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• 1. [Article] LCMP - Residence Time and Seasonal Movements of Juvenile Coho Salmon in the Ecotone and Lower Estuary of Winchester Creek, South Slough, Oregon

  Abstract -- The juvenile life history of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in the stream-estuary ecotone of Winchester Creek, South Slough, Oregon, was investigated in 1999–2001. Seines and a rotary screw ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: LCMP - Residence Time and Seasonal Movements of Juvenile Coho Salmon in the Ecotone and Lower Estuary of Winchester Creek, South Slough, Oregon Abstract -- The juvenile life history of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in the stream-estuary ecotone of Winchester Creek, South Slough, Oregon, was investigated in 1999–2001. Seines and a rotary screw trap were used to capture fish for dye-marking, and residence time within the ecotone was determined for recaptured marked fish. In the lower estuary, ultrasonic transmitters were used to document residence time and patterns of movement for smolts migrating to the ocean. Nearly half of each brood year moved to the estuary as subyearlings. A portion of age-0 juveniles that moved downstream during spring lived in the ecotone through summer for up to 8 months, then most moved back upstream to overwinter. Fish that moved to the ecotone during fall and winter had mean minimum residence times of 48 d in 1999 and 64 d in 2000. Some of the fish that moved to the ecotone during fall and winter moved into an off-channel beaver pond and resided there for a mean of 49 d. Spring age-1 smolts had a mean minimum residence time in the ecotone of 18 d for both years and used recently restored salt marshes and other off-channel habitats. Smolts implanted with ultrasonic transmitters lived in the lower estuary for an average of 5.8 d, during which their direction of movement corresponded to the direction of tidal flow. Title: LCMP - Residence Time and Seasonal Movements of Juvenile Coho Salmon in the Ecotone and Lower Estuary of Winchester Creek, South Slough, Oregon Abstract -- The juvenile life history of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in the stream-estuary ecotone of Winchester Creek, South Slough, Oregon, was investigated in 1999–2001. Seines and a rotary screw trap were used to capture fish for dye-marking, and residence time within the ecotone was determined for recaptured marked fish. In the lower estuary, ultrasonic transmitters were used to document residence time and patterns of movement for smolts migrating to the ocean. Nearly half of each brood year moved to the estuary as subyearlings. A portion of age-0 juveniles that moved downstream during spring lived in the ecotone through summer for up to 8 months, then most moved back upstream to overwinter. Fish that moved to the ecotone during fall and winter had mean minimum residence times of 48 d in 1999 and 64 d in 2000. Some of the fish that moved to the ecotone during fall and winter moved into an off-channel beaver pond and resided there for a mean of 49 d. Spring age-1 smolts had a mean minimum residence time in the ecotone of 18 d for both years and used recently restored salt marshes and other off-channel habitats. Smolts implanted with ultrasonic transmitters lived in the lower estuary for an average of 5.8 d, during which their direction of movement corresponded to the direction of tidal flow. Close

• 2. [Article] CRTCP - Monitoring of Downstream Fish Passage at Cougar Dam in the South Fork McKenzie River, Oregon 1998-00

  Abstract -- In 1993, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) began placing adult chinook salmon that were excess to hatchery operations at McKenzie and Willamette Hatchery above Cougar Dam in an ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: CRTCP - Monitoring of Downstream Fish Passage at Cougar Dam in the South Fork McKenzie River, Oregon 1998-00 Abstract -- In 1993, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) began placing adult chinook salmon that were excess to hatchery operations at McKenzie and Willamette Hatchery above Cougar Dam in an attempt to restore some of the biological contributions salmon made to the ecology of the South Fork McKenzie River prior to Cougar Dam construction (Table 1). Contributions included increased nutrient input to the ecosystem and an additional food source for predators, including bull trout. In addition, the progeny of these adult salmon provided a landlocked chinook fishery in the reservoir and ODFW was able to discontinue annual releases of juvenile salmon reared in ODFW hatcheries (1996). ODFW assumed most of the salmon attempting to leave the reservoir would be killed by various means upon passage through the turbines or regulating outlet. Between 1994-97, ODFW field observations provided circumstantial evidence that some juvenile chinook were surviving passage through the dam. In 1998, we began monitoring juvenile chinook migration out of the reservoir to determine the number, size, age, and mortality rate of fish passing through the turbines and regulating outlet of Cougar Dam. Title: CRTCP - Monitoring of Downstream Fish Passage at Cougar Dam in the South Fork McKenzie River, Oregon 1998-00 Abstract -- In 1993, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) began placing adult chinook salmon that were excess to hatchery operations at McKenzie and Willamette Hatchery above Cougar Dam in an attempt to restore some of the biological contributions salmon made to the ecology of the South Fork McKenzie River prior to Cougar Dam construction (Table 1). Contributions included increased nutrient input to the ecosystem and an additional food source for predators, including bull trout. In addition, the progeny of these adult salmon provided a landlocked chinook fishery in the reservoir and ODFW was able to discontinue annual releases of juvenile salmon reared in ODFW hatcheries (1996). ODFW assumed most of the salmon attempting to leave the reservoir would be killed by various means upon passage through the turbines or regulating outlet. Between 1994-97, ODFW field observations provided circumstantial evidence that some juvenile chinook were surviving passage through the dam. In 1998, we began monitoring juvenile chinook migration out of the reservoir to determine the number, size, age, and mortality rate of fish passing through the turbines and regulating outlet of Cougar Dam. Close

• 3. [Article] AI - Rearing of Juvenile Salmon in Recovering Wetlands of the Salmon River Estuary

  Abstract -- The Salmon River estuary, on the central Oregon coast, provides an excellent opportunity to study salmonid use of restored tidal marsh. The U.S. Forest Service manages the estuary as part of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: AI - Rearing of Juvenile Salmon in Recovering Wetlands of the Salmon River Estuary Abstract -- The Salmon River estuary, on the central Oregon coast, provides an excellent opportunity to study salmonid use of restored tidal marsh. The U.S. Forest Service manages the estuary as part of the Cascade Head Scenic Research Area with the goal to rehabilitate the estuary “to its condition prior to the existing diking and agricultural use.” To achieve this goal, the U.S. Forest Service has completed three dike removal projects at 9-year intervals beginning in 1978. These projects created a patchwork of restored marshes in various stages of recovery, providing a natural laboratory for studying marsh restoration processes and their effects on estuarine rearing salmonids. Our Sea Grant-funded research, which is a cooperative study with researchers from the University of Washington, has four objectives: (1) describe salmon species use of undiked reference and recovering marshes; (2) compare diets of juvenile salmon among reference and diked marshes of different recovery ages; (3) compare availability and distribution of prey organisms consumed by juvenile salmon; and (4) assess geomorphological and ecological indicators (“metrics”) of restored wetlands and relationships to salmon use. This report describes the results of fish distribution and abundance surveys. Results of the other objectives are described in Gray et al. (In Review). Title: AI - Rearing of Juvenile Salmon in Recovering Wetlands of the Salmon River Estuary Abstract -- The Salmon River estuary, on the central Oregon coast, provides an excellent opportunity to study salmonid use of restored tidal marsh. The U.S. Forest Service manages the estuary as part of the Cascade Head Scenic Research Area with the goal to rehabilitate the estuary “to its condition prior to the existing diking and agricultural use.” To achieve this goal, the U.S. Forest Service has completed three dike removal projects at 9-year intervals beginning in 1978. These projects created a patchwork of restored marshes in various stages of recovery, providing a natural laboratory for studying marsh restoration processes and their effects on estuarine rearing salmonids. Our Sea Grant-funded research, which is a cooperative study with researchers from the University of Washington, has four objectives: (1) describe salmon species use of undiked reference and recovering marshes; (2) compare diets of juvenile salmon among reference and diked marshes of different recovery ages; (3) compare availability and distribution of prey organisms consumed by juvenile salmon; and (4) assess geomorphological and ecological indicators (“metrics”) of restored wetlands and relationships to salmon use. This report describes the results of fish distribution and abundance surveys. Results of the other objectives are described in Gray et al. (In Review). Close

• 4. [Article] The Distribution and Abundance of Great Basin Redband Trout: An Application of Variable Probability Sampling in a 1999 Status Review

  Abstract -- Using a variable probability sampling design, streams throughout the entire range of Great Basin redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ssp.) were randomly sampled use the EMAP sampling protocol, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Distribution and Abundance of Great Basin Redband Trout: An Application of Variable Probability Sampling in a 1999 Status Review Abstract -- Using a variable probability sampling design, streams throughout the entire range of Great Basin redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ssp.) were randomly sampled use the EMAP sampling protocol, such that 35 sample sites were apportioned to each of six subbasins (Silver Lake, Lake Abert, Goose Lake, Warner Valley, Catlow Valley, and Malheur Lakes). A total of 185 sites (out of a target of 210) were visited by three-person crews that conducted habitat surveys and population estimates in sample reaches whose length were nearly 20 times their channel width. A minimal sampling intensity was based on previously encountered levels of between site variance in abundance estimates for the species. The population estimate for age 1+ redband trout was 948,852 fish (+/– 21%), with confidence limits ranging from 26% to 43% of individual subbasin estimates. Age 1+ fish abundance in terms of density (fish m-2) showed no significant differences between any subbasin, while there were significant differences in biomass (g m-2), where one subbasin had significantly higher (Catlow Valley) biomasses, and one significantly lower (Goose Lake). These comparisons were supported by like differences in mean weight (g fish-2). Analysis of stream habitat characteristics and fish abundance revealed no relationship, or model, that was generally consistent throughout the Great Basin, though interpretable patterns were evident within some stream systems where sampling intensity happened to be sufficiently high. Thus while a landscape level sampling design was well suited to address a regional estimate of abundance, useful interpretation of fish and habitat relationships appeared to be embedded within the stream level of organization, and could not be addressed by the variable probability sampling design set for a minimal sampling intensity. Title: The Distribution and Abundance of Great Basin Redband Trout: An Application of Variable Probability Sampling in a 1999 Status Review Abstract -- Using a variable probability sampling design, streams throughout the entire range of Great Basin redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ssp.) were randomly sampled use the EMAP sampling protocol, such that 35 sample sites were apportioned to each of six subbasins (Silver Lake, Lake Abert, Goose Lake, Warner Valley, Catlow Valley, and Malheur Lakes). A total of 185 sites (out of a target of 210) were visited by three-person crews that conducted habitat surveys and population estimates in sample reaches whose length were nearly 20 times their channel width. A minimal sampling intensity was based on previously encountered levels of between site variance in abundance estimates for the species. The population estimate for age 1+ redband trout was 948,852 fish (+/– 21%), with confidence limits ranging from 26% to 43% of individual subbasin estimates. Age 1+ fish abundance in terms of density (fish m-2) showed no significant differences between any subbasin, while there were significant differences in biomass (g m-2), where one subbasin had significantly higher (Catlow Valley) biomasses, and one significantly lower (Goose Lake). These comparisons were supported by like differences in mean weight (g fish-2). Analysis of stream habitat characteristics and fish abundance revealed no relationship, or model, that was generally consistent throughout the Great Basin, though interpretable patterns were evident within some stream systems where sampling intensity happened to be sufficiently high. Thus while a landscape level sampling design was well suited to address a regional estimate of abundance, useful interpretation of fish and habitat relationships appeared to be embedded within the stream level of organization, and could not be addressed by the variable probability sampling design set for a minimal sampling intensity. Close

• 5. [Article] Standard operating procedures for collection and preparation of fish scales and data management

  Abstract -- The project maintains high standards of quality in estimation of life history parameters, based on reads of fish scales, including accuracy, precision and efficiency from sample and data handling ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Standard operating procedures for collection and preparation of fish scales and data management Abstract -- The project maintains high standards of quality in estimation of life history parameters, based on reads of fish scales, including accuracy, precision and efficiency from sample and data handling through age estimations and other life history analyses and data dissemination. Title: Standard operating procedures for collection and preparation of fish scales and data management Abstract -- The project maintains high standards of quality in estimation of life history parameters, based on reads of fish scales, including accuracy, precision and efficiency from sample and data handling through age estimations and other life history analyses and data dissemination. Close

• 6. [Article] Nilestun Year 2 Efficacy Monitoring Report - Juvenile Fish Response

  Abstract -- Catch per unit effort data were gathered for three salt marsh restoration sub-basins, three mainstem river reference locations, and a salt marsh reference sub-basin. Report results cover May-Aug ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Nilestun Year 2 Efficacy Monitoring Report - Juvenile Fish Response Abstract -- Catch per unit effort data were gathered for three salt marsh restoration sub-basins, three mainstem river reference locations, and a salt marsh reference sub-basin. Report results cover May-Aug occupancy and catch per unit effort during the second year after restoration. Results suggest significant response by age-0 and age-1 salmonids. More broad results provided in the report cover tidal inundation, exchange rates, salinity, temperature, soil moisture and plant communities. Title: Nilestun Year 2 Efficacy Monitoring Report - Juvenile Fish Response Abstract -- Catch per unit effort data were gathered for three salt marsh restoration sub-basins, three mainstem river reference locations, and a salt marsh reference sub-basin. Report results cover May-Aug occupancy and catch per unit effort during the second year after restoration. Results suggest significant response by age-0 and age-1 salmonids. More broad results provided in the report cover tidal inundation, exchange rates, salinity, temperature, soil moisture and plant communities. Close

• 7. [Article] A Model of Suicidal Behavior In Latency Age Children Based on Developmental Object Relations Theory

  This thesis attempts to explicate the manifestation of suicidal behavior in latency age children based on developmental object relations theory. It asserts that the susceptibility to suicidal behavior ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Model of Suicidal Behavior In Latency Age Children Based on Developmental Object Relations Theory Author: Michaelis, Stephen Henry Year: 1989 This thesis attempts to explicate the manifestation of suicidal behavior in latency age children based on developmental object relations theory. It asserts that the susceptibility to suicidal behavior becomes part of the child's developing ego organization during the first three years of life as the result of deviant or distorted emotional development. These disturbances interfere with the normal internalizing processes of the separation individuation phases, including the development of psychological mechanisms. To accomplish the purpose of the study, the thesis generally classifies object relations theory within the parameters of developmental psychopathology and specifically classifies it as a component of contemporary psychodynamic theory. Then follows an exposition of the separation individuation process and attendant development of psychological mechanisms in normal and disturbed development. This section concludes by identifying the normally developing child around thirty-six months of age as possessing the capacity to unite disparate self and object images into a single, whole person for appropriate self comfort, self-image formation, and self-esteem regulation through having received primarily gratifying interactions with caregivers. The child with disturbed development lacks this capacity because of the internalization of primarily negative object-images through primarily negative interactions with caregivers. The child lacks trust in itself and in others, tends to perceive itself and others as all-good or all-bad, and experiences hostility and depression. A definition of latency and a description of this developmental stage follows. Cognitive development marked by secondary thought processes and reliance upon dynamic psychological mechanisms--ego defenses--to sustain a behavioral and emotional equilibrium, rather than a diminution of drives, permit latency to become established. As part of the structure of latency, fantasy serves a defensive and adaptive function by providing an outlet for drive expression and for mastery of situations intrapsychically. Children with disturbances in ego organization have a less established structure of latency than do normal children, that is, they rely to a greater extent on psychological mechanisms characteristic of the separation-individuation phases. A review of empirical and clinical research of suicidal children encompasses family environment; loss, depression, and hopelessness; cognitive functioning; and defense mechanisms. Suicidal children live in stressful, chaotic families with confused role relationships. Findings regarding the relationships among loss, depression, and hopelessness appear mixed although integrally related. Suicidal children conceive of impersonal death as final while construing personal death as reversible as a defensive maneuver. Suicidal fantasies constitute the precursors to suicidal planning and actions. Suicidal children show impaired ability to devise active coping strategies. They seem to rely excessively on ego defenses considered developmentally appropriate in early stages of development, such as introjection. A synthesis of theoretical formulations and research findings sets forth the developmental sequence culminating in suicidal behavior. The model depicts a child's developing ego organization predisposed to depression, hostility, and low self-esteem caused by the internalization of a predominance of negative self- and object-images. It portrays susceptibility to suicidal behavior through the incapacity to exercise self-protection under stressful situations because of a reliance upon maladaptive ego defenses. Fantasies to relieve psychic pain as part of latency defenses transform into fantasies of suicide; these presage and allow for planning and, given the failure of ego defenses, suicidal behavior results. Title: A Model of Suicidal Behavior In Latency Age Children Based on Developmental Object Relations Theory Author: Michaelis, Stephen Henry Year: 1989 This thesis attempts to explicate the manifestation of suicidal behavior in latency age children based on developmental object relations theory. It asserts that the susceptibility to suicidal behavior becomes part of the child's developing ego organization during the first three years of life as the result of deviant or distorted emotional development. These disturbances interfere with the normal internalizing processes of the separation individuation phases, including the development of psychological mechanisms. To accomplish the purpose of the study, the thesis generally classifies object relations theory within the parameters of developmental psychopathology and specifically classifies it as a component of contemporary psychodynamic theory. Then follows an exposition of the separation individuation process and attendant development of psychological mechanisms in normal and disturbed development. This section concludes by identifying the normally developing child around thirty-six months of age as possessing the capacity to unite disparate self and object images into a single, whole person for appropriate self comfort, self-image formation, and self-esteem regulation through having received primarily gratifying interactions with caregivers. The child with disturbed development lacks this capacity because of the internalization of primarily negative object-images through primarily negative interactions with caregivers. The child lacks trust in itself and in others, tends to perceive itself and others as all-good or all-bad, and experiences hostility and depression. A definition of latency and a description of this developmental stage follows. Cognitive development marked by secondary thought processes and reliance upon dynamic psychological mechanisms--ego defenses--to sustain a behavioral and emotional equilibrium, rather than a diminution of drives, permit latency to become established. As part of the structure of latency, fantasy serves a defensive and adaptive function by providing an outlet for drive expression and for mastery of situations intrapsychically. Children with disturbances in ego organization have a less established structure of latency than do normal children, that is, they rely to a greater extent on psychological mechanisms characteristic of the separation-individuation phases. A review of empirical and clinical research of suicidal children encompasses family environment; loss, depression, and hopelessness; cognitive functioning; and defense mechanisms. Suicidal children live in stressful, chaotic families with confused role relationships. Findings regarding the relationships among loss, depression, and hopelessness appear mixed although integrally related. Suicidal children conceive of impersonal death as final while construing personal death as reversible as a defensive maneuver. Suicidal fantasies constitute the precursors to suicidal planning and actions. Suicidal children show impaired ability to devise active coping strategies. They seem to rely excessively on ego defenses considered developmentally appropriate in early stages of development, such as introjection. A synthesis of theoretical formulations and research findings sets forth the developmental sequence culminating in suicidal behavior. The model depicts a child's developing ego organization predisposed to depression, hostility, and low self-esteem caused by the internalization of a predominance of negative self- and object-images. It portrays susceptibility to suicidal behavior through the incapacity to exercise self-protection under stressful situations because of a reliance upon maladaptive ego defenses. Fantasies to relieve psychic pain as part of latency defenses transform into fantasies of suicide; these presage and allow for planning and, given the failure of ego defenses, suicidal behavior results. Close

• 8. [Article] Aging and the Semantic Differential: Semantic Stability in the Measurement of Social Evaluation

  The purpose of this investigation was to assess the validity of utilizing the same semantic differential test as a measure of social evaluation for persons of different ages. The semantic differential, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Aging and the Semantic Differential: Semantic Stability in the Measurement of Social Evaluation Author: Petersen, Marilyn Diane Year: 1976 The purpose of this investigation was to assess the validity of utilizing the same semantic differential test as a measure of social evaluation for persons of different ages. The semantic differential, a rating technique by which judgments of stimuli are made on seven-interval bipolar descriptive continua called "scales", currently receives widespread usage as a measure of attitudes toward aging and the elderly. However, a lack of semantic stability across stimuli and across subjects, known, respectively, as "concept-scale" and "subject2 scale" interaction, has been found to occur with the technique in various areas of research. That such a lack of stability might occur across stimuli and/or subjects of different ages is suggested by the existence of . di fferences between people of different ages which affect both the appearance and functioning of the individual. These differences derive from the biological aging process, the life cycle process, and the social change process. This study investigated whether such cross-age differences are of sufficient severity to cause people of different ages to be perceived as different classes of stimuli and/or to perceive others as different populations of subjects. Ratings of eight videotaped stimulus models were made by 60 younger (aged 22 to 32) and 60 older (aged 60 and older ) volunteer subjects on a semantic differential test composed of 38 scales. The stimulus models, consisting of four younger and four older adults, were non-actors, unknown to the rating subjects, and presented for one minute in a standardized visual format and without sound. Of the 38 scales used, seven were selected as reference scales from earlier studies, 30 were suggested by a volunteer "generating" sample of 30 younger and JO older subjects, and one (young/old) was included as a check on the perceived ages of the stimulus models. Scale scores were factor analyzed to establish the underlying factor structure of social evaluation and to ascertain whether it rema1ned stable across stimulus model and subject age levels. Four separate factor analyses were performed -- younger stimulus models/younger subjects, younger stimulus models/older subjects, older stimulus J models/older subjects, and older stimulus models/younger subjects -- permitting comparisons between the factor matrices for concept-scale and subject-scale interaction. Three factors were defined by each of the four separate factor analyses of the scales. Factors A and B were found by two different methods of assessing factor similarity (inspection and coefficients of congruence) to be highly similar across both stimulus model and subject age levels; Factor C (a weakly defined factor) was found to be similar only for the older stimulus models across subject age levels. An examination of the scales heavily loaded on each factor for all relevant factor matrices resulted in the interpretation of Factors A, B, and C as reflecting Interpersonal Ability, Instrumental Ability, and Propriety, respectively. This study resulted in findings bearing upon three interrelated areas. First, the data suggest that: 1) older and younger adults constitute qualitatively approximately the same class of stimuli, and 2) older and younger adults constitute qualitatively approximately the same population of subjects. That is, perceptions were based on the same underlying dimensions of meaning regardless of age. Second, the data suggest that two major dimensions of social evaluation are Interpersonal Ability and Instrumental Ability. Comparisons of these two attitudinal dimensions with dimensions from other semantic differential studies revealed striking similarity. Third, the finding of stable scales and replicable dimensions suggests the appropriateness of constructing a cross-age semantic differential for social evaluation. Consequently, a 15-scale Cross-Age Semantic Differential for the measurement of social evaluation was proposed. Title: Aging and the Semantic Differential: Semantic Stability in the Measurement of Social Evaluation Author: Petersen, Marilyn Diane Year: 1976 The purpose of this investigation was to assess the validity of utilizing the same semantic differential test as a measure of social evaluation for persons of different ages. The semantic differential, a rating technique by which judgments of stimuli are made on seven-interval bipolar descriptive continua called "scales", currently receives widespread usage as a measure of attitudes toward aging and the elderly. However, a lack of semantic stability across stimuli and across subjects, known, respectively, as "concept-scale" and "subject2 scale" interaction, has been found to occur with the technique in various areas of research. That such a lack of stability might occur across stimuli and/or subjects of different ages is suggested by the existence of . di fferences between people of different ages which affect both the appearance and functioning of the individual. These differences derive from the biological aging process, the life cycle process, and the social change process. This study investigated whether such cross-age differences are of sufficient severity to cause people of different ages to be perceived as different classes of stimuli and/or to perceive others as different populations of subjects. Ratings of eight videotaped stimulus models were made by 60 younger (aged 22 to 32) and 60 older (aged 60 and older ) volunteer subjects on a semantic differential test composed of 38 scales. The stimulus models, consisting of four younger and four older adults, were non-actors, unknown to the rating subjects, and presented for one minute in a standardized visual format and without sound. Of the 38 scales used, seven were selected as reference scales from earlier studies, 30 were suggested by a volunteer "generating" sample of 30 younger and JO older subjects, and one (young/old) was included as a check on the perceived ages of the stimulus models. Scale scores were factor analyzed to establish the underlying factor structure of social evaluation and to ascertain whether it rema1ned stable across stimulus model and subject age levels. Four separate factor analyses were performed -- younger stimulus models/younger subjects, younger stimulus models/older subjects, older stimulus J models/older subjects, and older stimulus models/younger subjects -- permitting comparisons between the factor matrices for concept-scale and subject-scale interaction. Three factors were defined by each of the four separate factor analyses of the scales. Factors A and B were found by two different methods of assessing factor similarity (inspection and coefficients of congruence) to be highly similar across both stimulus model and subject age levels; Factor C (a weakly defined factor) was found to be similar only for the older stimulus models across subject age levels. An examination of the scales heavily loaded on each factor for all relevant factor matrices resulted in the interpretation of Factors A, B, and C as reflecting Interpersonal Ability, Instrumental Ability, and Propriety, respectively. This study resulted in findings bearing upon three interrelated areas. First, the data suggest that: 1) older and younger adults constitute qualitatively approximately the same class of stimuli, and 2) older and younger adults constitute qualitatively approximately the same population of subjects. That is, perceptions were based on the same underlying dimensions of meaning regardless of age. Second, the data suggest that two major dimensions of social evaluation are Interpersonal Ability and Instrumental Ability. Comparisons of these two attitudinal dimensions with dimensions from other semantic differential studies revealed striking similarity. Third, the finding of stable scales and replicable dimensions suggests the appropriateness of constructing a cross-age semantic differential for social evaluation. Consequently, a 15-scale Cross-Age Semantic Differential for the measurement of social evaluation was proposed. Close

• 9. [Article] An Investigation of the Prevalence of Severe Visual Impairment Among Handicapped Children: Implications for Educators

  Since the inception of special education legislation, the identification of severely visually impaired children has become a difficult task. Official prevalence rates for severe visual impairment currently ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An Investigation of the Prevalence of Severe Visual Impairment Among Handicapped Children: Implications for Educators Author: Bickford, James Year: 1994 Since the inception of special education legislation, the identification of severely visually impaired children has become a difficult task. Official prevalence rates for severe visual impairment currently vary from 8 per 10,000 to 120 per 10,000 school aged children. With such a large discrepancy in rates, it is difficult to plan and provide appropriate specialized services to this group of children. Given this wide variance of reporting, several questions have arisen: (1) What is the prevalence of severely impaired vision as a secondary handicap when another handicapping condition is already known and identified? (2) Is there a significant difference between the reported prevalence rates of severe visual impairment and documented prevalence? Once these questions are answered, educational implication questions arise. (1) Are students receiving services by a person trained to provide specialized assistance? (2) Is there a perception of need for such services? (3) If services are being offered, are they adequate? Such results are vitally important for visually impaired students, for the lack of vision severely restricts all areas of learning and life skills. Level of functional vision determines educational methodology, range and variety of experiences, independent travel skills, and one’s ability to control the environment. Teacher training programs are running behind of current need, and should the rates of visual impairment be higher than prevailing calculations, the need for teachers and/or training could multiply several-fold. Using a cluster sampling method, 658 special education students in the Portland metropolitan area were screened for visual impairment. Eleven of the 658 had previously been identified as visually impaired, which coincided with the national rates used as comparison for this study. Upon screening, a total of 86 students were identified as severely visually impaired resulting in a prevalence rate of .130 for handicapped children, a significant difference from the numbers reported under Education of the Handicapped Act and to the American Printing House for the Blind. Perceived need for services for these children indicated a desire to have a better understanding of the implications of visual impairment. Although there was not strong evidence that each child needed a teacher of the visually impaired, respondents expressed a desire to know of curricular adaptations needed. Title: An Investigation of the Prevalence of Severe Visual Impairment Among Handicapped Children: Implications for Educators Author: Bickford, James Year: 1994 Since the inception of special education legislation, the identification of severely visually impaired children has become a difficult task. Official prevalence rates for severe visual impairment currently vary from 8 per 10,000 to 120 per 10,000 school aged children. With such a large discrepancy in rates, it is difficult to plan and provide appropriate specialized services to this group of children. Given this wide variance of reporting, several questions have arisen: (1) What is the prevalence of severely impaired vision as a secondary handicap when another handicapping condition is already known and identified? (2) Is there a significant difference between the reported prevalence rates of severe visual impairment and documented prevalence? Once these questions are answered, educational implication questions arise. (1) Are students receiving services by a person trained to provide specialized assistance? (2) Is there a perception of need for such services? (3) If services are being offered, are they adequate? Such results are vitally important for visually impaired students, for the lack of vision severely restricts all areas of learning and life skills. Level of functional vision determines educational methodology, range and variety of experiences, independent travel skills, and one’s ability to control the environment. Teacher training programs are running behind of current need, and should the rates of visual impairment be higher than prevailing calculations, the need for teachers and/or training could multiply several-fold. Using a cluster sampling method, 658 special education students in the Portland metropolitan area were screened for visual impairment. Eleven of the 658 had previously been identified as visually impaired, which coincided with the national rates used as comparison for this study. Upon screening, a total of 86 students were identified as severely visually impaired resulting in a prevalence rate of .130 for handicapped children, a significant difference from the numbers reported under Education of the Handicapped Act and to the American Printing House for the Blind. Perceived need for services for these children indicated a desire to have a better understanding of the implications of visual impairment. Although there was not strong evidence that each child needed a teacher of the visually impaired, respondents expressed a desire to know of curricular adaptations needed. Close

• 10. [Article] The expressive acquisition of locative and directional prepositions by severely-to-profoundly hearing impaired children

  Prepositions are important for the syntactical structure of the sentence and also to relate meaning, particularly meaning associated with concepts of place and time (Washington and Naremore, 1978). Expressive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The expressive acquisition of locative and directional prepositions by severely-to-profoundly hearing impaired children Author: Warlick, JoAnn Year: 1983 Prepositions are important for the syntactical structure of the sentence and also to relate meaning, particularly meaning associated with concepts of place and time (Washington and Naremore, 1978). Expressive acquisition of function words, including prepositions, is significantly delayed in the hearing impaired population (Cooper and Rosenstein, 1966). Yet, acquisition sequence for expressive prepositions has not been determined for this population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral expressive acquisition of locative and directional single word prepositions in severely-to-profoundly hearing impaired children. The question this study sought to answer was: At what age levels are seventeen locative and directional single word prepositions expressively acquired by severely- to-profoundly hearing impaired children? Title: The expressive acquisition of locative and directional prepositions by severely-to-profoundly hearing impaired children Author: Warlick, JoAnn Year: 1983 Prepositions are important for the syntactical structure of the sentence and also to relate meaning, particularly meaning associated with concepts of place and time (Washington and Naremore, 1978). Expressive acquisition of function words, including prepositions, is significantly delayed in the hearing impaired population (Cooper and Rosenstein, 1966). Yet, acquisition sequence for expressive prepositions has not been determined for this population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral expressive acquisition of locative and directional single word prepositions in severely-to-profoundly hearing impaired children. The question this study sought to answer was: At what age levels are seventeen locative and directional single word prepositions expressively acquired by severely- to-profoundly hearing impaired children? Close