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• 791. [Article] Effects of the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program on backcountry users in Grand Canyon and Everglades National Parks

  Since the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program was approved in 1996, allowing public land management agencies to collect and retain recreation user fees, several research studies have gathered opinions ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Effects of the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program on backcountry users in Grand Canyon and Everglades National Parks Author: Leahy, Jessica E. Since the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program was approved in 1996, allowing public land management agencies to collect and retain recreation user fees, several research studies have gathered opinions and attitudes from different groups of recreation users. One particular group, backcountry users of National Parks, had yet to be included. This thesis uses a sample of backcountry users from Grand Canyon and Everglades National Park to determine opinions and attitudes, potential displacement, and visitation responses to increased recreation user fees. Backcountry users at these National Parks were found to be supportive of most recreation user fees, such as entrance and backcountry permit fees. However, this was not always the case; few found parking fees appropriate. The consistent opinion of respondents at both National Parks was that fee revenue should be used to revegetate impacted sites. Most backcountry users found the current price of the permit fees to be "about right." Potential displacement is often a concern when recreation user fees are implemented. In this thesis, there were few significant demographic differences between samples that had visited before fee implementation and those that had visited after implementation. There were, however, changes in trip characteristics such as mode of transportation and amount of pre-trip planning Three to 13% of the respondents said that they would visit less often in the future because of the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program. These potentially displaced users at Everglades National Park were more likely to be low-income. Potentially displaced users at Grand Canyon National Park were more likely to be non-white, low-income, not working full time, and live closer to the National Park. The visitation response to a hypothetical increase in recreation user fees was measured using the contingent behavior method, and estimated using the Tobit and Heckman sample selection models. Trip expenditures, distance to the National Park, and annual household income significantly affected backcountry users' decisions to plan on returning to the National Park in the next two years. For those that were planning on visiting the backcountry of the National Park. the proposed increase in recreation user fees, ratings of fees as a barrier, and frequency of participation influenced the reduction in number of visits. Title: Effects of the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program on backcountry users in Grand Canyon and Everglades National Parks Author: Leahy, Jessica E. Since the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program was approved in 1996, allowing public land management agencies to collect and retain recreation user fees, several research studies have gathered opinions and attitudes from different groups of recreation users. One particular group, backcountry users of National Parks, had yet to be included. This thesis uses a sample of backcountry users from Grand Canyon and Everglades National Park to determine opinions and attitudes, potential displacement, and visitation responses to increased recreation user fees. Backcountry users at these National Parks were found to be supportive of most recreation user fees, such as entrance and backcountry permit fees. However, this was not always the case; few found parking fees appropriate. The consistent opinion of respondents at both National Parks was that fee revenue should be used to revegetate impacted sites. Most backcountry users found the current price of the permit fees to be "about right." Potential displacement is often a concern when recreation user fees are implemented. In this thesis, there were few significant demographic differences between samples that had visited before fee implementation and those that had visited after implementation. There were, however, changes in trip characteristics such as mode of transportation and amount of pre-trip planning Three to 13% of the respondents said that they would visit less often in the future because of the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program. These potentially displaced users at Everglades National Park were more likely to be low-income. Potentially displaced users at Grand Canyon National Park were more likely to be non-white, low-income, not working full time, and live closer to the National Park. The visitation response to a hypothetical increase in recreation user fees was measured using the contingent behavior method, and estimated using the Tobit and Heckman sample selection models. Trip expenditures, distance to the National Park, and annual household income significantly affected backcountry users' decisions to plan on returning to the National Park in the next two years. For those that were planning on visiting the backcountry of the National Park. the proposed increase in recreation user fees, ratings of fees as a barrier, and frequency of participation influenced the reduction in number of visits. Close

• 792. [Article] Urbanization under uncertainty and land use regulations : theory and estimation

  This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and policies. The first two papers focus primarily on local land use policies and urban development. The third paper addresses the question ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Urbanization under uncertainty and land use regulations : theory and estimation Author: Cho, Seong-Hoon This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and policies. The first two papers focus primarily on local land use policies and urban development. The third paper addresses the question how environmental amenities affect households' residential choices in a metropolitan area. In the first paper, an option value approach is used to model land development decisions under uncertainty. A land use conversion model is estimated to examine the effect of land use regulations, benefit uncertainty, and other socioeconomic and spatial variables on urbanization and farmland development for counties in five western states (California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington). The empirical results confirm that risks associated with alternative land uses are important variables affecting land allocation. Agricultural zoning, state land use planning, and mandatory review of projects involving farmland conversion are most effective in controlling farmland development among all policies examined in this study. In the second paper, a theoretical model is developed to analyze the interactions among residential development, land use regulations, and public financial impacts (public expenditure and property tax). A simultaneous equations system with self-selection and discrete dependent variables is estimated to determine the interactions for counties in the five western states. The results show that county governments are more likely to impose land use regulations when facing rapid land development, high public expenditure and property tax. The land use regulations, in turn, decrease land development, long-run public expenditure, and property tax at the cost of higher housing prices and short-run property tax. The third paper examines equilibrium properties of local jurisdictions implied by the Tiebout-style model. A set of equilibrium conditions are derived from a general equilibrium model of local jurisdictions. The conditions are parameterized and empirically estimated in a two-stage procedure. The method is applied to communities in a Portland metropolitan area with an extension of public-good provision to include environmental amenities. The results suggest that the model can replicate many of the empirical regularities observed in the data. For example, the predicted income distributions across communities closely matched the observed distribution. The estimated income elasticity of housing demand is consistent with previous findings. One important finding of this paper is that the parameter estimates would be biased if environmental amenities are not considered. Title: Urbanization under uncertainty and land use regulations : theory and estimation Author: Cho, Seong-Hoon This dissertation consists of three papers on land use economics and policies. The first two papers focus primarily on local land use policies and urban development. The third paper addresses the question how environmental amenities affect households' residential choices in a metropolitan area. In the first paper, an option value approach is used to model land development decisions under uncertainty. A land use conversion model is estimated to examine the effect of land use regulations, benefit uncertainty, and other socioeconomic and spatial variables on urbanization and farmland development for counties in five western states (California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington). The empirical results confirm that risks associated with alternative land uses are important variables affecting land allocation. Agricultural zoning, state land use planning, and mandatory review of projects involving farmland conversion are most effective in controlling farmland development among all policies examined in this study. In the second paper, a theoretical model is developed to analyze the interactions among residential development, land use regulations, and public financial impacts (public expenditure and property tax). A simultaneous equations system with self-selection and discrete dependent variables is estimated to determine the interactions for counties in the five western states. The results show that county governments are more likely to impose land use regulations when facing rapid land development, high public expenditure and property tax. The land use regulations, in turn, decrease land development, long-run public expenditure, and property tax at the cost of higher housing prices and short-run property tax. The third paper examines equilibrium properties of local jurisdictions implied by the Tiebout-style model. A set of equilibrium conditions are derived from a general equilibrium model of local jurisdictions. The conditions are parameterized and empirically estimated in a two-stage procedure. The method is applied to communities in a Portland metropolitan area with an extension of public-good provision to include environmental amenities. The results suggest that the model can replicate many of the empirical regularities observed in the data. For example, the predicted income distributions across communities closely matched the observed distribution. The estimated income elasticity of housing demand is consistent with previous findings. One important finding of this paper is that the parameter estimates would be biased if environmental amenities are not considered. Close

• 793. [Article] The economics of food self-sufficiency in Japan : the case of rice and wheat

  During the two decades 1960-1980 the Japanese government was faced with a problem of declining domestic demand for rice and a persistent over-production which created mounting surpluses stored at public ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The economics of food self-sufficiency in Japan : the case of rice and wheat Author: McLoughlin, Daryl During the two decades 1960-1980 the Japanese government was faced with a problem of declining domestic demand for rice and a persistent over-production which created mounting surpluses stored at public expense. In an attempt to remedy the situation the Japanese government imposed production controls on rice and offered incentives to farmers to grow alternative crops such as wheat. This thesis outlines the Japanese government's concern about food self-sufficiency and how this concern may be reflected in the government's wheat and rice pricing policies. The thesis evaluates the producer and consumer welfare losses due to this pricing policy. The thesis further evaluates associated economic costs of increasing self-sufficiency in wheat through other policy variables including income, producer price and land availability. The impacts on self-sufficiency in rice if Japan were to become 100 percent self sufficient in wheat production are also estimated. The methodology adopted was an extension of Bales and Greenshield's model to evaluate welfare loss. Transportation rates were calculated using a freight rate model developed by Clement. Prices for wheat and rice were derived from Japanese government, Food and Agricultural Organization, and USDA sources. Three methods were used to evaluate the associated cost of increasing self-sufficiency in wheat. The first method estimated the increase in total household income resulting from a one percent increase in the production of rice and wheat. The second determined the increase in the producer price of wheat necessary to equate the incomes of wheat and rice producers. The third method evaluated the potential of achieving 100 percent self-sufficiency in wheat production, and the effects this would have on the self-sufficiency ratio of rice. The study found that as a percent of Japanese Gross Domestic Product, social welfare losses resulting from the self-sufficiency policy were less than one percent for both rice and wheat. As a percentage of total expenditures on the two commodities, however, average welfare losses were 41 percent for rice and 118 percent for wheat. The introduction of the production control program increased the welfare losses for both wheat and rice. Criteria developed to measure the costs of increasing the self-sufficiency in rice found that the potential income from growing rice exceeds that of wheat, despite the production control program and incentives to farmers to grow wheat. The study estimated that producer prices of wheat would have to be raised from ten to five hundred percent to equate rice and wheat producers' incomes. The study also showed that a goal of 100 percent self-sufficiency in wheat production would have been unobtainable in the years following 1962, even if the potential divertable rice land was used for wheat production. The self-sufficiency ratio of rice, however, would remain above 100 percent for all years but three. Thus, it appears that the welfare losses due to the pricing policy are large while the potential to expand the production of wheat is limited under the Japanese policy. Title: The economics of food self-sufficiency in Japan : the case of rice and wheat Author: McLoughlin, Daryl During the two decades 1960-1980 the Japanese government was faced with a problem of declining domestic demand for rice and a persistent over-production which created mounting surpluses stored at public expense. In an attempt to remedy the situation the Japanese government imposed production controls on rice and offered incentives to farmers to grow alternative crops such as wheat. This thesis outlines the Japanese government's concern about food self-sufficiency and how this concern may be reflected in the government's wheat and rice pricing policies. The thesis evaluates the producer and consumer welfare losses due to this pricing policy. The thesis further evaluates associated economic costs of increasing self-sufficiency in wheat through other policy variables including income, producer price and land availability. The impacts on self-sufficiency in rice if Japan were to become 100 percent self sufficient in wheat production are also estimated. The methodology adopted was an extension of Bales and Greenshield's model to evaluate welfare loss. Transportation rates were calculated using a freight rate model developed by Clement. Prices for wheat and rice were derived from Japanese government, Food and Agricultural Organization, and USDA sources. Three methods were used to evaluate the associated cost of increasing self-sufficiency in wheat. The first method estimated the increase in total household income resulting from a one percent increase in the production of rice and wheat. The second determined the increase in the producer price of wheat necessary to equate the incomes of wheat and rice producers. The third method evaluated the potential of achieving 100 percent self-sufficiency in wheat production, and the effects this would have on the self-sufficiency ratio of rice. The study found that as a percent of Japanese Gross Domestic Product, social welfare losses resulting from the self-sufficiency policy were less than one percent for both rice and wheat. As a percentage of total expenditures on the two commodities, however, average welfare losses were 41 percent for rice and 118 percent for wheat. The introduction of the production control program increased the welfare losses for both wheat and rice. Criteria developed to measure the costs of increasing the self-sufficiency in rice found that the potential income from growing rice exceeds that of wheat, despite the production control program and incentives to farmers to grow wheat. The study estimated that producer prices of wheat would have to be raised from ten to five hundred percent to equate rice and wheat producers' incomes. The study also showed that a goal of 100 percent self-sufficiency in wheat production would have been unobtainable in the years following 1962, even if the potential divertable rice land was used for wheat production. The self-sufficiency ratio of rice, however, would remain above 100 percent for all years but three. Thus, it appears that the welfare losses due to the pricing policy are large while the potential to expand the production of wheat is limited under the Japanese policy. Close

• 794. [Article] The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of canine allergic and bacterial dermatitis

  The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of bacterial dermatitis and various canine allergic dermatitidies including allergic inhalant dermatitis, contact dermatitis and flea allergy dermatitis were studied. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of canine allergic and bacterial dermatitis Author: Nesbitt, Gene H. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of bacterial dermatitis and various canine allergic dermatitidies including allergic inhalant dermatitis, contact dermatitis and flea allergy dermatitis were studied. The effect of specific nonprotein and protein components of commercial flea antigens on the gross and microscopic appearance of intradermal injections was investigated. Additionally, a preliminary evaluation of lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens and flea antigen was performed on a limited number of blood samples. The predominant bacteria isolated from primary or secondary bacterial dermatitis is Staphylococcus auerus (coagulase positive). The history and lesions associated with bacterial dermatitis are quite variable, depending upon the presence of concurrent problems and the nature of the infection such as superficial or deep. Histopathological changes are not pathognomonic for bacterial dermatitis, but are generally characteristic. Diagnosis is confirmed by bacterial isolation from lesions. Treatment includes long term bactericidal antibiotic therapy based upon in vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing, autogenous bacterins and treatment of concurrent problems. Allergic inhalant dermatitis is characterized by intermittent or continuous pruritus accompanied by primary or secondary lesions in a young dog, usually one to three years of age. There tends to be a familial history of allergic dermatitis. The distribution of lesions is usually more generalized than other allergic etiologies. Diagnosis is based on history and intradermal skin tests. The predominant allergens identified with intradermal skin testing in the Pacific Northwest include molds, weeds, trees, grass and house dust. In 80 percent good or fair response to treatment by hyposensitization and in some cases minimal maintenance dosages of corticosteroids is expected. Approximately 20 percent of the cases require higher levels of corticosteroids to control allergic symptoms with or without concurrent hyposensitization. Canine contact dermatitis is characterized by a predominantly ventral dermatitis accompanied by pruritus. Approximately 50 percent of the dogs manifest contact allergies by one year of age, while 25 percent are four years or older. Usually both primary and secondary lesions are present. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical appearance, isolation from suspected contactant and then provacative exposure to the same contactant. Histopathologic characteristics of allergic contact dermatitis are not specific, but can be helpful in broadly categorizing dermatoses providing direction from further study and treatment. Treatment includes avoidance of contact exposure or corticosteroid administration. A high incidence of flea allergy dermatitis is commonly found in dogs with a low grade 'flea infestation. Clinical signs include intense pruritus involving the posterior of the body, especially the dorsal back and abdomen. Both primary and secondary lesions are often present. Diagnosis is usually based on history, distribution of lesions and response to treatment. Intradermal skin tests using flea antigen may help in confirming the presence of a flea hypersensitivity, but are not adequate for making a definitive diagnosis in many cases. The wheal induced by the flea antigen is mainly due to edema without a remarkable inflammatory response. There is no correlation between gross wheal formation and microscopic changes, particularly in the degree of upper dermal edema. Treatment includes control of fleas in the environment by fumigation, continuous flea control on all of the animals in the household and hyposensitization with flea antigen. The uptake of tritiated thymidine by lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemmaglutinin, concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharides and diluted flea antigen was evaluated on a limited number of blood samples. A wide variation between replicate samples precluded establishment of definite conclusions. Title: The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of canine allergic and bacterial dermatitis Author: Nesbitt, Gene H. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of bacterial dermatitis and various canine allergic dermatitidies including allergic inhalant dermatitis, contact dermatitis and flea allergy dermatitis were studied. The effect of specific nonprotein and protein components of commercial flea antigens on the gross and microscopic appearance of intradermal injections was investigated. Additionally, a preliminary evaluation of lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens and flea antigen was performed on a limited number of blood samples. The predominant bacteria isolated from primary or secondary bacterial dermatitis is Staphylococcus auerus (coagulase positive). The history and lesions associated with bacterial dermatitis are quite variable, depending upon the presence of concurrent problems and the nature of the infection such as superficial or deep. Histopathological changes are not pathognomonic for bacterial dermatitis, but are generally characteristic. Diagnosis is confirmed by bacterial isolation from lesions. Treatment includes long term bactericidal antibiotic therapy based upon in vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing, autogenous bacterins and treatment of concurrent problems. Allergic inhalant dermatitis is characterized by intermittent or continuous pruritus accompanied by primary or secondary lesions in a young dog, usually one to three years of age. There tends to be a familial history of allergic dermatitis. The distribution of lesions is usually more generalized than other allergic etiologies. Diagnosis is based on history and intradermal skin tests. The predominant allergens identified with intradermal skin testing in the Pacific Northwest include molds, weeds, trees, grass and house dust. In 80 percent good or fair response to treatment by hyposensitization and in some cases minimal maintenance dosages of corticosteroids is expected. Approximately 20 percent of the cases require higher levels of corticosteroids to control allergic symptoms with or without concurrent hyposensitization. Canine contact dermatitis is characterized by a predominantly ventral dermatitis accompanied by pruritus. Approximately 50 percent of the dogs manifest contact allergies by one year of age, while 25 percent are four years or older. Usually both primary and secondary lesions are present. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical appearance, isolation from suspected contactant and then provacative exposure to the same contactant. Histopathologic characteristics of allergic contact dermatitis are not specific, but can be helpful in broadly categorizing dermatoses providing direction from further study and treatment. Treatment includes avoidance of contact exposure or corticosteroid administration. A high incidence of flea allergy dermatitis is commonly found in dogs with a low grade 'flea infestation. Clinical signs include intense pruritus involving the posterior of the body, especially the dorsal back and abdomen. Both primary and secondary lesions are often present. Diagnosis is usually based on history, distribution of lesions and response to treatment. Intradermal skin tests using flea antigen may help in confirming the presence of a flea hypersensitivity, but are not adequate for making a definitive diagnosis in many cases. The wheal induced by the flea antigen is mainly due to edema without a remarkable inflammatory response. There is no correlation between gross wheal formation and microscopic changes, particularly in the degree of upper dermal edema. Treatment includes control of fleas in the environment by fumigation, continuous flea control on all of the animals in the household and hyposensitization with flea antigen. The uptake of tritiated thymidine by lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemmaglutinin, concanavalin A, lipopolysaccharides and diluted flea antigen was evaluated on a limited number of blood samples. A wide variation between replicate samples precluded establishment of definite conclusions. Close

• 795. [Article] Factors influencing individual attitudes toward environmental health communications

  The likelihood of achieving an effective environmental health communications program increases with a knowledge of the target audience's attitudes toward their environmental health concerns, source credibility, ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing individual attitudes toward environmental health communications Author: Lenz, Holly Hanson The likelihood of achieving an effective environmental health communications program increases with a knowledge of the target audience's attitudes toward their environmental health concerns, source credibility, preferred channels of communication, and desire to participate in environmental issues. With this in mind, the purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to examine selected personal and social variables that influence attitudes towards environmental health communications; 2) to explore differences in those attitudes between groups that share a common environmental hazard within a defined geographic region; and, 3) to develop a communication needs assessment tool that other public health agencies might be able to use. A stratified random telephone sampling of 407 households was conducted in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene River Basin. Nonparametric statistical methods, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of ranks, were utilized for the data analysis. The results, showed significant differences in the environmental concerns between the residents of Couer d'Alene and residents of the Silver Valley. Respondents in Coeur d'Alene were more concerned with air pollution, while respondents in the Silver Valley were more concerned with the effects of mining. Secondly, the state government was less negatively received as a source of environmental information than were the local or federal governments. In addition, respondents earning between $50,000 and $75,000 a year have the highest amount of trust in information coming from the federal government. Both TV news and local newspaper were the preferred channels of communication for the majority of respondents in the region. Qualitative data revealed that media sources from Spokane, Washington were a dominant influence in the region. Respondents with a college degree were less likely than respondents from other educational levels to prefer TV news as a source of environmental information. They were, however, more likely to participate in a public meeting than were respondents from other educational levels. Finally, research findings suggest that women, and respondents earning less than $10,000 per year, feel less control over their environmental health than do men and respondents from higher income levels. They are also less likely than either men or respondents earning more than $10,000 per year to feel that a citizen's efforts to protect the environment are usually effective. Title: Factors influencing individual attitudes toward environmental health communications Author: Lenz, Holly Hanson The likelihood of achieving an effective environmental health communications program increases with a knowledge of the target audience's attitudes toward their environmental health concerns, source credibility, preferred channels of communication, and desire to participate in environmental issues. With this in mind, the purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to examine selected personal and social variables that influence attitudes towards environmental health communications; 2) to explore differences in those attitudes between groups that share a common environmental hazard within a defined geographic region; and, 3) to develop a communication needs assessment tool that other public health agencies might be able to use. A stratified random telephone sampling of 407 households was conducted in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene River Basin. Nonparametric statistical methods, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of ranks, were utilized for the data analysis. The results, showed significant differences in the environmental concerns between the residents of Couer d'Alene and residents of the Silver Valley. Respondents in Coeur d'Alene were more concerned with air pollution, while respondents in the Silver Valley were more concerned with the effects of mining. Secondly, the state government was less negatively received as a source of environmental information than were the local or federal governments. In addition, respondents earning between $50,000 and $75,000 a year have the highest amount of trust in information coming from the federal government. Both TV news and local newspaper were the preferred channels of communication for the majority of respondents in the region. Qualitative data revealed that media sources from Spokane, Washington were a dominant influence in the region. Respondents with a college degree were less likely than respondents from other educational levels to prefer TV news as a source of environmental information. They were, however, more likely to participate in a public meeting than were respondents from other educational levels. Finally, research findings suggest that women, and respondents earning less than $10,000 per year, feel less control over their environmental health than do men and respondents from higher income levels. They are also less likely than either men or respondents earning more than $10,000 per year to feel that a citizen's efforts to protect the environment are usually effective. Close

• 796. [Article] Characteristics of the contemporary quilter : a case study of a western Oregon quilt guild

  Historically, women made quilts for utilitarian and for aesthetic purposes. Quilting was for many women one of the few outlets in which they could express themselves in a patriarchal society. Quiltmaking ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characteristics of the contemporary quilter : a case study of a western Oregon quilt guild Author: Gay, Catherine E. Historically, women made quilts for utilitarian and for aesthetic purposes. Quilting was for many women one of the few outlets in which they could express themselves in a patriarchal society. Quiltmaking in groups afforded women the opportunity to increase their personal and political empowerment and to legitimate social gatherings. Because quiltmaking has largely been a female experience, it is a valuable source of historical information for researchers in cultural studies and women's history. Much study has been undertaken to describe the historical quiltmakers, and there is a need for additional information describing contemporary quiltmakers. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the contemporary quilter, where she learned her art/craft, how her guild membership benefited her, and why she chose to quilt. To investigate these questions, the researcher studied the Mary's River Quilt Guild (MRQG) in Benton County, Oregon. A survey with 34 closed-ended questions and 4 open-ended questions was implemented at the May 1995 MRQG monthly meeting for the purpose of collecting data specific to the four research questions. Seventy-four surveys were collected, and seventy-one were usable for this study. Frequencies were tabulated for the close-ended questions, and characteristics were compiled. The four open-ended questions were analyzed for content by two independent researchers for interrater reliability. In order to understand the MRQG membership better, findings from this study were compared to the general population of Benton County, Oregon. Because seventy-four percent of the MRQG study respondents resided in Benton County, Oregon, findings from the 1990 Benton County census data were compared to ascertain how representative the MRQG members were of the general surrounding population. Demographic data were analyzed to compile a profile of the MRQG respondents. The typical MRQG respondent was white, between the ages of 36-45, and married with two to three children. Eighty-six percent had at least attended college and 56% had college degrees. The majority of respondents worked full-time and reported household incomes in the $40-44,999 range and higher. The majority of respondents indicated that they first learned to quilt via quilt classes, books, or self-teaching. For those few respondents who learned from a relative, the relationship of the relative was either mother or grandmother. The respondents joined the guild for innovative ideas, support and encouragement, and female comraderie. Respondents quilted most frequently for creative expression, challenge, relaxation, love and friendship, and to commemorate an event. Quiltmaking is a social phenomenon predicted to have some longevity. Women, increasingly faced with the ambiguities of modern life and the definitions of female identities, may seek out affiliations with groups like quilt guilds that acknowledge women for their accomplishments. Title: Characteristics of the contemporary quilter : a case study of a western Oregon quilt guild Author: Gay, Catherine E. Historically, women made quilts for utilitarian and for aesthetic purposes. Quilting was for many women one of the few outlets in which they could express themselves in a patriarchal society. Quiltmaking in groups afforded women the opportunity to increase their personal and political empowerment and to legitimate social gatherings. Because quiltmaking has largely been a female experience, it is a valuable source of historical information for researchers in cultural studies and women's history. Much study has been undertaken to describe the historical quiltmakers, and there is a need for additional information describing contemporary quiltmakers. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the contemporary quilter, where she learned her art/craft, how her guild membership benefited her, and why she chose to quilt. To investigate these questions, the researcher studied the Mary's River Quilt Guild (MRQG) in Benton County, Oregon. A survey with 34 closed-ended questions and 4 open-ended questions was implemented at the May 1995 MRQG monthly meeting for the purpose of collecting data specific to the four research questions. Seventy-four surveys were collected, and seventy-one were usable for this study. Frequencies were tabulated for the close-ended questions, and characteristics were compiled. The four open-ended questions were analyzed for content by two independent researchers for interrater reliability. In order to understand the MRQG membership better, findings from this study were compared to the general population of Benton County, Oregon. Because seventy-four percent of the MRQG study respondents resided in Benton County, Oregon, findings from the 1990 Benton County census data were compared to ascertain how representative the MRQG members were of the general surrounding population. Demographic data were analyzed to compile a profile of the MRQG respondents. The typical MRQG respondent was white, between the ages of 36-45, and married with two to three children. Eighty-six percent had at least attended college and 56% had college degrees. The majority of respondents worked full-time and reported household incomes in the $40-44,999 range and higher. The majority of respondents indicated that they first learned to quilt via quilt classes, books, or self-teaching. For those few respondents who learned from a relative, the relationship of the relative was either mother or grandmother. The respondents joined the guild for innovative ideas, support and encouragement, and female comraderie. Respondents quilted most frequently for creative expression, challenge, relaxation, love and friendship, and to commemorate an event. Quiltmaking is a social phenomenon predicted to have some longevity. Women, increasingly faced with the ambiguities of modern life and the definitions of female identities, may seek out affiliations with groups like quilt guilds that acknowledge women for their accomplishments. Close

• 797. [Article] Hazard analysis and critical control point system for home prepared foods as a basis for adult education in urban Guayaquil, Ecuador

  The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system for studying the food preparation process was conducted in four households in an environmentally poor urban neighborhood of Guayaquil, Ecuador. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Hazard analysis and critical control point system for home prepared foods as a basis for adult education in urban Guayaquil, Ecuador Author: Morales R., Maria F. The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system for studying the food preparation process was conducted in four households in an environmentally poor urban neighborhood of Guayaquil, Ecuador. The analysis consisted of observing all of the steps in the food preparation process, measuring food temperatures at each step, and collecting food and water samples. Food and water samples were tested for total aerobic microorganisms, molds and yeast, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms. Temperatures reached during the cooking process were high enough to kill vegetative forms of foodborne pathogens; however, heat-resistant spores could have survived. Leftover food was held at room temperature for long periods of time which allowed multiplication of vegetative forms from spores or from contaminated food utensils. Leftover food was eaten either cold or reheated to warm temperatures. Water samples were taken from water delivery trucks and from each family. Water was identified as one of the main hazards in food preparation. None of the water samples met the criteria of the Ecuadorean National Institute of Standards for human consumption. Fecal samples were taken from children in the families, and were analyzed for parasites. Parasites were found in all of the samples. After critical control points were identified, appropriate interventions were taken to improve safety at each step. Based on these HACCP observations, a food and water safety program was designed and taught to five mothers attending a Guayaquil Child Care Center. The program included a lesson on each of four topics: food and water safety, parasites, care during diarrhea with emphasis on oral rehydration therapy and the introduction of solid food, and nutrition. A control mother was identified for each group. Diarrhea occurred in children of both groups but none of the children was hospitalized. With the exception of nutrition concepts, the knowledge about food and water safety concepts, parasites and care during diarrhea were well understood by both groups. This was reflected in positive changes in families' behavior toward using improved food and water sanitation practices as observed during a visit to each family which followed the HACCP study and the educational program. Title: Hazard analysis and critical control point system for home prepared foods as a basis for adult education in urban Guayaquil, Ecuador Author: Morales R., Maria F. The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system for studying the food preparation process was conducted in four households in an environmentally poor urban neighborhood of Guayaquil, Ecuador. The analysis consisted of observing all of the steps in the food preparation process, measuring food temperatures at each step, and collecting food and water samples. Food and water samples were tested for total aerobic microorganisms, molds and yeast, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms. Temperatures reached during the cooking process were high enough to kill vegetative forms of foodborne pathogens; however, heat-resistant spores could have survived. Leftover food was held at room temperature for long periods of time which allowed multiplication of vegetative forms from spores or from contaminated food utensils. Leftover food was eaten either cold or reheated to warm temperatures. Water samples were taken from water delivery trucks and from each family. Water was identified as one of the main hazards in food preparation. None of the water samples met the criteria of the Ecuadorean National Institute of Standards for human consumption. Fecal samples were taken from children in the families, and were analyzed for parasites. Parasites were found in all of the samples. After critical control points were identified, appropriate interventions were taken to improve safety at each step. Based on these HACCP observations, a food and water safety program was designed and taught to five mothers attending a Guayaquil Child Care Center. The program included a lesson on each of four topics: food and water safety, parasites, care during diarrhea with emphasis on oral rehydration therapy and the introduction of solid food, and nutrition. A control mother was identified for each group. Diarrhea occurred in children of both groups but none of the children was hospitalized. With the exception of nutrition concepts, the knowledge about food and water safety concepts, parasites and care during diarrhea were well understood by both groups. This was reflected in positive changes in families' behavior toward using improved food and water sanitation practices as observed during a visit to each family which followed the HACCP study and the educational program. Close

• 798. [Article] The relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in Head Start children

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in "disadvantaged" children. The subjects were 19 preschool ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in Head Start children Author: Owen, Martha-Ann The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in "disadvantaged" children. The subjects were 19 preschool children in a summer Head Start program in Denver, Colorado. Their ages ranged from four years-nine months to five years-seven months. Eighteen were Spanish-American, and one was Anglo-American. Eighteen out of 19 subjects met the eligibility requirements for the Head Start program in terms of income level according to household size. Each of the subjects attended either a morning or an afternoon session in the same center, under the direction of two different teachers. Due to the teacher variable, the children in each session were matched according to age, sex, and previous Head Start experience and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental treatment consisted of having the mother spend approximately 15 minutes each day with her child in the home, looking at, reading, and talking about picture story books. Language development was recognized in its broadest sense and was measured by three instruments: the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, as a measure of receptive vocabulary; the Templin-Darley Screening Test of Articulation, as an indicator of good and poor articulation; and the Preschool Inventory, as a measure of its four factors: personal-social responsiveness, associative vocabulary, numerical and sensory concept activation. Pre and post tests were administered to the experimental and control groups. aid an analysis of variance was applied to the difference scores. Three null hypotheses were tested: Hypothesis I: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in receptive vocabulary; Hypothesis II: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in articulation; Hypothesis III: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in personal-social responsiveness, associative vocabulary, numerical and sensory concept activation. Results of the analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Although there was one significant F-value associated with the interaction between treatment and sex in numerical concept activation, a great deal of importance could not be attached to it in view of the lack of other significant findings. Therefore, the null hypotheses could not be rejected. It was concluded that the experimental treatment of having the mothers read to their children was not related to the aspects of language development under consideration in this study. Supplementary analyses were directed toward a comparison of the morning and afternoon groups with respect to change scores. The student's t-test was applied for each of the seven comparisons and only one, the PSI total score, showed a significant difference at the .05 level. The possibility of tester bias having been operative during the post test sessions was discussed. A discussion of the findings, the limitations of the study, and suggestions for further research were included. In general, it was suggested that attempting to influence the mother-child interaction in the home in order to stimulate language development is a promising area which needs to be further explored. Title: The relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in Head Start children Author: Owen, Martha-Ann The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between specific mother-child interactions and selected aspects of language development in "disadvantaged" children. The subjects were 19 preschool children in a summer Head Start program in Denver, Colorado. Their ages ranged from four years-nine months to five years-seven months. Eighteen were Spanish-American, and one was Anglo-American. Eighteen out of 19 subjects met the eligibility requirements for the Head Start program in terms of income level according to household size. Each of the subjects attended either a morning or an afternoon session in the same center, under the direction of two different teachers. Due to the teacher variable, the children in each session were matched according to age, sex, and previous Head Start experience and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental treatment consisted of having the mother spend approximately 15 minutes each day with her child in the home, looking at, reading, and talking about picture story books. Language development was recognized in its broadest sense and was measured by three instruments: the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, as a measure of receptive vocabulary; the Templin-Darley Screening Test of Articulation, as an indicator of good and poor articulation; and the Preschool Inventory, as a measure of its four factors: personal-social responsiveness, associative vocabulary, numerical and sensory concept activation. Pre and post tests were administered to the experimental and control groups. aid an analysis of variance was applied to the difference scores. Three null hypotheses were tested: Hypothesis I: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in receptive vocabulary; Hypothesis II: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in articulation; Hypothesis III: Comparison of change scores for the experimental and control groups will yield no significant differences in personal-social responsiveness, associative vocabulary, numerical and sensory concept activation. Results of the analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Although there was one significant F-value associated with the interaction between treatment and sex in numerical concept activation, a great deal of importance could not be attached to it in view of the lack of other significant findings. Therefore, the null hypotheses could not be rejected. It was concluded that the experimental treatment of having the mothers read to their children was not related to the aspects of language development under consideration in this study. Supplementary analyses were directed toward a comparison of the morning and afternoon groups with respect to change scores. The student's t-test was applied for each of the seven comparisons and only one, the PSI total score, showed a significant difference at the .05 level. The possibility of tester bias having been operative during the post test sessions was discussed. A discussion of the findings, the limitations of the study, and suggestions for further research were included. In general, it was suggested that attempting to influence the mother-child interaction in the home in order to stimulate language development is a promising area which needs to be further explored. Close

• 799. [Article] Catastropic propagation of ductile cracks in metallic foils

  The sudden failure of metal structures under load, which has been a design problem for many years, is characterized by a crack propagation rate which approaches the speed of sound in the material. These ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Catastropic propagation of ductile cracks in metallic foils Author: Elliott, Leonard Thomas The sudden failure of metal structures under load, which has been a design problem for many years, is characterized by a crack propagation rate which approaches the speed of sound in the material. These failures, which are often known as catastrophic fractures, may be divided into two types which depend on the particular material in question. Fractures which cause a very small amount of plastic deformation associated with low energy absorption are known as brittle fractures, whereas high energy absorption during fracture, due to large amounts of plastic deformation, is associated with ductile fracture. The Griffith theory for spontaneous fracture in brittle materials states that the strain energy released during fracture must be greater than the energy needed to form the new crack surface area. This theory, which has been verified experimentally for brittle materials, is not applicable to ductile materials since the energy of plastic deformation during crack propagation must be taken into account. The revised and simplified theory for ductile materials states that the strain energy must exceed the energy needed to cause plastic deformation ahead of the crack. The steps in the fracture of ductile materials are initiation, slow crack growth, and rapid or catastrophic crack propagation, and the variable plastic deformation involved in these steps causes the process to be complex in behavior and analysis. However, an understanding of the causes of slow and rapid crack growth can be obtained by studying the effects of plastic deformation at the tip of a propagating crack. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the factors which affect the tendency for a ductile crack to propagate catastrophically. This was accomplished through the use of two types of investigations. In the first investigation an attempt was made to obtain catastrophic failure in 18 x 32 inch uniaxially stressed sheets of commercial household aluminum foil by introducing a crack in the center of the sheet in such a manner that the crack was elongated outwards in each direction. The catastrophic failure which was observed, however, was due to the addition of extra energy to the system boundaries which was not accounted for in the theory. Slow crack propagation was also observed and led to the second investigation. The plastic deformation at the crack tip was studied by visual of the was done observation using a metallograph and by actual measurement amount of deformation occurring during crack growth. This with a Tukon microhardness tester in which indentations were placed on the foil specimens, which were later given a small crack at the center, and which were mounted in a drill press vise on the tester. The crack was then propagated by turning the screw on the vise and measurements of the deformation between the indentations were made. The photographs and measurements of the plastic deformation at the crack tip showed that deformation existed throughout the entire specimen and was not localized in a given area at the crack tip as has been assured in some theories. The existance of elastic strain in the material was shown by the occurrence of elastic recovery in the strain relieved areas of the cracked material although no differentiation could be made between the area of elastic and plastic deformation. The existance of a stable configuration of iso-strain contours surrounding the tip of the crack was also shown. Calculations of the strain energy needed to satisfy the plastic deformation energy requirements showed that a crack length of about 49 inches would be needed to cause catastrophic failure. This is much larger than the specimen size used and would explain the lack of rapid crack growth in the tests run under near theoretical conditions. Title: Catastropic propagation of ductile cracks in metallic foils Author: Elliott, Leonard Thomas The sudden failure of metal structures under load, which has been a design problem for many years, is characterized by a crack propagation rate which approaches the speed of sound in the material. These failures, which are often known as catastrophic fractures, may be divided into two types which depend on the particular material in question. Fractures which cause a very small amount of plastic deformation associated with low energy absorption are known as brittle fractures, whereas high energy absorption during fracture, due to large amounts of plastic deformation, is associated with ductile fracture. The Griffith theory for spontaneous fracture in brittle materials states that the strain energy released during fracture must be greater than the energy needed to form the new crack surface area. This theory, which has been verified experimentally for brittle materials, is not applicable to ductile materials since the energy of plastic deformation during crack propagation must be taken into account. The revised and simplified theory for ductile materials states that the strain energy must exceed the energy needed to cause plastic deformation ahead of the crack. The steps in the fracture of ductile materials are initiation, slow crack growth, and rapid or catastrophic crack propagation, and the variable plastic deformation involved in these steps causes the process to be complex in behavior and analysis. However, an understanding of the causes of slow and rapid crack growth can be obtained by studying the effects of plastic deformation at the tip of a propagating crack. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the factors which affect the tendency for a ductile crack to propagate catastrophically. This was accomplished through the use of two types of investigations. In the first investigation an attempt was made to obtain catastrophic failure in 18 x 32 inch uniaxially stressed sheets of commercial household aluminum foil by introducing a crack in the center of the sheet in such a manner that the crack was elongated outwards in each direction. The catastrophic failure which was observed, however, was due to the addition of extra energy to the system boundaries which was not accounted for in the theory. Slow crack propagation was also observed and led to the second investigation. The plastic deformation at the crack tip was studied by visual of the was done observation using a metallograph and by actual measurement amount of deformation occurring during crack growth. This with a Tukon microhardness tester in which indentations were placed on the foil specimens, which were later given a small crack at the center, and which were mounted in a drill press vise on the tester. The crack was then propagated by turning the screw on the vise and measurements of the deformation between the indentations were made. The photographs and measurements of the plastic deformation at the crack tip showed that deformation existed throughout the entire specimen and was not localized in a given area at the crack tip as has been assured in some theories. The existance of elastic strain in the material was shown by the occurrence of elastic recovery in the strain relieved areas of the cracked material although no differentiation could be made between the area of elastic and plastic deformation. The existance of a stable configuration of iso-strain contours surrounding the tip of the crack was also shown. Calculations of the strain energy needed to satisfy the plastic deformation energy requirements showed that a crack length of about 49 inches would be needed to cause catastrophic failure. This is much larger than the specimen size used and would explain the lack of rapid crack growth in the tests run under near theoretical conditions. Close

• 800. [Article] A regional computable general equilibrium model with applications for the Pacific Northwest

  Many important policy problems entail linkages among multiple economic sectors, and require the use of a general equilibrium economic modeling framework. This economic approach is appropriate when the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A regional computable general equilibrium model with applications for the Pacific Northwest Author: Zheng, Xiaojuan Many important policy problems entail linkages among multiple economic sectors, and require the use of a general equilibrium economic modeling framework. This economic approach is appropriate when the market for any one good or service is linked to numerous other goods and services, and back to fundamental inputs such as labor and capital. In this dissertation, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the Pacific Northwest region is developed. It describes all parts of Pacific Northwest economy simultaneously and how its industries, households, government institutions, and factors of production interact with each other. The model is used to address two policy issues in the Northwest: development of a new biofuels supply chain, and the impact of future events such as climate change on Pacific Northwest farmers. Before these applications are carried out, a major effort is made to estimate the parameters of the general equilibrium model, and to validate that the model is representative of the regional economy. Techniques from the literature on calibration of macro-economic models are employed, in conjunction with historical agricultural price and quantity data for the Northwest. These methods allow greater confidence to be placed in the analyses that follow. Once the model is parameterized and validated, the first application concerns the potential of an oilseed crop, camelina, to be used as a new biofuel for the aviation sector. The aim of this study is to identify conditions and policies under which a supply chain could be developed within the Northwest. Several policy options are examined within the model with regard to meeting stated targets by the aviation sector for using camelina as a biofuel. Model results indicate that a regional supply chain for biofuels is unlikely to develop unless subsidies are targeted to particular activities, including farming and processing. Particular estimates of these subsidies are derived. The second application of the model concerns how the Pacific Northwest wheat economy will be affected by long-run changes in climate, population growth, input costs, and other phenomena. A series of possible future scenarios, called Representative Agricultural Pathways (RAPs), are developed to describe trends in key drivers at the regional and global scales. These RAPs are quantified and integrated as simulations into the CGE model, the first time this has been done within the literature. In general the health of the Pacific Northwest wheat sector, as represented by wheat prices, exports quantities, and producer economic welfare, appears to be quite viable under a range of alternative future scenarios. Title: A regional computable general equilibrium model with applications for the Pacific Northwest Author: Zheng, Xiaojuan Many important policy problems entail linkages among multiple economic sectors, and require the use of a general equilibrium economic modeling framework. This economic approach is appropriate when the market for any one good or service is linked to numerous other goods and services, and back to fundamental inputs such as labor and capital. In this dissertation, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the Pacific Northwest region is developed. It describes all parts of Pacific Northwest economy simultaneously and how its industries, households, government institutions, and factors of production interact with each other. The model is used to address two policy issues in the Northwest: development of a new biofuels supply chain, and the impact of future events such as climate change on Pacific Northwest farmers. Before these applications are carried out, a major effort is made to estimate the parameters of the general equilibrium model, and to validate that the model is representative of the regional economy. Techniques from the literature on calibration of macro-economic models are employed, in conjunction with historical agricultural price and quantity data for the Northwest. These methods allow greater confidence to be placed in the analyses that follow. Once the model is parameterized and validated, the first application concerns the potential of an oilseed crop, camelina, to be used as a new biofuel for the aviation sector. The aim of this study is to identify conditions and policies under which a supply chain could be developed within the Northwest. Several policy options are examined within the model with regard to meeting stated targets by the aviation sector for using camelina as a biofuel. Model results indicate that a regional supply chain for biofuels is unlikely to develop unless subsidies are targeted to particular activities, including farming and processing. Particular estimates of these subsidies are derived. The second application of the model concerns how the Pacific Northwest wheat economy will be affected by long-run changes in climate, population growth, input costs, and other phenomena. A series of possible future scenarios, called Representative Agricultural Pathways (RAPs), are developed to describe trends in key drivers at the regional and global scales. These RAPs are quantified and integrated as simulations into the CGE model, the first time this has been done within the literature. In general the health of the Pacific Northwest wheat sector, as represented by wheat prices, exports quantities, and producer economic welfare, appears to be quite viable under a range of alternative future scenarios. Close