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• 241. [Article] OASIS - Use of Stratified Random Sampling to Estimate the Abundance of Oregon Coastal Coho Salmon

  Abstract -- Management of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon is heavily dependent upon estimates of the spawning escapement of Oregon coastal natural OCN) coho salmon. OCN coho salmon consist ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: OASIS - Use of Stratified Random Sampling to Estimate the Abundance of Oregon Coastal Coho Salmon Abstract -- Management of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon is heavily dependent upon estimates of the spawning escapement of Oregon coastal natural OCN) coho salmon. OCN coho salmon consist of an aggregate of wild coho salmon populations that originate from Oregon coastal river basins south of the Columbia River and north of Cape Blanco. OCN spawning escapement estimates are an integral component of the management of salmon fisheries in the ocean. Escapement estimates are also used to assess progress towards meeting goals addressed in Oregon's Coho Salmon Plan (ODFW 1982), the Salmon Framework Plan of the Pacific Fisheries Management Council (PFMC 1984), the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) Wild Fish Policy, the Oregon Salmon Restoration Plan (Oregon 1997) and various management plans for coastal basins. During 1985-86, the Oregon State University Department of Statistics was contracted by ODFW to review the method used to estimate OCN spawning escapement and to recommend procedures for improving the methodology (Ganio et al.1986). Five sources of bias were identified in the methodology: (1) methods of survey site selection, (2) estimates of the life span of fish in survey sites, (3) counting of nonspawning fish in survey sites, (4) under-counting of fish in survey sites, and (5)estimates of total miles of spawning habitat. The authors concluded that the method of survey site selection was probably the most serious source of bias because of evidence that survey sites were predominantly located in "better than average" spawning habitat. To improve the methodology used to estimate OCN escapement, the authors proposed a sampling plan designed to reduce survey site selection bias and to provide an estimate of the precision of the escapement estimate. The recommended sampling plan incorporated a stratified random sampling (SRS) scheme, where, within geographic 2 sampling units, survey sites are randomly selected from the estimated available miles of coho salmon spawning habitat. Although the SRS survey procedure proposed by Ganio et al. (1986) was a means of vastly improving OCN escapement estimates, more information was needed before this procedure could be adopted. Procedures needed to be developed for selecting and surveying random survey sites (Ganio et al. 1986). The feasibility of incorporating additional levels of stratification to improve the efficiency of the sampling program and account for additional escapement resulting from hatchery fish was needed. More accurate estimates of the available spawning habitat for coho salmon in coastal watersheds were necessary for the development of an effective SRS scheme and ultimately, as a means of improving absolute escapement estimates. Finally, the relationship between spawning densities estimated from the standard coho salmon survey program and spawning densities estimated from a SRS program needed to be determined. Title: OASIS - Use of Stratified Random Sampling to Estimate the Abundance of Oregon Coastal Coho Salmon Abstract -- Management of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Oregon is heavily dependent upon estimates of the spawning escapement of Oregon coastal natural OCN) coho salmon. OCN coho salmon consist of an aggregate of wild coho salmon populations that originate from Oregon coastal river basins south of the Columbia River and north of Cape Blanco. OCN spawning escapement estimates are an integral component of the management of salmon fisheries in the ocean. Escapement estimates are also used to assess progress towards meeting goals addressed in Oregon's Coho Salmon Plan (ODFW 1982), the Salmon Framework Plan of the Pacific Fisheries Management Council (PFMC 1984), the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) Wild Fish Policy, the Oregon Salmon Restoration Plan (Oregon 1997) and various management plans for coastal basins. During 1985-86, the Oregon State University Department of Statistics was contracted by ODFW to review the method used to estimate OCN spawning escapement and to recommend procedures for improving the methodology (Ganio et al.1986). Five sources of bias were identified in the methodology: (1) methods of survey site selection, (2) estimates of the life span of fish in survey sites, (3) counting of nonspawning fish in survey sites, (4) under-counting of fish in survey sites, and (5)estimates of total miles of spawning habitat. The authors concluded that the method of survey site selection was probably the most serious source of bias because of evidence that survey sites were predominantly located in "better than average" spawning habitat. To improve the methodology used to estimate OCN escapement, the authors proposed a sampling plan designed to reduce survey site selection bias and to provide an estimate of the precision of the escapement estimate. The recommended sampling plan incorporated a stratified random sampling (SRS) scheme, where, within geographic 2 sampling units, survey sites are randomly selected from the estimated available miles of coho salmon spawning habitat. Although the SRS survey procedure proposed by Ganio et al. (1986) was a means of vastly improving OCN escapement estimates, more information was needed before this procedure could be adopted. Procedures needed to be developed for selecting and surveying random survey sites (Ganio et al. 1986). The feasibility of incorporating additional levels of stratification to improve the efficiency of the sampling program and account for additional escapement resulting from hatchery fish was needed. More accurate estimates of the available spawning habitat for coho salmon in coastal watersheds were necessary for the development of an effective SRS scheme and ultimately, as a means of improving absolute escapement estimates. Finally, the relationship between spawning densities estimated from the standard coho salmon survey program and spawning densities estimated from a SRS program needed to be determined. Close

• 242. [Article] Coniferous forest biome :1975 to 1977 proposal : Volume 1

  The Coniferous Forest Biome was initially funded in 1970 by the National Science Foundation as a large-scale, interdisciplinary, interinstitutional research program to study coniferous forest and associated ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Coniferous forest biome :1975 to 1977 proposal : Volume 1 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome The Coniferous Forest Biome was initially funded in 1970 by the National Science Foundation as a large-scale, interdisciplinary, interinstitutional research program to study coniferous forest and associated aquatic ecosystems. It was initiated as one of the Integrated Research Programs in the Ecosystem Analysis Section of the U.S./International Biological Program (US/IBP). The IBP was generated in response to a need to solve the major problems confronting mankind: rapidly increasing population, food and fiber shortages, and environmental degradation. Its major theme was "determination of the biological basis for productivity and human welfare." The US/IBP is sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council and terminates on 30 June 1974. This proposal requests continued support in the post-IBP period from 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1977. Our initial proposals were developed around the need for developing new approaches and theory in ecology and concentrated on integrating knowledge of the structure and function of selected terrestrial and linked aquatic ecosystems. Development of ecosystem theory is needed to forward basic ecological science and for practical land management purposes. This proposal emphasizes further extension of Biome research in space and time dimensions from the data base and theoretical understanding of coniferous forest ecosystems gained to date. This will be accomplished through studies that will be conducted at the stand, watershed, regional, ecosystem interaction, lake and stream integration levels. Modeling will be used as an integrating mechanism at each of the levels. The proposal is presented in three volumes. Volume 1 (parts 1 and 2) describes our research rationale, our proposed research in relation to our findings, research management, application of Biome results, budgets, and project summaries. Volume 2 (parts 3-5) represents an initial synthesis of program results to date. Part 3 describes the structure and dynamics of natural coniferous ecosystems in the Biome with emphasis on the Douglas-fir region. Modeling has been used as our major integrating mechanism. Part 4 is devoted to discussion of what we have learned about integrating ecosystem studies through modeling. We have just initiated studies on the behavior of stressed (e.g., insect defoliated) and manipulated (e.g., fertilized) ecosystems, and the preliminary information we have gained in this area is presented in part 5. In this discussion our findings are compared with the findings of other researchers where possible. There are many gaps in our knowledge of the effects of stress and manipulation on coniferous forest ecosystems, and as a result we have proposed research in that area. Volume 3 consists of the Appendix (part 6), which includes a list of Biome publications (contributions, bulletins, and internal reports), a section on model documentation, and curriculum vitae. The section on model documentation is particularly important since it provides a framework for evaluating complicated models by biologists and modelers alike. Title: Coniferous forest biome :1975 to 1977 proposal : Volume 1 Author: U.S. International Biological Program. Coniferous Forest Biome The Coniferous Forest Biome was initially funded in 1970 by the National Science Foundation as a large-scale, interdisciplinary, interinstitutional research program to study coniferous forest and associated aquatic ecosystems. It was initiated as one of the Integrated Research Programs in the Ecosystem Analysis Section of the U.S./International Biological Program (US/IBP). The IBP was generated in response to a need to solve the major problems confronting mankind: rapidly increasing population, food and fiber shortages, and environmental degradation. Its major theme was "determination of the biological basis for productivity and human welfare." The US/IBP is sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council and terminates on 30 June 1974. This proposal requests continued support in the post-IBP period from 1 January 1975 to 31 December 1977. Our initial proposals were developed around the need for developing new approaches and theory in ecology and concentrated on integrating knowledge of the structure and function of selected terrestrial and linked aquatic ecosystems. Development of ecosystem theory is needed to forward basic ecological science and for practical land management purposes. This proposal emphasizes further extension of Biome research in space and time dimensions from the data base and theoretical understanding of coniferous forest ecosystems gained to date. This will be accomplished through studies that will be conducted at the stand, watershed, regional, ecosystem interaction, lake and stream integration levels. Modeling will be used as an integrating mechanism at each of the levels. The proposal is presented in three volumes. Volume 1 (parts 1 and 2) describes our research rationale, our proposed research in relation to our findings, research management, application of Biome results, budgets, and project summaries. Volume 2 (parts 3-5) represents an initial synthesis of program results to date. Part 3 describes the structure and dynamics of natural coniferous ecosystems in the Biome with emphasis on the Douglas-fir region. Modeling has been used as our major integrating mechanism. Part 4 is devoted to discussion of what we have learned about integrating ecosystem studies through modeling. We have just initiated studies on the behavior of stressed (e.g., insect defoliated) and manipulated (e.g., fertilized) ecosystems, and the preliminary information we have gained in this area is presented in part 5. In this discussion our findings are compared with the findings of other researchers where possible. There are many gaps in our knowledge of the effects of stress and manipulation on coniferous forest ecosystems, and as a result we have proposed research in that area. Volume 3 consists of the Appendix (part 6), which includes a list of Biome publications (contributions, bulletins, and internal reports), a section on model documentation, and curriculum vitae. The section on model documentation is particularly important since it provides a framework for evaluating complicated models by biologists and modelers alike. Close

• 243. [Article] Administrative Design for Yakima-Klickitat Production Project: Final Report

  This report provides the administrative design to implement the Yakima/Klickitat Production Project. This project is a scientifically designed salmon fishery restoration project funded by the Bonneville ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Administrative Design for Yakima-Klickitat Production Project: Final Report Author: Churchill, Jack, Shissler, Lee, Edner, Sheldon, Smith, Randy Year: 1990 This report provides the administrative design to implement the Yakima/Klickitat Production Project. This project is a scientifically designed salmon fishery restoration project funded by the Bonneville Power Administration in compliance with the .fishery policies established by the Northwest Power Planning Council under the authority of the Northwest Power Planning Act. This project breaks new ground in the field of fishery management. It is the first full scale application of supplementation technology directed toward maintaining and rebuilding native fish stocks and sub stocks with hatchery rearing methods. The work of the organization is an inherently more complex production function than traditional fish hatchery operations. This is in part because the project requires a high level of continuing quality control. It is also due in part because the fisheries management takes place over an extended geographical space of the watershed. The pre-design work for this project has been underway since 1987 by an ad hoc planning group composed of representative of the Yakima Indian Nation, the Washington Department of Fisheries and the Washington Department of Wildlife, and private consultants under funding of the Bonneville Power Administration. The project experimental design has been developed by the Experimental Design Work Group. The Bonneville Power Administration is contracting for design and construction of the fish rearing facilities. The research challenge was to design an organization to .implement the adaptive management concept of biological systems management. The management of complex biological systems such as salmon fish runs is character:ized by a high degree of uncertainty. Management for uncertain outcomes requires an organizational process that will induce a continuing learning atmosphere. Over time, most bureaucratic organizations suffer from inertia and are not conducive to a learning environment. Research methods involved the review of literature and related administrative experience, an interview process, a modified Delphi questionnaire, a series of group dynamic exercises, and observation of the work teams during the last six months of the planing process. The results of our research suggest that a new non-profit corporation be formed to implement the program under the direction of the three primary fish management basin agencies. The corporation should have flexibility and the organization will be phased in during the five year planning and construction cycle. A primary result of our research is the conclusion that the team management concept be the dominant organizational unit for both management of field operations and for management of scientific design and evaluation. Title: Administrative Design for Yakima-Klickitat Production Project: Final Report Author: Churchill, Jack, Shissler, Lee, Edner, Sheldon, Smith, Randy Year: 1990 This report provides the administrative design to implement the Yakima/Klickitat Production Project. This project is a scientifically designed salmon fishery restoration project funded by the Bonneville Power Administration in compliance with the .fishery policies established by the Northwest Power Planning Council under the authority of the Northwest Power Planning Act. This project breaks new ground in the field of fishery management. It is the first full scale application of supplementation technology directed toward maintaining and rebuilding native fish stocks and sub stocks with hatchery rearing methods. The work of the organization is an inherently more complex production function than traditional fish hatchery operations. This is in part because the project requires a high level of continuing quality control. It is also due in part because the fisheries management takes place over an extended geographical space of the watershed. The pre-design work for this project has been underway since 1987 by an ad hoc planning group composed of representative of the Yakima Indian Nation, the Washington Department of Fisheries and the Washington Department of Wildlife, and private consultants under funding of the Bonneville Power Administration. The project experimental design has been developed by the Experimental Design Work Group. The Bonneville Power Administration is contracting for design and construction of the fish rearing facilities. The research challenge was to design an organization to .implement the adaptive management concept of biological systems management. The management of complex biological systems such as salmon fish runs is character:ized by a high degree of uncertainty. Management for uncertain outcomes requires an organizational process that will induce a continuing learning atmosphere. Over time, most bureaucratic organizations suffer from inertia and are not conducive to a learning environment. Research methods involved the review of literature and related administrative experience, an interview process, a modified Delphi questionnaire, a series of group dynamic exercises, and observation of the work teams during the last six months of the planing process. The results of our research suggest that a new non-profit corporation be formed to implement the program under the direction of the three primary fish management basin agencies. The corporation should have flexibility and the organization will be phased in during the five year planning and construction cycle. A primary result of our research is the conclusion that the team management concept be the dominant organizational unit for both management of field operations and for management of scientific design and evaluation. Close

• 244. [Article] Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District

  Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Author: Hickman, O. Eugene, Christy, John A., The Institute for Natural Resources Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon Title: Historical vegetation of central southwest Oregon, based on GLO survey notes : final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Author: Hickman, O. Eugene, Christy, John A., The Institute for Natural Resources Final report to USDI Bureau of Land Management. Medford District, Oregon Close

• 245. [Article] A Practitioner’s Handbook: Optimizing Conservation and Improving Mitigation Through the Use of Progressive Approaches

  The information contained in this report was prepared as part of NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 67, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. SPECIAL NOTE: This report IS ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Practitioner’s Handbook: Optimizing Conservation and Improving Mitigation Through the Use of Progressive Approaches Author: NatureServe, Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Institute for Natural Resources, Resources for the Future, Environmental Law Institute The information contained in this report was prepared as part of NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 67, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. SPECIAL NOTE: This report IS NOT an official publication of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, or The National Academies. Title: A Practitioner’s Handbook: Optimizing Conservation and Improving Mitigation Through the Use of Progressive Approaches Author: NatureServe, Cambridge Systematics, Inc., Institute for Natural Resources, Resources for the Future, Environmental Law Institute The information contained in this report was prepared as part of NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 67, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. SPECIAL NOTE: This report IS NOT an official publication of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, or The National Academies. Close