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• 11. [Article] The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin

  This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin Author: Oregon. Fish Commission This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette salmon runs., including pollution, dams, and logging. Title: The salmon resources of the Willamette Basin Author: Oregon. Fish Commission This document describes the life history and abundance of both the spring Chinook salmon and the Silver salmon in the Willamette River. It also goes into detail about various factors affecting Willamette salmon runs., including pollution, dams, and logging. Close

• 12. [Article] Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia

  In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia Author: Gharrett, John T., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I. In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible to isolate and analyze separately the causes of this decline, and any attempt to saddle one factor with the responsibility is an oversimplification of the facts. The salmon runs have too long been taken for granted. During the rapid development of the coastal area, the welfare of the fish was ignored. The physical character of the watersheds was changed as the timber was stripped off, and in these same operations streams were blocked by log jams, mill dams, splash dams and even the gravel from the spawning beds of the streams was removed to be used in road construction. At the same time other water uses were developed for power and irrigation. While the productive capacity of the streams was being reduced and the runs resultantly lowered, the fishermen competed with each other for the remaining fish and blamed one another for the lack of fish. Apparently, at no time until recent years was a serious program developed or even considered for the conservation of the salmon runs. To date with the possible exception of one or two instances pollution has not been a serious factor in the decline of the salmon runs. The commercial river fisheries are of considerable importance to the economy of various communities on the Oregon coast. They also provide a source of salmon to those who have no other access to this productive natural resource. The recreational salmon fishery is also an important source of income to Oregon coastal communities. It is, therefore, important to these communities and the State as a whole that the salmon runs be maintained at their maximum productive level. To accomplish this the Oregon Fish Commission has developed a long range management program for the coastal rivers. This encompasses stream clearance and improvement projects, the use of artificial propagation in introducing runs and supplementing natural runs, and the close regulation of the commercial river and offshore fisheries. This program has not been underway long enough to ascertain its success, but in several instances it appears to offer promise. However, close check is being kept on the runs in order that the results of this program can be evaluated as soon as possible. The stream surveys and other observations indicate that the coastal rivers and their salmon populations are not beyond redemption, and that under proper management can be made to yield annually several times their present production. Title: Salmon fisheries of the coastal rivers of Oregon south of the Columbia Author: Gharrett, John T., Oregon. Fish Commission, Hodges, John I. In spite of the progressive restrictions of the commercial river fishery during the past fifty years, the trend of the salmon populations of the coastal rivers has been downward. It is almost impossible to isolate and analyze separately the causes of this decline, and any attempt to saddle one factor with the responsibility is an oversimplification of the facts. The salmon runs have too long been taken for granted. During the rapid development of the coastal area, the welfare of the fish was ignored. The physical character of the watersheds was changed as the timber was stripped off, and in these same operations streams were blocked by log jams, mill dams, splash dams and even the gravel from the spawning beds of the streams was removed to be used in road construction. At the same time other water uses were developed for power and irrigation. While the productive capacity of the streams was being reduced and the runs resultantly lowered, the fishermen competed with each other for the remaining fish and blamed one another for the lack of fish. Apparently, at no time until recent years was a serious program developed or even considered for the conservation of the salmon runs. To date with the possible exception of one or two instances pollution has not been a serious factor in the decline of the salmon runs. The commercial river fisheries are of considerable importance to the economy of various communities on the Oregon coast. They also provide a source of salmon to those who have no other access to this productive natural resource. The recreational salmon fishery is also an important source of income to Oregon coastal communities. It is, therefore, important to these communities and the State as a whole that the salmon runs be maintained at their maximum productive level. To accomplish this the Oregon Fish Commission has developed a long range management program for the coastal rivers. This encompasses stream clearance and improvement projects, the use of artificial propagation in introducing runs and supplementing natural runs, and the close regulation of the commercial river and offshore fisheries. This program has not been underway long enough to ascertain its success, but in several instances it appears to offer promise. However, close check is being kept on the runs in order that the results of this program can be evaluated as soon as possible. The stream surveys and other observations indicate that the coastal rivers and their salmon populations are not beyond redemption, and that under proper management can be made to yield annually several times their present production. Close

• 13. [Article] The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938

  Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Title: The salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938 Author: Oregon. Fish Commission, Rich, Willis H. (Willis Horton), 1885-1972 Exceptional data are available for the study of the salmon runs of the Columbia River in 1938. Detailed figures on catch were supplied by Oregon and Washington in such form that they could readily be combined with the counts at Bonneville Dam to provide a basis for estimating the escapement. Tables show the catch of each species for each week in each of six zones, and the counts at Bonneville and Rock Island dams. The general course of the run of each species is shown. The numbers of fish bound for the spawning grounds above Rock Island Dam are estimated as follows: Chinook salmon entering Columbia River before May 1, 4 percent; during May, 6 percent; June and July, 15 percent; and August to December, 1 percent. Blueback salmon entering the river during the above periods, 40 percent. Steelhead trout entering the river during June to September, 1 percent; during the rest of the year, 10 percent. Fishing intensities are shown by escapement to catch ratios. Percentages of chinook salmon escapement are less than 15 during May; 17 during June and July; and 33 during the remainder of the year. The June and July runs are now greatly depleted, and an important part of these runs spawns above Rock Island Dam. The blueback salmon escapement is about 20 percent, and of steelhead trout about 33 percent. Weekly and seasonal closed periods are shown to be almost entirely ineffective for increasing the spawning escapement. Exploitation is further increased by the intensive troll fishery conducted from Monterey Bay to southeastern Alaska. Chinook salmon are also subjected to a sport fishery of considerable importance. Main runs of salmon to the Columbia River are practically unprotected and are fished with destructive intensity. Close

• 14. [Article] Differential use of salmon by vertebrate consumers: implications for conservation

  This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Differential use of salmon by vertebrate consumers: implications for conservation Author: Allen, Jennifer M., Wilmers, Christopher C., Wheat, Rachel E., Levi, Taal This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/ Title: Differential use of salmon by vertebrate consumers: implications for conservation Author: Allen, Jennifer M., Wilmers, Christopher C., Wheat, Rachel E., Levi, Taal This is the publisher’s final pdf. The published article is copyrighted by the author(s) and published by PeerJ. The published article can be found at: https://peerj.com/ Close

• 15. [Article] The Columbia River's fate in the twentieth century

  Discusses the history of the Columbia River during the 20th century, emphasizing the image of the river as both a source of industry and an example of wild natural beauty. In 1933 the river was dammed ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: The Columbia River's fate in the twentieth century Author: Lang, William L. Year: 2000 Discusses the history of the Columbia River during the 20th century, emphasizing the image of the river as both a source of industry and an example of wild natural beauty. In 1933 the river was dammed to harness its power for hydroelectricity and control its unpredictable flooding. With the completion of the dams in the 1970's, however, came problems with the edenic vision of the river, especially with the annual salmon run. By the late 20th century, the salmon had all but disappeared, leading to an ongoing conflict between supporters of the dams and conservationists. Title: The Columbia River's fate in the twentieth century Author: Lang, William L. Year: 2000 Discusses the history of the Columbia River during the 20th century, emphasizing the image of the river as both a source of industry and an example of wild natural beauty. In 1933 the river was dammed to harness its power for hydroelectricity and control its unpredictable flooding. With the completion of the dams in the 1970's, however, came problems with the edenic vision of the river, especially with the annual salmon run. By the late 20th century, the salmon had all but disappeared, leading to an ongoing conflict between supporters of the dams and conservationists. Close

• 16. [Article] Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s central valley

  Suggested citation: "Banks, Michael A. (2013): Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s Central Valley. Oregon State University Libraries. ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s central valley Author: Brandes, Pat, Rashbrook, Vanessa K., Bernier-Latmani, Jeremiah, Banks, Michael A., Jacobson, David P., Greene, Sheila, O’Malley, Kathleen G., Greig, Carolyn A., Van Sickle, John, Meusnier, Isabelle, Ardren, William R., Smith, Christian T. Year: 2000 Suggested citation: "Banks, Michael A. (2013): Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s Central Valley. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9KW5CXX" Title: Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s central valley Author: Brandes, Pat, Rashbrook, Vanessa K., Bernier-Latmani, Jeremiah, Banks, Michael A., Jacobson, David P., Greene, Sheila, O’Malley, Kathleen G., Greig, Carolyn A., Van Sickle, John, Meusnier, Isabelle, Ardren, William R., Smith, Christian T. Year: 2000 Suggested citation: "Banks, Michael A. (2013): Molecular genetic characterization of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) runs for California’s Central Valley. Oregon State University Libraries. Dataset. doi:10.7267/N9KW5CXX" Close

• 17. [Article] An investigation into the genetic basis of migration timing in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

  The genetic basis of adaptation is complex as many fitness-related traits are quantitative and likely influenced by multiple genes with variable effects across different selective environments. One important ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: An investigation into the genetic basis of migration timing in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Author: O'Malley, Kathleen Gallen, 1976- The genetic basis of adaptation is complex as many fitness-related traits are quantitative and likely influenced by multiple genes with variable effects across different selective environments. One important adaptation for anadromous Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the time at which individuals return to natal breeding sites within a reproductive season. Here, I tested for adaptive genetic differentiation among temporally divergent migratory runs using candidate loci. First, I isolated and characterized two copies of the circadian rhythm gene, Clock, from Chinook salmon (OtsClock1a and OtsClock1b). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these copies likely arose subsequent to the salmonid genome-wide duplication event. Each copy contains a polyglutamine repeat motif (PolyQ), an essential binding domain of this transcription factor. However, a 1200bp non-coding segment, showing >90% sequence identity to the Salmo salar Transferrin gene, is located downstream of the OtsClock1a PolyQ, yet absent from OtsClock1b providing evidence for nonhomologous recombination. Another candidate, Ots515NWFSC, shows sequence identity to three salmonid genes central to reproductive development: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, CYP19b-I, and Ghrelin. I employed OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC to test for differentiation in two unique systems: Feather River, California; and Waitaki and Poulter Rivers, New Zealand. Based on length variation in these candidate genes, Feather River fall and spring run Chinook salmon are genetically differentiated. In contrast, these seasonal runs are genetically indistinguishable based on neutral microsatellite loci. Correspondingly, temporally divergent Chinook salmon runs in the Waitaki and Poulter Rivers show greater differentiation based on variation in OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC than microsatellite loci. Tests for selective neutrality indicate that OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC are likely under selection in both systems. In addition, I found evidence for a latitudinal cline in two OtsClock1b PolyQ alleles among 42 Chinook salmon runs which is likely maintained by selection and thus may reflect an adaptation to photoperiodic parameters. Lastly, a hierarchical gene diversity analysis of OtsClock1b PolyQ variation revealed that run timing explained 43.7% of the overall genetic variance which contrast sharply with the 8.1% calculated for microsatellite loci. Evidence presented here suggests that OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC may influence migration timing of Chinook salmon. Title: An investigation into the genetic basis of migration timing in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Author: O'Malley, Kathleen Gallen, 1976- The genetic basis of adaptation is complex as many fitness-related traits are quantitative and likely influenced by multiple genes with variable effects across different selective environments. One important adaptation for anadromous Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the time at which individuals return to natal breeding sites within a reproductive season. Here, I tested for adaptive genetic differentiation among temporally divergent migratory runs using candidate loci. First, I isolated and characterized two copies of the circadian rhythm gene, Clock, from Chinook salmon (OtsClock1a and OtsClock1b). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these copies likely arose subsequent to the salmonid genome-wide duplication event. Each copy contains a polyglutamine repeat motif (PolyQ), an essential binding domain of this transcription factor. However, a 1200bp non-coding segment, showing >90% sequence identity to the Salmo salar Transferrin gene, is located downstream of the OtsClock1a PolyQ, yet absent from OtsClock1b providing evidence for nonhomologous recombination. Another candidate, Ots515NWFSC, shows sequence identity to three salmonid genes central to reproductive development: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, CYP19b-I, and Ghrelin. I employed OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC to test for differentiation in two unique systems: Feather River, California; and Waitaki and Poulter Rivers, New Zealand. Based on length variation in these candidate genes, Feather River fall and spring run Chinook salmon are genetically differentiated. In contrast, these seasonal runs are genetically indistinguishable based on neutral microsatellite loci. Correspondingly, temporally divergent Chinook salmon runs in the Waitaki and Poulter Rivers show greater differentiation based on variation in OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC than microsatellite loci. Tests for selective neutrality indicate that OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC are likely under selection in both systems. In addition, I found evidence for a latitudinal cline in two OtsClock1b PolyQ alleles among 42 Chinook salmon runs which is likely maintained by selection and thus may reflect an adaptation to photoperiodic parameters. Lastly, a hierarchical gene diversity analysis of OtsClock1b PolyQ variation revealed that run timing explained 43.7% of the overall genetic variance which contrast sharply with the 8.1% calculated for microsatellite loci. Evidence presented here suggests that OtsClock1b and Ots515NWFSC may influence migration timing of Chinook salmon. Close

• 18. [Article] A Review of Fishery Research in the Pacific Area

  It is impossible to place a date on the beginning of fishery research. It no doubt existed in a primitive way among the earliest civilizations. For practical reasons, the scope of this paper is limited ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: A Review of Fishery Research in the Pacific Area Author: Atkinson, Clinton E. Year: 2001 It is impossible to place a date on the beginning of fishery research. It no doubt existed in a primitive way among the earliest civilizations. For practical reasons, the scope of this paper is limited to the four countries bordering the North Pacific--Japan, Canada, Russia and the United States--and to research directed towards a better understanding and management of the fishery resources of commercial value. It is interesting that development of fishery research in three of the four countries was prompted by a serious decline in their salmon runs and by the adoption of hatcheries as a means to restore or maintain the depleted runs. The only difference was in Russia where fishery research began with a decline in sturgeon in the Volga and the Caspian Sea. In the Russian Far East, however, it again was a decline in salmon in the Amur and Sakhalin rivers and all were linked primarily to loss or damage to their freshwater environment. Overfishing and destructive fishing practices were recognized almost from the beginning but it was not until 1917 that the work of Thompson on Pacific halibut led to the development of modern theory of population dynamics for the management of the fisheries. Following are notes on the development of fishery research in each of the four countries. Title: A Review of Fishery Research in the Pacific Area Author: Atkinson, Clinton E. Year: 2001 It is impossible to place a date on the beginning of fishery research. It no doubt existed in a primitive way among the earliest civilizations. For practical reasons, the scope of this paper is limited to the four countries bordering the North Pacific--Japan, Canada, Russia and the United States--and to research directed towards a better understanding and management of the fishery resources of commercial value. It is interesting that development of fishery research in three of the four countries was prompted by a serious decline in their salmon runs and by the adoption of hatcheries as a means to restore or maintain the depleted runs. The only difference was in Russia where fishery research began with a decline in sturgeon in the Volga and the Caspian Sea. In the Russian Far East, however, it again was a decline in salmon in the Amur and Sakhalin rivers and all were linked primarily to loss or damage to their freshwater environment. Overfishing and destructive fishing practices were recognized almost from the beginning but it was not until 1917 that the work of Thompson on Pacific halibut led to the development of modern theory of population dynamics for the management of the fisheries. Following are notes on the development of fishery research in each of the four countries. Close

• 19. [Article] Addressing Fish Uncertainty: The Quest for Rational Decisionmaking

  This paper explores the policy efforts dealing with the problem of declining Pacific Northwest fish runs. Results have been disappointing. Decades of expensive efforts costing billion of dollars have been ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Addressing Fish Uncertainty: The Quest for Rational Decisionmaking Author: Koss, Patricia, Katz, Mike, Shawcross, Jennifer Year: 2001 This paper explores the policy efforts dealing with the problem of declining Pacific Northwest fish runs. Results have been disappointing. Decades of expensive efforts costing billion of dollars have been relatively ineffective in increasing salmon runs. Many species of wild fish continue to decline or remain significantly below target levels of recovery. The issue of scientific and economic uncertainties is examined. Past and current policies have failed to adequately account for these uncertainties. One overall recommendation of this paper is that policymakers and their advisors should explicitly identify any decision criteria upon which they base their judgments or conclusions. A second recommendation is that policy analysis should be explicit about uncertainties. We offer the eighteen decision rules for fashioning fish recovery decisions in an environment of uncertainty. Title: Addressing Fish Uncertainty: The Quest for Rational Decisionmaking Author: Koss, Patricia, Katz, Mike, Shawcross, Jennifer Year: 2001 This paper explores the policy efforts dealing with the problem of declining Pacific Northwest fish runs. Results have been disappointing. Decades of expensive efforts costing billion of dollars have been relatively ineffective in increasing salmon runs. Many species of wild fish continue to decline or remain significantly below target levels of recovery. The issue of scientific and economic uncertainties is examined. Past and current policies have failed to adequately account for these uncertainties. One overall recommendation of this paper is that policymakers and their advisors should explicitly identify any decision criteria upon which they base their judgments or conclusions. A second recommendation is that policy analysis should be explicit about uncertainties. We offer the eighteen decision rules for fashioning fish recovery decisions in an environment of uncertainty. Close

• 20. [Article] Lower Pony Creek Watershed Assessment and Potential Action Plan

  Abstract -- The Lower Pony Creek Watershed has been undergoing significant change in recent decades, as the area has transitioned from a forested coastal valley to urban and suburban in character. This ...

  Citation × Citation Citation Abstract Copy Title: Lower Pony Creek Watershed Assessment and Potential Action Plan Abstract -- The Lower Pony Creek Watershed has been undergoing significant change in recent decades, as the area has transitioned from a forested coastal valley to urban and suburban in character. This transition has . ~I presented significant issues for the Cities of North Bend and Coos Bay and these issues are the focus of this project. Flooding in the Creek system has become an increasingly regular occurrence in specific areas. Water quality has deteriorated to the point that, in 1998, the Oregon Department of Water Quality listed Pony Creek and Pony Slough as being water quality limited for high bacterial counts. The Creek system supports or has supported salmon runs (now protected under the Endangered Species Act) and is o designated Essential Salmonid Habitat by the Oregon Department of State Lands and the Oregon Department ofFish and Wildlife. Citizens and agency staff have come together to better understand the current condition of the Lower Pony Creek, and to chart a course toward an ecologically healthier future for the watershed. Title: Lower Pony Creek Watershed Assessment and Potential Action Plan Abstract -- The Lower Pony Creek Watershed has been undergoing significant change in recent decades, as the area has transitioned from a forested coastal valley to urban and suburban in character. This transition has . ~I presented significant issues for the Cities of North Bend and Coos Bay and these issues are the focus of this project. Flooding in the Creek system has become an increasingly regular occurrence in specific areas. Water quality has deteriorated to the point that, in 1998, the Oregon Department of Water Quality listed Pony Creek and Pony Slough as being water quality limited for high bacterial counts. The Creek system supports or has supported salmon runs (now protected under the Endangered Species Act) and is o designated Essential Salmonid Habitat by the Oregon Department of State Lands and the Oregon Department ofFish and Wildlife. Citizens and agency staff have come together to better understand the current condition of the Lower Pony Creek, and to chart a course toward an ecologically healthier future for the watershed. Close