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• 41. [Article] Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico

  Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico Author: Vasquez Caballero, Smit Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial intermediaries, making it possible for households to overcome credit constraints in their capability to attain the transition from small-scale, self-sufficient agriculture, to a market oriented production. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of migration on farm and non-farm income at a household level. Using a simultaneous equation model and data from a rural household survey from Mexico, I have tested the hypothesis that neither remittances nor migration have an effect on farm and non-farm income. The econometric findings suggest that the loss of labor to migration has a significant direct negative effect on non-farm income but the direct effect on farm income is not statistically significant. However, there is evidence that remittances have a significant positive effect on both income sources, so that migration has an indirect effect that might compensate for the loss of labor. Title: Farm and non-farm impact of migration to USA on rural Mexico Author: Vasquez Caballero, Smit Migration of labor out of rural areas in Mexico is an increasingly important feature of rural development in Mexico. New literature on migration and development suggests that migrants play a role of financial intermediaries, making it possible for households to overcome credit constraints in their capability to attain the transition from small-scale, self-sufficient agriculture, to a market oriented production. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of migration on farm and non-farm income at a household level. Using a simultaneous equation model and data from a rural household survey from Mexico, I have tested the hypothesis that neither remittances nor migration have an effect on farm and non-farm income. The econometric findings suggest that the loss of labor to migration has a significant direct negative effect on non-farm income but the direct effect on farm income is not statistically significant. However, there is evidence that remittances have a significant positive effect on both income sources, so that migration has an indirect effect that might compensate for the loss of labor. Close

• 42. [Article] The impacts of government market intervention on weed control technology, income and employment : a case study of basic grain farms in El Salvador, Central America

  El Salvador's land resources are intensively cultivated. Labor is relatively abundant and wages are low. This study analyzed the effects of government policies and observed farm price distortions on enterprise/weed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The impacts of government market intervention on weed control technology, income and employment : a case study of basic grain farms in El Salvador, Central America Author: Fonollera, R. E. (Raymundo E.) El Salvador's land resources are intensively cultivated. Labor is relatively abundant and wages are low. This study analyzed the effects of government policies and observed farm price distortions on enterprise/weed control system choices and associated income-employment effects. A regional linear programming framework was employed to analyze the effects of alternative government policies and observed farm prices on farm efficiency, employment, and income distribution within Central El Salvador. A major conclusion of the study was that the presence of price distortions and off-farm employment alternatives were not sufficient to induce changes in weed control technology on small and medium farms. The most efficient system both from an individual and social point of view was the use of manual weed control for all selected enterprises. The principal effects of price distortions on the small and medium farms (when compared with their undistorted price solutions) were the tendencies to reduce the number of selected enterprises and to modify the area allocated between enterprises. On the other hand, the process of capital-labor substitution on large farm appeared to be sensitive to direct and indirect government subsidies on capital when off-farm employment alternatives existed between 0 and 50 percent of total available labor supply. Herbicide-area diffusion ranged from 75 to 87 percent of total area on the large farm whenever the policy mix included direct or indirect capital subsidies. Comparisons of the alternative distorted price solutions using the undistorted price solutions revealed that whenever capital subsidies were present in any policy mix when off-farm employment opportunities were held at 50 percent of the available labor supply, total weed control employment levels were lower than the social price solution by 45 to 55 percent. The group most seriously affected by weed control employment reductions was the landless laborer. The group's weed control employment losses ranged from 73 to 89 percent below their social price-employment solution. The presence of capital subsidies in any policy mix under the 50 percent off-farm employment opportunity solutions induced relatively larger income gains (20 to 67 percent) to the three sizes of farms and income losses (3 to 13 percent) to the landless laborers. Production efficiency losses were relatively high in each of the three sizes of farms whenever capital subsidies were present. In view of these findings the El Salvador government should recognize a conflict between the use of direct and indirect capital subsidies particularly on herbicides and farm machinery and between stated national goals of increasing employment and improving income distribution. Fixing the wage rate at 3.85 cents/day induced relative income gains that tend to favor the small farm and landless laborers . . . the least privileged and the biggest group in El Salvadors' total population. Output support induced equal relative income gains (19 percent) to the three sizes of farms. Maintaining subsidies on labor-using modern farm inputs (fertilizer, insecticides and improved seeds) would provide incentives for increasing grain production and intensify the widespread diffusion of these inputs into the basic grain sector of El Salvador. Title: The impacts of government market intervention on weed control technology, income and employment : a case study of basic grain farms in El Salvador, Central America Author: Fonollera, R. E. (Raymundo E.) El Salvador's land resources are intensively cultivated. Labor is relatively abundant and wages are low. This study analyzed the effects of government policies and observed farm price distortions on enterprise/weed control system choices and associated income-employment effects. A regional linear programming framework was employed to analyze the effects of alternative government policies and observed farm prices on farm efficiency, employment, and income distribution within Central El Salvador. A major conclusion of the study was that the presence of price distortions and off-farm employment alternatives were not sufficient to induce changes in weed control technology on small and medium farms. The most efficient system both from an individual and social point of view was the use of manual weed control for all selected enterprises. The principal effects of price distortions on the small and medium farms (when compared with their undistorted price solutions) were the tendencies to reduce the number of selected enterprises and to modify the area allocated between enterprises. On the other hand, the process of capital-labor substitution on large farm appeared to be sensitive to direct and indirect government subsidies on capital when off-farm employment alternatives existed between 0 and 50 percent of total available labor supply. Herbicide-area diffusion ranged from 75 to 87 percent of total area on the large farm whenever the policy mix included direct or indirect capital subsidies. Comparisons of the alternative distorted price solutions using the undistorted price solutions revealed that whenever capital subsidies were present in any policy mix when off-farm employment opportunities were held at 50 percent of the available labor supply, total weed control employment levels were lower than the social price solution by 45 to 55 percent. The group most seriously affected by weed control employment reductions was the landless laborer. The group's weed control employment losses ranged from 73 to 89 percent below their social price-employment solution. The presence of capital subsidies in any policy mix under the 50 percent off-farm employment opportunity solutions induced relatively larger income gains (20 to 67 percent) to the three sizes of farms and income losses (3 to 13 percent) to the landless laborers. Production efficiency losses were relatively high in each of the three sizes of farms whenever capital subsidies were present. In view of these findings the El Salvador government should recognize a conflict between the use of direct and indirect capital subsidies particularly on herbicides and farm machinery and between stated national goals of increasing employment and improving income distribution. Fixing the wage rate at 3.85 cents/day induced relative income gains that tend to favor the small farm and landless laborers . . . the least privileged and the biggest group in El Salvadors' total population. Output support induced equal relative income gains (19 percent) to the three sizes of farms. Maintaining subsidies on labor-using modern farm inputs (fertilizer, insecticides and improved seeds) would provide incentives for increasing grain production and intensify the widespread diffusion of these inputs into the basic grain sector of El Salvador. Close

• 43. [Article] Putting Down Roots: A Case Study of the Participation of Somali Bantu Refugees in the Global Gardens Refugee Farming Project in Boise, Idaho

  ix, 86 p.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Putting Down Roots: A Case Study of the Participation of Somali Bantu Refugees in the Global Gardens Refugee Farming Project in Boise, Idaho Author: Smith, Emily Rene, 1981- Year: 2011, 2012 ix, 86 p. Title: Putting Down Roots: A Case Study of the Participation of Somali Bantu Refugees in the Global Gardens Refugee Farming Project in Boise, Idaho Author: Smith, Emily Rene, 1981- Year: 2011, 2012 ix, 86 p. Close

• 44. [Article] Meta-Frontier Analysis of Intensive and Semi-Intensive Fish Farms in Ghana

  Abstract Only

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Meta-Frontier Analysis of Intensive and Semi-Intensive Fish Farms in Ghana Author: Onumah, Edward Abstract Only Title: Meta-Frontier Analysis of Intensive and Semi-Intensive Fish Farms in Ghana Author: Onumah, Edward Abstract Only Close

• 45. [Article] A plan for the development and the management of a farm in western Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A plan for the development and the management of a farm in western Oregon Author: Barto, Pauline Title: A plan for the development and the management of a farm in western Oregon Author: Barto, Pauline Close

• 46. [Article] The reclaiming of two abandoned coast farms in Lincoln County by the forest

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The reclaiming of two abandoned coast farms in Lincoln County by the forest Author: Taylor, Sam Title: The reclaiming of two abandoned coast farms in Lincoln County by the forest Author: Taylor, Sam Close

• 47. [Article] The utilization of plywood in farm construction

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The utilization of plywood in farm construction Author: White, Paul J. Title: The utilization of plywood in farm construction Author: White, Paul J. Close

• 48. [Article] The role of forestry in farm management

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The role of forestry in farm management Author: Woolf, Fred Title: The role of forestry in farm management Author: Woolf, Fred Close

• 49. [Article] Responsible shrimp farming in vietnam: call for promoting and strenthening community based management approaches

  Research Paper

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Responsible shrimp farming in vietnam: call for promoting and strenthening community based management approaches Author: Nhuong, Tran Van Research Paper Title: Responsible shrimp farming in vietnam: call for promoting and strenthening community based management approaches Author: Nhuong, Tran Van Research Paper Close

• 50. [Article] Organic Aquaculture in Vietnam

  Abstract only.

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Organic Aquaculture in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Dung Huu Abstract only. Title: Organic Aquaculture in Vietnam Author: Nguyen, Dung Huu Abstract only. Close