jan-96 A possible future direction after Phase 2 Once Phase 2 is complete, the Bull Trout Working Group will pause to assess the efforts completed and plan future efforts. If phases 1 and 2 are successful, there will be significant numbers of bull trout in various tributaries, but possibly little genetic exchange between them. Bull trout range may still be restricted to headwater streams. During the evaluation and reassessment of the recovery effort, the group will re-consider the long-term recovery objectives. Based on what we know now, two possible recovery objectives are likely to be considered. The first such possible objective is the establishment of natural movement corridors between adjacent headwater streams, thereby establishing complete and viable metapopulation(s) of bull trout within the Upper Klamath Basin. Connectivity between headwater streams would allow volitional movement of bull trout. Movement would allow dispersal, founding of new sub-populations, and interbreeding between sub-populations, within the local sub-basin. Establishing natural movement corridors between headwater streams may require that selected reaches of larger tributaries or even portions of mainstem rivers be restored to suitable habitat for bull trout. This would be an ambitious undertaking, which may be infeasible. It might require the elimination or exclusion of exotics, the removal of man-made barriers which prevent movement between streams, or alterations in current land use to reduce anthropogenically induced fine sediment loads, low flows, warm stream temperatures, or changes in channel morphology. The change in focus from headwater streams to larger tributaries represents an escalation in the scale and complexity of the restoration effort. Exclusion of exotics is much more difficult. Land use effects, whether from water diversions or livestock grazing are often more significant. The second possible objective of future efforts after Phase 2 is to attemp to re-establish fluvial populations of bull trout in selected mainstem rivers of the Upper Klamath Basin, in such a way as to connect the sub-populations of each metapopulation. Fluvial bull trout are far larger than stream resident bull trout, and have much higher fecundity as a result. This gives them a tremendous advantage in breeding, whether in founding new sub-populations, or augmenting existing sub-populations. By establishing a fluvial form of bull trout in the Upper Klamath Basin, overall viability of the metapopulation(s) should be greatly increased. Timeline for implementation A prototype Phase 1 implementation is likely to be completed within 2-5 years. Full implementation of Phase 1 may take many years, but the bulk of the work could be completed in 10-20 years. Further assessment work and some aspects of Phase 2 will be accomplished concurrent with Phase 1 efforts over the next several years, but may require 5-10 years before being well underway. Specific timelines for individual projects in phases 1 and 2 and the overall recovery effort will be developed by the Bull Trout Working Group. Summary and prognosis for bull trout populations in the Upper Klamath River Basin If our analysis is accurate, the Klamath Basin's native bull trout populations are imperiled, yet their future need not be bleak. They persist today as a handful of isolated sub-populations in small, headwater streams. If a fluvial life history form existed, as it may have at one time in the Wood River2, no longer occurs or is a very small (i.e., undetectable) component of the current Klamath River Basin population. Gene flow between these sub-populations has apparently ceased. Individual population sizes are small enough to be near or below minimum viable levels as defined by current theorists in conservation biology. Competition from introduced brook and brown trout is widespread, with severe long-term consequences. Habitat conditions vary from stream to stream, depending on the nature and extent of land uses around and downstream of the bull trout tributaries. Fine sediment inputs and elevated stream temperatures are the principal habitat issue. Water withdrawals, altered channels and flood plains, and other anthropogenic influences have contributed to loss of mainstem fluvial habitat, and may have ultimately resulted in habitat fragmentation, followed by isolation of the remaining populations. Together, these conditions do not bode well for the longevity of native bull trout populations. We believe concerted efforts to resolve the identified problems can achieve the goals of maintaining, and possibly restoring, Klamath bull trout populations. Further, we believe that without attention, one or more of the identified limiting factors will almost certainly spell an end to most or all of the sub-populations in the basin. 2 A 330 mm specimen was collected from Fort Creek, a tributary to the Wood River, in 1876. Cited in Cavendar 1978; Smithsonian Accession Number 16793. Bull Trout Document - Final - -9 - 26-Jan-96 Title: Upper Klamath Basin bull trout conservation strategy : part 1, a conceptual framework for recovery, final Author: Light, Jeffrey Year: 1996, 2008, 2005 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document presents the framework of a plan to reverse the decline of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) populations in the Klamath Basin. If successful, we expect bull trout to recover to a level where they will have a reasonable chance of long-term viability. The work is the collective effort of fish biologists, foresters, other natural resource management professionals, and local landowners representing a diverse array of interests and organizations. Together, these individuals have worked for several years to gather information pertaining to the distribution and status of Klamath bull trout populations and threats to their persistence. The members of the Bull Trout Working Group share the common desire to restore bull trout populations while at the same time sustaining their respective land use interests in the Klamath Basin. This approach provides incentives to all the interested parties to seek agreement on solutions, encouraging cooperative work on an otherwise ambitious and daunting task. The following few pages summarize the plan. Each area is covered again in greater detail in the body of the document. The goals established by the Bull Trout Working Group for this recovery plan are to (1) Secure existing bull trout populations, and (2) Expand the populations to some of their former range and numbers. We pursue these goals with a three step approach of assessment, implementation, and evaluation. We begin with a review of the distribution and status of bull trout generally, then specifically within the Klamath Basin. Next we present available data and interpretations supporting our conclusions regarding the type, magnitude, and extent of physical and biological factors or concerns that may hamper bull trout persistence. Land and fish management activities that contribute to these problem situations are then identified. This is followed by a blueprint for stepwise development and implementation of practical solutions. Finally, a monitoring plan is proposed to measure the success of the recovery efforts. The Klamath Basin Bull trout populations represent a valuable biological resource. These populations exist at the southern edge of the species' distribution, and have distinctive genetic character. In the Upper Klamath River Basin, bull trout are presently found as resident forms in eight isolated headwater streams within six small drainages. (4Headwater streams' in this document refers to very small streams, rather than rivers which are the headwaters for larger rivers). These streams occur in three general locations: they are tributaries of the Sprague River, of the Sycan River and of Upper Klamath Lake. Together, the known populations occupy approximately 23 miles (37 km) of perennial streams. Formerly, bull trout may have occurred in the mainstems of these systems (Gilbert 1897. Dambacher et al. 1992, Roger Smith, ODFW, pers. coram. 1994). In addition to existing populations, other populations are known to have recently occupied nearby streams (Cherry and Coyote creeks, the Upper Sycan River). Estimated current population sizes in each drainage range between 133 and 1,293, indicating that populations are low enough to warrant concern. These population sizes are smaller than the minimum viable population sizes predicted by conservation biology theory. A substantial risk of extirpation via natural disturbance cycles and stochastic events exists for such small populations. Streams that are presently inhabited by bull trout are typically small and spring-fed with steep gradients. They originate in the higher elevations of mountains within the Upper Klamath Basin and flow through forests where land uses range from wilderness and national parkland to commercial forestry and grazing. Eventually, these tributaries or their mainstem receiving waters leave the forest and flow through broad sagebrush-covered valleys or marshes where they widen and flatten. Here livestock grazing and agriculture are the dominant land uses. An assessment of the current situation regarding Klamath Basin bull trout was performed using existing and new information on life history, distribution, habitat requirements by lifestage, environmental requirements, exotic species interactions, angling pressure, land use interactions, habitat fragmentation, population fragmentation and many other factors. Basin-specific information on each of these factors was collected and analyzed, complemented by a thorough review of the literature. Past, present and possible future distributions of bull trout were examined. Particular emphasis was placed on determining the nature and extent of biotic interactions, because this potential agent of bull trout decline has not been thoroughly addressed in other works. Analysis of the assembled information resulted in the identification of several specific natural and anthropogenic factors which are thought to limit the distribution and persistence of bull trout. Habitat quality and quantity are affected by land use to some degree in all currently inhabited bull trout streams except upper Sun Creek. Generally, habitat conditions vary from fair to good in existing bull trout streams. We identified several land uses that have reduced habitat quality. Principal among the abiotic factors of concern is fine sediment loading from (1) road erosion, (2) stream bank and adjacent ground disturbance by livestock, and (3) Bull Trout Document - Final - - 6 - 26-Jan-96 stream-adjacent hillslope erosion from logging. Second among the abiotic factors of concern is elevated temperature. Other concerns include diminished large woody debris (LWD) recruitment, declining bank integrity, low flows, changes in stream morphology, and blocked or hindered fish passage. The relative importance of each of these factors or concerns differs by watershed, or by location within a watershed. In most cases, information on specific issues and their locations is available with sufficient resolution to allow land managers to develop action plans to address them. Possible exceptions may include Deming Creek, where Watershed Analysis has not yet been performed. Based on the assessment results to date, the following strategy was developed to address limiting factors and concerns. Competitive and genetic interactions with non-native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) were found to be important biotic factors currently threatening the persistence of bull trout in the Klamath Basin. This conclusion was based on the almost pervasive presence of these exotic competitors and the significance of their negative interactions as determined from the literature and from local observations in headwater streams. Temperature may be a significant issue, especially for juvenile rearing, although the temperature tolerances of bull trout are not well understood. Habitat fragmentation and alteration appear to have been major issues in the past, resulting in population fragmentation, particularly at lower elevations and in larger streams where bull trout may have ranged historically. These final two factors appear less important than exotic competitors or temperature for bull trout in the current limited ranges in headwater streams, though they are important in mainstems and larger tributaries. They will need to be addressed if large scale restoration is undertaken. With the exceptions of temperature and fine sediment, brook trout have habitat requirements and environmental tolerances similar to bull trout, and they thrive in many Klamath Basin headwater streams while bull trout do not. Brown trout pose a competitive threat similar to that posed by brook trout, but the mechanisms of displacement and the areas where they occur differ. Even in environments unaltered by land management, such as Sun Creek within Crater Lake National Park, exotic trout are displacing bull trout. This conclusion is consistent with findings throughout the west, where competition with exotic species has clearly had a major effect on bull trout range, resulting in widespread declines in bull trout distribution. Changes in habitat may have altered competitive interactions between bull trout and other salmonids, both directly and indirectly. Since changes in environmental factors can exacerbate competition issues in sensitive populations, habitat condition remains a concern. Near-term, mid-term, and long-term strategy for Recovery of Bull Trout Populations Our approach to recovery of the Klamath basin's bull trout populations is a two-phase effort corresponding to near- and mid-term objectives, and an examination of possible long-term recovery objectives. It entails securing and maintaining existing populations followed by expansion into former headwater and downstream habitats, and ultimately the possibility of connecting tributaries with mainstem linkages. Assessment, research and monitoring needs associated with each phase were identified (see main body of text). Specific project details such as funding, work schedules, participant responsibilities, specific actions, implementation methods and costs are not presented but are to be developed collectively by the Bull Trout Working Group. Phase 1: Securing existing populations This phase of the recovery plan focuses on the six small drainages where bull trout populations are known to exist today. Here we wish to prevent further decline of individual populations as a step toward securing the viability of the Klamath Basin metapopulation(s).1 This is accomplished by addressing biotic and abiotic factors that threaten the persistence of these populations. The most immediate threat is the continued presence of non-native salmonids. Localized areas of habitat degradation or alteration from sediment inputs and shade removal are an additional serious concern. It may be feasible to isolate bull trout populations above barriers, followed by eradication of brook and brown trout within each isolated stream reach. This approach will be tested early in Phase 7, with particular attention to unforeseen consequences on the ecology of the test streams. Assuming it is viable, this approach will become the focus of Phases 1 & 2, in parallel with habitat enhancement efforts. Habitat enhancement is generally feasible, particularly in areas where roads or livestock are the issues. Where needed, such habitat enhancement efforts are expected to be completed as part of Phases 1&2. It will be necessary to understand the distribution of genetic variation among existing sub-populations of bull trout in order to embark on a well 1 For an understanding of metapopulation considerations, see the body of the text, in particular the section on 'Metapopulations and sub-populations' on page 60. Bull Trout Document - Final - - 7 - 26-Jan-96 directed range expansion program. Baseline data would be essential for genetic monitoring activities and for the development of stocks for establishing new sub-populations in subsequent phases. If successful, the actions taken in Phase 1 are expected to eliminate the direct threats to existing bull trout sub-populations posed by non-native salmonids. Parallel efforts to improve the in-stream physical environment to ensure habitat is suitable for bull trout are expected to eliminate proximate environmental threats to existing bull trout sub-populations. This effort will require that abiotic limiting factors and concerns be addressed via land management activities, most of which fall within the realm of forest land management. Timber harvest and regeneration, roads (construction, use, and maintenance), and livestock grazing programs are considered. Immediate actions may take the form of road erosion abatement, including road abandonment and revegetation. Some of these actions can be accomplished when a particular unit is harvested, while others may be pursued as independent restoration activities (e.g., livestock management plans, culvert replacements). Presently, no in-stream fish habitat improvement projects have been proposed, and none are foreseen for stream reaches affected by this phase of the recovery plan. Most of the concerns related to livestock are focused within the riparian zone. Some riparian locations are much more sensitive than others, for example the large meadow in Long Creek. Actions to address these concerns will vary by landowner and location, and may range from complete riparian exclosure to short-term grazing to continuous but moderate access. The preferred actions will depend on the success of these various strategies in bringing about the desired response of the channel and fish habitat, and can be expected to change as recovery of riparian areas progresses. Effectiveness monitoring will be invaluable for measuring the success of these efforts, and in adapting our management strategy during the implementation. No water diversion concerns have been identified for this phase of the plan, except for Deming Creek, where screening of irrigation ditches may be warranted. Some additional fish management actions may also be applicable in Phase 7, for example to continue to monitor compliance with existing no kill regulations in bull trout streams. Other pertinent fish management issues have been addressed already, for example the cessation of exotic trout stocking (brook, brown or non-native rainbow) in bull trout streams. Phase 2: Expanding the range of bull trout within headwater streams In Phase 2, bull trout populations are refounded in headwater streams which now support brook trout, e.g. Calahan and Cherry creeks, or possibly in creeks without fish, e.g. Sheep Creek on the North Fork Sprague. This serves to expand the number of sub-populations, increases the number of refugia, and increases the overall size of the Klamath metapopulation(s). This is a major step in the establishment of viable metapopulations; by increasing the number of sub-populations, the effect of the loss or decline of any particular sub-population is reduced, making the metapopulation(s) more resilient to natural disturbance, variations in breeding success, disease outbreaks and other stochastic factors. Phase 2 consists of two parts: Phase 2a, in which sub-populations are founded in streams which only recently lost bull trout (e.g. Cherry Creek, Coyote Creek and the upper Sycan River) and Phase 2b, in which sub-populations are founded in other suitable headwater habitat, as indicated by the presence of thriving brook trout sub-populations (e.g. Sevenmile Creek, Calahan Creek, Annie Creek, Camp Creek, Jackson Creek, Deep Creek and Corral Creek). Both parts of Phase 2 are accomplished in much the same way as Phase 7: Barriers are constructed to exclude brook trout and brown trout, then the exotic species are eradicated above the barriers. Bull trout populations are then founded with human-introduced bull trout, whether via transplantation from wild sources or from a hatchery. Care must be exercised to maintain adequate genetic diversity in the founded sub-populations as establishment of genetically healthy populations is a non-trivial task. An inherent risk in newly created sub-populations is the loss of genetic variation (founder effect), which if great enough can reduce the vigor of the population and its long-term viability. As in Phase 7, stresses from abiotic factors, such as excessive delivery of fine sediment, low flows, or warm water temperatures, need to be reduced in parallel with the removal of exotics. Streamside roads, road crossings, low flows in upper reaches, and livestock are situations of concern in many of the streams, and warm temperatures are in some. Also as in phase 7, monitoring for the presence of exotics, bull trout population parameters, and abiotic factors is an important follow-up activity to track and ensure long-term success. In addition, genetic monitoring of newly founded populations is indicated. Bull Trout Document - Final - -8- 26-Jan-96 A possible future direction after Phase 2 Once Phase 2 is complete, the Bull Trout Working Group will pause to assess the efforts completed and plan future efforts. If phases 1 and 2 are successful, there will be significant numbers of bull trout in various tributaries, but possibly little genetic exchange between them. Bull trout range may still be restricted to headwater streams. During the evaluation and reassessment of the recovery effort, the group will re-consider the long-term recovery objectives. Based on what we know now, two possible recovery objectives are likely to be considered. The first such possible objective is the establishment of natural movement corridors between adjacent headwater streams, thereby establishing complete and viable metapopulation(s) of bull trout within the Upper Klamath Basin. Connectivity between headwater streams would allow volitional movement of bull trout. Movement would allow dispersal, founding of new sub-populations, and interbreeding between sub-populations, within the local sub-basin. Establishing natural movement corridors between headwater streams may require that selected reaches of larger tributaries or even portions of mainstem rivers be restored to suitable habitat for bull trout. This would be an ambitious undertaking, which may be infeasible. It might require the elimination or exclusion of exotics, the removal of man-made barriers which prevent movement between streams, or alterations in current land use to reduce anthropogenically induced fine sediment loads, low flows, warm stream temperatures, or changes in channel morphology. The change in focus from headwater streams to larger tributaries represents an escalation in the scale and complexity of the restoration effort. Exclusion of exotics is much more difficult. Land use effects, whether from water diversions or livestock grazing are often more significant. The second possible objective of future efforts after Phase 2 is to attemp to re-establish fluvial populations of bull trout in selected mainstem rivers of the Upper Klamath Basin, in such a way as to connect the sub-populations of each metapopulation. Fluvial bull trout are far larger than stream resident bull trout, and have much higher fecundity as a result. This gives them a tremendous advantage in breeding, whether in founding new sub-populations, or augmenting existing sub-populations. By establishing a fluvial form of bull trout in the Upper Klamath Basin, overall viability of the metapopulation(s) should be greatly increased. Timeline for implementation A prototype Phase 1 implementation is likely to be completed within 2-5 years. Full implementation of Phase 1 may take many years, but the bulk of the work could be completed in 10-20 years. Further assessment work and some aspects of Phase 2 will be accomplished concurrent with Phase 1 efforts over the next several years, but may require 5-10 years before being well underway. Specific timelines for individual projects in phases 1 and 2 and the overall recovery effort will be developed by the Bull Trout Working Group. Summary and prognosis for bull trout populations in the Upper Klamath River Basin If our analysis is accurate, the Klamath Basin's native bull trout populations are imperiled, yet their future need not be bleak. They persist today as a handful of isolated sub-populations in small, headwater streams. If a fluvial life history form existed, as it may have at one time in the Wood River2, no longer occurs or is a very small (i.e., undetectable) component of the current Klamath River Basin population. Gene flow between these sub-populations has apparently ceased. Individual population sizes are small enough to be near or below minimum viable levels as defined by current theorists in conservation biology. Competition from introduced brook and brown trout is widespread, with severe long-term consequences. Habitat conditions vary from stream to stream, depending on the nature and extent of land uses around and downstream of the bull trout tributaries. Fine sediment inputs and elevated stream temperatures are the principal habitat issue. Water withdrawals, altered channels and flood plains, and other anthropogenic influences have contributed to loss of mainstem fluvial habitat, and may have ultimately resulted in habitat fragmentation, followed by isolation of the remaining populations. Together, these conditions do not bode well for the longevity of native bull trout populations. We believe concerted efforts to resolve the identified problems can achieve the goals of maintaining, and possibly restoring, Klamath bull trout populations. Further, we believe that without attention, one or more of the identified limiting factors will almost certainly spell an end to most or all of the sub-populations in the basin. 2 A 330 mm specimen was collected from Fort Creek, a tributary to the Wood River, in 1876. Cited in Cavendar 1978; Smithsonian Accession Number 16793. Bull Trout Document - Final - -9 - 26-Jan-96 Close

• 94. [Image] Mid-term evaluation of the Klamath River Basin Fisheries Restoration Program

  	"April, 1999."
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mid-term evaluation of the Klamath River Basin Fisheries Restoration Program Year: 1999, 2005 "April, 1999." Title: Mid-term evaluation of the Klamath River Basin Fisheries Restoration Program Year: 1999, 2005 "April, 1999." Close

• 95. [Image] Natural flow of the upper Klamath River

  	Executive Summary Executive Summary This report presents details of the investigation and results in estimating the natural flow of the upper Klamath River at Keno, Oregon. The area investigated includes ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural flow of the upper Klamath River Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Klamath Basin Area Office Year: 2005, 2008 Executive Summary Executive Summary This report presents details of the investigation and results in estimating the natural flow of the upper Klamath River at Keno, Oregon. The area investigated includes the Klamath River Basin above Keno, Oregon, primarily in Klamath County, with some areas of Siskiyou and Modoc Counties in California. The study area includes the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood River basins, as well as Upper Klamath and Lower Klamath Lakes. Objectives The current purpose of this study is to provide an estimate of the monthly natural flows in the upper Klamath River at Keno. This estimate of the natural flow represents typical flow without agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin, including its tributaries. Study Approach This study used a water budget approach to assess the agricultural depletions and alterations to the natural flow. The approach was to evaluate the changes of agriculture from predevelopment conditions, estimate the effects of these changes, and restore the water budget to natural conditions by reversing the effects of agricultural development. Records used in this empirical assessment were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Water Budget Description The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The water budget assessment includes: ? Natural inflow from the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood Rivers to Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evapotranspiration losses from marshes surrounding Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evaporation losses of the Upper Klamath Lake ? Natural flow at the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake into the Link River at Klamath Falls ? Resulting natural flow at Keno The processes developed in the water budget to evaluate the natural outflow of Upper Klamath Lake accounts for factors related to water resources developments XI Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River in the watershed that have affected inflow to the lake, and for losses due to natural condition of the lake. The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The results of the water budget assessment are given as average annual flows for two important stream gages, one located on the Link River at Klamath Falls and the other on the Klamath River at Keno. Evaluation of Predevelopment Conditions An evaluation of predevelopment conditions included an evaluation of changes to Upper Klamath Lake, agricultural developments in the Wood River, Sprague River, and Williamson River watersheds. Several basic elements were considered in this study: ? How had development changed the system ? Was information available about conditions before the changes occurred ? Were data available to assist in estimating changes to the natural system Evaluation of Current Conditions Period of Record The period of record considered in this investigation is the 52 years from 1949 to 2000. This period of record was chosen because hydrologic and climatological data were limited for the pre-1949 period and data beyond 2000 were not available when the study began. The water year convention (October through September) is used in this report. Crop and Marshland Evapotranspiration Analysis The modified Blaney-Criddle method was used to determine potential net evapotranspiration (ET) from crops, marshlands, and riparian zones. The method is empirical and the calculated values were adjusted based on other recent study findings and water limiting considerations. To estimate net ET water consumption by this method requires the following data: ? Location of irrigated lands, marshlands, and riparian zones ? Types of crops and number of acres for each crop ? Types and acreages of marshland and riparian vegetation, both existing and predevelopment ? Monthly precipitation and monthly average temperature for the period of record for each area Methods to Estimate Natural Flows Natural streamflow development included adjustment of gaged streamflow to natural flow, restoration of missing streamflow and climate data, making natural streamflow estimates in ungaged watersheds, assessing groundwater XII Executive Summary contributions, and estimating transit losses. Not all of these procedures were appropriate or possible in all subbasins of the study area. Records of historic flow may be adjusted to natural flow using crop net consumptive use and marshland evapotranspiration: natural flow = gaged flow + crop net consumptive use - reclaimed natural marshland net evapotranspiration Correlation analysis was used to restore missing values from monthly-value data records used in this study. The method is different from linear least-squares regression estimation. Data records used in this study include precipitation and average temperature histories, in addition to hydrologic records of streamflow and lake stage. Also, natural streamflow histories are required in ungaged watersheds to assess the natural inflow to Upper Klamath Lake. Sparse monthly flow records for streams heading on the east flank of the Cascades and flowing into the Wood River Valley or Pelican Bay area of Upper Klamath Lake required estimation techniques that used gaged histories from nearby river basins. These data were evaluated in statistical applications to yield natural flow estimates for these ungaged portions of the Klamath Basin. In a similar vein, groundwater contributions required temporal adjustments attributable to the climate signature evident in longer term records for similar groundwater discharges in neighboring watersheds. Transit losses for both surface water and groundwater contributions were also estimated in this study. Natural Lake Simulations Implementation of a water budget for Upper Klamath Lake required developing information about (1) the storage and inundation surface area characteristics of the lake, and (2) the discharge characteristics at the outflow point of the lake. These characteristics were evaluated in relation to the elevation, or stage, of the water surface of the lake. Additionally, discharge from the lake was also related to the stage. Estimating the outflow of a natural lake is accomplished using a water budget approach. A monthly summation of all elements in the water budget may be stated by the general form of the hydrologic equation: i = o + As where i = inflow to the lake o = outflow from the lake and As = change in storage of the lake XIII Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River For Upper Klamath Lake, the month-to-month water budget accounts for natural inflow, storage of water within each lake, resulting estimated lake stage, and discharge from each lake. In addition, open water surface evaporation and groundwater discharge to the lake from the regional aquifer were estimated. The water budget assessment was designed to simulate the lake as a natural water body. Materials and Data Researched and Used Data Sources Records used in this analysis were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also developed from published reports, file documents, and maps. Supporting information included documents from: ? Archives of the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Basin Area Office ? Numerous U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Supply Papers regarding stream gaging records ? Compact disk databases containing digital records of gaged flow, lake stage records, and meteorological data Anecdotal items from newspaper articles or clipped from magazines were also reviewed. These sources consisted of narratives of past events or conditions, transcripts of interviews, newspaper accounts, books, diaries, and historical journals. These provided an impression of predevelopment conditions that can be compared to the empirical and scientific information gleaned from other sources. Other reviewed materials included unpublished and out-of-print scientific reports, historical maps, letters, books, journals, and photographs. Modeling Tools Results of the water budget assessment were accomplished using Excel?, a sophisticated spreadsheet available in the Microsoft Office for Windows software package. This model was chosen over other models because this study is unique. The computational modules built as the study developed represent a custom application of Excel? to the solution of estimating the natural flow conditions in the Upper Klamath River Basin. Klamath River at Keno Gaging Station For the simulation period, 1949 to 2000, the water balance for the Upper Klamath River Basin at Keno is described below. The natural outflow (discharge) from Upper Klamath Lake at Link River was computed in the water balance. Discharge at Keno was then calculated using a correlation relationship developed between historic measured Link River and Keno flows. Table S-l presents the estimated water balance and outflow developed for the Link River and Keno gages. XIV Executive Summary Table S-1. Estimated inflow and outflow developed for Link River and Keno gages Upper Klamath Lake Acre-feet Average annual natural inflow Average annual natural net loss 1,605,000 210,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow 1,395,000 Link River to Keno Average annual natural inflow 1,485,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow at Keno gage 1,306,000 Other Factors Considered The focus of this study is agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin and its effects on natural flow conditions. Other watershed factors have changed since predevelopment. Some of these factors were considered, but are unaccounted-for in the assessment, such as changes in forest conditions or an extension of the flow histories before 1949. Model Review and Sensitivity Analysis Although this study uses best available hydrologic methods and data to either measure or estimate all inflows and outflows to the system, additional concerns have arisen in completing the work. Relationships regarding the significance of uncertainty are likely to be spatially and temporally variable. The key factor is the relative importance of each module in the transit losses suffered by inflows to the natural system. The significance of these influences to model sensitivity is related to time of year or length of time over which flows are evaluated. Model sensitivity is related to uncertainty in data regarding the most significant transit losses; namely, marsh evapotranspiration and open water evaporation. The natural flows developed at Keno are realized, in part, through a statistical rule based model rather than a physically based model. This construct within the model is for the segment from the Link River gage below Upper Klamath Lake, to the Keno gage below Lower Klamath Lake. Thus, sensitivity in testing the spatial and temporal variables within the Link River to Keno reach that affect the flow at Keno is problematic. xv Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River Summary Development of the natural flows at the Keno gage was accomplished using a spreadsheet modeling approach to resolve the water budget for the Upper Klamath River Basin under undeveloped watershed conditions. The resulting flow duration for simulated natural average monthly flows for Keno gage are described in Table S-2. The percentiles represent the flow exceedence ranges in monthly natural flow estimates at Keno solely due to record length. These percentiles are estimates for modeled baseline conditions and do not reflect data uncertainties for possible changes in evaporation, evapotranspiration, or other factors. Table S-2. Summary of simulated monthly flows at Keno in cfs % Time <= Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Annual % Time >= 10 648 1088 1216 1408 1647 1577 1670 1408 1168 631 520 560 1188 90 20 769 1159 1352 1472 1767 1689 2017 1721 1358 822 578 616 1429 80 30 857 1255 1453 1667 1925 1907 2125 2051 1664 964 706 720 1528 70 40 974 1342 1625 1845 2016 2040 2477 2280 1890 1228 767 746 1607 60 50 1033 1455 1698 1964 2343 2133 2595 2649 2039 1349 873 854 1773 50 60 1131 1523 1803 2072 2410 2360 3009 2827 2388 1478 998 955 1903 40 70 1224 1576 1984 2196 2615 2703 3146 3131 2657 1706 1154 1049 2169 30 80 1304 1739 2049 2399 2829 3115 3615 3385 3104 2210 1351 1210 2347 20 90 1488 1815 2319 2659 3294 3367 3877 3707 3460 2923 1684 1412 2511 10 A simplified flowchart depicting the overall sources of included inflow and outflow variables has been completed as figure S-l, with average annual values shown from each source. XVI Title: Natural flow of the upper Klamath River Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Klamath Basin Area Office Year: 2005, 2008 Executive Summary Executive Summary This report presents details of the investigation and results in estimating the natural flow of the upper Klamath River at Keno, Oregon. The area investigated includes the Klamath River Basin above Keno, Oregon, primarily in Klamath County, with some areas of Siskiyou and Modoc Counties in California. The study area includes the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood River basins, as well as Upper Klamath and Lower Klamath Lakes. Objectives The current purpose of this study is to provide an estimate of the monthly natural flows in the upper Klamath River at Keno. This estimate of the natural flow represents typical flow without agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin, including its tributaries. Study Approach This study used a water budget approach to assess the agricultural depletions and alterations to the natural flow. The approach was to evaluate the changes of agriculture from predevelopment conditions, estimate the effects of these changes, and restore the water budget to natural conditions by reversing the effects of agricultural development. Records used in this empirical assessment were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Water Budget Description The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The water budget assessment includes: ? Natural inflow from the Sprague, Williamson, and Wood Rivers to Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evapotranspiration losses from marshes surrounding Upper Klamath Lake ? Predevelopment evaporation losses of the Upper Klamath Lake ? Natural flow at the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake into the Link River at Klamath Falls ? Resulting natural flow at Keno The processes developed in the water budget to evaluate the natural outflow of Upper Klamath Lake accounts for factors related to water resources developments XI Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River in the watershed that have affected inflow to the lake, and for losses due to natural condition of the lake. The water budget assessment of the watershed as a natural system includes an evaluation of hydrological changes related to agricultural development above the Keno gage. The results of the water budget assessment are given as average annual flows for two important stream gages, one located on the Link River at Klamath Falls and the other on the Klamath River at Keno. Evaluation of Predevelopment Conditions An evaluation of predevelopment conditions included an evaluation of changes to Upper Klamath Lake, agricultural developments in the Wood River, Sprague River, and Williamson River watersheds. Several basic elements were considered in this study: ? How had development changed the system ? Was information available about conditions before the changes occurred ? Were data available to assist in estimating changes to the natural system Evaluation of Current Conditions Period of Record The period of record considered in this investigation is the 52 years from 1949 to 2000. This period of record was chosen because hydrologic and climatological data were limited for the pre-1949 period and data beyond 2000 were not available when the study began. The water year convention (October through September) is used in this report. Crop and Marshland Evapotranspiration Analysis The modified Blaney-Criddle method was used to determine potential net evapotranspiration (ET) from crops, marshlands, and riparian zones. The method is empirical and the calculated values were adjusted based on other recent study findings and water limiting considerations. To estimate net ET water consumption by this method requires the following data: ? Location of irrigated lands, marshlands, and riparian zones ? Types of crops and number of acres for each crop ? Types and acreages of marshland and riparian vegetation, both existing and predevelopment ? Monthly precipitation and monthly average temperature for the period of record for each area Methods to Estimate Natural Flows Natural streamflow development included adjustment of gaged streamflow to natural flow, restoration of missing streamflow and climate data, making natural streamflow estimates in ungaged watersheds, assessing groundwater XII Executive Summary contributions, and estimating transit losses. Not all of these procedures were appropriate or possible in all subbasins of the study area. Records of historic flow may be adjusted to natural flow using crop net consumptive use and marshland evapotranspiration: natural flow = gaged flow + crop net consumptive use - reclaimed natural marshland net evapotranspiration Correlation analysis was used to restore missing values from monthly-value data records used in this study. The method is different from linear least-squares regression estimation. Data records used in this study include precipitation and average temperature histories, in addition to hydrologic records of streamflow and lake stage. Also, natural streamflow histories are required in ungaged watersheds to assess the natural inflow to Upper Klamath Lake. Sparse monthly flow records for streams heading on the east flank of the Cascades and flowing into the Wood River Valley or Pelican Bay area of Upper Klamath Lake required estimation techniques that used gaged histories from nearby river basins. These data were evaluated in statistical applications to yield natural flow estimates for these ungaged portions of the Klamath Basin. In a similar vein, groundwater contributions required temporal adjustments attributable to the climate signature evident in longer term records for similar groundwater discharges in neighboring watersheds. Transit losses for both surface water and groundwater contributions were also estimated in this study. Natural Lake Simulations Implementation of a water budget for Upper Klamath Lake required developing information about (1) the storage and inundation surface area characteristics of the lake, and (2) the discharge characteristics at the outflow point of the lake. These characteristics were evaluated in relation to the elevation, or stage, of the water surface of the lake. Additionally, discharge from the lake was also related to the stage. Estimating the outflow of a natural lake is accomplished using a water budget approach. A monthly summation of all elements in the water budget may be stated by the general form of the hydrologic equation: i = o + As where i = inflow to the lake o = outflow from the lake and As = change in storage of the lake XIII Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River For Upper Klamath Lake, the month-to-month water budget accounts for natural inflow, storage of water within each lake, resulting estimated lake stage, and discharge from each lake. In addition, open water surface evaporation and groundwater discharge to the lake from the regional aquifer were estimated. The water budget assessment was designed to simulate the lake as a natural water body. Materials and Data Researched and Used Data Sources Records used in this analysis were derived from both stream gaging flow histories and from climatological records for stations within and adjacent to the study area. Information was also developed from published reports, file documents, and maps. Supporting information included documents from: ? Archives of the Bureau of Reclamation Klamath Basin Area Office ? Numerous U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Supply Papers regarding stream gaging records ? Compact disk databases containing digital records of gaged flow, lake stage records, and meteorological data Anecdotal items from newspaper articles or clipped from magazines were also reviewed. These sources consisted of narratives of past events or conditions, transcripts of interviews, newspaper accounts, books, diaries, and historical journals. These provided an impression of predevelopment conditions that can be compared to the empirical and scientific information gleaned from other sources. Other reviewed materials included unpublished and out-of-print scientific reports, historical maps, letters, books, journals, and photographs. Modeling Tools Results of the water budget assessment were accomplished using Excel?, a sophisticated spreadsheet available in the Microsoft Office for Windows software package. This model was chosen over other models because this study is unique. The computational modules built as the study developed represent a custom application of Excel? to the solution of estimating the natural flow conditions in the Upper Klamath River Basin. Klamath River at Keno Gaging Station For the simulation period, 1949 to 2000, the water balance for the Upper Klamath River Basin at Keno is described below. The natural outflow (discharge) from Upper Klamath Lake at Link River was computed in the water balance. Discharge at Keno was then calculated using a correlation relationship developed between historic measured Link River and Keno flows. Table S-l presents the estimated water balance and outflow developed for the Link River and Keno gages. XIV Executive Summary Table S-1. Estimated inflow and outflow developed for Link River and Keno gages Upper Klamath Lake Acre-feet Average annual natural inflow Average annual natural net loss 1,605,000 210,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow 1,395,000 Link River to Keno Average annual natural inflow 1,485,000 Resulting average annual natural outflow at Keno gage 1,306,000 Other Factors Considered The focus of this study is agricultural development in the Upper Klamath River Basin and its effects on natural flow conditions. Other watershed factors have changed since predevelopment. Some of these factors were considered, but are unaccounted-for in the assessment, such as changes in forest conditions or an extension of the flow histories before 1949. Model Review and Sensitivity Analysis Although this study uses best available hydrologic methods and data to either measure or estimate all inflows and outflows to the system, additional concerns have arisen in completing the work. Relationships regarding the significance of uncertainty are likely to be spatially and temporally variable. The key factor is the relative importance of each module in the transit losses suffered by inflows to the natural system. The significance of these influences to model sensitivity is related to time of year or length of time over which flows are evaluated. Model sensitivity is related to uncertainty in data regarding the most significant transit losses; namely, marsh evapotranspiration and open water evaporation. The natural flows developed at Keno are realized, in part, through a statistical rule based model rather than a physically based model. This construct within the model is for the segment from the Link River gage below Upper Klamath Lake, to the Keno gage below Lower Klamath Lake. Thus, sensitivity in testing the spatial and temporal variables within the Link River to Keno reach that affect the flow at Keno is problematic. xv Natural Flow of the Upper Klamath River Summary Development of the natural flows at the Keno gage was accomplished using a spreadsheet modeling approach to resolve the water budget for the Upper Klamath River Basin under undeveloped watershed conditions. The resulting flow duration for simulated natural average monthly flows for Keno gage are described in Table S-2. The percentiles represent the flow exceedence ranges in monthly natural flow estimates at Keno solely due to record length. These percentiles are estimates for modeled baseline conditions and do not reflect data uncertainties for possible changes in evaporation, evapotranspiration, or other factors. Table S-2. Summary of simulated monthly flows at Keno in cfs % Time <= Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Annual % Time >= 10 648 1088 1216 1408 1647 1577 1670 1408 1168 631 520 560 1188 90 20 769 1159 1352 1472 1767 1689 2017 1721 1358 822 578 616 1429 80 30 857 1255 1453 1667 1925 1907 2125 2051 1664 964 706 720 1528 70 40 974 1342 1625 1845 2016 2040 2477 2280 1890 1228 767 746 1607 60 50 1033 1455 1698 1964 2343 2133 2595 2649 2039 1349 873 854 1773 50 60 1131 1523 1803 2072 2410 2360 3009 2827 2388 1478 998 955 1903 40 70 1224 1576 1984 2196 2615 2703 3146 3131 2657 1706 1154 1049 2169 30 80 1304 1739 2049 2399 2829 3115 3615 3385 3104 2210 1351 1210 2347 20 90 1488 1815 2319 2659 3294 3367 3877 3707 3460 2923 1684 1412 2511 10 A simplified flowchart depicting the overall sources of included inflow and outflow variables has been completed as figure S-l, with average annual values shown from each source. XVI Close

• 96. [Image] Mainstem Klamath River fall chinook spawning Redd survey : fiscal year 1995 and 1996

  	ABSTRACT With the decreasing runs of natural fall chinook salmon* Oncorhmchus tshawytscha.inthe Klamath River basin, concerns were raised regarding the accuracy ma significance 01 me mainstem Klamath River ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Mainstem Klamath River fall chinook spawning Redd survey : fiscal year 1995 and 1996 Author: Catalano, Mark Year: 1997, 2005 ABSTRACT With the decreasing runs of natural fall chinook salmon* Oncorhmchus tshawytscha.inthe Klamath River basin, concerns were raised regarding the accuracy ma significance 01 me mainstem Klamath River .1 chinook spawner estimates. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal California Fish an - Wildlife Office (CCFWO) was funded through the Klamath River Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act (P. L.99-552) in the Fall of 1993-1996 to address this concern. The 1995 and 1996 survey season marked the third and fourth year that the CCFWO conducted investigations on the upper mainstem Klamath River to derive a reasonable estimate of natural * fall chinook spawners. A total of 339 redds were observed in the 1993 survey. In 1994 and 1995, redd counts increased to a total of 1,702 and 3,240 respectively. During the 1994 and 1995 spawning, seasons, there was evidence that unspawned surplus adult fall chinook salmon released from Iron Gate Hatchery (IGH) successfully spawned in the Klamath River. One hatchery fin clipped adult was observed spawning.30 miles downstream of the hatchery. In 1996, 1,372 redds were observed which wasa decrease of 43% from the previous year. There was complete retention of hatchery origin adults by IGH in 1996, although, the distribution of redds remained the same as previous years. With the new hatchery policy of excess return retention, mainstem escapement can now be considered a reasonable estimate of natural spawning adult chinook salmon. Reddsubstrate composition estimates remained consistent with previous spa- *:g survey data. Based upon 210 redd measurements from 1995-1996, the average redd size L ...e mainstem of the Klamath River was 9.6 nr. The average pit depth, mound depth, and adjacent depth for 1995-1996 was similar to previous survey results. Redds were most common along the wetted channel margins with numerous redds observed in side channels with suitable gravel and water velocities. Unlike 1993 and 1994 some redds were observed by 1995 and 1996 survey crews in rnid-channei areas. Recreational suction dredge mining was present throughout the survey from the confluence of Scott River downstream to the confluence of Indian Creek, although only two redds were observed on recent dredge tailings. Under the existing mining regulations, adverse impacts on redds could occur below the Scon River without protection of spawning areas. Title: Mainstem Klamath River fall chinook spawning Redd survey : fiscal year 1995 and 1996 Author: Catalano, Mark Year: 1997, 2005 ABSTRACT With the decreasing runs of natural fall chinook salmon* Oncorhmchus tshawytscha.inthe Klamath River basin, concerns were raised regarding the accuracy ma significance 01 me mainstem Klamath River .1 chinook spawner estimates. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Coastal California Fish an - Wildlife Office (CCFWO) was funded through the Klamath River Fish and Wildlife Restoration Act (P. L.99-552) in the Fall of 1993-1996 to address this concern. The 1995 and 1996 survey season marked the third and fourth year that the CCFWO conducted investigations on the upper mainstem Klamath River to derive a reasonable estimate of natural * fall chinook spawners. A total of 339 redds were observed in the 1993 survey. In 1994 and 1995, redd counts increased to a total of 1,702 and 3,240 respectively. During the 1994 and 1995 spawning, seasons, there was evidence that unspawned surplus adult fall chinook salmon released from Iron Gate Hatchery (IGH) successfully spawned in the Klamath River. One hatchery fin clipped adult was observed spawning.30 miles downstream of the hatchery. In 1996, 1,372 redds were observed which wasa decrease of 43% from the previous year. There was complete retention of hatchery origin adults by IGH in 1996, although, the distribution of redds remained the same as previous years. With the new hatchery policy of excess return retention, mainstem escapement can now be considered a reasonable estimate of natural spawning adult chinook salmon. Reddsubstrate composition estimates remained consistent with previous spa- *:g survey data. Based upon 210 redd measurements from 1995-1996, the average redd size L ...e mainstem of the Klamath River was 9.6 nr. The average pit depth, mound depth, and adjacent depth for 1995-1996 was similar to previous survey results. Redds were most common along the wetted channel margins with numerous redds observed in side channels with suitable gravel and water velocities. Unlike 1993 and 1994 some redds were observed by 1995 and 1996 survey crews in rnid-channei areas. Recreational suction dredge mining was present throughout the survey from the confluence of Scott River downstream to the confluence of Indian Creek, although only two redds were observed on recent dredge tailings. Under the existing mining regulations, adverse impacts on redds could occur below the Scon River without protection of spawning areas. Close

• 97. [Image] Gerber Watershed - Klamath Project, Oregon-California

  	CN-12-200-34A Gerber Watershed - Klamath Project, Oregon-California. Upstream view of Wild Horse Diversion Channel headgate. Note -- stoplogs must be placed in stoplog slots to prevent water from entering ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Gerber Watershed - Klamath Project, Oregon-California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Rosten, T.J. Year: 1968, 2010, 2007 CN-12-200-34A Gerber Watershed - Klamath Project, Oregon-California. Upstream view of Wild Horse Diversion Channel headgate. Note -- stoplogs must be placed in stoplog slots to prevent water from entering Wild Horse Diversion Channel. The width of the gate opening is 4.0 feet. The elevation of the gate sill is about 0.3 feet lower than the crest of the concrete weir which serves as Wild Horse Diversion Dam. The concrete weir is not shown, but is located to the right of Jim Bunker. The persons shown in the picture, from right to left, are Jim Bunker, manager, LVID, John Fisher, USBR, Klamath Project, and Dean Boe, BLM, Lakeview, Oregon; November 19, 1968; Bureau of Reclamation photo by T.J. Rosten Title: Gerber Watershed - Klamath Project, Oregon-California Author: United States. Bureau of Reclamation, Rosten, T.J. Year: 1968, 2010, 2007 CN-12-200-34A Gerber Watershed - Klamath Project, Oregon-California. Upstream view of Wild Horse Diversion Channel headgate. Note -- stoplogs must be placed in stoplog slots to prevent water from entering Wild Horse Diversion Channel. The width of the gate opening is 4.0 feet. The elevation of the gate sill is about 0.3 feet lower than the crest of the concrete weir which serves as Wild Horse Diversion Dam. The concrete weir is not shown, but is located to the right of Jim Bunker. The persons shown in the picture, from right to left, are Jim Bunker, manager, LVID, John Fisher, USBR, Klamath Project, and Dean Boe, BLM, Lakeview, Oregon; November 19, 1968; Bureau of Reclamation photo by T.J. Rosten Close

• 98. [Image] Lower Klamath River instream flow study : scoping evaluation for the Yurok Indian Reservation

  	ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Columbia River Fishery Resource Office was funded by Bureau of Indian Affairs to conduct an instream flow assessment for the lower Klamath River within ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Klamath River instream flow study : scoping evaluation for the Yurok Indian Reservation Author: Anglin, Donald R Year: 1994, 2007, 2006 ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Columbia River Fishery Resource Office was funded by Bureau of Indian Affairs to conduct an instream flow assessment for the lower Klamath River within the Yurok Indian Reservation in northern California using the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM). Specific study tasks consisted of developing an explicit statement of purpose, definition of the study area and target species, assembly and evaluation of hydrologic, water quality, and physical data as well as biological and fish habitat information. A reconnaissance survey of the proposed study area was also conducted. The purpose for conducting the proposed flow study was the Yurok Tribe's desire to protect the Klamath basin water supply for the production of anadromous fish. The ultimate goal was to protect, restore, and enhance the anadromous fishery resources on the Reservation and in the basin as a whole. The study area was defined as the lower Klamath River and tributaries from the confluence with the Trinity River downstream to the area of tidal influence. Although the mainstem Klamath only was proposed for flow studies, the tributaries were included in the study area as a result of their hydrologic and biological relevance. Target species were identified as chinook salmon {Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), steelhead trout (0. mykiss) , green sturgeon {Acipenser medirostris) , eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) , and Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) . Assembly and evaluation of relevant information was accomplished from results of a public scoping meeting and the review of a large volume of both published and file reports as well as numerous personal communications. Hydrology of the lower Klamath River is affected by U.S. Bureau of Reclamation projects in both the upper Klamath and upper Trinity subbasins. Several hydroelectric projects in the upper Klamath subbasin affect flow patterns, and agricultural activities in the upper Klamath subbasin and tributaries and the Central Valley Project in the upper Trinity subbasin have reduced water yield from the basin. Water quality concerns were identified as elevated water temperatures and nutrient levels resulting from land use activities throughout the basin. Hydrologic and water quality impacts are partially mitigated in the lower Klamath by tributary inflow throughout the basin. The physical environment in the basin has been altered by land use practices and several major flood events. Alterations include loss of riparian vegetation and stream channel stability, loss of soil moisture storage capacity and infiltration potential, debris slides and logjams resulting in migration barriers, reduced supply of large woody debris for recruitment into the stream channel, and sedimentation of spawning and rearing habitat. Fish habitat in most lower Klamath tributaries has been surveyed and deficiencies as well as good quality habitat have been described. Significant production potential exists in most tributaries, however much restoration work needs to be completed to realize the potential. Habitat characteristics for the mainstem Klamath have not been described. Life history and production data are presented for target species and a brief review of sources for suitability criteria is presented. Harvest management and escapement for naturally spawning fall chinook salmon were reviewed from 1978 through 1993. Escapement has varied over the years but a general downward trend in naturally spawning fall chinook can be observed, particularly in recent years. Escapement goals for the Klamath basin varied from 115,000 in 1978 to an "emergency" floor of 27,000 in 1992. Actual escapement of naturally spawning adult fall chinook varied from a high of 113,000 in 1986 to a low of 11,600 in 1991. Escapement in 1978 totalled 58,500 and preliminary estimates of escapement in 1993 were 21,000 naturally spawning adults. Factors affecting production and subsequent stock size and escapement included variable ocean survival, degraded freshwater habitat conditions, the recent six-year drought, releases of large numbers of hatchery juveniles, and harvest management methodologies that have failed to adequately match harvest to predicted stock size. Differential harvest rates for Klamath and Trinity subbasin fall chinook have also complicated attempts to structure the harvest. Field reconnaisance surveys were conducted in spring and summer 1993 for the proposed mainstem Klamath study area. Two distinct river segments were identified based on macrohabitat characteristics. Microhabitat was classified within each river segment and mapped on USGS quadrangle maps. Cross section identification was postponed pending the decision to move forward with the flow study. Following the scoping tasks described above, conclusions and recommendations were developed. No information was reviewed that indicated the need for an instream flow study in the lower Klamath River. The two basic problems affecting anadromous fish production are degraded freshwater habitat and chronic underescapement. Coordination and planning for instream flow studies on a basin-wide scale was recommended. Biological data gaps were identified which need to be addressed before an instream flow study can be completed for the lower Klamath. Suitability criteria for habitat analysis also need to be identified. Habitat restoration and protection and proper management of anadromous fishery resources were identified as the highest priorities to begin restoration of anadromous stocks. Specific recommendations for habitat restoration included watershed and riparian zone restoration, barrier removal, instream habitat inventory, restoration, and monitoring, estuary studies, and description of streamflow characteristics for lower Klamath tributaries. Recommended fishery resource studies included collection of basic life history data, monitoring for adult escapement and juvenile production, description of estuary usage, effects of hatchery programs on both adult and juvenile wild fish, evaluation of the accelerated stocking program, and refinement of harvest management methodologies to achieve appropriate escapement of naturally spawning stocks into all subbasins. Title: Lower Klamath River instream flow study : scoping evaluation for the Yurok Indian Reservation Author: Anglin, Donald R Year: 1994, 2007, 2006 ABSTRACT The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Columbia River Fishery Resource Office was funded by Bureau of Indian Affairs to conduct an instream flow assessment for the lower Klamath River within the Yurok Indian Reservation in northern California using the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM). Specific study tasks consisted of developing an explicit statement of purpose, definition of the study area and target species, assembly and evaluation of hydrologic, water quality, and physical data as well as biological and fish habitat information. A reconnaissance survey of the proposed study area was also conducted. The purpose for conducting the proposed flow study was the Yurok Tribe's desire to protect the Klamath basin water supply for the production of anadromous fish. The ultimate goal was to protect, restore, and enhance the anadromous fishery resources on the Reservation and in the basin as a whole. The study area was defined as the lower Klamath River and tributaries from the confluence with the Trinity River downstream to the area of tidal influence. Although the mainstem Klamath only was proposed for flow studies, the tributaries were included in the study area as a result of their hydrologic and biological relevance. Target species were identified as chinook salmon {Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho salmon (0. kisutch), steelhead trout (0. mykiss) , green sturgeon {Acipenser medirostris) , eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) , and Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) . Assembly and evaluation of relevant information was accomplished from results of a public scoping meeting and the review of a large volume of both published and file reports as well as numerous personal communications. Hydrology of the lower Klamath River is affected by U.S. Bureau of Reclamation projects in both the upper Klamath and upper Trinity subbasins. Several hydroelectric projects in the upper Klamath subbasin affect flow patterns, and agricultural activities in the upper Klamath subbasin and tributaries and the Central Valley Project in the upper Trinity subbasin have reduced water yield from the basin. Water quality concerns were identified as elevated water temperatures and nutrient levels resulting from land use activities throughout the basin. Hydrologic and water quality impacts are partially mitigated in the lower Klamath by tributary inflow throughout the basin. The physical environment in the basin has been altered by land use practices and several major flood events. Alterations include loss of riparian vegetation and stream channel stability, loss of soil moisture storage capacity and infiltration potential, debris slides and logjams resulting in migration barriers, reduced supply of large woody debris for recruitment into the stream channel, and sedimentation of spawning and rearing habitat. Fish habitat in most lower Klamath tributaries has been surveyed and deficiencies as well as good quality habitat have been described. Significant production potential exists in most tributaries, however much restoration work needs to be completed to realize the potential. Habitat characteristics for the mainstem Klamath have not been described. Life history and production data are presented for target species and a brief review of sources for suitability criteria is presented. Harvest management and escapement for naturally spawning fall chinook salmon were reviewed from 1978 through 1993. Escapement has varied over the years but a general downward trend in naturally spawning fall chinook can be observed, particularly in recent years. Escapement goals for the Klamath basin varied from 115,000 in 1978 to an "emergency" floor of 27,000 in 1992. Actual escapement of naturally spawning adult fall chinook varied from a high of 113,000 in 1986 to a low of 11,600 in 1991. Escapement in 1978 totalled 58,500 and preliminary estimates of escapement in 1993 were 21,000 naturally spawning adults. Factors affecting production and subsequent stock size and escapement included variable ocean survival, degraded freshwater habitat conditions, the recent six-year drought, releases of large numbers of hatchery juveniles, and harvest management methodologies that have failed to adequately match harvest to predicted stock size. Differential harvest rates for Klamath and Trinity subbasin fall chinook have also complicated attempts to structure the harvest. Field reconnaisance surveys were conducted in spring and summer 1993 for the proposed mainstem Klamath study area. Two distinct river segments were identified based on macrohabitat characteristics. Microhabitat was classified within each river segment and mapped on USGS quadrangle maps. Cross section identification was postponed pending the decision to move forward with the flow study. Following the scoping tasks described above, conclusions and recommendations were developed. No information was reviewed that indicated the need for an instream flow study in the lower Klamath River. The two basic problems affecting anadromous fish production are degraded freshwater habitat and chronic underescapement. Coordination and planning for instream flow studies on a basin-wide scale was recommended. Biological data gaps were identified which need to be addressed before an instream flow study can be completed for the lower Klamath. Suitability criteria for habitat analysis also need to be identified. Habitat restoration and protection and proper management of anadromous fishery resources were identified as the highest priorities to begin restoration of anadromous stocks. Specific recommendations for habitat restoration included watershed and riparian zone restoration, barrier removal, instream habitat inventory, restoration, and monitoring, estuary studies, and description of streamflow characteristics for lower Klamath tributaries. Recommended fishery resource studies included collection of basic life history data, monitoring for adult escapement and juvenile production, description of estuary usage, effects of hatchery programs on both adult and juvenile wild fish, evaluation of the accelerated stocking program, and refinement of harvest management methodologies to achieve appropriate escapement of naturally spawning stocks into all subbasins. Close

• 99. [Image] Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Klamath River and Columbia River Populations of Bull Trout

  	We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate critical habitat for the Klamath River and Columbia River populations of bull trout {Salvelinus confluentus) pursuant to the Endangered Species ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Klamath River and Columbia River Populations of Bull Trout Year: 2004, 2008, 2005 We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate critical habitat for the Klamath River and Columbia River populations of bull trout {Salvelinus confluentus) pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). For the Klamath River and Columbia River populations of bull trout, the critical habitat designation includes approximately 1,748 miles (mi) (2,813 kilometers (km)) of streams and 61,235 acres (ac) (24,781 hectares (ha)) of lakes and marshes. We solicited data and comments from the public on all aspects of the proposed rule, including data on economic and other impacts of the designation Title: Federal Register - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Klamath River and Columbia River Populations of Bull Trout Year: 2004, 2008, 2005 We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), designate critical habitat for the Klamath River and Columbia River populations of bull trout {Salvelinus confluentus) pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). For the Klamath River and Columbia River populations of bull trout, the critical habitat designation includes approximately 1,748 miles (mi) (2,813 kilometers (km)) of streams and 61,235 acres (ac) (24,781 hectares (ha)) of lakes and marshes. We solicited data and comments from the public on all aspects of the proposed rule, including data on economic and other impacts of the designation Close

• 100. [Image] School-based Klamath River restoration project, phases V, VI & VII, 319h Clean Water Act

  	ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United ...
  	Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: School-based Klamath River restoration project, phases V, VI & VII, 319h Clean Water Act Author: Rilling, Trudy S. Year: 2000, 2005 ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The objectives of the project include: ? Expanding hands-on field science watershed education. ? Encouraging a sense of resource stewardship among students at all grade levels. ? Collecting quality data for inclusion in the 319h data base. ? Teaching applications of the scientific method. ? Providing on-going inservice training for teachers to increase the effectiveness of the project. Project tasks that were completed include acquisition and analysis of Klamath River Watershed Data, including river water temperatures, river cross sectional profiles and spawning ground surveys. Descriptions of methodology are included in the report. Many other watershed-related projects were undertaken by schools. In some cases the field data was collected and compiled by agency personnel. The spawning ground survey data collected by student volunteers was part of a project conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Forest Service. Although a substantial amount of excellent work has been accomplished by the schools, the opportunity exists to improve the program at all levels. Increased field and technical support is needed to successfully integrate the goals of the project. Computer training for teachers and students is an essential component of the project, which would allow analysis of data and creation of web sites within classrooms. Data analysis and reporting is the critical component of the project that would provide students with a complete understanding of scientific research methodology. Providing a forum for communication between the 319h participants is another important area of the project that needs to be expanded. Travel time, mountainous topography, and intense winter storms can be barriers to travel in Siskiyou County. Communication helps to increase the level of standardization of data collection and transfer and gives teachers a chance to share successful ideas. Communication also sustains the positive momentum of the project, reinforcing the idea of working as a team towards establishing common goals for watershed education. Title: School-based Klamath River restoration project, phases V, VI & VII, 319h Clean Water Act Author: Rilling, Trudy S. Year: 2000, 2005 ABSTRACT Phase VI of the School-Based Klamath Restoration Project (319h) is a collaborative effort between seven Siskiyou County schools, the Siskiyou County Office of Education (SCOE), and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The objectives of the project include: ? Expanding hands-on field science watershed education. ? Encouraging a sense of resource stewardship among students at all grade levels. ? Collecting quality data for inclusion in the 319h data base. ? Teaching applications of the scientific method. ? Providing on-going inservice training for teachers to increase the effectiveness of the project. Project tasks that were completed include acquisition and analysis of Klamath River Watershed Data, including river water temperatures, river cross sectional profiles and spawning ground surveys. Descriptions of methodology are included in the report. Many other watershed-related projects were undertaken by schools. In some cases the field data was collected and compiled by agency personnel. The spawning ground survey data collected by student volunteers was part of a project conducted by the California Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Forest Service. Although a substantial amount of excellent work has been accomplished by the schools, the opportunity exists to improve the program at all levels. Increased field and technical support is needed to successfully integrate the goals of the project. Computer training for teachers and students is an essential component of the project, which would allow analysis of data and creation of web sites within classrooms. Data analysis and reporting is the critical component of the project that would provide students with a complete understanding of scientific research methodology. Providing a forum for communication between the 319h participants is another important area of the project that needs to be expanded. Travel time, mountainous topography, and intense winter storms can be barriers to travel in Siskiyou County. Communication helps to increase the level of standardization of data collection and transfer and gives teachers a chance to share successful ideas. Communication also sustains the positive momentum of the project, reinforcing the idea of working as a team towards establishing common goals for watershed education. Close