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• 11. [Article] Migratory Patterns, Structure, Abundance, and Status of Bull Trout Populations from Subbasins in the Columbia Plateau and Blue Mountain Provinces, 2005 Annual Report

  Abstract -- Methods of estimating the abundance of adult bull trout, migration and temperature patterns of adult bull trout in the Lostine River, seasonal movements of subadult fluvial bull trout in Mill ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Migratory Patterns, Structure, Abundance, and Status of Bull Trout Populations from Subbasins in the Columbia Plateau and Blue Mountain Provinces, 2005 Annual Report Abstract -- Methods of estimating the abundance of adult bull trout, migration and temperature patterns of adult bull trout in the Lostine River, seasonal movements of subadult fluvial bull trout in Mill Creek, spatial distribution of bull trout Redds in the John Day basin and evaluation of various statistical sampling designs, analysis and synthesis of project results, life history of Mill Creek fluvial bull trout using PIT tags and cohort analysis. Title: Migratory Patterns, Structure, Abundance, and Status of Bull Trout Populations from Subbasins in the Columbia Plateau and Blue Mountain Provinces, 2005 Annual Report Abstract -- Methods of estimating the abundance of adult bull trout, migration and temperature patterns of adult bull trout in the Lostine River, seasonal movements of subadult fluvial bull trout in Mill Creek, spatial distribution of bull trout Redds in the John Day basin and evaluation of various statistical sampling designs, analysis and synthesis of project results, life history of Mill Creek fluvial bull trout using PIT tags and cohort analysis. Close

• 12. [Article] MWBTRP - Middle Fork Willamette Basin Bull Trout Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project, Annual Progress Report 2005

  Abstract -- Bull trout in the Middle Fork Willamette Basin once moved uninhibited back and forth from spawning and rearing habitats near Diamond Peak to foraging and overwintering habitats lower in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: MWBTRP - Middle Fork Willamette Basin Bull Trout Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project, Annual Progress Report 2005 Abstract -- Bull trout in the Middle Fork Willamette Basin once moved uninhibited back and forth from spawning and rearing habitats near Diamond Peak to foraging and overwintering habitats lower in the basin. Construction of Dexter, Lookout Point and Hills Creek dams in the 1950s and 1960s without fish passage fragmented the habitat and limited the range of the population to above Hills Creek Dam. This population declined and the last confirmed bull trout sighting above Hills Creek dam was a photograph taken by an angler in 1990. Buchanan et al. (1997) described bull trout in the Middle Fork Willamette River as “probably extinct” after extensive surveys from 1993 through 1997 failed to observe any bull trout. In 1997 the US Forest Service and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife began a program to reestablish bull trout in the Middle Fork Willamette. More than 10,000 bull trout fry have been transferred from the relatively healthy McKenzie population to the Middle Fork Willamette River. Adult bull trout are once again present in the Middle Fork Willamette, although natural reproduction has not been documented. Title: MWBTRP - Middle Fork Willamette Basin Bull Trout Rehabilitation and Monitoring Project, Annual Progress Report 2005 Abstract -- Bull trout in the Middle Fork Willamette Basin once moved uninhibited back and forth from spawning and rearing habitats near Diamond Peak to foraging and overwintering habitats lower in the basin. Construction of Dexter, Lookout Point and Hills Creek dams in the 1950s and 1960s without fish passage fragmented the habitat and limited the range of the population to above Hills Creek Dam. This population declined and the last confirmed bull trout sighting above Hills Creek dam was a photograph taken by an angler in 1990. Buchanan et al. (1997) described bull trout in the Middle Fork Willamette River as “probably extinct” after extensive surveys from 1993 through 1997 failed to observe any bull trout. In 1997 the US Forest Service and the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife began a program to reestablish bull trout in the Middle Fork Willamette. More than 10,000 bull trout fry have been transferred from the relatively healthy McKenzie population to the Middle Fork Willamette River. Adult bull trout are once again present in the Middle Fork Willamette, although natural reproduction has not been documented. Close

• 13. [Article] Factors influencing spawning migration of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the North Fork Skokomish River, Olympic National Park, Washington

  Distribution and life history characteristics of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were described in the North Fork Skokomish River Basin (including Lake Cushman, a reservoir) from ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Factors influencing spawning migration of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the North Fork Skokomish River, Olympic National Park, Washington Author: Brenkman, Samuel J. Distribution and life history characteristics of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were described in the North Fork Skokomish River Basin (including Lake Cushman, a reservoir) from 1994 to 1996. Day snorkeling was conducted in the river to determine initiation of the bull trout spawning migration, abundance of spawners, and duration of spawning. Declining photoperiod, increased river discharge, and decreased water temperature appeared to influence timing of migration and spawning. Lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout typically entered the North Fork Skokomish River in October although some fish entered as early as May. Mean lengths of spawners consistently increased from June to December 1996, and early migrating bull trout were shorter than those fish that entered after river discharge increased in October. The presence of two phases of the spawning migration may be indicative of two populations spawning in the river. Bull trout spawned between mid-September and December in the river and tributaries after water temperatures declined. All spawning occurred at temperatures less than 7.5°C. Comparisons with studies of other lacustrine-adfiuvial bull trout populations that inhabit river and reservoir complexes suggested that bull trout exhibit specific migratory strategies related to local environmental conditions. In the North Fork Skokomish River, changes in abundance of bull trout, mountain whitefish (Prosopium wilhamsom), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus dark), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) revealed distinct temporal segregation among these species. Olympic National Park, a designated Biosphere Reserve, contains one of the largest remaining areas of relatively pristine habitat in the range of bull trout. Knowledge of responses of bull trout to changes in river discharge and temperature from relatively undisturbed systems, such as the North Fork Skokomish River, may be useful in understanding patterns observed in degraded environments. Title: Factors influencing spawning migration of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the North Fork Skokomish River, Olympic National Park, Washington Author: Brenkman, Samuel J. Distribution and life history characteristics of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) were described in the North Fork Skokomish River Basin (including Lake Cushman, a reservoir) from 1994 to 1996. Day snorkeling was conducted in the river to determine initiation of the bull trout spawning migration, abundance of spawners, and duration of spawning. Declining photoperiod, increased river discharge, and decreased water temperature appeared to influence timing of migration and spawning. Lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout typically entered the North Fork Skokomish River in October although some fish entered as early as May. Mean lengths of spawners consistently increased from June to December 1996, and early migrating bull trout were shorter than those fish that entered after river discharge increased in October. The presence of two phases of the spawning migration may be indicative of two populations spawning in the river. Bull trout spawned between mid-September and December in the river and tributaries after water temperatures declined. All spawning occurred at temperatures less than 7.5°C. Comparisons with studies of other lacustrine-adfiuvial bull trout populations that inhabit river and reservoir complexes suggested that bull trout exhibit specific migratory strategies related to local environmental conditions. In the North Fork Skokomish River, changes in abundance of bull trout, mountain whitefish (Prosopium wilhamsom), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus dark), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) revealed distinct temporal segregation among these species. Olympic National Park, a designated Biosphere Reserve, contains one of the largest remaining areas of relatively pristine habitat in the range of bull trout. Knowledge of responses of bull trout to changes in river discharge and temperature from relatively undisturbed systems, such as the North Fork Skokomish River, may be useful in understanding patterns observed in degraded environments. Close

• 14. [Article] Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Population and Habitat Survey in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2001

  Our study area includes the three McKenzie populations, and a reintroduced population in the Middle Fork Willamette and tributaries above Hills Creek Reservoir. We monitored bull trout populations in the ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Population and Habitat Survey in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2001 Author: Taylor, Greg Our study area includes the three McKenzie populations, and a reintroduced population in the Middle Fork Willamette and tributaries above Hills Creek Reservoir. We monitored bull trout populations in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins using a combination of sampling techniques that include spawning surveys, juvenile trapping, electronic fish counters, and night snorkeling. We continued to reintroduce bull trout fry from Anderson Creek (McKenzie Basin) to the Middle Fork Willamette above Hills Creek Reservoir in an attempt to rehabilitate the bull trout population in the Middle Fork Willamette Basin. By monitoring population trends and determining life history characteristics of bull trout in McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins, we can make informed management decisions that will help maintain long term and sustainable bull trout populations in the upper Willamette Basin. Title: Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) Population and Habitat Survey in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette Basins, 2001 Author: Taylor, Greg Our study area includes the three McKenzie populations, and a reintroduced population in the Middle Fork Willamette and tributaries above Hills Creek Reservoir. We monitored bull trout populations in the McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins using a combination of sampling techniques that include spawning surveys, juvenile trapping, electronic fish counters, and night snorkeling. We continued to reintroduce bull trout fry from Anderson Creek (McKenzie Basin) to the Middle Fork Willamette above Hills Creek Reservoir in an attempt to rehabilitate the bull trout population in the Middle Fork Willamette Basin. By monitoring population trends and determining life history characteristics of bull trout in McKenzie and Middle Fork Willamette basins, we can make informed management decisions that will help maintain long term and sustainable bull trout populations in the upper Willamette Basin. Close

• 15. [Article] Stream habitat utilization and behavior of sympatric and allopatric wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) and hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch)

  The behavior and stream habitat utilization of juvenile hatchery-reared coho salmon (Ovicozihynchus kisutch) and wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) were examined to assess the nature of interactions between ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Stream habitat utilization and behavior of sympatric and allopatric wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) and hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) Author: Jacobs, Steven Edward The behavior and stream habitat utilization of juvenile hatchery-reared coho salmon (Ovicozihynchus kisutch) and wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) were examined to assess the nature of interactions between the species potentially resulting from introductions of hatchery coho salmon in streams. Habitat utilization was monitored in Mill Creek, Polk Co., Oregon by manipulating the composition of fish within three study sections to include either allopatric or sympatric populations of hatchery coho salmon and wild cutthroat trout. In allopatry, coho salmon and cutthroat trout selected feeding microhabitat that was similar in physical characteristics and exhibited extensive dietary overlap. When the two species occurred in sympatry, feeding microhabitat used by coho salmon was altered, however, that of cutthroat trout was comparable to allopatric cutthroat trout. No discernable differences in dietary composition between allopatric and sympatric fish were detected. While allopatric cutthroat trout always gained mass. ailopatric coho salmon always lost mass. Stomach fullness indices were higher for allopatric cutthroat trout than allopatric coho salmon. Sympatric cutthroat trout had comparable or greater gains of mass, indices of stomach fullness, and hepatic glycogen reserves relative to allopatric cutthroat trout. Conversely, sympatric coho salmon had greater losses of mass, reduced hepatic glycogen reserves, and apparently lower indices of stomach fullness than allopatric salmon. Behavioral observations made through the use of an in-stream viewing chamber in Berry Creek, Benton Co., Oregon, indicated that in allopatry populations of hatchery coho salmon and wild cutthroat trout were structured as linear dominance hierarchies that were organized by quantitatively and qualitatively similar aggressive interactions. In sympatry, however, cutthroat trout were more aggressive and socially dominant to coho salmon. The shift in use of micro-habitat and reduction in habitat utilization effectiveness of hatchery coho salmon in the presence of cutthroat trout can, thus, be interpreted to occur as a result of interference competition mediated through interspecific aggression. Title: Stream habitat utilization and behavior of sympatric and allopatric wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) and hatchery coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) Author: Jacobs, Steven Edward The behavior and stream habitat utilization of juvenile hatchery-reared coho salmon (Ovicozihynchus kisutch) and wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) were examined to assess the nature of interactions between the species potentially resulting from introductions of hatchery coho salmon in streams. Habitat utilization was monitored in Mill Creek, Polk Co., Oregon by manipulating the composition of fish within three study sections to include either allopatric or sympatric populations of hatchery coho salmon and wild cutthroat trout. In allopatry, coho salmon and cutthroat trout selected feeding microhabitat that was similar in physical characteristics and exhibited extensive dietary overlap. When the two species occurred in sympatry, feeding microhabitat used by coho salmon was altered, however, that of cutthroat trout was comparable to allopatric cutthroat trout. No discernable differences in dietary composition between allopatric and sympatric fish were detected. While allopatric cutthroat trout always gained mass. ailopatric coho salmon always lost mass. Stomach fullness indices were higher for allopatric cutthroat trout than allopatric coho salmon. Sympatric cutthroat trout had comparable or greater gains of mass, indices of stomach fullness, and hepatic glycogen reserves relative to allopatric cutthroat trout. Conversely, sympatric coho salmon had greater losses of mass, reduced hepatic glycogen reserves, and apparently lower indices of stomach fullness than allopatric salmon. Behavioral observations made through the use of an in-stream viewing chamber in Berry Creek, Benton Co., Oregon, indicated that in allopatry populations of hatchery coho salmon and wild cutthroat trout were structured as linear dominance hierarchies that were organized by quantitatively and qualitatively similar aggressive interactions. In sympatry, however, cutthroat trout were more aggressive and socially dominant to coho salmon. The shift in use of micro-habitat and reduction in habitat utilization effectiveness of hatchery coho salmon in the presence of cutthroat trout can, thus, be interpreted to occur as a result of interference competition mediated through interspecific aggression. Close

• 16. [Article] Experimental analysis of intra- and interspecific competitive interactions between cutthroat trout and sculpins in small streams

  In the Pacific Northwest ecoregion of North America, sculpins represent a major constituent of freshwater assemblages in coastal rivers. Based on their prevalence and abundance, sculpins are likely important ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Experimental analysis of intra- and interspecific competitive interactions between cutthroat trout and sculpins in small streams Author: Ramirez, Ben S. In the Pacific Northwest ecoregion of North America, sculpins represent a major constituent of freshwater assemblages in coastal rivers. Based on their prevalence and abundance, sculpins are likely important ecologically, yet little is known of their interactions with co-occurring species, such as widely studied salmon and trout (salmonines). In this study, I evaluated inter- and intraspecific interactions involving cottids (Cottus sp.) and coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii). I used a response surface experimental design to independently evaluate effects of cutthroat trout and sculpin biomass on growth and behavior. There was evidence of both intra- and interspecific interactions between cutthroat trout and sculpins, but the interactions were asymmetrical with biomass of cutthroat trout driving both intra- and interspecific interactions, whereas sculpins had little influence overall. Cutthroat trout biomass was positively related to conspecific aggressive interactions and negatively related to growth. Sculpin exhibited increased use of cover during the day in response to greater biomass of cutthroat trout, but not sculpin biomass. Nocturnal use of cover by sculpins was unaffected by biomass of either species. This experiment provides insights into the species interactions and the mechanisms that may allow sculpins and salmonines to coexist in nature. As cutthroat trout appear to be superior competitors, coexistence between sculpins and cutthroat trout may depend on some form of refuge, either in the form of in-stream cover or crypsis coupled with diel resource segregation. Cutthroat trout are usually active during the day, indicating that nocturnal foraging by sculpins may in part represent a behavior that minimizes interspecific competition with cutthroat trout. Title: Experimental analysis of intra- and interspecific competitive interactions between cutthroat trout and sculpins in small streams Author: Ramirez, Ben S. In the Pacific Northwest ecoregion of North America, sculpins represent a major constituent of freshwater assemblages in coastal rivers. Based on their prevalence and abundance, sculpins are likely important ecologically, yet little is known of their interactions with co-occurring species, such as widely studied salmon and trout (salmonines). In this study, I evaluated inter- and intraspecific interactions involving cottids (Cottus sp.) and coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii). I used a response surface experimental design to independently evaluate effects of cutthroat trout and sculpin biomass on growth and behavior. There was evidence of both intra- and interspecific interactions between cutthroat trout and sculpins, but the interactions were asymmetrical with biomass of cutthroat trout driving both intra- and interspecific interactions, whereas sculpins had little influence overall. Cutthroat trout biomass was positively related to conspecific aggressive interactions and negatively related to growth. Sculpin exhibited increased use of cover during the day in response to greater biomass of cutthroat trout, but not sculpin biomass. Nocturnal use of cover by sculpins was unaffected by biomass of either species. This experiment provides insights into the species interactions and the mechanisms that may allow sculpins and salmonines to coexist in nature. As cutthroat trout appear to be superior competitors, coexistence between sculpins and cutthroat trout may depend on some form of refuge, either in the form of in-stream cover or crypsis coupled with diel resource segregation. Cutthroat trout are usually active during the day, indicating that nocturnal foraging by sculpins may in part represent a behavior that minimizes interspecific competition with cutthroat trout. Close

• 17. [Article] Substitutional relationships between rainbow trout and pansize salmon : a market demand analysis

  The fundamental objective of this analysis was to isolate and identify the factors governing the demand for domestically produced rainbow trout in a representative west coast market, and assess the impact ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Substitutional relationships between rainbow trout and pansize salmon : a market demand analysis Author: Queirolo, Lewis E. The fundamental objective of this analysis was to isolate and identify the factors governing the demand for domestically produced rainbow trout in a representative west coast market, and assess the impact on that demand, if any, of the introduction of pansize salmon. The approach taken in this market demand study was to identify those variables hypothesized to determine supply and demand for rainbow trout. Several testable hypotheses concerning the anticipated relationships were specified. It was hypothesized that a negative relationship would exist between the price of trout at the brokerage level and the quantity demanded at that level. Conversely, the price of trout at the wholesale level was hypothesized to be positively correlated with the quantity of rainbow trout demanded at the brokerage level. Further, the signs on the coefficients of variables accounting for the wholesale prices of substitute items were expected to be negative, while comparable prices at the brokerage level should be positive, based upon the hypothesis. It was hypothesized that the presence of Japanese trout in the market place would have a negative impact on the quantity of domestically produced trout demanded. Personal disposable income was hypothesized to be positively correlated with the quantity of trout demanded. Expectations were that seasonal factors tend to cause trout demand to fluctuate cyclically. An econometric simultaneous equations model was specified from which estimates of the parameters of the demand equation were obtained using Two Stage Least Squares techniques. A recognition of the limitations associated with the available data set necessitates the emphasizing of the preliminary nature of these results. Data on quantities and prices of rainbow trout and equivalent price series for hypothesized substitutes were obtained through personal interviews with market participants and close observers thereof. The results of the study, while preliminary, tend to support the original set of hypotheses concerning the interrelationships between quantity of domestic trout demanded and own-price, the price of close substitutes and seasonal demand fluctuations. Somewhat unexpectedly, the regression seems to have uncovered a negative income/quantity demanded relationship for rainbow trout. This raises some interesting questions which might best be addressed in terms of hypotheses for future analysis. Title: Substitutional relationships between rainbow trout and pansize salmon : a market demand analysis Author: Queirolo, Lewis E. The fundamental objective of this analysis was to isolate and identify the factors governing the demand for domestically produced rainbow trout in a representative west coast market, and assess the impact on that demand, if any, of the introduction of pansize salmon. The approach taken in this market demand study was to identify those variables hypothesized to determine supply and demand for rainbow trout. Several testable hypotheses concerning the anticipated relationships were specified. It was hypothesized that a negative relationship would exist between the price of trout at the brokerage level and the quantity demanded at that level. Conversely, the price of trout at the wholesale level was hypothesized to be positively correlated with the quantity of rainbow trout demanded at the brokerage level. Further, the signs on the coefficients of variables accounting for the wholesale prices of substitute items were expected to be negative, while comparable prices at the brokerage level should be positive, based upon the hypothesis. It was hypothesized that the presence of Japanese trout in the market place would have a negative impact on the quantity of domestically produced trout demanded. Personal disposable income was hypothesized to be positively correlated with the quantity of trout demanded. Expectations were that seasonal factors tend to cause trout demand to fluctuate cyclically. An econometric simultaneous equations model was specified from which estimates of the parameters of the demand equation were obtained using Two Stage Least Squares techniques. A recognition of the limitations associated with the available data set necessitates the emphasizing of the preliminary nature of these results. Data on quantities and prices of rainbow trout and equivalent price series for hypothesized substitutes were obtained through personal interviews with market participants and close observers thereof. The results of the study, while preliminary, tend to support the original set of hypotheses concerning the interrelationships between quantity of domestic trout demanded and own-price, the price of close substitutes and seasonal demand fluctuations. Somewhat unexpectedly, the regression seems to have uncovered a negative income/quantity demanded relationship for rainbow trout. This raises some interesting questions which might best be addressed in terms of hypotheses for future analysis. Close

• 18. [Article] A genetic study of the red-band trout (Salmo sp.)

  A group of trout that reside in streams of the desiccating lake basins of southeastern Oregon differ markedly from other known Salmo. Known commonly as the red-band trout, this fish was subjected to chromosome ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A genetic study of the red-band trout (Salmo sp.) Author: Wilmot, Richard L. A group of trout that reside in streams of the desiccating lake basins of southeastern Oregon differ markedly from other known Salmo. Known commonly as the red-band trout, this fish was subjected to chromosome analysis for comparison with other species of western North American Salmo. The karyotype of the red-banded trout is 2n = 58 composed of 44 metacentrics, 2 metacentrics with satallites, 2 sub-metacentrics and 10 acrocentrics to give 104 chromosome arms. This karyotype is identical to that of the California golden trout, S. a.guabonita. A similar karyotype has been found, for trout from the Deschutes River and summer-run steelhead from the Siletz and Clearwater rivers. The chromosomal and distributional data is believed to indicate a widespread golden trout complex composed of the red-band trout, the California golden trout, and the Kern River trout inhabiting the Pacific Coast drainage from British Columbia to southern California. In the course of this study, a new karyotype was discovered for the Alvord cutthroat trout of 2n = 64 with 40 metacentrics and 24 acrocentrics to give 104 chromosome arms. Nineteen enzyme systems were analysed by starch-gel electrophoresis in two populations of the red-band trout. The Bridge Creek population displayed very low variability for only malate dehydroge, nase (MDH) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM). No variability was found in the Three-Mile Creek population. A new allele, not previously reported was found for MDH in the Bridge Creek population. The high degree of genetic similarity among and between these populations is thought to be the result of selection pressure rather than stochastic processes. The isolated populations of the red-banded trout appear to be well adapted to their present environment, but without the genetic variability to meet future environmental changes, they may face extinction. Their most immediate threat is man' s use of the environment. Title: A genetic study of the red-band trout (Salmo sp.) Author: Wilmot, Richard L. A group of trout that reside in streams of the desiccating lake basins of southeastern Oregon differ markedly from other known Salmo. Known commonly as the red-band trout, this fish was subjected to chromosome analysis for comparison with other species of western North American Salmo. The karyotype of the red-banded trout is 2n = 58 composed of 44 metacentrics, 2 metacentrics with satallites, 2 sub-metacentrics and 10 acrocentrics to give 104 chromosome arms. This karyotype is identical to that of the California golden trout, S. a.guabonita. A similar karyotype has been found, for trout from the Deschutes River and summer-run steelhead from the Siletz and Clearwater rivers. The chromosomal and distributional data is believed to indicate a widespread golden trout complex composed of the red-band trout, the California golden trout, and the Kern River trout inhabiting the Pacific Coast drainage from British Columbia to southern California. In the course of this study, a new karyotype was discovered for the Alvord cutthroat trout of 2n = 64 with 40 metacentrics and 24 acrocentrics to give 104 chromosome arms. Nineteen enzyme systems were analysed by starch-gel electrophoresis in two populations of the red-band trout. The Bridge Creek population displayed very low variability for only malate dehydroge, nase (MDH) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM). No variability was found in the Three-Mile Creek population. A new allele, not previously reported was found for MDH in the Bridge Creek population. The high degree of genetic similarity among and between these populations is thought to be the result of selection pressure rather than stochastic processes. The isolated populations of the red-banded trout appear to be well adapted to their present environment, but without the genetic variability to meet future environmental changes, they may face extinction. Their most immediate threat is man' s use of the environment. Close

• 19. [Article] Rainbow trout cystatin C : gene expression, heterologous production and characterization

  Rainbow trout cystatin C cDNA has been isolated from trout liver. The full-length cystatin cDNA (674 bp) included the 5'untranslated region and the polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA in the 3' region. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Rainbow trout cystatin C : gene expression, heterologous production and characterization Author: Li, Fugen Rainbow trout cystatin C cDNA has been isolated from trout liver. The full-length cystatin cDNA (674 bp) included the 5'untranslated region and the polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA in the 3' region. Translation of the cDNA defines 132 amino acid residues. Comparison of the amino acid sequence with those of family 2 cystatins indicates that the 21 amino acids at the N-terminal end is a signal peptide necessary for cystatin secretion, and the remaining 111 amino acids represent mature cystatin. Four cysteine residues in the cystatin may form two disulfide bonds producing a molecule with the properties of a family 2 cystatin. Trout cystatin C gene expression was analyzed by Northern blot. This gene is expressed at various levels in all tissues examined. This difference may reflect differences in degree of regulation of cysteine proteinase activities. A high level of trout cystatin C expressed in trout hepatic tissue or cell cultures suggested that cystatin C expression might be related to tumorigenesis. Southern blot of trout genomic DNA showed that the copy number of the trout cystatin gene is probably one per haploid genome. Trout cystatin C was expressed in E. coli at a yield of 3-5 mg/L culture, but no inhibitory activity was detected for the untreated recombinant protein. However, after refolding, recombinant cystatin C displayed inhibitory activity against papain. The dissociation constant of recombinant cystatin C against papain is 1.2 x 10⁻⁶ nM, similar to that of human cystatin C. Trout cystatin C was also expressed in yeast cells, but no inhibitory activity was detected either. No cystatin C was secreted in the yeast expression system using either the trout cystatin C secretion signal, or the yeast invertase secretion signal. The expression levels of trout cystatin C in our expression systems are still low for industrial requirements. Therefore, further investigation will be needed to construct more efficient expression systems and vectors for trout cystatin C heterologous production. Title: Rainbow trout cystatin C : gene expression, heterologous production and characterization Author: Li, Fugen Rainbow trout cystatin C cDNA has been isolated from trout liver. The full-length cystatin cDNA (674 bp) included the 5'untranslated region and the polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA in the 3' region. Translation of the cDNA defines 132 amino acid residues. Comparison of the amino acid sequence with those of family 2 cystatins indicates that the 21 amino acids at the N-terminal end is a signal peptide necessary for cystatin secretion, and the remaining 111 amino acids represent mature cystatin. Four cysteine residues in the cystatin may form two disulfide bonds producing a molecule with the properties of a family 2 cystatin. Trout cystatin C gene expression was analyzed by Northern blot. This gene is expressed at various levels in all tissues examined. This difference may reflect differences in degree of regulation of cysteine proteinase activities. A high level of trout cystatin C expressed in trout hepatic tissue or cell cultures suggested that cystatin C expression might be related to tumorigenesis. Southern blot of trout genomic DNA showed that the copy number of the trout cystatin gene is probably one per haploid genome. Trout cystatin C was expressed in E. coli at a yield of 3-5 mg/L culture, but no inhibitory activity was detected for the untreated recombinant protein. However, after refolding, recombinant cystatin C displayed inhibitory activity against papain. The dissociation constant of recombinant cystatin C against papain is 1.2 x 10⁻⁶ nM, similar to that of human cystatin C. Trout cystatin C was also expressed in yeast cells, but no inhibitory activity was detected either. No cystatin C was secreted in the yeast expression system using either the trout cystatin C secretion signal, or the yeast invertase secretion signal. The expression levels of trout cystatin C in our expression systems are still low for industrial requirements. Therefore, further investigation will be needed to construct more efficient expression systems and vectors for trout cystatin C heterologous production. Close

• 20. [Article] Characterization of a ras gene in rainbow trout

  The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) model of chemical carcinogenesis is becoming increasingly important as a supplement to rodent studies. However, much of the molecular biology of the carcinogenic response ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Characterization of a ras gene in rainbow trout Author: Mangold, Kathy A. The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) model of chemical carcinogenesis is becoming increasingly important as a supplement to rodent studies. However, much of the molecular biology of the carcinogenic response is still unknown in the trout model. The ras gene family has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of both spontaneous and chemically-induced tumors in mammals. This study is the first to characterize a ras proto-oncogene in rainbow trout. To accomplish this, the ras gene sequence was amplified in vitro by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two synthetic and degenerative oligonucleotide sequences based on a consensus mammal/goldfish ras sequence were used as primers in the PCR procedure. An 800 base pair (bp) sequence was amplified from trout genomic DNA and hybridized with a human c-Ha-ras sequence. The initial amplifications of trout liver cDNA using the PCR procedure with the synthetic ras primers resulted in a single product of approximately 216 bps. However, this amplified "trout" 216 by product was subsequently shown to be an artifact of carryover from a human Ki-ras plasmid. Carryover is a common problem found in many laboratories involved with the PCR procedure, and extensive precautions were used to eliminate the problem in our laboratories. The 800 by PCR product was cloned and sequenced using Taq polymerase. RT-8, a clone containing the 800 bp insert, was shown to have 91% homology to the first two exons of mammalian c-Ha-ras gene and lesser homology to other ras genes. Amplification of trout liver cDNA using specific primers based on the RT-8 sequence resulted in the amplification of sequences identical to the sequence of the RT-8 insert without an intron, as well as unique sequences, which may represent additional trout ras genes. The PCR procedure was modified to identify sequence information immediately 3' of the known trout ras sequence. Partial sequences of at least two different trout ras genes are presented. With this new information, analysis of DNA sequence information from chemically initiated tumors may elucidate the role activation of ras genes plays in the trout model of carcinogenesis. Title: Characterization of a ras gene in rainbow trout Author: Mangold, Kathy A. The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) model of chemical carcinogenesis is becoming increasingly important as a supplement to rodent studies. However, much of the molecular biology of the carcinogenic response is still unknown in the trout model. The ras gene family has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of both spontaneous and chemically-induced tumors in mammals. This study is the first to characterize a ras proto-oncogene in rainbow trout. To accomplish this, the ras gene sequence was amplified in vitro by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two synthetic and degenerative oligonucleotide sequences based on a consensus mammal/goldfish ras sequence were used as primers in the PCR procedure. An 800 base pair (bp) sequence was amplified from trout genomic DNA and hybridized with a human c-Ha-ras sequence. The initial amplifications of trout liver cDNA using the PCR procedure with the synthetic ras primers resulted in a single product of approximately 216 bps. However, this amplified "trout" 216 by product was subsequently shown to be an artifact of carryover from a human Ki-ras plasmid. Carryover is a common problem found in many laboratories involved with the PCR procedure, and extensive precautions were used to eliminate the problem in our laboratories. The 800 by PCR product was cloned and sequenced using Taq polymerase. RT-8, a clone containing the 800 bp insert, was shown to have 91% homology to the first two exons of mammalian c-Ha-ras gene and lesser homology to other ras genes. Amplification of trout liver cDNA using specific primers based on the RT-8 sequence resulted in the amplification of sequences identical to the sequence of the RT-8 insert without an intron, as well as unique sequences, which may represent additional trout ras genes. The PCR procedure was modified to identify sequence information immediately 3' of the known trout ras sequence. Partial sequences of at least two different trout ras genes are presented. With this new information, analysis of DNA sequence information from chemically initiated tumors may elucidate the role activation of ras genes plays in the trout model of carcinogenesis. Close