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• 851. [Article] Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm

  North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm Author: Dalton, Daniel T. North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants and gooseberries would intensify the fungal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR) on five-needle pine (Pinus L. section Quinquefoliae) species. These pines were historically vital to the timber industry. Today, plant breeders seek to strengthen the Ribes small fruit industry through production of material suitable for North American conditions. Paramount to this effort is the development of resistance against major pests and diseases. Growers must be able to recognize the attributes of available genotypes prior to field establishment. The objectives of this research were to determine disease resistance and phenological characteristics of Ribes selections at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Since the early 1930's, plant breeders have used immune black currant (R. nigrum L.) germplasm as a control tactic against the exotic WPBR, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer. In 1999, a seedling population was generated at the NCGR from a cross involving susceptible pistillate R. nigrum 'Ben Lomond' and immune staminate parent R. ussuriense Jancz. x R. nigrum 'Consort.' To test the inheritance of resistance in the F₁ population, aeciospore and urediniospore treatments were applied in 2008 to single-leaf softwood cuttings under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Resistant F₁ phenotypes segregated in a 1:1 ratio consistent with the pattern of simple dominant inheritance of a single gene. Artificial inoculations testing aeciospore and urediniospore infectivity produced equivalent disease severity in the experimental Ribes genotypes. Resistance to the native powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Brown and S. Takamatsu, was also evaluated in the F₁ population. Individuals segregated for resistance in a 1:3 ratio after exposure to elevated disease pressure in the greenhouse. Fifteen F₁ genotypes were resistant to both fungal pathogens and are candidates for further breeding trials. In a second study, five years of spring phenological survey data were analyzed using a growing degree-day (GDD) model, with the objective to identify cultivars adapted to North American conditions. Ribes section Calobotrya was the earliest group to reach "first bloom," followed sequentially by R. [superscript]xnidigrolaria Bauer hybrid species, section Symphocalyx, section Grossularia, section Ribes, and lastly, section Botrycarpum. Early and late-flowering accessions were identified for each taxon. Title: Disease resistance and spring phenological characteristics of Ribes L. germplasm Author: Dalton, Daniel T. North American cultivation of Ribes L. may expand as small fruit growers seek species to diversify horticultural crops. The Ribes industry was suppressed for decades out of fear that cultivated black currants and gooseberries would intensify the fungal disease white pine blister rust (WPBR) on five-needle pine (Pinus L. section Quinquefoliae) species. These pines were historically vital to the timber industry. Today, plant breeders seek to strengthen the Ribes small fruit industry through production of material suitable for North American conditions. Paramount to this effort is the development of resistance against major pests and diseases. Growers must be able to recognize the attributes of available genotypes prior to field establishment. The objectives of this research were to determine disease resistance and phenological characteristics of Ribes selections at the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon. Since the early 1930's, plant breeders have used immune black currant (R. nigrum L.) germplasm as a control tactic against the exotic WPBR, caused by the basidiomycete fungus Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer. In 1999, a seedling population was generated at the NCGR from a cross involving susceptible pistillate R. nigrum 'Ben Lomond' and immune staminate parent R. ussuriense Jancz. x R. nigrum 'Consort.' To test the inheritance of resistance in the F₁ population, aeciospore and urediniospore treatments were applied in 2008 to single-leaf softwood cuttings under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Resistant F₁ phenotypes segregated in a 1:1 ratio consistent with the pattern of simple dominant inheritance of a single gene. Artificial inoculations testing aeciospore and urediniospore infectivity produced equivalent disease severity in the experimental Ribes genotypes. Resistance to the native powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Brown and S. Takamatsu, was also evaluated in the F₁ population. Individuals segregated for resistance in a 1:3 ratio after exposure to elevated disease pressure in the greenhouse. Fifteen F₁ genotypes were resistant to both fungal pathogens and are candidates for further breeding trials. In a second study, five years of spring phenological survey data were analyzed using a growing degree-day (GDD) model, with the objective to identify cultivars adapted to North American conditions. Ribes section Calobotrya was the earliest group to reach "first bloom," followed sequentially by R. [superscript]xnidigrolaria Bauer hybrid species, section Symphocalyx, section Grossularia, section Ribes, and lastly, section Botrycarpum. Early and late-flowering accessions were identified for each taxon. Close

• 852. [Article] Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction

  Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction Author: Reusser, Deborah A. Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated framework was designed to capture life history characteristics, environmental preferences, dispersal mechanisms, and geographic distribution information for both native and nonindigenous marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Key aspects of this framework include: 1) consistent terminology; 2) translation of numerical habitat values and physiological requirements into classes; 3) development of classification schemas for natural history, environmental attributes, and geographic distributions; and 4) integration of biotic attributes to allow database queries on single or multiple species across spatial scales. Species data for the North Pacific were collected from the literature, local surveys, and regional databases. Ballast water discharges have been identified as a major source of species introductions. To predict the potential rate of invasion from ballast water, a linear invasion model predicting per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP) of new invaders was developed based on historic invasion rates and ballast discharge volumes for estuaries on the west coast of the United States. While the probability of invasion is likely to vary with ballast discharge values, organism concentrations in the ballast, and invasibility of individual ports, the PCIP provides a quantitative methodology for establishing protective ballast water discharge standards based on organism concentrations, the approach being used to regulate ballast water discharges both nationally and internationally. Habitat or niche models can be used to predict a nonindigenous species’ potential distribution in invaded areas over several spatial scales. The utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was evaluated for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and nonindigenous species. Results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of nonindigenous species are predicted as well as those of native species. Development of approaches for regulating ballast water and identifying areas at risk through predictive modeling are useful tools in the management of the nonindigenous species threat. Title: Biogeography of nonindigenous species: from description to prediction Author: Reusser, Deborah A. Nonindigenous species are a major threat to the ecological integrity and biodiversity of marine and estuarine ecosystems. To become a successful invader, species must pass through four phases: (1) survive transport, (2) survive release, (3) establish a population, and (4) expand their range. To better understand these processes, an integrated framework was designed to capture life history characteristics, environmental preferences, dispersal mechanisms, and geographic distribution information for both native and nonindigenous marine and estuarine flora and fauna. Key aspects of this framework include: 1) consistent terminology; 2) translation of numerical habitat values and physiological requirements into classes; 3) development of classification schemas for natural history, environmental attributes, and geographic distributions; and 4) integration of biotic attributes to allow database queries on single or multiple species across spatial scales. Species data for the North Pacific were collected from the literature, local surveys, and regional databases. Ballast water discharges have been identified as a major source of species introductions. To predict the potential rate of invasion from ballast water, a linear invasion model predicting per capita invasion probabilities (PCIP) of new invaders was developed based on historic invasion rates and ballast discharge volumes for estuaries on the west coast of the United States. While the probability of invasion is likely to vary with ballast discharge values, organism concentrations in the ballast, and invasibility of individual ports, the PCIP provides a quantitative methodology for establishing protective ballast water discharge standards based on organism concentrations, the approach being used to regulate ballast water discharges both nationally and internationally. Habitat or niche models can be used to predict a nonindigenous species’ potential distribution in invaded areas over several spatial scales. The utility of non-parametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) was evaluated for predicting habitat- and estuary-scale distributions of native and nonindigenous species. Results indicate that NPMR generally performs well at both spatial scales and that distributions of nonindigenous species are predicted as well as those of native species. Development of approaches for regulating ballast water and identifying areas at risk through predictive modeling are useful tools in the management of the nonindigenous species threat. Close

• 853. [Article] Habitat characteristics associated with abundance of band-tailed pigeons and use of mineral sites in the Pacific Northwest

  Index counts for the Pacific Coast race of the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata monilis) have declined by -2% per year since survey efforts began in the 1950's and 60's. Mineral sites, important resources ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Habitat characteristics associated with abundance of band-tailed pigeons and use of mineral sites in the Pacific Northwest Author: Overton, Cory T. Index counts for the Pacific Coast race of the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata monilis) have declined by -2% per year since survey efforts began in the 1950's and 60's. Mineral sites, important resources with high ion concentrations, are regularly visited by band-tailed pigeons which nest in surrounding forest lands. I used both ad hoc measurements of mineral site characteristics and composition and configuration of habitat types adjacent to mineral sites to develop models predicting band-tailed pigeon abundance at mineral sites, in the Pacific Northwest. Band-tailed pigeons were counted weekly during the summers of 2001 and 2002 at 20 mineral sites. Since, many mineral sites have been abandoned by band-tailed pigeons, I tested for an association between land use types mineral site use by band-tailed pigeons using a database of 69 currently used and 20 historically used mineral sites in Oregon. Lastly, I investigated the association between the timing and duration of precipitation on index counts of band-tailed pigeons at 20 mineral sites. Abundance of band-tailed pigeons was positively associated with habitat dominance, (i.e. 1-Shannon's Evenness or homogeneity of landcover types) at a scale larger than band-tailed pigeon home range size and with distance to the nearest adjacent mineral site. Both a quadratic effect of latitude and use of an indicator variable for regional variation in abundance were also present in top ranked models. Both latitudinal effects predicted an increase in birds from central Oregon to southern Washington, then a decrease from central Washington to British Columbia. My findings suggest that: 1) large areas of homogeneous landcover are important for band-tailed pigeons, 2) distribution of mineral sites is associated with the abundance of band-tailed pigeons, and 3) relative density of band-tailed pigeons in the Pacific Northwest exhibits a latitudinal gradient with more birds counted near the middle of their breeding range. Use of mineral sites in Oregon by band-tailed pigeons was associated with both the amount of forest cover (or lack thereof), and the amount of land under either private ownership or under special management to preserve biodiversity. Higher probability of mineral site use was predicted with increasing forest cover and special status land, lower probability of use was predicted with increasing non-forested landcover and private land. Four hot springs in Oregon were known to have once been used by band-tailed pigeons by no longer are, no hot springs are known to be currently used by band-tailed. Title: Habitat characteristics associated with abundance of band-tailed pigeons and use of mineral sites in the Pacific Northwest Author: Overton, Cory T. Index counts for the Pacific Coast race of the band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata monilis) have declined by -2% per year since survey efforts began in the 1950's and 60's. Mineral sites, important resources with high ion concentrations, are regularly visited by band-tailed pigeons which nest in surrounding forest lands. I used both ad hoc measurements of mineral site characteristics and composition and configuration of habitat types adjacent to mineral sites to develop models predicting band-tailed pigeon abundance at mineral sites, in the Pacific Northwest. Band-tailed pigeons were counted weekly during the summers of 2001 and 2002 at 20 mineral sites. Since, many mineral sites have been abandoned by band-tailed pigeons, I tested for an association between land use types mineral site use by band-tailed pigeons using a database of 69 currently used and 20 historically used mineral sites in Oregon. Lastly, I investigated the association between the timing and duration of precipitation on index counts of band-tailed pigeons at 20 mineral sites. Abundance of band-tailed pigeons was positively associated with habitat dominance, (i.e. 1-Shannon's Evenness or homogeneity of landcover types) at a scale larger than band-tailed pigeon home range size and with distance to the nearest adjacent mineral site. Both a quadratic effect of latitude and use of an indicator variable for regional variation in abundance were also present in top ranked models. Both latitudinal effects predicted an increase in birds from central Oregon to southern Washington, then a decrease from central Washington to British Columbia. My findings suggest that: 1) large areas of homogeneous landcover are important for band-tailed pigeons, 2) distribution of mineral sites is associated with the abundance of band-tailed pigeons, and 3) relative density of band-tailed pigeons in the Pacific Northwest exhibits a latitudinal gradient with more birds counted near the middle of their breeding range. Use of mineral sites in Oregon by band-tailed pigeons was associated with both the amount of forest cover (or lack thereof), and the amount of land under either private ownership or under special management to preserve biodiversity. Higher probability of mineral site use was predicted with increasing forest cover and special status land, lower probability of use was predicted with increasing non-forested landcover and private land. Four hot springs in Oregon were known to have once been used by band-tailed pigeons by no longer are, no hot springs are known to be currently used by band-tailed. Close

• 854. [Article] The great fires : Indian burning and catastrophic forest fire patterns of the Oregon Coast Range, 1491-1951

  The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The great fires : Indian burning and catastrophic forest fire patterns of the Oregon Coast Range, 1491-1951 Author: Zybach, Bob The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the Oregon Coast Range. The research focus is spatial and temporal patterns of Indian burning across the landscape from 1491 until 1848, and corresponding patterns of catastrophic fire events from 1849 until 1951. Archival and anthropological research methods were used to obtain early surveys, maps, drawings, photographs, interviews, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) inventories, eyewitness accounts and other sources of evidence that document fire history. Data were tabulated, mapped, and digitized as new GIS layers for purposes of comparative analysis. An abundance of historical evidence was found to exist that is useful for reconstructing precontact vegetation patterns and human burning practices in western Oregon. The data also proved useful for documenting local and regional forest fire histories. Precontact Indians used fire to produce landscape patterns of trails, patches, fields, woodlands, forests and grasslands that varied from time to time and place to place, partly due to demographic, cultural, topographic, and climatic differences that existed throughout the Coast Range. Native plants were systematically managed by local Indian families in even-aged stands, usually dominated by a single species, throughout all river basins of the study area. Oak, filberts, camas, wapato, tarweed, yampah, strawberries, huckleberries, brackenfern, nettles, and other plants were raised in select areas by all known tribes, over long periods of time. However, current scientific and policy assumptions regarding the abundance and extent of precontact western Oregon old-growth forests may be in error. This study demonstrates a high rate of coincidence between the land management practices of precontact Indian communities, and the causes, timing, boundaries, severity, and extent of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the same areas. Information provided by this study should be of value to researchers, wildlife managers, forest landowners, and others with an interest in the history and resources of the Oregon Coast Range. Title: The great fires : Indian burning and catastrophic forest fire patterns of the Oregon Coast Range, 1491-1951 Author: Zybach, Bob The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the Oregon Coast Range. The research focus is spatial and temporal patterns of Indian burning across the landscape from 1491 until 1848, and corresponding patterns of catastrophic fire events from 1849 until 1951. Archival and anthropological research methods were used to obtain early surveys, maps, drawings, photographs, interviews, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) inventories, eyewitness accounts and other sources of evidence that document fire history. Data were tabulated, mapped, and digitized as new GIS layers for purposes of comparative analysis. An abundance of historical evidence was found to exist that is useful for reconstructing precontact vegetation patterns and human burning practices in western Oregon. The data also proved useful for documenting local and regional forest fire histories. Precontact Indians used fire to produce landscape patterns of trails, patches, fields, woodlands, forests and grasslands that varied from time to time and place to place, partly due to demographic, cultural, topographic, and climatic differences that existed throughout the Coast Range. Native plants were systematically managed by local Indian families in even-aged stands, usually dominated by a single species, throughout all river basins of the study area. Oak, filberts, camas, wapato, tarweed, yampah, strawberries, huckleberries, brackenfern, nettles, and other plants were raised in select areas by all known tribes, over long periods of time. However, current scientific and policy assumptions regarding the abundance and extent of precontact western Oregon old-growth forests may be in error. This study demonstrates a high rate of coincidence between the land management practices of precontact Indian communities, and the causes, timing, boundaries, severity, and extent of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the same areas. Information provided by this study should be of value to researchers, wildlife managers, forest landowners, and others with an interest in the history and resources of the Oregon Coast Range. Close

• 855. [Article] Curriculum synthesis and amelioration : a case study of undergraduate civil engineering

  The dynamic philosophy of education as applied to the undergraduate Civil Engineering program has been influenced by such factors as the introduction of new theories, the demands and needs of our society ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Curriculum synthesis and amelioration : a case study of undergraduate civil engineering Author: Hamernik, Robert E. The dynamic philosophy of education as applied to the undergraduate Civil Engineering program has been influenced by such factors as the introduction of new theories, the demands and needs of our society and the personnel responsible for teaching. These changes are reflected in the curriculum as witnessed by a historical development leading to the philosophy of the past two decades during which time significant emphasis has been placed on an increased scientific base in undergraduate education. To evaluate this shift and its effect on the educational product, a total of 464 questionnaires were mailed to various private and governmental agencies, and the industry representative was asked to randomly select a respondent with the only limitation being a Civil Engineering graduate of preferably five years or less. A response of 78.7 percent of all the questionnaires mailed was received with the graduates identifying their major work responsibility as either design oriented, management, construction or research. The survey form contained a series of questions developed from two given statements relative to the current philosophy upon which the curriculum is based and also the role of the professor with emphasis on research and teacher preparation. To analyze the input data, a t-Test statistic was derived so that each responsibility composite profile could be tested against the total response. A similar analysis was made for the graduates based on government or private industry employment. In addition, the questionnaire was designed to provide data so that an undergraduate curriculum could be constructed from a mathematical model using the number of semester units per academic subject area as the parameters. A computer program was written to evaluate the subject unit distribution matrix, assuming a curriculum which consisted of 130 units, for the total response and for each of the four work responsibility divisions. These values were compared to a typical curriculum computed from the programs offered by fifty ECPD accredited universities and colleges across the United States. The findings of this study showed that a majority, 81.9 percent of the total response, favored redirecting the primary educational goal of the undergraduate Civil Engineering program to insure adequate exposure to the art of engineering. Likewise, the graduates expressed concern over the lack of student involvement in the engineering program during the first two years of study, improving the quality of teaching and felt a need for additional student-faculty exchange and contact outside the formal classroom activities. Relative to the role of research and its implications to effective teachings the response indicated that practical experience would be more relevant to teaching. In addition the data further revealed that academic advancement should not be so closely dependent upon the research efforts of the professor. The curriculum developed yielded a redistribution of 14 units, equivalent to 10.8 percent of the total units, with the largest increase devoted to additional study in the area of engineering analysis and design. Title: Curriculum synthesis and amelioration : a case study of undergraduate civil engineering Author: Hamernik, Robert E. The dynamic philosophy of education as applied to the undergraduate Civil Engineering program has been influenced by such factors as the introduction of new theories, the demands and needs of our society and the personnel responsible for teaching. These changes are reflected in the curriculum as witnessed by a historical development leading to the philosophy of the past two decades during which time significant emphasis has been placed on an increased scientific base in undergraduate education. To evaluate this shift and its effect on the educational product, a total of 464 questionnaires were mailed to various private and governmental agencies, and the industry representative was asked to randomly select a respondent with the only limitation being a Civil Engineering graduate of preferably five years or less. A response of 78.7 percent of all the questionnaires mailed was received with the graduates identifying their major work responsibility as either design oriented, management, construction or research. The survey form contained a series of questions developed from two given statements relative to the current philosophy upon which the curriculum is based and also the role of the professor with emphasis on research and teacher preparation. To analyze the input data, a t-Test statistic was derived so that each responsibility composite profile could be tested against the total response. A similar analysis was made for the graduates based on government or private industry employment. In addition, the questionnaire was designed to provide data so that an undergraduate curriculum could be constructed from a mathematical model using the number of semester units per academic subject area as the parameters. A computer program was written to evaluate the subject unit distribution matrix, assuming a curriculum which consisted of 130 units, for the total response and for each of the four work responsibility divisions. These values were compared to a typical curriculum computed from the programs offered by fifty ECPD accredited universities and colleges across the United States. The findings of this study showed that a majority, 81.9 percent of the total response, favored redirecting the primary educational goal of the undergraduate Civil Engineering program to insure adequate exposure to the art of engineering. Likewise, the graduates expressed concern over the lack of student involvement in the engineering program during the first two years of study, improving the quality of teaching and felt a need for additional student-faculty exchange and contact outside the formal classroom activities. Relative to the role of research and its implications to effective teachings the response indicated that practical experience would be more relevant to teaching. In addition the data further revealed that academic advancement should not be so closely dependent upon the research efforts of the professor. The curriculum developed yielded a redistribution of 14 units, equivalent to 10.8 percent of the total units, with the largest increase devoted to additional study in the area of engineering analysis and design. Close

• 856. [Article] Natural history and evolution of a color polymorphism in Rana pipiens, the northern leopard frog

  A primary goal of population genetics is to identify the role of microevolutionary forces in producing observed patterns of molecular and phenotypic variation. I conducted four studies in the northern ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Natural history and evolution of a color polymorphism in Rana pipiens, the northern leopard frog Author: Hoffman, Eric Adam A primary goal of population genetics is to identify the role of microevolutionary forces in producing observed patterns of molecular and phenotypic variation. I conducted four studies in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, to determine just how mutation, migration, genetic drift, and selection influenced, genetic structure of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear DNA, and a single locus polymorphism that determines dorsal coloration. In the first study, I surveyed the literature concerning color and pattern polymorphisms in anurans. I conclude that anuran polymorphisms remain a rich but largely unexploited system for studying the evolution of phenotypic variation in nature. In the second study, I compared mitochondrial DNA variation from 35 populations distributed across the species' range. A phylogenetic analysis indicated R. pipiens is split into two deeply divergent mtDNA groups, a western group and an eastern group. Phylogeographic and demographic analyses indicated that although restricted gene flow with isolation by distance explained the majority of the processes influencing current genetic structure, population bottlenecks and expansions also played an important role. In the third study, I investigated mtDNA and microsatellite variation in Pacific Northwest populations of R. pipiens, where a recent range contraction had occurred. I found that peripheral populations had reduced levels of genetic variation compared to more interior populations. Moreover, I found that historic samples from peripheral population already had reduced levels of genetic variation. Therefore, low diversity in the remnant populations could not be ascribed to the recent range contraction. In the fourth study, I compared genetic structure from a suite of putatively neutral molecular markers with that derived from the color polymorphism locus. Genetic structure at the color locus, assessed both spatially and temporally, was indistinguishable from structure at neutral loci. This study exemplifies the importance of investigating for evidence of selective maintenance before studies attempt to measure the selective mechanisms maintaining a polymorphism. Overall, my research helps to elucidate how biogeographic and microevolutionary forces influence a wide-spread North American species, R. pipiens. Title: Natural history and evolution of a color polymorphism in Rana pipiens, the northern leopard frog Author: Hoffman, Eric Adam A primary goal of population genetics is to identify the role of microevolutionary forces in producing observed patterns of molecular and phenotypic variation. I conducted four studies in the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, to determine just how mutation, migration, genetic drift, and selection influenced, genetic structure of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear DNA, and a single locus polymorphism that determines dorsal coloration. In the first study, I surveyed the literature concerning color and pattern polymorphisms in anurans. I conclude that anuran polymorphisms remain a rich but largely unexploited system for studying the evolution of phenotypic variation in nature. In the second study, I compared mitochondrial DNA variation from 35 populations distributed across the species' range. A phylogenetic analysis indicated R. pipiens is split into two deeply divergent mtDNA groups, a western group and an eastern group. Phylogeographic and demographic analyses indicated that although restricted gene flow with isolation by distance explained the majority of the processes influencing current genetic structure, population bottlenecks and expansions also played an important role. In the third study, I investigated mtDNA and microsatellite variation in Pacific Northwest populations of R. pipiens, where a recent range contraction had occurred. I found that peripheral populations had reduced levels of genetic variation compared to more interior populations. Moreover, I found that historic samples from peripheral population already had reduced levels of genetic variation. Therefore, low diversity in the remnant populations could not be ascribed to the recent range contraction. In the fourth study, I compared genetic structure from a suite of putatively neutral molecular markers with that derived from the color polymorphism locus. Genetic structure at the color locus, assessed both spatially and temporally, was indistinguishable from structure at neutral loci. This study exemplifies the importance of investigating for evidence of selective maintenance before studies attempt to measure the selective mechanisms maintaining a polymorphism. Overall, my research helps to elucidate how biogeographic and microevolutionary forces influence a wide-spread North American species, R. pipiens. Close

• 857. [Article] Industrial engineering in America as a guide for industrial engineering education in Kore

  The purpose of this study is to investigate the direction of future Korean industrial engineering education and to suggest how U.S. experiences can guide Korean developments. The leading indicator concept, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Industrial engineering in America as a guide for industrial engineering education in Kore Author: Ro, In Kyu The purpose of this study is to investigate the direction of future Korean industrial engineering education and to suggest how U.S. experiences can guide Korean developments. The leading indicator concept, correlation coefficients are utilized. The following statistical relationships were developed and the following educational and practical industrial engineering trends in the U.S. are surveyed through literature: 1. Statistical relationships between Korean economy and industry during the 1961 - 1970 period and the U.S. experience during the 1948 - 1957 period. 2. Statistical relationships of IE enrollment to seven manufacturing industries in the U.S. during the 1948 - 195 7 period. 3. The trends of industrial engineering curricula in the U. S. from 1958-1959 to 1971-1972. 4. The trends of industrial engineering education and the practices in the U.S. during the 1962 - 1966 period. It is concluded that the U.S. during the 1948 - 19 57 period is a "leading indicator" for economic and industrial developments in Korea during the 1961 - 1970 period. Therefore, unless Korean developments depart radically from historical patterns, the 1962 - 1965 conditions for industrial engineering in the U. S. should suggest what logically to expect in Korea during the 1975 - 1978 period. Based on these conditions, the following suggestions should guide current industrial engineering developments in Korea: 1. Initial efforts should emphasize traditional industrial engineering subjects that are immediately applicable in Korean economy. 2. The curriculum design should make use of the experience of U. S. developments in industrial engineering education which suggest an integration of basic science with engineering subjects and inclusion of humanities and social sciences. 3. After a basic IE program has been established in Korea, more sophisticated mathematical and statistical tools can be added. Revisions must be made to keep the curriculum current. Graduate studies in industrial engineering should not be initiated until production processes in Korean industries become more complex and can benefit from advanced IE techniques. 4. A faculty development program should be implemented. 5. Plans should be developed to show industry what IE's can do and to get support of government and industry for Cooperative programs. 6. Cooperative programs should be started. 7. Staff and educational resources should be improved. 8. Develop IE technicians. 9. Methods for serving small and medium industries should be developed. Many of the obstacles facing the introduction of industrial engineering to Korea can be overcome by actions such as affiliating Korean and U. S. universities, exchanging study teams and consultants, advertising by publications and conferences what can be gained by using IE tools, acquiring IE reference materials and sponsoring IE consultations for small Korean industries. Title: Industrial engineering in America as a guide for industrial engineering education in Kore Author: Ro, In Kyu The purpose of this study is to investigate the direction of future Korean industrial engineering education and to suggest how U.S. experiences can guide Korean developments. The leading indicator concept, correlation coefficients are utilized. The following statistical relationships were developed and the following educational and practical industrial engineering trends in the U.S. are surveyed through literature: 1. Statistical relationships between Korean economy and industry during the 1961 - 1970 period and the U.S. experience during the 1948 - 1957 period. 2. Statistical relationships of IE enrollment to seven manufacturing industries in the U.S. during the 1948 - 195 7 period. 3. The trends of industrial engineering curricula in the U. S. from 1958-1959 to 1971-1972. 4. The trends of industrial engineering education and the practices in the U.S. during the 1962 - 1966 period. It is concluded that the U.S. during the 1948 - 19 57 period is a "leading indicator" for economic and industrial developments in Korea during the 1961 - 1970 period. Therefore, unless Korean developments depart radically from historical patterns, the 1962 - 1965 conditions for industrial engineering in the U. S. should suggest what logically to expect in Korea during the 1975 - 1978 period. Based on these conditions, the following suggestions should guide current industrial engineering developments in Korea: 1. Initial efforts should emphasize traditional industrial engineering subjects that are immediately applicable in Korean economy. 2. The curriculum design should make use of the experience of U. S. developments in industrial engineering education which suggest an integration of basic science with engineering subjects and inclusion of humanities and social sciences. 3. After a basic IE program has been established in Korea, more sophisticated mathematical and statistical tools can be added. Revisions must be made to keep the curriculum current. Graduate studies in industrial engineering should not be initiated until production processes in Korean industries become more complex and can benefit from advanced IE techniques. 4. A faculty development program should be implemented. 5. Plans should be developed to show industry what IE's can do and to get support of government and industry for Cooperative programs. 6. Cooperative programs should be started. 7. Staff and educational resources should be improved. 8. Develop IE technicians. 9. Methods for serving small and medium industries should be developed. Many of the obstacles facing the introduction of industrial engineering to Korea can be overcome by actions such as affiliating Korean and U. S. universities, exchanging study teams and consultants, advertising by publications and conferences what can be gained by using IE tools, acquiring IE reference materials and sponsoring IE consultations for small Korean industries. Close

• 858. [Article] Age and growth of young-of-the-year Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon

  Upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon has two species of lacustrine suckers, Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris that were historically abundant. Results of ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Age and growth of young-of-the-year Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Logan, Daniel Joseph Upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon has two species of lacustrine suckers, Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris that were historically abundant. Results of surveys performed in the mid-1980's indicated that populations of both species were declining and ageing with apparent recruitment failure in most years since 1970. In 1988 both species were listed as endangered species and high priority has been placed on investigating recruitment of Upper Klamath Lake suckers. Lapilli are the preferred otolith for ageing suckers. Lapilli form predictably on the day of hatch, have the most conservative morphology of the three otoliths, and deposit easily discernable increments that begin on the day of hatch and proceed daily, and grow in a predictable relationship with somatic growth. Ages estimated by otolith analysis and resulting hatch dates of young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker were consistent annually and consistent with reported spawning period for suckers from Upper Klamath Lake. Otolith increment analysis is necessarily lethal, whereas scale circuli analysis is not lethal. My findings suggest that scale circuli count is an inefficient estimator of daily Daily age estimates for age in young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker. any given circuli count varied by approximately 51 days in Lost River sucker and 30 days Additionally, my results do not accurately predict the size or age at in shortnose sucker. which scales are formed, thereby invalidating an assumption of age and growth models. Consequently, scale circuli analysis cannot be used to produce accurate estimates of age or growth for young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker. Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker achieve a relatively large size by the autumn of their first year, consistent with other members of Catostomidae. Interspecific difference in growth rates was evident in each year with Lost River sucker exhibiting faster growth than shortnose sucker in each year. Abundance of young-of-the-year suckers does not appear to be strongly correlated to somatic growth rate, though hatch date and environmental parameters are highly correlated with abundance. In both Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker, in years with the highest abundance (1991 and 1993), the mean hatch dates of surviving fish were later than in years with the lowest abundance. Also, young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker experienced wide environmental fluctuations in Upper Klamath Lake as seasonal limnological and climatic variation create a dynamic habitat for young suckers. Water temperature, precipitation, air temperature, and minimum lake elevation are all strongly correlated to abundance of young-of-the-year suckers. Title: Age and growth of young-of-the-year Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon Author: Logan, Daniel Joseph Upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon has two species of lacustrine suckers, Lost River sucker Deltistes luxatus and shortnose sucker Chasmistes brevirostris that were historically abundant. Results of surveys performed in the mid-1980's indicated that populations of both species were declining and ageing with apparent recruitment failure in most years since 1970. In 1988 both species were listed as endangered species and high priority has been placed on investigating recruitment of Upper Klamath Lake suckers. Lapilli are the preferred otolith for ageing suckers. Lapilli form predictably on the day of hatch, have the most conservative morphology of the three otoliths, and deposit easily discernable increments that begin on the day of hatch and proceed daily, and grow in a predictable relationship with somatic growth. Ages estimated by otolith analysis and resulting hatch dates of young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker were consistent annually and consistent with reported spawning period for suckers from Upper Klamath Lake. Otolith increment analysis is necessarily lethal, whereas scale circuli analysis is not lethal. My findings suggest that scale circuli count is an inefficient estimator of daily Daily age estimates for age in young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker. any given circuli count varied by approximately 51 days in Lost River sucker and 30 days Additionally, my results do not accurately predict the size or age at in shortnose sucker. which scales are formed, thereby invalidating an assumption of age and growth models. Consequently, scale circuli analysis cannot be used to produce accurate estimates of age or growth for young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker. Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker achieve a relatively large size by the autumn of their first year, consistent with other members of Catostomidae. Interspecific difference in growth rates was evident in each year with Lost River sucker exhibiting faster growth than shortnose sucker in each year. Abundance of young-of-the-year suckers does not appear to be strongly correlated to somatic growth rate, though hatch date and environmental parameters are highly correlated with abundance. In both Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker, in years with the highest abundance (1991 and 1993), the mean hatch dates of surviving fish were later than in years with the lowest abundance. Also, young-of-the-year Lost River sucker and shortnose sucker experienced wide environmental fluctuations in Upper Klamath Lake as seasonal limnological and climatic variation create a dynamic habitat for young suckers. Water temperature, precipitation, air temperature, and minimum lake elevation are all strongly correlated to abundance of young-of-the-year suckers. Close

• 859. [Article] Intraethnic diversity : an exploratory study of ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents

  The purpose of the study was to explore the ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents through the investigation of relationships between ethnic identity and selected demographic, sociocultural, and ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Intraethnic diversity : an exploratory study of ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents Author: Lee, Phyllis S. The purpose of the study was to explore the ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents through the investigation of relationships between ethnic identity and selected demographic, sociocultural, and psychological characteristics. Data were obtained from 106 Chinese American youth between the ages of 14 and 21 through the use of two instruments designed for the study. Three dimensions of ethnic identity were measured by subscales of the Sinoethnic Identity Scale. Demographic, sociocultural, and psychological data were obtained from the Background Information Survey. The strongest ethnic identities were found in the traditional, or core, dimension which was comprised of fundamental values, customs, and traditions. Weaker ethnic identities were exhibited in the intermediate, or familial, dimension which was responsible for the transmission of the ethnic culture as well as the preparations for interfacing the larger society. It was suspected that this dimension held the greatest potential for intercultural and intragenerational conflicts for Chinese American adolescents. The neutral stance taken in the societal dimension suggested two divergent interpretations: students may be exhibiting ambivalent feelings toward their ethnic identities within the scheme of life, or students may have come to terms with the notion of bicultural identities. Step-wise multiple regression was used to analyze the data. School achievement emerged as the most significant variable in the traditional dimension, suggesting that a Chinese heritage may not ensure school success, but school success contributed to the definition of being Chinese. In the familial dimension it was found that the gender of the subject was the most important variable. Subjects appeared to be highly socialized into ethnically appropriate sex roles, although there were indications of disagreement with the actual practice of these roles. Church attendance was identified as the most significant variable of the societal dimension. Those who attended church exhibited stronger agreement with ethnically appropriate social behaviors and expressed preferences for social activities and relationships within the ethnic community. The findings indicated that ethnic identity was a multidimensional aspect in the lives of Chinese American youth. The three dimensions that comprised Chinese ethnic identity appeared to be differentially affected by demographic, sociocultural, and psychological phenomena. It was also speculated that there was a relationship between the acknowledgement and expression of ethnic identity and historical and contemporary social , economic, and political conditions of society. The range of intraethnic diversity expressed by Chinese American adolescents suggested the need for reexamination of assumptions and expectations currently held by educational personnel. Recommendations for future research which might lead to the provision of educational policies and practices appropriate to Chinese American youth, a more informed understanding of the Chinese experience in the United States, and a greater understanding of the impact of ethnic identity in the lives of minority youth were presented. Title: Intraethnic diversity : an exploratory study of ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents Author: Lee, Phyllis S. The purpose of the study was to explore the ethnic identity of Chinese American adolescents through the investigation of relationships between ethnic identity and selected demographic, sociocultural, and psychological characteristics. Data were obtained from 106 Chinese American youth between the ages of 14 and 21 through the use of two instruments designed for the study. Three dimensions of ethnic identity were measured by subscales of the Sinoethnic Identity Scale. Demographic, sociocultural, and psychological data were obtained from the Background Information Survey. The strongest ethnic identities were found in the traditional, or core, dimension which was comprised of fundamental values, customs, and traditions. Weaker ethnic identities were exhibited in the intermediate, or familial, dimension which was responsible for the transmission of the ethnic culture as well as the preparations for interfacing the larger society. It was suspected that this dimension held the greatest potential for intercultural and intragenerational conflicts for Chinese American adolescents. The neutral stance taken in the societal dimension suggested two divergent interpretations: students may be exhibiting ambivalent feelings toward their ethnic identities within the scheme of life, or students may have come to terms with the notion of bicultural identities. Step-wise multiple regression was used to analyze the data. School achievement emerged as the most significant variable in the traditional dimension, suggesting that a Chinese heritage may not ensure school success, but school success contributed to the definition of being Chinese. In the familial dimension it was found that the gender of the subject was the most important variable. Subjects appeared to be highly socialized into ethnically appropriate sex roles, although there were indications of disagreement with the actual practice of these roles. Church attendance was identified as the most significant variable of the societal dimension. Those who attended church exhibited stronger agreement with ethnically appropriate social behaviors and expressed preferences for social activities and relationships within the ethnic community. The findings indicated that ethnic identity was a multidimensional aspect in the lives of Chinese American youth. The three dimensions that comprised Chinese ethnic identity appeared to be differentially affected by demographic, sociocultural, and psychological phenomena. It was also speculated that there was a relationship between the acknowledgement and expression of ethnic identity and historical and contemporary social , economic, and political conditions of society. The range of intraethnic diversity expressed by Chinese American adolescents suggested the need for reexamination of assumptions and expectations currently held by educational personnel. Recommendations for future research which might lead to the provision of educational policies and practices appropriate to Chinese American youth, a more informed understanding of the Chinese experience in the United States, and a greater understanding of the impact of ethnic identity in the lives of minority youth were presented. Close

• 860. [Article] Why aren't pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska recovering from the Exxon Valdez oil spill?

  The Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba) is now the only species of marine bird in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska that is listed as "not recovering" on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council's ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Why aren't pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska recovering from the Exxon Valdez oil spill? Author: Bixler, Kirsten S. The Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba) is now the only species of marine bird in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska that is listed as "not recovering" on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council's Injured Resources List and has shown no sign of population recovery. During the 20 years since EVOS, the guillemot population in PWS has gradually declined by nearly 50% following the initial mortality event caused by direct contact with spilled oil. This decline has continued even though there is no longer evidence that guillemots are negatively affected by residual oil from EVOS. My objectives in this study were to (1) identify the primary factor now limiting Pigeon Guillemot population recovery at the Naked Island group, the most important historical breeding area for guillemots in PWS, and (2) determine whether guillemot population trends across PWS are consistent with my understanding of the primary limiting factor. I investigated two competing hypotheses for the lack of guillemot recovery at the Naked Island group: availability of high quality prey (i.e., schooling forage fish) and nest predation. The prevalence of schooling forage fish in the diet of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group has not recovered to pre- EVOS levels. However, data from both aerial surveys and beach seines provided evidence of an increase in abundance of schooling forage fish near the Naked Island group since the late 1990s. Yet between 1990 and 2008, there was a precipitous 12% per annum decline in the guillemot population at the Naked Island group, where mink are present, while at the nearby mink-free Smith Island group guillemot numbers were stable. The mortality rate of guillemot eggs and chicks at the Naked Island group was high during the late 1990s, largely attributable to predation by mink. The weight of evidence indicates that predation by mink is now the primary factor limiting the reproductive success and population recovery of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group. Differences in guillemot population trends between the Naked Island group and the remainder of PWS are also consistent with the mink predation hypothesis. The median decline in density of Pigeon Guillemots along transects at the Naked Island group was much greater (> 7 times) than the decline along transects throughout the remainder of PWS. The proportion of all guillemots in isolated pairs (as opposed to multi-pair groups) increased substantially only at the Naked Island group. This is consistent with the hypothesis that mink predation negatively affected guillemot colonies more than isolated nesting pairs; perhaps because guillemot nests in colonies were more apparent or more accessible to mink. At other high-density guillemot nesting areas in PWS, average group size of guillemots declined from 12 to 8 individuals suggesting that other factors may play a role in constraining of guillemots on a region-wide scale, perhaps availability of schooling forage fishes. Nevertheless, I conclude that the key to restoring the injured guillemot population at the Naked Island group is to eliminate mink predation pressure on guillemot eggs, nestlings, and attending adults. Title: Why aren't pigeon guillemots in Prince William Sound, Alaska recovering from the Exxon Valdez oil spill? Author: Bixler, Kirsten S. The Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba) is now the only species of marine bird in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska that is listed as "not recovering" on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS) Trustee Council's Injured Resources List and has shown no sign of population recovery. During the 20 years since EVOS, the guillemot population in PWS has gradually declined by nearly 50% following the initial mortality event caused by direct contact with spilled oil. This decline has continued even though there is no longer evidence that guillemots are negatively affected by residual oil from EVOS. My objectives in this study were to (1) identify the primary factor now limiting Pigeon Guillemot population recovery at the Naked Island group, the most important historical breeding area for guillemots in PWS, and (2) determine whether guillemot population trends across PWS are consistent with my understanding of the primary limiting factor. I investigated two competing hypotheses for the lack of guillemot recovery at the Naked Island group: availability of high quality prey (i.e., schooling forage fish) and nest predation. The prevalence of schooling forage fish in the diet of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group has not recovered to pre- EVOS levels. However, data from both aerial surveys and beach seines provided evidence of an increase in abundance of schooling forage fish near the Naked Island group since the late 1990s. Yet between 1990 and 2008, there was a precipitous 12% per annum decline in the guillemot population at the Naked Island group, where mink are present, while at the nearby mink-free Smith Island group guillemot numbers were stable. The mortality rate of guillemot eggs and chicks at the Naked Island group was high during the late 1990s, largely attributable to predation by mink. The weight of evidence indicates that predation by mink is now the primary factor limiting the reproductive success and population recovery of Pigeon Guillemots at the Naked Island group. Differences in guillemot population trends between the Naked Island group and the remainder of PWS are also consistent with the mink predation hypothesis. The median decline in density of Pigeon Guillemots along transects at the Naked Island group was much greater (> 7 times) than the decline along transects throughout the remainder of PWS. The proportion of all guillemots in isolated pairs (as opposed to multi-pair groups) increased substantially only at the Naked Island group. This is consistent with the hypothesis that mink predation negatively affected guillemot colonies more than isolated nesting pairs; perhaps because guillemot nests in colonies were more apparent or more accessible to mink. At other high-density guillemot nesting areas in PWS, average group size of guillemots declined from 12 to 8 individuals suggesting that other factors may play a role in constraining of guillemots on a region-wide scale, perhaps availability of schooling forage fishes. Nevertheless, I conclude that the key to restoring the injured guillemot population at the Naked Island group is to eliminate mink predation pressure on guillemot eggs, nestlings, and attending adults. Close