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2511. [Article] Forestry
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2512. [Article] Forestry
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The complexity of forest management has increased with the scope of resources of concern and the level of scrutiny from stakeholders. The design and use of specialized computer software, often referred ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Decision support systems for forest biodiversity management : a review of tools and an analytical-deliberative framework for understanding their successful application
- Author:
- Gordon, Sean N.
The complexity of forest management has increased with the scope of resources of concern and the level of scrutiny from stakeholders. The design and use of specialized computer software, often referred to as “decision support systems” (DSS), is one method for helping managers deal with this complexity. DSS have proven helpful in a wide range of fields, including business planning, medical diagnosis, and transportation. In the forestry sector, they have been used intensively for timber supply modeling, but their application to the more diverse and nebulous goals of ecosystem management and sustainable forestry has not been as straightforward. This study investigates the availability and utility of such DSS in relation to questions about forest biodiversity. Part one of this research was based on a written survey of the capabilities of existing decision support systems relevant to forest biodiversity issues (FBDSS). The primary objectives of the survey were to (1) help potential FBDSS users find systems which meet their needs and (2) help FBDSS designers and funders identify unmet needs. Thirty systems met the screening criteria from a pool of over 100 tools generated from previous reviews and other sources. These systems were reviewed against three themes: (1) classes of forest biodiversity indicators used, (2) major forest influences addressed, and (3) abilities to tackle complex political decisions. The results show only one system appears to address the full suite of biodiversity indicator classes based on the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicators. While there are a number of forest modeling tools that evaluate the influences of fire and biological threats on forest ecosystems, these systems do not generally deal with related biodiversity effects, and only one system was found which attempts to integrate the influence of climate change. Very few FBDSS appear to have capabilities explicitly designed to address the often value-based, political nature of forest biodiversity decisions. Part two comprises four in depth case studies on how FBDSS were actually used in different problem solving situations. Participant interviews and available documentation were reviewed using a four-part, qualitative framework. First, participants’ were asked how they judged success of the efforts (success measures) and what factors contributed the most to the outcome (success factors). Contrary to the analytical view of FBDSS, social measures of “stakeholder evaluations” and “contribution to consensus building” were found to be the most popular measures of success. The second part of the framework compared and contrasted the applicability of success factors taken from existing analytical and social theories on these cases. Three analytical factors were drawn from information systems theory (system quality, information quality, and service quality), and four social factors were taken from the environmental assessment literature (participation, communication, translation, and mediation). These factors covered participants’ explanations well and helped reveal additional aspects of the cases not directly expressed. Third, the cases were examined for a “mutual and recursive” pattern of analysis and deliberation. The least successful case also had the most difficulty in realizing this pattern. Fourth, it was hypothesized that participants in less conflicted situations would use fewer social indicators of success, and that as social complexity increased, simpler tools would be more successful. Neither of these expectations were supported by this group of cases. Part three of the study brought together information from the written survey, four in depth case studies, ten more cursory cases, and the literature to construct a framework help practicioners think about the “why, when, what, how, and who” of adoption and use of FBDSS. Important threads through these considerations include the question(s) of interest, the decision context, and the available capacity and time. The social and political uses of FBDSS should be explicitly considered because, as shown in the Part II case studies, these uses can be as important as the more traditionally recognized analytical benefits. A number of authors have suggested guidelines for choosing decision making methods (e.g. computation, expert judgment, stakeholder negotiation, integrated deliberation) best suited to different types of decision contexts. Lack of value agreement on and a dearth of knowledge about biodiversity means that these guidelines will rarely recommend a purely analytical approach. Therefore, I argue that if a DSS is used, it should be explicitly structured to serve the more preferred decision method. Reviewing the cases in this study has also provided some more specific suggestions on DSS use, such as understanding the (not necessarily scientific) information credibility demands of decision makers, the importance of incorporating local information, and how DSS can help structure group work and accumulate results. Finally, further research is suggested in the taxonomy of biodiversity decisions, the ability of DSS to address the more unique aspects of ecosystem management, and ways to gauge compatibility between different analytic and deliberative methods.
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2514. [Article] Marine Science and Technology
Posted by permission of Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA). (c) CSA 2006. All rights reserved.Citation -
2515. [Article] A study of the career education competencies considered needed by elementary and junior high school teachers in selected schools in Oregon
There were six major objectives of this study. The first was to identify the common career education competencies that elementary and/or junior high school teachers should have as they adopt and utilize ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- A study of the career education competencies considered needed by elementary and junior high school teachers in selected schools in Oregon
- Author:
- Holloway, Richard Eugene
There were six major objectives of this study. The first was to identify the common career education competencies that elementary and/or junior high school teachers should have as they adopt and utilize the concepts of career education. The second purpose was to identify where, in the professional preparation of the teacher, it is best to include instruction centered around the development of career education competencies. The third purpose was to investigate the proficiency level that respondents now have for each competency identified. The fourth purpose was to determine if significant differences existed in the responses between schools. The fifth purpose was to determine if selected independent variables were influencing the responses to the questionnaire. The sixth purpose was to determine the extent to which the competencies clustered or grouped together based upon the respondents in the study. Procedures A 50-item career education competency questionnaire was developed for gathering the data for this study. The instrument was administered to 30 elementary and 45 junior high school teachers within the state, of Oregon. Two five-point scales were used which enabled respondents to judgmentally score 1) the level of proficiency row possessed by the respondent, and 2) the level of proficiency a teacher should have. There was also a column for respondents to check as to where each competency should be initiated and completed in the teacher training program. Analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and factor analysis were utilized in analyzing the data. The differences and similarities in mean score rating of competencies between elementary and junior high respondents were noted and discussed. Selected Findings Selected findings were: 1) Both elementary and junior high school respondents felt that teachers should have at least moderate proficiency in 49 out of the 50 competencies investigated in the study. 2) There were 16 competencies that showed a large difference in mean scores between elementary and junior high school respondents as to the proficiency a teacher should have; eight of which were found to be significantly different. Except for two of these competencies, the higher mean score was given by the junior high respondents. 3) The competencies centering around evaluation, manpower trends and theories of career development were ranked low by both elementary and junior high teachers. 4) The competencies centering around resources, dignity of work, life role concept, requirements of occupations, understanding total career education program, and reason for education were ranked high by both elementary and junior high teachers. 5) Except for a few competencies, no significant difference existed in the responses between elementary schools, junior high schools, and between elementary and junior high schools. 6) The R-mode factor analysis extracted 42 competencies with factor loadings of .50 or higher. These competencies were named career education competencies and divided into the sub-factors Resources, Evaluation, Instructional Planning, Teaching Strategies requirements of career, and Teaching Strategies - career relationships. 7) The majority of respondents felt that all 50 competencies should be initiated at the undergraduate level and (with one exception) completed at the graduate/in-service level. Selected Conclusions All 50 competencies investigated in the study can be identified as common career education competencies that elementary and/or junior high school teachers should have. There are 14 competencies unique to the needs of junior high teachers and two competencies unique to the needs of elementary teachers. There are 34 competencies common to the needs of both elementary and junior high teachers. The preferred place to initiate the development of each competency is at the undergraduate level. The preferred place to complete the development of each competency (with one exception) is at the graduate-in-service level. Selected Recommendations In view of the findings and conclusion of the study, it is recommended that 1) instruction centered around the development of career education competencies be initiated in the undergraduate teacher training program; 2) all 50 competencies investigated in the study be given consideration in the development of a performance-based curriculum--the developing of behavior objectives and curriculum material centering around career education concepts; 3) a study of this nature be conducted in the near future which focuses upon a) competencies of elementary teachers by grade level, and b) competencies of junior high teachers by subject matter taught.
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Riparian ecosystems play numerous and essential roles related to the quality and flow of water, and food/habitat for fish, and varieties of wildlife. Due to lateral and linear linkages throughout the landscape, ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- The ecology of riparian ecosystems of Northeast Oregon : shrub recovery at Meadow Creek and the structure and biomass of headwater Upper Grande Ronde ecosystems
- Author:
- Case, Richard L.
Riparian ecosystems play numerous and essential roles related to the quality and flow of water, and food/habitat for fish, and varieties of wildlife. Due to lateral and linear linkages throughout the landscape, these zones influence the integrity of the terrestrial as well as the entire aquatic-riverine ecosystem. Since Euro-American settlement in the West, the structure and condition of many riparian ecosystems has been significantly altered. To provide tools and an ecological perspective related to riparian restoration and management, and to document late 20th century headwater riparian structure and biomass in the Upper Grande Ronde Basin, this research project was undertaken. At Meadow Creek, the response of riparian hardwood species to the termination of livestock grazing was quantified. Regression equations were developed to predict shrub biomass. Permanently marked hardwood plants were measured annually to quantify parameters of growth (height, crown area, mainstem diameter, number of stems, biomass). Permanent belt transects on gravel bars were utilized to quantify rates of shrub establishment. Elk/deer-proof exclosures allowed the quantification of the browsing influence of wild ungulates. In 1991, initial shrub heights and densities reflected decades of grazing pressure. Mean heights of515 woody plants (14 species) was 47 cm and densities on gravel bars averaged 10.7 plants/100m². After two seasons without livestock grazing, mean crown volumes of willows (Salix spp.) increased 550% inside of wild ungulate exclosures and 195% outside, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) 773% inside and 808% outside, and thin-leaf alder (Almis incana) 1046% inside and 198% outside, respectively. Willows were significantly impeded (p<0.Ol) mule deer and Rocky Mountain elk, alder samples were too small to statistically test, and cottonwood was not significantly impeded. However, impacts by deer and elk may be exaggerated due to high densities and the ungulate density-dynamics unique within the 77 km² Starkey Experimental Forest big-game enclosure surrounding the study site. Establishment rates are low at this time, i.e., only 10% of previously suppressed willows produced catkins. Although in transects densities increased by 5 new woody plants/lOOm² (50m of streambank). Other non-anthropogenic factors influencing the recovery of shrubs, included beaver which removed mainstems from 20% of willows, 11% of thin-leaf alder, and 4% of black cottonwood, and active insect defoliation which was noted on 16% of willows, 7% of thin-leaf alder, and 0% of black cottonwood. Crude protein levels measured in willow and alder leaves was relatively high (16.1 to 16.3%) helping to explain their palatability and use by wild and domestic herbivores. Few studies have quantified biomass, structure and composition of headwater riparian ecosystems. Data such as this are important given their dominant roles in ecosystem biodiversity, and aquatic function. To document relatively intact forested headwater ripanan conditions in the Upper Grande Ronde Basin, the biomass, structure and composition along six headwater reaches was quantified. Sampling was done using a nested belt transect/plot arrangement along 500 meter reaches. Total aboveground biomass (TAGB) ranged from 203 to 261 Mg/ha, with overstory conifers contributing 101 to 177 Mg/ha. Living understory components (saplings, seedlings, shrubs, and herbs) comprised 5 to 18 Mg/ha (2 to 9% of TAGB), while forest floor detrital accumulations comprised 65 to 101 Mg/ha (29 to 42% of TAGB). Average shade per day for July, 1993 ranged between 53% and 75%, reducing the unshaded solar energy potential of 2390 Mj/day to between 680 and 1280 Mj/day striking each m² of stream surface. This baseline reference information can serve in multi-disciplined research, as well as, be a basis for long term studies of natural systems responding to changing climate and different resource management scenarios.
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Since its inception as a laboratory animal in the early 1970s, the zebrafish has proven itself a rising star in the world of comparative biomedical sciences due to its short generation time, ease of care, ...
Citation Citation
- Title:
- Pseudoloma neurophilia in the Zebrafish (Danio rerio) : Consequences of Infection on Neurobehavioral and Biomedical Research using a Burgeoning Model Organism
- Author:
- Spagnoli, Sean
Since its inception as a laboratory animal in the early 1970s, the zebrafish has proven itself a rising star in the world of comparative biomedical sciences due to its short generation time, ease of care, external fertilization, and transparent larvae. In a very few decades, the zebrafish has been utilized as a model organism for as many experimental topics and modalities as its rodent counterparts, which have been in use for centuries. Whereas the rodent world has had time to develop biosecurity protocols and specific pathogen free lines, the zebrafish community has had little time to cleanse the animals of contaminating infectious organisms from their tenure as ornamental fish in the pet trade. Initially, because they were used primarily for developmental genetics studies, the need for biosecurity and elimination of infectious disease was not viewed as particularly important. However, as zebrafish have been used as model organisms in sensitive studies of biomedical and neurobehavioral phenomena, the scientific community must evaluate the potential for subclinical infections to alter experimental data. Pseudoloma neurophilia, a microsporidian endoparasite, is currently one of the most commonly diagnosed infections in zebrafish facilities worldwide. Because of its tropism for the central nervous system, and because of the opportunistic nature of microsporidia, it is vital to understand the potential effects that infection can have on behavior and studies involving immunosuppression. Armed with this knowledge, researchers will be able to make informed decisions regarding biosecurity and husbandry protocols in order to mitigate the effects of infection-associated, non-protocol induced variation. The hypothesis of this dissertation is that infection of zebrafish by Pseudoloma neurophilia causes non-protocol induced variation in neurobehavioral and biomedical experiments. In order to explore experimental protocols most likely to be influenced by P. neurophilia, I first performed a retrospective study with the intention of identifying the most common features of neuronal and muscular infections. Five hundred fifty-nine zebrafish infected with P. neurophilia submitted to ZIRC (Zebrafish International Resource Center, Eugene, OR) from 86 laboratories between the years 2000 and 2013 were examined via histopathology. Parasite clusters (PCs) occurred in distinct axonal swellings, frequently with no associated inflammation. Inflammation was observed in viable cell bodies distant from PCs. Multiple PCs occasionally occurred within a single axon, suggesting axonal transport. PCs occurred most frequently in the spinal cord ventral white matter (40.3% of all PCs) and the spinal nerve roots (25.6%). Within the rhombencephalon, PCs were most common in the primary descending white matter tracts. Within the rhombencephalon gray matter, PCs occurred most frequently in the reticular formation and the griseum centrale (61% and 39%, respectively). High numbers of PCs within brain and spinal cord structures mediating startle responses and anxiety suggest that related behaviors could be altered by neural microsporidiosis. Infection could, therefore, introduce unacceptable variation in studies utilizing these behaviors. I chose a commonly utilized neurobehavioral testing protocol that involved motor activity and anxiety-associated responses since it appeared to be the most likely experimental protocol to be influenced by P. neurophilia infection: The progressive tap test for startle response habituation. Fish infected via cohabitation were tested for startle response habituation in parallel with controls in a device that administered ten taps over 10 min along with taps at 18 and 60 min to evaluate habituation extinction. After testing, fish were euthanized and evaluated for infection via histopathology. Infected fish had a significantly smaller reduction in startle velocity during habituation compared to uninfected tankmates and controls. Habituation was eliminated in infected and control fish at 18 min, whereas exposed negative fish retained partial habituation at 18 min. Infection was also associated with enhanced capture evasion: Despite the absence of external symptoms, infected fish tended to be caught later than uninfected fish netted from the same tank. The combination of decreased overall habituation, early extinction of habituation compared to uninfected cohorts, and enhanced netting evasion indicates that P. neurophilia infection is associated with a behavioral phenotype distinct from that of controls and uninfected cohorts. In order to demonstrate a causative link between infection and behavior change, and to evaluate another common neurobehavioral experimental protocol, we performed a shoaling test, which examines social behavior, before and after infection. Tanks containing 10 fish each were divided into 6 control and 6 experimental shoals and recorded prior to exposure. Over 123 days, control fish were exposed to water housing uninfected fish and experimental fish were exposed to water housing infected fish. Shoals were re-recorded following exposure and infection status was determined via histopathology. There were no significant differences in mean interfish distance and percent of top-dwelling fish between control and experimental shoals prior to exposure. Following the exposure period, shoals exposed to and infected by P. neurophilia showed a significantly reduced mean interfish distance compared to controls. The percentage of top-dwelling fish was also reduced in infected shoals, although this difference was not statistically significant. This study supports the fact that P. neurophilia infection causes altered behavior in zebrafish and it should act as a warning to neurobehavioral researchers to use parasite-free fish in their research. Because of the opportunistic nature of microsporidial infections as demonstrated by fatal Enterocytozoon bieneusii and Encephalitozoon intestinalis infections in human AIDS patients, we decided to evaluate the effects of immunosuppressive gamma irradiation protocols on zebrafish infected with P. neurophilia. In this study we exposed zebrafish to combinations of P. neurophilia infection and gamma irradiation in order to explore the interaction between this immunosuppressive experimental modality and a normally subclinical infection. Zebrafish infected with P. neurophilia and exposed to gamma irradiation exhibited higher mortality, increased parasite loads, and increased incidences of myositis and extraneural parasite infections than fish exposed either to P. neurophilia or gamma irradiation alone.
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2518. [Article] Historic Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality for Columbian Black-Tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon
In contrast with other Odocoileus species, Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) population dynamics are not well understood throughout the species’ range. Concerns over apparent ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Historic Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality for Columbian Black-Tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon
- Author:
- Groot, Kevyn A.
In contrast with other Odocoileus species, Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) population dynamics are not well understood throughout the species’ range. Concerns over apparent long-term population declines have prompted efforts to fill basic knowledge gaps including estimates of vital rates (fecundity, recruitment and survival) and cause-specific mortality. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife completed an extensive Columbian black-tailed (black-tailed) deer radio-collaring study in Oregon's south Cascade range from 1994 - 2000, with the goal of better understanding and anticipating the effects of different harvest management strategies on deer herds in the region. I utilized this historical data to conduct an in-depth investigation of seasonal sex- and age-specific survival rates and cause-specific mortality rates for marked black-tailed deer. I used known-fate data for 293 male and female radio-collared black-tailed of 3 age classes (yearling, 2-year old, adult) to estimate seasonal survival and investigate a variety of explanatory factors including sex, age class, temporal effects (seasonal, annual and trends across season and year), and time-dependent large-scale regional climate covariates. Variation in survival rates for this population was best explained by an interaction between sex and age class, with decreased probability of survival with increasing age class. The age effect was most pronounced in males, and although female survival in the older age classes was higher compared to male survival as predicted, yearling males had higher survival rates than yearling females. There was strong support for temporal variation in survival between summer and winter seasons, with winter survival best modeled as constant across years and summer survival variable across years. Winter survival was generally higher than summer except in 1997 when winter and summer rates were similar. Despite annual variation in summer survival rates, large-scale climate indices (Southern Oscillation Index, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Palmer Drought Severity Index) did not explain any temporal variation in survival rates within seasons. Low survival rates during the summer season, particularly for older males, resulted in low estimates of annual survival in some years. Annual estimates for males ranged from 0.47 - 0.76 for yearlings, 0.29 - 0.60 for 2-year olds and 0.14 - 0.40 for adults across the 6 years of this study. Annual estimates for females were generally higher than for males but were some of the lowest documented for the species, ranging from 0.47 - 0.76 for yearlings, 0.46 - 0.75 for 2-year olds and 0.44 - 0.74 for adults. I used the nonparametric cumulative incidence function estimator (NPCIFE) to generate annual and seasonal cumulative incidence functions for four competing risks: harvest, predation, other low-incidence sources of anthropogenic or natural mortality, and mortality due to unknown sources. Annual and seasonal risk functions were pooled across all years of the study to maximize sample size. As predicted in this system with limited antlerless harvest, cumulative risk of harvest across the entire annual cycle (365 days) was significantly higher for males (0.16, 95% CI = 0.11 - 0.21); a 16% annual cumulative risk compared to just 3% for females (0.03, 95% CI = 0.01 - 0.05). In addition, cause-specific mortality by male age class during the period of highest hunting pressure (general Cascade rifle season) suggested that 2-year-old males had over twice the cumulative risk of legal harvest with 22% of this age class killed by hunters during the general rifle season (0.22, 95% CI = 0.12 - 0.33) compared to 10% of adults (0.10, 95% CI = 0.04 - 0.15). Most yearling males survived the harvest season as cumulative legal harvest risk for yearling males was low (0.02, 95% CI = -0.01 - 0.06) relative to 2-year-olds and adults. Cougars (Puma concolor) were the primary predator of marked black-tailed deer and there was no significant difference in annual cumulative predation risk between the sexes (males: 0.05, 95% CI = 0.02 - 0.08; females: 0.05, 95% CI = 0.03 - 0.08), with only 5% risk of predation each year for both males and females. There was strong evidence that cumulative predation risk for females was higher in winter (0.04, 95% CI = 0.02 - 0.06) compared to summer (0.01, 95% CI = -0.002 - 0.02), and an increase in cumulative risk from February to May provides supportive evidence that females are more susceptible to predation during these months. High survival rates of yearling males with dramatic declines in survival once many of these deer became 2-year olds or older suggest that harvest may have had an additive effect and been the primary cause of low survival rates observed for males. Observed variability in summer survival resulted in variable, and in some years very low, annual survival rates for adult females; a strong contrast to the generally stable annual survival rates reported for other populations of mule deer. The highest estimates of annual survival for yearling males and for females of all age classes (0.74) in 1997 are comparable to the low range of estimates observed in other populations, but in other years estimates are much lower than what has been previously reported for black-tailed deer. These low survival rates might suggest a mechanism resulting in population decline over time, but more information on other vital rates (fecundity, fawn survival, and recruitment), carrying capacity of the system and population size is necessary to understand the population dynamics of black-tailed deer in this region during the 1990's. Properties of the data relative to male age classes in particular (low sample sizes, high censoring rates) decreased precision of these estimates and might have resulted in biased estimates. Adult females had consistently sufficient sample sizes over the course of the study to generate more precise, reliable estimates of survival, particularly in the latter 3 years of the study; these estimates should therefore be viewed with more confidence. Cause-specific mortality rates should be viewed as minimums due to the high number of unknown mortalities (40% of total) in the study population, but they suggest that hunting is the primary source of mortality for adult males and predation has the highest impact on seasonal female mortality rates. Given the historical nature of these results, my estimates should be used as a baseline and foundation for comparison with results from current black-tailed deer research in Oregon. These results have raised potential questions regarding harvest levels on male black-tailed deer in addition to possible resource constraints affecting both sexes on seasonal ranges, and can therefore focus new research to address these concerns.
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2519. [Article] Forestry
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2520. [Article] Hawaiian duck (Anas wyvilliana) behavior and response to wetland habitat management at Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge on Kaua'i
The endangered Hawaiian Duck (koloa maoli; Anas wyvilliana), a non-migratory and island-endemic species, experienced a significant population decline during the twentieth century due to factors such as ...Citation Citation
- Title:
- Hawaiian duck (Anas wyvilliana) behavior and response to wetland habitat management at Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge on Kaua'i
- Author:
- Malachowski, Christopher P.
The endangered Hawaiian Duck (koloa maoli; Anas wyvilliana), a non-migratory and island-endemic species, experienced a significant population decline during the twentieth century due to factors such as habitat loss, overharvest, introduced mammalian predators, and hybridization with introduced feral Mallards (A. platyrhynchos). A key objective for Hawaiian Duck recovery is to establish a protected and managed network of wetland habitats; however, development of effective habitat management plans is stymied by the lack of information on patterns of habitat use in relation to fundamental resource requirements. Furthermore, many generalizations regarding dabbling duck behavior and resource requirements that guide seasonal wetland management objectives in North America may not apply to tropical regions and island systems. In this thesis, I compare the behavioral repertoire of the Hawaiian Duck with closely related island-endemic waterfowl and migratory North American Anas, I investigate the behavioral response of Hawaiian Ducks to wetland habitat management and taro cultivation, and I examine the effects of environmental, climatic, temporal, and social factors on the activity budgets of Hawaiian Ducks. I conducted instantaneous focal sampling (n = 984 observation sessions; 328.8 hr) throughout the annual cycle from September 2010 to August 2011 at managed wetlands and taro lo'i within Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Kaua'i. I documented 73 specific Hawaiian Duck behaviors in eight broad behavior categories including foraging, maintenance, resting, locomotion, alert, courtship, and intraspecific and interspecific agonistic interactions. I found that the behavioral repertoire of the Hawaiian Duck was similar to that of the Mallard; however, subtle variations in the form and linkage of certain courtship displays, such as nod-swimming, were observed. Additionally, male Hawaiian Ducks were occasionally associated with brood-rearing females (11% of brood observations), and this behavior appeared to be a male strategy whereby females received little perceived benefit , but males may have potentially garnered additional breeding attempts or maintained pair-bonds for subsequent breeding seasons. After accounting for sex, pair status, month, and time of day, the diurnal behavioral activities of Hawaiian Ducks differed between managed wetlands and taro habitats (F₆,₉₆₀ = 30.3, P < 0.001). Hawaiian Ducks utilized taro predominantly for resting (44%), maintenance (21%), and foraging (15%), while birds used managed wetlands for a variety of activities, including foraging (11%), maintenance (28%), resting (27%), and locomotion (22%). Social activities, particularly courtship, occurred more frequently in managed wetlands than in taro (H₁ = 11.9, P < 0.001). In managed wetlands, birds foraged slightly more with increasing cover of Cyperus spp. (r = 0.18, P < 0.001) and Fimbristylis littoralis (r = 0.17, P < 0.01) and decreasing cover of Urochloa mutica (r = -0.15, P < 0.01) and wetland vegetation height (r = -0.22, P < 0.001). Within taro habitat, the behavioral activities of Hawaiian Ducks differed significantly between birds in lo'i and on dikes (F₆,₄₆₈ = 142.8, P < 0.001); birds utilized lo‘i dikes for resting (60%) and maintenance activities (21%), whereas birds entered lo‘i primarily to forage (45%). The activity budget of Hawaiian Ducks was strongly influenced by time of day (F₁₈,₂₇₁₅.₇₈ = 6.4, P < 0.001), and birds spent more time engaged in active behaviors (i.e., foraging, locomotion, and alert) and less time resting during early morning and evening than during late morning and afternoon. While strong seasonal shifts in most behavioral patterns were not detected, males allocated more time to courting (1.1 vs. 0.3%; H1 = 6.92, P = 0.009) and mate-guarding (0.5 vs. <0.1%; H₁ = 9.83, P = 0.002) in managed wetlands between November and March than the remainder of the year. The effects of sex (F₆,₉₆₀ = 6.06, P < 0.001) and social status (F₆,₆₈₂ = 6.69, P < 0.001) on activity budgets were also significant. Females spent more time foraging (18 vs. 12%) and less time in alert, locomotor, and social behaviors than males. Paired birds allocated more time to aggression towards conspecifics, mate-guarding, and courtship, and within taro lo‘i, paired birds foraged more and rested less than unpaired birds. Overall, Hawaiian Duck allocated diurnal activity budgets differently in managed and cultivated wetland habitat at Hanalei NWR, suggesting that both systems may play an important role in fulfilling fundamental daily and seasonal resource requirements. The increased range of activities and foraging tactics used in managed wetlands may indicate the greater habitat diversity (e.g., vegetation structure, patchiness, plant species richness, range of water depths) provided by seasonal wetlands. In general, Hawaiian Duck allocated less time to diurnal foraging than North American Anas, such Mallard and Mottled Duck (A. fulvigula), suggesting that Hawaiian Duck may have lower daily and seasonal energy demands, have access to higher quality diet, or allot more time to nocturnal foraging activities. Also, unlike many North American migratory waterfowl that demonstrate significant behavioral plasticity in adjusting activity budgets to meet seasonal energy demands associated with breeding, molting, wintering, and migration, Hawaiian Duck did not exhibit a strong seasonal shift in most behaviors which may reflect their non-migratory nature and asynchronous life history cycle.