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• 891. [Article] The Japanese beef market in a disequilibrium econometrics framework : implications for the U.S. - Japan beef market access agreement

  The success of the U.S. government in persuading Japan to liberalize the beef market is viewed as a relief to the U.S. beef industry. The economic benefit (to the U.S. beef producers!) of the trade liberalization ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Japanese beef market in a disequilibrium econometrics framework : implications for the U.S. - Japan beef market access agreement Author: Anteneh, Berhanu The success of the U.S. government in persuading Japan to liberalize the beef market is viewed as a relief to the U.S. beef industry. The economic benefit (to the U.S. beef producers!) of the trade liberalization however is yet to be seen. The size of this benefit is determined, among others, by (a) the net change in Japan's retail price due to the liberalization, (b) the price elasticity of demand for the U.S. beef in Japan, (c) the degree of price rise in the world market, and (d) the export capacity of the domestic sector. Availability of alternative beef sources and the degree of substitutability between the U.S. beef and those alternatives affect factor (b) and factor (d) depends on the extent to which beef and other meat products substitute each other in the domestic market both in production and consumption. Evaluation of the U.S. - Japan Beef Market Access Agreement (BMAA) therefore has become a high policy profile. In the interest of assessing possible policy effects of BMAA, several researchers have attempted to parameterize and quantify the Japanese demand for beef. The fact that this market is (a) semi-isolated from the rest of the world by restrictive import quota, (b) managed domestically by government parastatal, and (c) characterized by multi- and intensely differentiated beef with no parallel historical data has made the choice of economic theory and methodology difficult. While most researchers (Group 1) relied on conventional method [e.g. 55; 125], others (Group 2) [2] contend that managed import market may better be explained by a model of political nature. By assuming the usual competitive market behavior, Group 1 underestimates possible implications of existing market structure for building and estimating conventional econometric models. Group 2, on the other hand, limits itself to normative analysis. Due to the absence of consensus among researchers regarding implications of policy-relevant parameters, the desirability of the BMAA is still an unsettled policy issue. The general purpose of this study has been to generate some further information on Japan's beef market. In pursuant of this objective, an attempt is made to (a) show how significant the beef quality issue is in evaluating that market, (b) test the market equilibrium hypothesis, and (c) upon the acceptance of the alternative (disequilibrium) hypothesis, estimate the structural parameters from a model specified in the light of imperfections in the market. This fills the void in previous studies. Drawing on existing literature, the beef quality categories are shown to have been narrowing and, in fact, converging to the two middle categories, medium and common grades. It is suggested that future market studies may benefit from concentrating on these two grades in assessing competitiveness and substitutability with domestic beef. Understanding the nature of this convergence (i.e whether the shift is attributable to changes in cost or preference structure) may contribute to sound policy making. Based on (a) increased concentration in production and distribution sectors, (b) government intervention in beef and related markets, (c) high degree heterogeneity in beef, and (d) short-run supply inflexibility due to long fattening period and restrictive import policy, the Japanese beef market was hypothesized to have been in disequilibria due to incomplete market information. In testing this hypothesis, two data sets were used -Statistical Yearbook and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey. For reference purposes, they are referred to as Market I and Market II respectively. The equilibrium hypothesis was tested for uniform and upward and downward differential adjustment speeds. The uniform adjustment rate estimated from the reduced form price equation supports the hypothesis in both markets. The structural equations were then adjusted in the light of the imperfections in the market and structural parameters estimated using non-linear three stage least squares. Both upward and downward adjustment speeds in Market I suggest perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis. In Market II, prices are found to have been flexible downward but rigid otherwise. The upward rigidity in prices suggest excess demand. Perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis however may not suggest market equilibrium in a period less than a year. Consumers are found to be more price responsive than in previous studies implying a greater response of the demand for beef imports to changes in prices due to the liberalization than envisaged by previous studies. The demand for beef however is income inelastic suggesting a partial offsetting in the incremental demand for imports. Finally, consumers respond to changes in beef retail prices by consuming less fish and poultry. Title: The Japanese beef market in a disequilibrium econometrics framework : implications for the U.S. - Japan beef market access agreement Author: Anteneh, Berhanu The success of the U.S. government in persuading Japan to liberalize the beef market is viewed as a relief to the U.S. beef industry. The economic benefit (to the U.S. beef producers!) of the trade liberalization however is yet to be seen. The size of this benefit is determined, among others, by (a) the net change in Japan's retail price due to the liberalization, (b) the price elasticity of demand for the U.S. beef in Japan, (c) the degree of price rise in the world market, and (d) the export capacity of the domestic sector. Availability of alternative beef sources and the degree of substitutability between the U.S. beef and those alternatives affect factor (b) and factor (d) depends on the extent to which beef and other meat products substitute each other in the domestic market both in production and consumption. Evaluation of the U.S. - Japan Beef Market Access Agreement (BMAA) therefore has become a high policy profile. In the interest of assessing possible policy effects of BMAA, several researchers have attempted to parameterize and quantify the Japanese demand for beef. The fact that this market is (a) semi-isolated from the rest of the world by restrictive import quota, (b) managed domestically by government parastatal, and (c) characterized by multi- and intensely differentiated beef with no parallel historical data has made the choice of economic theory and methodology difficult. While most researchers (Group 1) relied on conventional method [e.g. 55; 125], others (Group 2) [2] contend that managed import market may better be explained by a model of political nature. By assuming the usual competitive market behavior, Group 1 underestimates possible implications of existing market structure for building and estimating conventional econometric models. Group 2, on the other hand, limits itself to normative analysis. Due to the absence of consensus among researchers regarding implications of policy-relevant parameters, the desirability of the BMAA is still an unsettled policy issue. The general purpose of this study has been to generate some further information on Japan's beef market. In pursuant of this objective, an attempt is made to (a) show how significant the beef quality issue is in evaluating that market, (b) test the market equilibrium hypothesis, and (c) upon the acceptance of the alternative (disequilibrium) hypothesis, estimate the structural parameters from a model specified in the light of imperfections in the market. This fills the void in previous studies. Drawing on existing literature, the beef quality categories are shown to have been narrowing and, in fact, converging to the two middle categories, medium and common grades. It is suggested that future market studies may benefit from concentrating on these two grades in assessing competitiveness and substitutability with domestic beef. Understanding the nature of this convergence (i.e whether the shift is attributable to changes in cost or preference structure) may contribute to sound policy making. Based on (a) increased concentration in production and distribution sectors, (b) government intervention in beef and related markets, (c) high degree heterogeneity in beef, and (d) short-run supply inflexibility due to long fattening period and restrictive import policy, the Japanese beef market was hypothesized to have been in disequilibria due to incomplete market information. In testing this hypothesis, two data sets were used -Statistical Yearbook and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey. For reference purposes, they are referred to as Market I and Market II respectively. The equilibrium hypothesis was tested for uniform and upward and downward differential adjustment speeds. The uniform adjustment rate estimated from the reduced form price equation supports the hypothesis in both markets. The structural equations were then adjusted in the light of the imperfections in the market and structural parameters estimated using non-linear three stage least squares. Both upward and downward adjustment speeds in Market I suggest perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis. In Market II, prices are found to have been flexible downward but rigid otherwise. The upward rigidity in prices suggest excess demand. Perfect flexibility in prices on annual basis however may not suggest market equilibrium in a period less than a year. Consumers are found to be more price responsive than in previous studies implying a greater response of the demand for beef imports to changes in prices due to the liberalization than envisaged by previous studies. The demand for beef however is income inelastic suggesting a partial offsetting in the incremental demand for imports. Finally, consumers respond to changes in beef retail prices by consuming less fish and poultry. Close

• 892. [Article] White-breasted nuthatch density and nesting ecology in oak woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon

  Habitat loss causes a reduction in available resources for wildlife, alters the configuration of remaining habitat, and may isolate wildlife populations. White-breasted nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: White-breasted nuthatch density and nesting ecology in oak woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Viste-Sparkman, Karen Habitat loss causes a reduction in available resources for wildlife, alters the configuration of remaining habitat, and may isolate wildlife populations. White-breasted nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) are experiencing long-term population declines in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, where they are historically associated with oak woodlands. As secondary cavity-nesters, white-breasted nuthatches may be limited by the availability of existing cavities for nesting and roosting. Oak vegetation in the Willamette Valley has changed since European-American settlement times from vast areas of open oak savanna to isolated closed-canopy stands separated by agricultural fields. We examined nuthatch density, nest cavity selection, and nest success in relation to oak woodland structure and landscape context. We conducted point transect surveys in 3 strata: woodland interiors, large woodland edges, and small woodlands. We located and monitored nuthatch nests and sampled vegetation at nest locations and matching random locations around each nest. Woodland structure and edge density were measured at a 178-m radius (home range) scale, and landscape context was measured using vegetation cover within a 1-km radius around point transects and nests. We used program DISTANCE to fit detection functions and calculate nuthatch densities. We used conditional logistic regression to compare nest locations with random locations, and analyzed nest success with Mayfield logistic regression. White-breasted nuthatch density was significantly higher in small woodlands than in edges of large woodlands, which had higher nuthatch density than woodland interiors. Density of nuthatches increased with a combination of oak cover within a 1-km radius of the point, edge density within a 178-m radius, and number of oak trees >50 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) within a 100-m radius. Nest cavities were situated in oak trees containing more cavities than random oak trees that had cavities, and oak trees used as nest trees had a larger dbh than oak trees within random plots. Local woodland structure at nest locations was characterized by larger trees, measured by greater mean dbh, canopy cover, and basal area of oaks than random locations within the home range. Nest success in natural cavities was 71% and was not predicted by attributes of nest cavities, nest trees, local woodland structure at nests, woodland structure at the home range scale, or landscape context. These results suggest that the most suitable habitat for white-breasted nuthatches in the Willamette Valley includes oak woodlands in close proximity to one another with a high proportion of edge and mature oak trees. Managers should preserve trees containing cavities and large oak trees whenever possible. Thinning of small oaks and removal of conifers in oak woodlands to create more open, savanna-like conditions may also promote the development of larger oaks with more spreading branches, providing more opportunities for cavities to form and more foraging surface area for nuthatches. Title: White-breasted nuthatch density and nesting ecology in oak woodlands of the Willamette Valley, Oregon Author: Viste-Sparkman, Karen Habitat loss causes a reduction in available resources for wildlife, alters the configuration of remaining habitat, and may isolate wildlife populations. White-breasted nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) are experiencing long-term population declines in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, where they are historically associated with oak woodlands. As secondary cavity-nesters, white-breasted nuthatches may be limited by the availability of existing cavities for nesting and roosting. Oak vegetation in the Willamette Valley has changed since European-American settlement times from vast areas of open oak savanna to isolated closed-canopy stands separated by agricultural fields. We examined nuthatch density, nest cavity selection, and nest success in relation to oak woodland structure and landscape context. We conducted point transect surveys in 3 strata: woodland interiors, large woodland edges, and small woodlands. We located and monitored nuthatch nests and sampled vegetation at nest locations and matching random locations around each nest. Woodland structure and edge density were measured at a 178-m radius (home range) scale, and landscape context was measured using vegetation cover within a 1-km radius around point transects and nests. We used program DISTANCE to fit detection functions and calculate nuthatch densities. We used conditional logistic regression to compare nest locations with random locations, and analyzed nest success with Mayfield logistic regression. White-breasted nuthatch density was significantly higher in small woodlands than in edges of large woodlands, which had higher nuthatch density than woodland interiors. Density of nuthatches increased with a combination of oak cover within a 1-km radius of the point, edge density within a 178-m radius, and number of oak trees >50 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) within a 100-m radius. Nest cavities were situated in oak trees containing more cavities than random oak trees that had cavities, and oak trees used as nest trees had a larger dbh than oak trees within random plots. Local woodland structure at nest locations was characterized by larger trees, measured by greater mean dbh, canopy cover, and basal area of oaks than random locations within the home range. Nest success in natural cavities was 71% and was not predicted by attributes of nest cavities, nest trees, local woodland structure at nests, woodland structure at the home range scale, or landscape context. These results suggest that the most suitable habitat for white-breasted nuthatches in the Willamette Valley includes oak woodlands in close proximity to one another with a high proportion of edge and mature oak trees. Managers should preserve trees containing cavities and large oak trees whenever possible. Thinning of small oaks and removal of conifers in oak woodlands to create more open, savanna-like conditions may also promote the development of larger oaks with more spreading branches, providing more opportunities for cavities to form and more foraging surface area for nuthatches. Close

• 893. [Article] An investigation into modeling snow cover elements at Crater Lake National Park and surrounding environs as an improved "ground truth" method for satellite snow observations

  Streamflow forecasts are essential to the optimal operation of hydroelectric and irrigation reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. Satellite snow cover observations would aid in these streamflow forecasts by ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into modeling snow cover elements at Crater Lake National Park and surrounding environs as an improved "ground truth" method for satellite snow observations Author: Hamilton, William L. Streamflow forecasts are essential to the optimal operation of hydroelectric and irrigation reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. Satellite snow cover observations would aid in these streamflow forecasts by providing snow cover data at regular time intervals. Unfortunately, satellite capability to remotely sense mountain snow cover conditions is indeterminate due to lack of "ground truth." This study focuses on the development of a mountain snow cover model capable of generating snow cover data at a scale useful as "ground truth" for operational satellite snow cover observations. The study area used to develop the snow cover model was Crater Lake National Park and its surrounding environs. Both the physiography (topography and vegetation) and snow climate of the study area were analyzed and found to be quite dynamic. In order to take into account the affects of the dynamic snow climate and physiography upon snow cover conditions, multiple regression analysis was used to create the Crater Lake Snow Model. Forty-five snow core sites were located within the study area. Snow depth and snow water equivalent values were recorded at each site. Eighteen sites located within Crater Lake National Park were sampled on a weekly basis for the 1977-1978 snow year. An additional 16 sites were sampled at high elevations in the Park on a weekly basis from April through June, 1978. The remaining 11 sites comprised the historical snow core data set collected by Soil Conservation Service (S.C.S.) on a monthly basis, January through June, 1948 through 1978. These data sets were statistically reduced using the quasi-constant ratio theory to synthesize values for missing data to temporally unify the data sets. Also the physiographic elements of slope, aspect, elevation, percentage of forest canopy cover, and regional aspect were recorded for each snow core site. The physiographic elements (independent variables) were regressed against the snow core data (dependent variables) to produce snow model equations. Three different Temporal-Spatial Situations (T.S.S. 1, 2, 3) of data were entered into regression analysis. T.S.S. 1 and 2 models were generated from the 11 S.C.S. snow core sites, T.S.S. 1 from 1978 data and T.S.S. 2 for 1948 -1978 data. The T.S.S. 3 model was generated from the 45 snow core site data for 1978. Using the theory of the quasiconstant ratio it was possible to combine the T.S.S. 1, 2, and 3 sets of regression equations to produce a T.S.S. 4 snow model ( a model based upon the 45 sites for the 1948-1978 snow seasons). Subsequently the T.S.S. 1 and 2 snow models were utilized with this derived T.S.S. 4 snow model to produce T.S.S. 3 snow cover models for any month of any year for the 1948 through 1978 period. Validity testing of the model indicates that it has an average error of ± 15.7" for modeled snow depth values and ± 8.2" for modeled snow water equivalent values. The Crater Lake Snow Model has a combined spatial, annual, and long term resolution unequaled in previous snow cover models. The Model's combined high resolving properties give it capabilities of generating mountain snow cover "ground truth." Current studies are being conducted to couple dynamic snow meteorology and LANDSAT digital data to the Model to increase its accuracy and reduce its dependency on snow core data. Also, output of the Model can be used for studies on snow cover affect upon wildlife movement and survival and the determination of source regions of relative runoff from snow melt. Title: An investigation into modeling snow cover elements at Crater Lake National Park and surrounding environs as an improved "ground truth" method for satellite snow observations Author: Hamilton, William L. Streamflow forecasts are essential to the optimal operation of hydroelectric and irrigation reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. Satellite snow cover observations would aid in these streamflow forecasts by providing snow cover data at regular time intervals. Unfortunately, satellite capability to remotely sense mountain snow cover conditions is indeterminate due to lack of "ground truth." This study focuses on the development of a mountain snow cover model capable of generating snow cover data at a scale useful as "ground truth" for operational satellite snow cover observations. The study area used to develop the snow cover model was Crater Lake National Park and its surrounding environs. Both the physiography (topography and vegetation) and snow climate of the study area were analyzed and found to be quite dynamic. In order to take into account the affects of the dynamic snow climate and physiography upon snow cover conditions, multiple regression analysis was used to create the Crater Lake Snow Model. Forty-five snow core sites were located within the study area. Snow depth and snow water equivalent values were recorded at each site. Eighteen sites located within Crater Lake National Park were sampled on a weekly basis for the 1977-1978 snow year. An additional 16 sites were sampled at high elevations in the Park on a weekly basis from April through June, 1978. The remaining 11 sites comprised the historical snow core data set collected by Soil Conservation Service (S.C.S.) on a monthly basis, January through June, 1948 through 1978. These data sets were statistically reduced using the quasi-constant ratio theory to synthesize values for missing data to temporally unify the data sets. Also the physiographic elements of slope, aspect, elevation, percentage of forest canopy cover, and regional aspect were recorded for each snow core site. The physiographic elements (independent variables) were regressed against the snow core data (dependent variables) to produce snow model equations. Three different Temporal-Spatial Situations (T.S.S. 1, 2, 3) of data were entered into regression analysis. T.S.S. 1 and 2 models were generated from the 11 S.C.S. snow core sites, T.S.S. 1 from 1978 data and T.S.S. 2 for 1948 -1978 data. The T.S.S. 3 model was generated from the 45 snow core site data for 1978. Using the theory of the quasiconstant ratio it was possible to combine the T.S.S. 1, 2, and 3 sets of regression equations to produce a T.S.S. 4 snow model ( a model based upon the 45 sites for the 1948-1978 snow seasons). Subsequently the T.S.S. 1 and 2 snow models were utilized with this derived T.S.S. 4 snow model to produce T.S.S. 3 snow cover models for any month of any year for the 1948 through 1978 period. Validity testing of the model indicates that it has an average error of ± 15.7" for modeled snow depth values and ± 8.2" for modeled snow water equivalent values. The Crater Lake Snow Model has a combined spatial, annual, and long term resolution unequaled in previous snow cover models. The Model's combined high resolving properties give it capabilities of generating mountain snow cover "ground truth." Current studies are being conducted to couple dynamic snow meteorology and LANDSAT digital data to the Model to increase its accuracy and reduce its dependency on snow core data. Also, output of the Model can be used for studies on snow cover affect upon wildlife movement and survival and the determination of source regions of relative runoff from snow melt. Close

• 894. [Article] Emergency contraceptive pills and college women : factors influencing intention and use

  Approximately half of the 6.4 million pregnancies occurring each year in the United States are unintended (Finer & Henshaw, 2006). Unintended pregnancies, defined as pregnancies not wanted at the time ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Emergency contraceptive pills and college women : factors influencing intention and use Author: Nelson, Heather A. Approximately half of the 6.4 million pregnancies occurring each year in the United States are unintended (Finer & Henshaw, 2006). Unintended pregnancies, defined as pregnancies not wanted at the time conception occurs, regardless of contraceptive use (Chandra, Martinez, Mosher, Abma, & Jones, 2005) can have serious repercussions on women, children, and society. For decades, women facing the possibility of an unintended pregnancy following unprotected intercourse, birth control method failure, or sexual assault, have had no choices outside of abortion. Since 1997 however, another option has become available to American women making unintended pregnancy decisions – emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs). Research has indicated that widespread use of ECPs has the potential to prevent 1.5 million of the approximate 3 million unintended pregnancies occurring each year in the US, including as many as 700,000 pregnancies that now result in abortion (Trussell, Stewart, Guest, & Hatcher, 1992). Although 84% of American women have heard of ECPs, only 6% claim to have ever used them (Hoff, Miller, Barefoot, & Greene, 2003). Despite their effectiveness and the public’s awareness of them, ECPs still remain underutilized in many high-risk populations. Explanations for this discrepancy are not readily available. In particular, young adult women attending college are at risk for unintended pregnancy yet we know little about their relationship with ECPs. Although extensive ECP use could have a profound effect on unintended pregnancy rates, we have limited information about the factors that influence a woman's decision to use ECPs. Furthermore, with the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of behind the counter status for the emergency contraceptive Plan B on August 24, 2006, one of the last major external hurdles for women accessing emergency contraceptive pills appears to have been removed. However, it is unknown whether prescription-free availability will be the final factor in women's predisposition to use ECPs or if other intrinsic factors, may in fact, override use. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and extent of college women's knowledge, self-efficacy, attitudes, perceived social norms, and use related to emergency contraceptive pills. Additional goals included: using a conceptual framework to determine which social and behavioral constructs suggested by the contraceptive literature best predict intention to use ECPs and ECP use. Data were collected via an online survey designed by the lead author. A sample of 4,219 female students was drawn from a directory list of students enrolled at Oregon State University during the Spring Quarter of 2004. A total of 1718 women returned usable questionnaires. Key findings were that the majority of sexually active participants (68%, n = 871) had experienced a pregnancy scare in the past yet only 28.3% (n = 362) had ever used ECPs. Further, women had insufficient knowledge about ECPs in order to make informed decisions. Male partners were the most influential social reference in ECP decision-making. Although prescription-free access to ECPs is an historical milestone for reproductive health in the US, this policy change may not be the final step in ensuring that women access and use ECPs when they need them. Intrinsic factors including: knowledge that ECPs prevent pregnancy by interfering with ovulation, knowledge that ECPs are not a form of abortion, and confidence in accessing ECPs in time if needed seem to influence ECP use. In order for ECPs to impact unintended pregnancy rates to the extent research has demonstrated, strategies addressing these internal factors are warranted and must target both women and men. Title: Emergency contraceptive pills and college women : factors influencing intention and use Author: Nelson, Heather A. Approximately half of the 6.4 million pregnancies occurring each year in the United States are unintended (Finer & Henshaw, 2006). Unintended pregnancies, defined as pregnancies not wanted at the time conception occurs, regardless of contraceptive use (Chandra, Martinez, Mosher, Abma, & Jones, 2005) can have serious repercussions on women, children, and society. For decades, women facing the possibility of an unintended pregnancy following unprotected intercourse, birth control method failure, or sexual assault, have had no choices outside of abortion. Since 1997 however, another option has become available to American women making unintended pregnancy decisions – emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs). Research has indicated that widespread use of ECPs has the potential to prevent 1.5 million of the approximate 3 million unintended pregnancies occurring each year in the US, including as many as 700,000 pregnancies that now result in abortion (Trussell, Stewart, Guest, & Hatcher, 1992). Although 84% of American women have heard of ECPs, only 6% claim to have ever used them (Hoff, Miller, Barefoot, & Greene, 2003). Despite their effectiveness and the public’s awareness of them, ECPs still remain underutilized in many high-risk populations. Explanations for this discrepancy are not readily available. In particular, young adult women attending college are at risk for unintended pregnancy yet we know little about their relationship with ECPs. Although extensive ECP use could have a profound effect on unintended pregnancy rates, we have limited information about the factors that influence a woman's decision to use ECPs. Furthermore, with the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of behind the counter status for the emergency contraceptive Plan B on August 24, 2006, one of the last major external hurdles for women accessing emergency contraceptive pills appears to have been removed. However, it is unknown whether prescription-free availability will be the final factor in women's predisposition to use ECPs or if other intrinsic factors, may in fact, override use. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and extent of college women's knowledge, self-efficacy, attitudes, perceived social norms, and use related to emergency contraceptive pills. Additional goals included: using a conceptual framework to determine which social and behavioral constructs suggested by the contraceptive literature best predict intention to use ECPs and ECP use. Data were collected via an online survey designed by the lead author. A sample of 4,219 female students was drawn from a directory list of students enrolled at Oregon State University during the Spring Quarter of 2004. A total of 1718 women returned usable questionnaires. Key findings were that the majority of sexually active participants (68%, n = 871) had experienced a pregnancy scare in the past yet only 28.3% (n = 362) had ever used ECPs. Further, women had insufficient knowledge about ECPs in order to make informed decisions. Male partners were the most influential social reference in ECP decision-making. Although prescription-free access to ECPs is an historical milestone for reproductive health in the US, this policy change may not be the final step in ensuring that women access and use ECPs when they need them. Intrinsic factors including: knowledge that ECPs prevent pregnancy by interfering with ovulation, knowledge that ECPs are not a form of abortion, and confidence in accessing ECPs in time if needed seem to influence ECP use. In order for ECPs to impact unintended pregnancy rates to the extent research has demonstrated, strategies addressing these internal factors are warranted and must target both women and men. Close

• 895. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2005 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2005. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2005 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2005. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and successful spawning in nature by hatcheryreared adults, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2003 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2005 return year, and the collection of eggs for the 2005 brood year. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2005 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2005. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and successful spawning in nature by hatcheryreared adults, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2003 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2005 return year, and the collection of eggs for the 2005 brood year. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 896. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2006 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2006. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2006 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2006. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and successful spawning in nature by hatcheryreared adults, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2004 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2006 return year, and the collection of eggs for the 2006 brood year. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2006 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2006. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize egg-to-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and successful spawning in nature by hatcheryreared adults, as well as to provide information to adapt the programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2004 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection, spawning, and adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2006 return year, and the collection of eggs for the 2006 brood year. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 897. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2007 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2007. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2007 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2007. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize eggto-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, successful spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults, and to provide information to adapt programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2005 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2007 brood year, Chinook spawning in nature, adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2007 return year, and Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2007 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2007. Also summarized are adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. These data are used to design culture practices to optimize eggto-smolt survival rate, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, successful spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults, and to provide information to adapt programs to most effectively meet management objectives. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2005 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2007 brood year, Chinook spawning in nature, adult characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2007 return year, and Bacterial Kidney Disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 898. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2008 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2008. Also summarized are the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2008 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2008. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency. Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices as needed in order to optimize the egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and to track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2006 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2008 brood year, Chinook spawning in nature, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2008 return year, recruit summary and age composition of the 2003 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2008 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2008. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency. Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices as needed in order to optimize the egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, smolt-to-adult survival rate, and to track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2006 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2008 brood year, Chinook spawning in nature, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2008 return year, recruit summary and age composition of the 2003 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 899. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2009 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2009. Also summarized are the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2009 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2009. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency. Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize the egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, and smolt-toadult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2007 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2009 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2009 return year, spawning at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, recruit summary and age composition of the 2004 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2009 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2009. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins. Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency. Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize the egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, and smolt-toadult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2007 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2009 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2009 return year, spawning at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, recruit summary and age composition of the 2004 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close

• 900. [Article] Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2010 Annual Progress Report

  Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2010. Also summarized are the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2010 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2010. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, and smolt-to-adult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2008 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2010 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2010 return year, the 2010 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, recruit summary and age composition of the 2005 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Title: Lower Snake River Compensation Plan; Oregon Spring Chinook Salmon Evaluation Studies - 2010 Annual Progress Report Abstract -- This annual progress report summarizes spring Chinook salmon monitoring data collected by ODFW for the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) facilities in 2010. Also summarized are the associated adult broodstock monitoring data collected in the Grande Ronde Basin by our co-managers, the Nez Perce Tribe (NPT) and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). The main objectives of this report are to document and evaluate spring Chinook salmon culture performance for hatchery programs and achievement of management objectives in the Imnaha and Grande Ronde river basins (Our co-managers, CTUIR and NPT, have specific program goals for Chinook returns to Catherine Creek, the Upper Grande Ronde River, Lookingglass Creek, and the Lostine River, that are discussed and evaluated in reports prepared by each co-management agency). Overall, these data are used to modify culture practices, as needed, in order to optimize egg-to-smolt survival, smolt quality, and smolt-to-adult survival rate, and track spawning in nature by hatchery-reared adults. This report provides information on rearing and release operations for the 2008 brood year of juvenile Chinook salmon smolts, the collection of eggs for the 2010 brood year, numbers and characteristics of adult Chinook salmon in the 2010 return year, the 2010 spawning year at Lookingglass Fish Hatchery and in nature, recruit summary and age composition of the 2005 brood year, and bacterial kidney disease (BKD) monitoring. Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) ODFW- Eastern Oregon Fish Research (EOFR) Close